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Rauner G, Jin DX, Miller DH, Gierahn TM, Li CM, Sokol ES, Feng YX, Mathis RA, Love JC, Gupta PB, Kuperwasser C. Breast tissue regeneration is driven by cell-matrix interactions coordinating multi-lineage stem cell differentiation through DDR1. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7116. [PMID: 34893587 PMCID: PMC8664951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary morphogenesis is an orchestrated process involving differentiation, proliferation and organization of cells to form a bi-layered epithelial network of ducts and lobules embedded in stromal tissue. We have engineered a 3D biomimetic human breast that makes it possible to study how stem cell fate decisions translate to tissue-level structure and function. Using this advancement, we describe the mechanism by which breast epithelial cells build a complex three-dimensional, multi-lineage tissue by signaling through a collagen receptor. Discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 1 induces stem cells to differentiate into basal cells, which in turn stimulate luminal progenitor cells via Notch signaling to differentiate and form lobules. These findings demonstrate how human breast tissue regeneration is triggered by transmission of signals from the extracellular matrix through an epithelial bilayer to coordinate structural changes that lead to formation of a complex ductal-lobular network. Mammary morphogenesis is a complex process. Here the authors describe how stem cells build a three-dimensional self-organizing multi-lineage tissue by showing that positional signals from the extracellular matrix through the collagen receptor DDR1 lead stem cells to differentiate into multi-lineage committed multi-layered progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gat Rauner
- Department of Developmental, Chemical & Molecular Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Dexter X Jin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel H Miller
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Todd M Gierahn
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Carman M Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ethan S Sokol
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yu-Xiong Feng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Robert A Mathis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Piyush B Gupta
- Department of Developmental, Chemical & Molecular Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Department of Developmental, Chemical & Molecular Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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IFITM3 Clusters on Virus Containing Endosomes and Lysosomes Early in the Influenza A Infection of Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060548. [PMID: 31212878 PMCID: PMC6631848 DOI: 10.3390/v11060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) have been shown to strongly affect influenza A virus (IAV) infectivity in tissue culture. Moreover, polymorphisms in IFITM3 have been associated with the severity of the disease in humans. IFITM3 appears to act early in the infection, but its mechanism of action and potential interactions with incoming IAV structures are not yet defined. Here, we visualized endogenous IFITM3 interactions with IAV in the human lung epithelial cell line A549 and in primary human airway epithelial cells employing stimulated emission depletion super-resolution microscopy. By applying an iterative approach for the cluster definition and computational cluster analysis, we found that IFITM3 reorganizes into clusters as IAV infection progresses. IFITM3 cluster formation started at 2-3 h post infection and increased over time to finally coat IAV-containing endosomal vesicles. This IAV-induced phenotype was due to the endosomal recruitment of IFITM3 rather than to an overall increase in the IFITM3 abundance. While the IAV-induced IFITM3 clustering and localization to endosomal vesicles was comparable in primary human airway epithelial cells and the human lung epithelial cell line A549, the endogenous IFITM3 signal was higher in primary cells. Moreover, we observed IFITM3 signals adjacent to IAV-containing recycling endosomes.
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The Interferon-Stimulated Gene Ifitm3 Restricts West Nile Virus Infection and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2016; 90:8212-25. [PMID: 27384652 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00581-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) family of proteins inhibit infection of several different enveloped viruses in cell culture by virtue of their ability to restrict entry and fusion from late endosomes. As few studies have evaluated the importance of Ifitm3 in vivo in restricting viral pathogenesis, we investigated its significance as an antiviral gene against West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus, in cells and mice. Ifitm3(-/-) mice were more vulnerable to lethal WNV infection, and this was associated with greater virus accumulation in peripheral organs and central nervous system tissues. As no difference in viral burden in the brain or spinal cord was observed after direct intracranial inoculation, Ifitm3 likely functions as an antiviral protein in nonneuronal cells. Consistent with this, Ifitm3(-/-) fibroblasts but not dendritic cells resulted in higher yields of WNV in multistep growth analyses. Moreover, transcomplementation experiments showed that Ifitm3 inhibited WNV infection independently of Ifitm1, Ifitm2, Ifitm5, and Ifitm6. Beyond a direct effect on viral infection in cells, analysis of the immune response in WNV-infected Ifitm3(-/-) mice showed decreases in the total number of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Finally, bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrated that Ifitm3 functioned in both radioresistant and radiosensitive cells, as higher levels of WNV were observed in the brain only when Ifitm3 was absent from both compartments. Our analyses suggest that Ifitm3 restricts WNV pathogenesis likely through multiple mechanisms, including the direct control of infection in subsets of cells. IMPORTANCE As part of the mammalian host response to viral infections, hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are induced. The inhibitory activity of individual ISGs varies depending on the specific cell type and viral pathogen. Among ISGs, the genes encoding interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) have been reported to inhibit multiple families of viruses in cell culture. However, few reports have evaluated the impact of IFITM genes on viral pathogenesis in vivo In this study, we characterized the antiviral activity of Ifitm3 against West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus, using mice with a targeted gene deletion of Ifitm3 Based on extensive virological and immunological analyses, we determined that Ifitm3 protects mice from WNV-induced mortality by restricting virus accumulation in peripheral organs and, subsequently, in central nervous system tissues. Our data suggest that Ifitm3 restricts WNV pathogenesis by multiple mechanisms and functions in part by controlling infection in different cell types.
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Huang SS, Chen CL, Huang FW, Hou WH, Huang JS. DMSO Enhances TGF-β Activity by Recruiting the Type II TGF-β Receptor From Intracellular Vesicles to the Plasma Membrane. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1568-79. [PMID: 26587792 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used to treat many diseases/symptoms. The molecular basis of the pharmacological actions of DMSO has been unclear. We hypothesized that DMSO exerts some of these actions by enhancing TGF-β activity. Here we show that DMSO enhances TGF-β activity by ∼3-4-fold in Mv1Lu and NMuMG cells expressing Smad-dependent luciferase reporters. In Mv1Lu cells, DMSO enhances TGF-β-stimulated expression of P-Smad2 and PAI-1. It increases cell-surface expression of TGF-β receptors (TβR-I and/or TβR-II) by ∼3-4-fold without altering their cellular levels as determined by (125) I-labeled TGF-β-cross-linking/Western blot analysis, suggesting the presence of large intracellular pools in these cells. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation/Western blot analysis reveals that DMSO induces recruitment of TβR-II (but not TβR-I) from its intracellular pool to plasma-membrane microdomains. It induces more recruitment of TβR-II to non-lipid raft microdomains than to lipid rafts/caveolae. Mv1Lu cells transiently transfected with TβR-II-HA plasmid were treated with DMSO and analyzed by indirect immunofluoresence staining using anti-HA antibody. In these cells, TβR-II-HA is present as a vesicle-like network in the cytoplasm as well as in the plasma membrane. DMSO causes depletion of TβR-II-HA-containing vesicles from the cytoplasm and co-localization of TβR-II-HA and cveolin-1 at the plasma membrane. These results suggest that DMSO, a fusogenic substance, enhances TGF-β activity presumably by inducing fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles (containing TβR-II) and the plasma membrane, resulting in increased localization of TβR-II to non-lipid raft microdomains where canonical signaling occurs. Fusogenic activity of DMSO may play a pivotal role in its pharmacological actions involving membrane proteins with large cytoplasmic pools. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1568-1579, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University and Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Franklin W Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Wei-Hsien Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104
| | - Jung San Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104
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Huang SS, Chen CL, Huang FW, Johnson FE, Huang JS. Ethanol Enhances TGF-β Activity by Recruiting TGF-β Receptors From Intracellular Vesicles/Lipid Rafts/Caveolae to Non-Lipid Raft Microdomains. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:860-71. [PMID: 26419316 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regular consumption of moderate amounts of ethanol has important health benefits on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Overindulgence can cause many diseases, particularly alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The mechanisms by which ethanol causes both beneficial and harmful effects on human health are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that ethanol enhances TGF-β-stimulated luciferase activity with a maximum of 0.5-1% (v/v) in Mv1Lu cells stably expressing a luciferase reporter gene containing Smad2-dependent elements. In Mv1Lu cells, 0.5% ethanol increases the level of P-Smad2, a canonical TGF-β signaling sensor, by ∼ 2-3-fold. Ethanol (0.5%) increases cell-surface expression of the type II TGF-β receptor (TβR-II) by ∼ 2-3-fold from its intracellular pool, as determined by I(125) -TGF-β-cross-linking/Western blot analysis. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and indirect immunofluorescence staining analyses reveal that ethanol (0.5% and 1%) also displaces cell-surface TβR-I and TβR-II from lipid rafts/caveolae and facilitates translocation of these receptors to non-lipid raft microdomains where canonical signaling occurs. These results suggest that ethanol enhances canonical TGF-β signaling by increasing non-lipid raft microdomain localization of the TGF-β receptors. Since TGF-β plays a protective role in ASCVD but can also cause ALD, the TGF-β enhancer activity of ethanol at low and high doses appears to be responsible for both beneficial and harmful effects. Ethanol also disrupts the location of lipid raft/caveolae of other membrane proteins (e.g., neurotransmitter, growth factor/cytokine, and G protein-coupled receptors) which utilize lipid rafts/caveolae as signaling platforms. Displacement of these membrane proteins induced by ethanol may result in a variety of pathologies in nerve, heart and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Franklin W Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Frank E Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104
| | - Jung San Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104
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Bailey CC, Zhong G, Huang IC, Farzan M. IFITM-Family Proteins: The Cell's First Line of Antiviral Defense. Annu Rev Virol 2014; 1:261-283. [PMID: 25599080 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal cells use a wide variety of mechanisms to slow or prevent replication of viruses. These mechanisms are usually mediated by antiviral proteins whose expression and activities can be constitutive but are frequently amplified by interferon induction. Among these interferon-stimulated proteins, members of the IFITM (interferon-induced transmembrane) family are unique because they prevent infection before a virus can traverse the lipid bilayer of the cell. At least three human IFITM proteins-IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3-have antiviral activities. These activities limit infection in cultured cells by many viruses, including dengue virus, Ebola virus, influenza A virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and West Nile virus. Murine Ifitm3 controls influenza A virus infection in vivo, and polymorphisms in human IFITM3 correlate with the severity of both seasonal and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Here we review the discovery and characterization of the IFITM proteins, describe the spectrum of their antiviral activities, and discuss potential mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Bailey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Guocai Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - I-Chueh Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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Ding S, Pan Q, Liu SL, Liang C. HIV-1 mutates to evade IFITM1 restriction. Virology 2014; 454-455:11-24. [PMID: 24725927 PMCID: PMC4274668 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins inhibit the infection of a wide range of viruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). At present, little is known about how viruses overcome IFITM restriction. In this study, we have utilized HIV-1 as a model and selected IFITM1-resistant viruses after multiple passages of HIV-1 in IFITM1-expressing SupT1 cells. Sequencing the entire viral genome revealed several mutations in the vpu and envelope genes, among which mutations Vpu34 and EnvG367E together enable efficient HIV-1 replication in IFITM1-expressing cells. Vpu34 introduces a stop codon at amino acid position 35 of Vpu, whereas EnvG367E changes the G367 residue at the CD4-binding site of gp120. These two mutations do not appear to overcome the downregulation of viral p24 expression caused by IFITM1, but rather enhance HIV-1 replication by promoting cell-to-cell virus transmission. Altogether, our data demonstrate that HIV-1 can mutate to evade IFITM1 restriction by increasing cell-to-cell transmission. IFITM1 inhibits HIV-1 replication in SupT1 cells. HIV-1 evolves to escape IFITM1 inhibition by mutating Vpu and Env. The Vpu and Env mutations overcome IFITM1 through promoting HIV-1 cell to cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Ding
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, USA.
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
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Sutton P, Borgia JA, Bonomi P, Plate JMD. Lyn, a Src family kinase, regulates activation of epidermal growth factor receptors in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:76. [PMID: 23866081 PMCID: PMC3725175 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of receptors for growth factors on lung epithelial cells is essential for transformation into tumor cells, supporting their viability and proliferation. In most lung cancer patients, EGFR is constitutively activated without evidence of mutation. Defining mechanisms for constitutive activation of EGFR could elucidate additional targets for therapy of lung cancers. METHODS The approach was to identify lung cancer cell lines with constitutively activated EGFR and use systematic selection of inhibitors to evaluate their effects on specific EGFR phosphorylations and downstream signaling pathways. Interactions between receptors, kinases, and scaffolding proteins were investigated by co-immunoprecipitation plus Western blotting. RESULTS The results revealed a dependence on Src family of tyrosine kinases for downstream signaling and cell growth. Lyn, a Src family kinase functional in normal and malignant B-lymphocytes, was a defining signal transducer required for EGFR signaling in Calu3 cell line. Src family kinase activation in turn, was dependent on PKCßII. Lyn and PKC exist in membrane complexes of RACK1 and in association with EGFR which pairs with other receptor partners. Silencing of Lyn expression with interfering siRNA decreased EGFR activation and cell viability. CONCLUSIONS The importance of Src family kinases and PKCßII in the initiation of the EGFR signaling pathway in lung tumor cells was demonstrated. We conclude that phosphorylation of EGFR is mediated through PKCßII regulation of Lyn activation, and occurs in association with RACK1 and Cbp/PAG proteins. We suggest that protein complexes in cell membranes, including lipid rafts, may serve as novel targets for combination therapies with EGFR and Src Family Kinase inhibitors in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnetta Sutton
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Liu Y, Liu H, Titus L, Boden SD. Natural antisense transcripts enhance bone formation by increasing sense IFITM5 transcription. Bone 2012; 51:933-8. [PMID: 22884724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interferon induced transmembrane protein 5 (IFITM5) has been recognized as an osteoblast differentiation factor. Its regulation, however, is still unclear. In this report, four novel naturally occurring antisense transcripts of rat IFITM2 and IFITM5 transcribed from the opposite strand of the IFITM gene locus, were isolated and characterized. They are alternatively transcribed from rat chromosome 1 and expressed at relatively high levels during early differentiation of primary isolates of rat osteoblast cells. There are two common fragments in all of the isoform cDNA sequences that are complimentary to both IFITM2 and IFITM5 respectively. There is an additional unique region in one isoform, immediately downstream of the putative IFITM5 complimentary region, which is also complimentary to IFITM cDNA sequence. Reading frame analysis showed that these antisense transcripts are non protein coding mRNAs. We investigated the expression of these antisense transcripts and their effects on IFITM expression as well as osteoblast differentiation. All isoforms were positively correlated with IFITM5 expression and antisense specific siRNAs inhibited osteoblast differentiation significantly. In contrast, these antisense transcripts had no effect on the expression of IFITM2. We speculate that IFITM5 may be regulated by antisense transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Liu
- Atlanta Veterans' Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, 1670 Clairmont Rd., Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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10
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The N-terminal region of IFITM3 modulates its antiviral activity by regulating IFITM3 cellular localization. J Virol 2012; 86:13697-707. [PMID: 23055554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01828-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein family members IFITM1, -2, and -3 restrict the infection of multiple enveloped viruses. Significant enrichment of a minor IFITM3 allele was recently reported for patients who were hospitalized for seasonal and 2009 H1N1 pandemic flu. This IFITM3 allele lacks the region corresponding to the first amino-terminal 21 amino acids and is unable to inhibit influenza A virus. In this study, we found that deleting this 21-amino-acid region relocates IFITM3 from the endosomal compartments to the cell periphery. This finding likely underlies the lost inhibition of influenza A virus that completes its entry exclusively within endosomes at low pH. Yet, wild-type IFITM3 and the mutant with the 21-amino-acid deletion inhibit HIV-1 replication equally well. Given the pH-independent nature of HIV-1 entry, our results suggest that IFITM3 can inhibit viruses that enter cells via different routes and that its N-terminal region is specifically required for controlling pH-dependent viruses.
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Wee YS, Roundy KM, Weis JJ, Weis JH. Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins of the innate immune response act as membrane organizers by influencing clathrin and v-ATPase localization and function. Innate Immun 2012; 18:834-45. [PMID: 22467717 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912443392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate response interferon-inducible transmembrane (Ifitm) proteins have been characterized as influencing proliferation, signaling complexes and restricting virus infections. Treatment of cells lacking these proteins (IfitmDel) with IFN-β resulted in the loss of clathrin from membrane compartments and the inhibition of clathrin-mediated phagocytosis, suggesting a molecular interaction between clathrin and Ifitm proteins. The pH of endosomes of IfitmDel cells, with or without IFN activation, was neutralized, suggesting the function of the vacular ATPase proton pumps in such cells was compromised. Co-immunoprecipitation of Ifitm3 with Atp6v0b demonstrated a direct interaction between the Ifitm proteins and the v-ATPase. These data suggest that the Ifitm proteins help stabilize v-ATPase complexes in cellular membranes which, in turn, facilitates the appropriate subcellular localization of clathrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Shen Wee
- The Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, USA
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12
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Hanagata N, Li X. Osteoblast-enriched membrane protein IFITM5 regulates the association of CD9 with an FKBP11–CD81–FPRP complex and stimulates expression of interferon-induced genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:378-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Hanagata N, Li X, Morita H, Takemura T, Li J, Minowa T. Characterization of the osteoblast-specific transmembrane protein IFITM5 and analysis of IFITM5-deficient mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:279-90. [PMID: 20838829 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-010-0221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 5 (IFITM5) is an osteoblast-specific membrane protein whose expression peaks around the early mineralization stage during the osteoblast maturation process. To investigate IFITM5 function, we first sought to identify which proteins interact with IFITM5. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry revealed that FK506-binding protein 11 (FKBP11) co-immunoprecipitated with IFITM5. FKBP11 is the only protein it was found to interact with in osteoblasts, while IFITM5 interacts with several proteins in fibroblasts. FKBPs are involved in protein folding and immunosuppressant binding, but we could not be sure that IFITM5 participated in these activities when bound to FKBP11. Thus, we generated Ifitm5-deficient mice and analyzed their skeletal phenotypes. The skeletons, especially the long bones, of homozygous mutants (Ifitm5(-/-)) were smaller than those of heterozygous mutants (Ifitm5(+/-)), although we did not observe any significant differences in bone morphometric parameters. The effect of Ifitm5 deficiency on bone formation was more significant in newborns than in young and adult mice, suggesting that Ifitm5 deficiency might have a greater effect on prenatal bone development. Overall, the effect of Ifitm5 deficiency on bone formation was less than we expected. We hypothesize that this may have resulted from a compensatory mechanism in Ifitm5-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.
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14
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Siegrist F, Ebeling M, Certa U. The small interferon-induced transmembrane genes and proteins. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 31:183-97. [PMID: 21166591 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) genes are transcribed in most tissues and are with the exception of IFITM5 interferon inducible. They are involved in early development, cell adhesion, and control of cell growth. Most IFITM genes are activated in response to bacterial and viral infections, and the exact host immune defense mechanisms are still unknown. Elevated gene expression triggered by past or chronic inflammation could prevent spreading of pathogens by limiting host cell proliferation. Accordingly, induction in cells with low basal protein levels is sufficient to drive growth arrest and a senescence-like morphology. On the other hand, loss of IFITM levels in cancer is correlated with pronounced malignancy; thus, these genes are considered as tumor suppressors. However, several cancer cells have deregulated high levels of IFITM transcripts, indicating a tumor progression stage where at least one of the interferon-controlled antiproliferative pathways has been silenced. Phylogenetic analyses of the protein coding genomic sequences suggest a single interferon-inducible gene in the common ancestor of rodents and primates. Biological functions studied so far may have evolved in parallel, and functional characterization of IFITM proteins will provide insight into innate immune defense, cancer development, and other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Siegrist
- Non-Clinical Safety, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Netrin-1 is a bi-functional cue that attracts or repels different classes of neurons during development. The netrin-1 receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) acts as a tyrosine kinase-associated receptor to mediate the attractive response towards netrin-1. The lipid raft-localized Src family kinase Fyn is required for DCC-mediated axon guidance. DCC functions are also dependent on lipid rafts, membrane microdomains corresponding to a low-density, detergent-resistant membrane fraction. However, it remains unclear how the association of DCC with lipid rafts controls netrin-1 signalling. RESULTS DCC targeted to lipid rafts represented a minor proportion of total DCC inside the cell, but predominated on the cell surface of both IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells and embryonic cortical neurons. Netrin-1 accumulated in lipid rafts, but had no effect on the targeting of DCC to that compartment, with DCC remaining on the cell surface in lipid rafts through 60 min post-treatment. However, DCC was able to interact with Fyn, both in the lipid rafts and soluble compartments isolated from embryonic E19 rat brains, whereas early downstream signalling components such as Nck-1, and total and active focal adhesion kinase were mainly localized to the non-lipid raft compartment. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest that DCC can be found in raft and non-raft portions of the plasma membrane, with early signalling events propagated by non-raft associated DCC.
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16
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Distinct populations of tumor-initiating cells derived from a tumor generated by rat mammary cancer stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16940-5. [PMID: 18957543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808978105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors derived from rat LA7 cancer stem cells (CSCs) contain a hierarchy of cells with different capacities to generate self-renewing spheres and tubules serially ex vivo and to evoke tumors in vivo. We isolated two morphologically distinct cell types with distinct tumorigenic potential from LA7-evoked tumors: cells with polygonal morphology that are characterized by expression of p21/(WAF1) and p63 and display hallmarks of CSCs and elongated epithelial cells, which generate tumors with far less heterogeneity than LA7 CSCs. Serial transplantation of elongated epithelial cells results in progressive loss of tumorigenic potential; tumor heterogeneity; CD44, E-cadherin, and epithelial cytokeratin expression and increased alpha-smooth muscle actin I and vimentin expression. In contrast, serial transplantation of LA7 CSCs can be performed indefinitely and results in tumors that maintain their heterogeneity, consistent with self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. Collectively, our data show that polygonal cells are CSCs, whereas epithelial elongated cells are lineage-committed progenitors with tumorigenic potential, and suggest that tumor progenitors, although lacking indefinite self-renewal potential, nevertheless may make a substantial contribution to tumor development. Because LA7 cells can switch between conditions that favor maintenance of pure CSCs vs. differentiation into other tumor cell types, this cell system provides the opportunity to study factors that influence CSC self-renewal and differentiation. One factor, p63, was identified as a key gene regulating the transition between CSCs and early progenitor cells.
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17
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Patra SK. Dissecting lipid raft facilitated cell signaling pathways in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2007; 1785:182-206. [PMID: 18166162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 11/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most devastating disorders in our lives. Higher rate of proliferation than death of cells is one of the essential factors for development of cancer. The dynamicity of cell membrane plays some vital roles in cell survival and cell death, including protection, endocytosis, signaling, and increases in mechanical stability during cell division, as well as decrease of shear forces during separation of two cells after division, and cell separation from tissues for cancer metastasis. Within the membrane, there are specialized domains, known as lipid rafts. A raft can coordinate various signaling pathways. Recent data on the proteomics of lipid rafts/caveolae have highlighted the enigmatic role of various signaling proteins in cancer development. Analysis of these data of raft proteome from various tumors, cancer tissues, and cell lines cultured without and with therapeutic agents, as well as from model rafts revealed that there may be two subsets of raft assemblage in cell membrane. One subset of raft is enriched with cholesterol-sphingomyeline-ganglioside-cav-1/Src/EGFR (hereafter, "chol-raft") that is involved in normal cell signaling, and when dysregulated promotes cell transformation and tumor progression; another subset of raft is enriched with ceramide-sphingomyeline-ganglioside-FAS/Ezrin (hereafter, "cer-raft") that generally promotes apoptosis. In view of this, and to focus insight into the cancer cell physiology caused by the lipid rafts mediated signals and their receptors, and the downstream transmitters, either proliferative (for example, EGF and EGFR) or death-inducing (for example, FASL and FAS), and the precise roles of some therapeutic drugs and endogenous acid sphingomylenase in this scenario in in situ transformation of "chol-raft" into "cer-raft" are summarized and discussed in this contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Patra
- Cancer Epigenetics Research, Kalyani (B-7/183), Nadia, West Bengal, India-741235.
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18
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Yuyama K, Sekino-Suzuki N, Sanai Y, Kasahara K. Translocation of activated heterotrimeric G protein Galpha(o) to ganglioside-enriched detergent-resistant membrane rafts in developing cerebellum. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26392-400. [PMID: 17623667 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705046200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of gangliosides with specific proteins in the central nervous system was examined by co-immunoprecipitation with an anti-ganglioside antibody. The monoclonal antibody to the ganglioside GD3 immunoprecipitated phosphoproteins of 40, 53, 56, and 80 kDa from the rat cerebellum. Of these proteins, the 40-kDa protein was identified as the alpha-subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein, G(o) (Galpha(o)). Using sucrose density gradient analysis of cerebellar membranes, Galpha(o), but not Gbetagamma, was observed in detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) raft fractions in which GD3 was abundant after the addition of guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (GTPgammaS), which stabilizes G(o) in its active form. On the other hand, both Galpha(o) and Gbetagamma were excluded from the DRM raft fractions in the presence of guanyl-5'-yl thiophosphate, which stabilizes G(o) in its inactive form. Only Galpha(o) was observed in the DRM fractions from the cerebellum on postnatal day 7, but not from that in adult. After pertussis toxin treatment, Galpha(o) was not observed in the DRM fractions, even from the cerebellum on postnatal day 7. These results indicate the activation-dependent translocation of Galpha(o) into the DRM rafts. Furthermore, Galpha(o) was concentrated in the neuronal growth cones. Treatment with stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, a physiological ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor, stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to Galpha(o) and caused Galpha(o) translocation to the DRM fractions and RhoA translocation to the membrane fraction, leading to the growth cone collapse of cerebellar granule neurons. The collapse was partly prevented by pretreatment with the cholesterol-sequestering and raft-disrupting agent methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. These results demonstrate the involvement of signal-dependent Galpha(o) translocation to the DRM in the growth cone behavior of cerebellar granule neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yuyama
- Biomembrane Signaling Project 2, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, 3-18-22 Honkomagome Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8613 Japan
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19
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Zucchi I, Sanzone S, Astigiano S, Pelucchi P, Scotti M, Valsecchi V, Barbieri O, Bertoli G, Albertini A, Reinbold RA, Dulbecco R. The properties of a mammary gland cancer stem cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10476-81. [PMID: 17566110 PMCID: PMC1965538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703071104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell hypothesis posits that tumors are derived from a single cancer-initiating cell with stem cell properties. The task of identifying and characterizing a single cancer-initiating cell with stem cell properties has proven technically difficult because of the scarcity of the cancer stem cells in the tissue of origin and the lack of specific markers for cancer stem cells. Here we show that a single LA7 cell derived from rat mammary adenocarcinoma has the following properties: the differentiation potential to generate all of the cell lineages of the mammary gland; the ability to generate branched duct-like structures that recapitulate morphologically and functionally the ductal-alveolar-like architecture of the mammary tree; and the capacity to initiate heterogeneous tumors in nonobese diabetic-SCID mice. In addition, we show that cultured cells derived from tumors generated by a single LA7 cell-injection have properties similar to LA7 cells, can generate all of the cell lineages of the mammary gland, and recapitulate the ductal-alveolar-like architecture of the mammary tree. The properties of self-renewal, extensive capacity for proliferation, multilineage differentiation potential, and single-cell tumor-initiation potential suggest that LA7 cells are cancer stem cells and can be used as a model system to study the dynamics of tumor formation at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Zucchi
- *Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate-Milan, Italy
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - S. Sanzone
- *Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate-Milan, Italy
| | - S. Astigiano
- Istituto Scientifico per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - P. Pelucchi
- *Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate-Milan, Italy
| | - M. Scotti
- *Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate-Milan, Italy
| | - V. Valsecchi
- *Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate-Milan, Italy
| | - O. Barbieri
- Istituto Scientifico per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - G. Bertoli
- *Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate-Milan, Italy
| | - A. Albertini
- *Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate-Milan, Italy
| | | | - R. Dulbecco
- The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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20
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Kannan S, Audet A, Knittel J, Mullegama S, Gao GF, Wu M. Src kinase Lyn is crucial for Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization into lung cells. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1739-52. [PMID: 16791881 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200635973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lyn is an important B cell signaling kinase of the Src tyrosine kinase family with a broad range of functions from cytoskeletal changes to induction of apoptosis. However, the role of Lyn in infectious diseases is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that Lyn activation by phosphorylation significantly impacted invasion of an alveolar epithelial cell line, primary lung cells, and rat lungs by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), a common opportunistic lung pathogen affecting individuals with deficient lung immunity. Our results indicate that activation of Lyn and its interaction with rafts and TLR2, played an important role in the initial stages of PA interaction with host cells. The role of Lyn was further evaluated using the pharmacologic Src-specific inhibitor PP2, a dominant negative mutant, and finally confirmed with Lyn-deficient (Lyn(-/-)) bone marrow-derived mast cells. Inhibition of Lyn's function by above approaches prevented PA internalization. Moreover, blocking of Lyn also affected downstream events: induction of inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. This report brings out a new role of Lyn in infectious diseases and indicates potential new targets for prevention and treatment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibichakravarthy Kannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 558203, USA
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21
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Smith RA, Young J, Weis JJ, Weis JH. Expression of the mouse fragilis gene products in immune cells and association with receptor signaling complexes. Genes Immun 2006; 7:113-21. [PMID: 16395393 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mouse genome possesses five genes encoding proteins homologous to human Leu-13. The Leu-13 protein associates with immune cell receptor activation complexes: a monoclonal antibody against Leu-13 induces T and B cells to form homotypic aggregates, inhibits activation-induced proliferation and induces the shedding of L-selectin. The mouse fragilis proteins have not been previously analyzed as components of the immune response. Antibody and nucleic acid reagents were generated that are specific for each of the five fragilis gene products. Expression of some of these genes (fragilis and fragilis3) is wide spread in a variety of mouse immune (and nonimmune) tissues while others (fragilis5) appear to be much more restricted. These proteins have been predicted to span the membrane twice with both amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences extracellular: we show that a highly conserved loop of the protein between the transmembrane domains is intracellular. The fragilis proteins are associated with tetraspanin proteins CD81 and CD9: B cell activation positions fragilis into lipid rafts along with the CD81, CD19, and CD21. The mouse functional equivalent to human Leu-13 may not be single gene product, but instead may require the contribution of multiple fragilis proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Smith
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, USA
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22
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Ropolo A, Tomasini R, Grasso D, Dusetti NJ, Cerquetti MC, Iovanna JL, Vaccaro MI. Cloning of IP15, a pancreatitis-induced gene whose expression inhibits cell growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:1001-9. [PMID: 15184081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the cloning and expression of the mouse gene interferon-inducible-protein 15 (IP15), whose activation is related to the acute phase of experimental pancreatitis. Analysis of its structure indicates that it encodes a putative transmembrane protein of 137 amino acids. This gene contains a predicted IFN-stimulable-response element. In vivo studies showed that IP15 is strongly activated in pancreas early during caerulein-induced pancreatitis. In situ hybridization of IP15 mRNA showed that its expression is restricted to acinar cells. IP15 was also induced in pancreas under systemic-lipopolysaccharide treatment and in intestine under Salmonella infection. In vitro studies using NIH3T3 fibroblasts showed that IP15 is induced by IFN-alpha. Growth rate was significantly lower in cells transfected with pcDNA4/IP15 plasmid. In addition, cells expressing IP15 showed less capacity to develop colonies after antibiotic selection. In conclusion, we identified a new interferon-inducible gene that is activated early in pancreas with pancreatitis and whose expression inhibits cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ropolo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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