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Kaushal JB, Takkar S, Batra SK, Siddiqui JA. Diverse landscape of genetically engineered mouse models: Genomic and molecular insights into prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 593:216954. [PMID: 38735382 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health concern for men worldwide and is particularly prevalent in the United States. It is a complex disease presenting different molecular subtypes and varying degrees of aggressiveness. Transgenic/genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) greatly enhanced our understanding of the intricate molecular processes that underlie PCa progression and have offered valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for this disease. The integration of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, along with expression profiling, has played a pivotal role in advancing GEMMs by facilitating the identification of genetic alterations driving PCa development. This review focuses on genetically modified mice classified into the first and second generations of PCa models. We summarize whether models created by manipulating the function of specific genes replicate the consequences of genomic alterations observed in human PCa, including early and later disease stages. We discuss cases where GEMMs did not fully exhibit the expected human PCa phenotypes and possible causes of the failure. Here, we summarize the comprehensive understanding, recent advances, strengths and limitations of the GEMMs in advancing our insights into PCa, offering genetic and molecular perspectives for developing novel GEMM models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti B Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Simran Takkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
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2
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Kouroukli O, Bravou V, Giannitsas K, Tzelepi V. Tissue-Based Diagnostic Biomarkers of Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:805. [PMID: 38398199 PMCID: PMC10887410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a common malignancy among elderly men, characterized by great heterogeneity in its clinical course, ranging from an indolent to a highly aggressive disease. The aggressive variant of prostate cancer (AVPC) clinically shows an atypical pattern of disease progression, similar to that of small cell PC (SCPC), and also shares the chemo-responsiveness of SCPC. The term AVPC does not describe a specific histologic subtype of PC but rather the group of tumors that, irrespective of morphology, show an aggressive clinical course, dictated by androgen receptor (AR) indifference. AR indifference represents an adaptive response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), driven by epithelial plasticity, an inherent ability of tumor cells to adapt to their environment by changing their phenotypic characteristics in a bi-directional way. The molecular profile of AVPC entails combined alterations in the tumor suppressor genes retinoblastoma protein 1 (RB1), tumor protein 53 (TP53), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). The understanding of the biologic heterogeneity of castration-resistant PC (CRPC) and the need to identify the subset of patients that would potentially benefit from specific therapies necessitate the development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. This review aims to discuss the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms of AVPC development and the potential use of emerging tissue-based biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kouroukli
- Department of Pathology, Evaggelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bravou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | | | - Vasiliki Tzelepi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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3
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Li M, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Feng H, Li Y, Sang W, Zhu R, Huang R, Yan J. Integrative analysis of the ST6GALNAC family identifies GATA2-upregulated ST6GALNAC5 as an adverse prognostic biomarker promoting prostate cancer cell invasion. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:141. [PMID: 37468844 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ST6GALNAC family members function as sialyltransferases and have been implicated in cancer progression. However, their aberrant expression levels, prognostic values and specific roles in metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) remain largely unclear. METHODS Two independent public datasets (TCGA-PRAD and GSE21032), containing 648 PCa samples in total, were employed to comprehensively examine the mRNA expression changes of ST6GALNAC family members in PCa, as well as their associations with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. The dysregulation of ST6GALNAC5 was further validated in a mouse PCa model and human PCa samples from our cohort (n = 64) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and drug sensitivity analyses were performed to enrich the biological processes most related to ST6GALNAC5. Sulforhodamine B, transwell, luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to examine the PCa cell proliferation, invasion and transcriptional regulation, respectively. RESULTS Systematical investigation of six ST6GALNAC family members in public datasets revealed that ST6GALNAC5 was the only gene consistently and significantly upregulated in metastatic PCa, and ST6GALNAC5 overexpression was also positively associated with Gleason score and predicted poor prognosis in PCa patients. IHC results showed that (1) ST6GALNAC5 protein expression was increased in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and further elevated in PCa from a PbCre;PtenF/F mouse model; (2) overexpressed ST6GALNAC5 protein was confirmed in human PCa samples comparing with benign prostatic hyperplasia samples from our cohort (p < 0.001); (3) ST6GALNAC5 overexpression was significantly correlated with perineural invasion of PCa. Moreover, we first found transcription factor GATA2 positively and directly regulated ST6GALNAC5 expression at transcriptional level. ST6GALNAC5 overexpression could partially reverse GATA2-depletion-induced inhibition of PCa cell invasion. The GATA2-ST6GALNAC5 signature exhibited better prediction on the poor prognosis in PCa patients than GATA2 or ST6GALNAC5 alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that GATA2-upregulated ST6GALNAC5 might serve as an adverse prognostic biomarker promoting prostate cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Li
- Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Ma
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyi Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weicong Sang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Rujian Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruimin Huang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Effect of Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) and SP600125, a JNK Inhibitor, on Wnt Signaling in Canine Prostate Cancer Growth and Bone Metastases. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080153. [PMID: 34437475 PMCID: PMC8402794 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) upregulates a noncanonical Wnt/JNK pathway, resulting in osteoclast stimulation, cell proliferation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells. Ace-1-Dkk-1, a canine prostate cancer (PCa) cell line overexpressing Dkk-1, was used to investigate Wnt signaling pathways in PCa tumor growth. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, was used to examine whether it would decrease tumor growth and bone tumor phenotype in canine PCa cells in vitro and in vivo. Ace-1-VectorYFP-Luc and Ace-1-Dkk-1YFP-Luc cells were transplanted subcutaneously, while Ace-1-Dkk-1YFP-Luc was transplanted intratibially into nude mice. The effects of Dkk-1 and SP600125 on cell proliferation, in vivo tumor growth, and bone tumor phenotype were investigated. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt/JNK-related genes were measured using RT-qPCR. Dkk-1 significantly increased the mRNA expression of Wnt/JNK-signaling-related genes. SP600125 significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of osteoblast differentiation genes and downregulated osteoclastic-bone-lysis-related genes in vitro. SP600125 significantly decreased tumor volume and induced spindle-shaped tumor cells in vivo. Mice bearing intratibial tumors had increased radiographic density of the intramedullary new bone, large foci of osteolysis, and increased cortical lysis with abundant periosteal new bone formation. Finally, SP600125 has the potential to serve as an alternative adjuvant therapy in some early-stage PCa patients, especially those with high Dkk-1 expression.
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Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Seixas F, Ferreira R, Colaço B, Parada B, Oliveira PA. An overview of the latest in state-of-the-art murine models for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1349-1364. [PMID: 34224283 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1943354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex, heterogenous and multifocal disease, which is debilitating for patients and often fatal - due to bone metastasis and castration-resistant cancer. The use of murine models that mimic human disease has been crucial in the development of innovative therapies and for better understanding the mechanisms associated with initiation and progression of PCa. AREAS COVERED This review presents a critical analysis of murine models for the study of PCa, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses and applications. EXPERT OPINION In animal models, disease may not occur exactly as it does in humans, and sometimes the levels of efficacy that certain treatments obtain in animal models cannot be translated into clinical practice. To choose the most appropriate animal model for each research work, it is crucial to understand the anatomical and physiological differences between the mouse and the human prostate, while it is also important to identify biological similarities and differences between murine and human prostate tumors. Although significant progress has already been made, thanks to many years of research and study, the number of new challenges and obstacles to overcome mean there is a long and difficult road still to travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (Laqv-requimte),department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (Laqv-requimte),department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Zootechnics, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Belmiro Parada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (Icbr), Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Urology and Renal Transplantation Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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6
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Dańczak-Pazdrowska A, Pazdrowski J, Polańska A, Basta B, Schneider A, Kowalczyk MJ, Golusiński P, Golusiński W, Adamski Z, Żaba R, Masternak MM. Profiling of microRNAs in actinic keratosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma patients. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:257-266. [PMID: 33813600 PMCID: PMC8918171 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common skin lesion often defined as premalignant with more evidence indicating it as early stage of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The AK may remain stable, transform towards incisive cSCC or in some cases revert spontaneously. Several different underlying conditions can increase risk of cSCC, however, advanced age represents major risk of AK and its progression towards cSCC indicating increased risk during chronological aging. Importantly, AK and cSCC are characterized by similar genetic profile, which lead researchers to search for novel biomarkers allowing early detection. As skin sampling is often invasive and causes scaring, in the current study, we investigated a novel approach to establish potential blood circulating genetic markers in patients diagnosed with AK and cSCC. Based on clinical diagnosis and dermoscopy, we recruited 13 patients with AK (divided into two groups: the first included patients with no more than three lesions, the second group included patients with at least ten lesions) and two additional individuals diagnosed with cSCC. Deep sequencing analysis of serum circulating miRNAs detected a total of 68 expressed miRNAs. Further analysis indicated 2 regulated miRNAs for AK cohort and 12 miRNAs for cSCC patients, while there were 26 miRNAs differentially regulated between cSCC and AK patients. There was also one commonly regulated miRNA between AK and cSCC patients and ten miRNAs that were regulated in cSCC when compared with both control and AK patients. We did not observe any differences between the AK groups. In conclusion, our analysis detected in circulation some miRNA that were previously recognized as important in AK, cSCC, and other type of skin cancer supporting this approach as potential non-invasive diagnosis of AK and cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Pazdrowski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adriana Polańska
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Brittany Basta
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, , University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Michał J Kowalczyk
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Golusiński
- Department of Otolaryngolgy and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland.,Department of Maxillofacial Surgey, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Golusiński
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Adamski
- Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Żaba
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal M Masternak
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Sox2 is necessary for androgen ablation-induced neuroendocrine differentiation from Pten null Sca-1 + prostate luminal cells. Oncogene 2020; 40:203-214. [PMID: 33110232 PMCID: PMC7796948 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate adenocarcinoma undergoes neuroendocrine differentiation to acquire resistance toward anti-hormonal therapies. The underlying mechanisms have been investigated extensively, among which Sox2 has been shown to play a critical role. However, genetic evidence in mouse models for prostate cancer to support the crucial role of Sox2 is missing. The adult mouse prostate luminal cells contain both castration-resistant Sox2-expressing Sca-1+ cells and castration-responsive Sca-1− cells. We show that both types of the luminal cell are susceptible to oncogenic transformation induced by loss of function of the tumor suppressor Pten. The tumors derived from the Sca-1+ cells are predisposed to castration resistance and castration-induced neuroendocrine differentiation. Genetic ablation of Sox2 suppresses neuroendocrine differentiation but does not impact the castration resistant property. This study provides direct genetic evidence that Sox2 is necessary for androgen ablation-induced neuroendocrine differentiation of Pten null prostate adenocarcinoma, corroborates that the lineage status of the prostate cancer cells is a determinant for its propensity to exhibit lineage plasticity, and supports that the intrinsic features of cell-of-origin for prostate cancers can dictate their clinical behaviors.
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Turnham DJ, Bullock N, Dass MS, Staffurth JN, Pearson HB. The PTEN Conundrum: How to Target PTEN-Deficient Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2342. [PMID: 33105713 PMCID: PMC7690430 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), which negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, is strongly linked to advanced prostate cancer progression and poor clinical outcome. Accordingly, several therapeutic approaches are currently being explored to combat PTEN-deficient tumors. These include classical inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network, as well as new approaches that restore PTEN function, or target PTEN regulation of chromosome stability, DNA damage repair and the tumor microenvironment. While targeting PTEN-deficient prostate cancer remains a clinical challenge, new advances in the field of precision medicine indicate that PTEN loss provides a valuable biomarker to stratify prostate cancer patients for treatments, which may improve overall outcome. Here, we discuss the clinical implications of PTEN loss in the management of prostate cancer and review recent therapeutic advances in targeting PTEN-deficient prostate cancer. Deepening our understanding of how PTEN loss contributes to prostate cancer growth and therapeutic resistance will inform the design of future clinical studies and precision-medicine strategies that will ultimately improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Turnham
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
| | - Nicholas Bullock
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Manisha S. Dass
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
| | - John N. Staffurth
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
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He Z, Khatib AM, Creemers JWM. Loss of Proprotein Convertase Furin in Mammary Gland Impairs proIGF1R and proIR Processing and Suppresses Tumorigenesis in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092686. [PMID: 32962246 PMCID: PMC7563341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known to have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the role of Furin, a proprotein convertase involved in the activation of wide range of protein precursors in TNBC progression. The generation of a TNBC mouse model lacking Furin specifically in the mammary gland confirmed that Furin is implicated in TNBC tumor progression and the derived lung metastasis. Further analysis revealed that the proteolytic activation of proIGF1R and proIR receptors, two substrates of Furin involved in TNBC were inhibited in these mice and was associated with reduced AKT and ERK1/2 expression and phosphorylation. In addition, Furin is frequently overexpressed in TNBC tumors and correlates with poor patient prognosis, suggesting the use of Furin inhibition as a potential adjunct therapy in TNBC. Abstract In triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, the proprotein convertase Furin cleaves and then activates several protein precursors involved in oncogenesis. However, the in vivo role of Furin in the mammary gland and how mammary gland-specific Furin knockout specifically influences tumor initiation and progression of TNBC is unknown. Here, we report that Furin is frequently overexpressed in TNBC tumors and this correlates with poor prognosis in patients with TNBC tumors. In a whey acidic protein (WAP)-induced mammary epithelial cell-specific Furin knockout mouse model, mice show normal mammary development. However, loss of Furin in mammary glands inhibits primary tumor growth and lung metastasis in an oncogene-induced TNBC mouse model. Further analysis of TNBC mice lacking Furin revealed repressed maturation of the Furin substrates proIGF1R and proIR that are associated with reduced expression and activation of their downstream effectors PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1/2. In addition, these tissues showed enhanced apoptotic signaling. In conclusion, our findings reveal that upregulated Furin expression reflects the poor prognosis of TNBC patients and highlights the therapeutic potential of inhibiting Furin in TNBC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsheng He
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Abdel-Majid Khatib
- INSERM, LAMC, UMR 1029, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
- Digestive group, Institut Bergonié, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: (A.-M.K.); (J.W.M.C.)
| | - John W. M. Creemers
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (A.-M.K.); (J.W.M.C.)
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Macken WL, Tischkowitz M, Lachlan KL. PTEN Hamartoma tumor syndrome in childhood: A review of the clinical literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 181:591-610. [PMID: 31609537 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is a highly variable autosomal dominant condition associated with intellectual disability, overgrowth, and tumor predisposition phenotypes, which often overlap. PHTS incorporates a number of historical clinical presentations including Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, Cowden syndrome, and a macrocephaly-autism/developmental delay syndrome. Many reviews in the literature focus on PHTS as an adult hamartoma and malignancy predisposition condition. Here, we review the current literature with a focus on pediatric presentations. The review starts with a summary of the main conditions encompassed within PHTS. We then discuss PHTS diagnostic criteria, and clinical features. We briefly address rarer PTEN associations, and the possible role of mTOR inhibitors in treatment. We acknowledge the limited understanding of the natural history of childhood-onset PHTS as a cancer predisposition syndrome and present a summary of important management considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Macken
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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11
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Arriaga JM, Abate-Shen C. Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer in the Postgenomic Era. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a030528. [PMID: 29661807 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent genomic sequencing analyses have unveiled the spectrum of genomic alterations that occur in primary and advanced prostate cancer, raising the question of whether the corresponding genes are functionally relevant for prostate tumorigenesis, and whether such functions are associated with particular disease stages. In this review, we describe genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of prostate cancer, focusing on those that model genomic alterations known to occur in human prostate cancer. We consider whether the phenotypes of GEMMs based on gain or loss of function of the relevant genes provide reliable counterparts to study the predicted consequences of the corresponding genomic alterations as occur in human prostate cancer, and we discuss exceptions in which the GEMMs do not fully emulate the expected phenotypes. Last, we highlight future directions for the generation of new GEMMs of prostate cancer and consider how we can use GEMMs most effectively to decipher the biological and molecular mechanisms of disease progression, as well as to tackle clinically relevant questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Arriaga
- Departments of Urology, Medicine, Systems Biology, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Departments of Urology, Medicine, Systems Biology, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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12
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Li L, Sun JX, Wang XQ, Liu XK, Chen XX, Zhang B, He ZD, Liu DZ, Chen LX, Wang LW, Huang Z. Notoginsenoside R7 suppresses cervical cancer via PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109487-109496. [PMID: 29312623 PMCID: PMC5752536 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Notoginsenoside R7 was isolated from Panax notoginseng, a plant used commonly in traditional Chinese medicine. We investigated the anti-cancer effects of R7 in HeLa cells in vitro and in vivo, and explored the underlying mechanisms of action. R7 dose-dependently inhibited HeLa cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro, In silico docking-based screening assays showed that R7 can directly bind Akt. Pretreatment with the Akt inhibitor LY294002 synergistically enhanced the R7 anti-proliferation and anti-apoptosis effects in HeLa cells, confirming that R7 acts through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Consistent with the in vitro findings, R7 exerted anti-tumor effects in a mouse xenograft model by targeting PI3K (PTEN) and Akt, activating the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family and, subsequently, caspase family members. R7 treatment activated PTEN and downregulated mTOR phosphorylation without affecting mTOR expression, though regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (raptor) expression declined. Our study suggests that R7 is a promising chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cervical cancer and other PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jin-Xia Sun
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Ji’nan University 2nd Clinical Medicine College, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xiao-Kai Liu
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xian-Xiong Chen
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhen-Dan He
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dong-Zhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Ji’nan University 2nd Clinical Medicine College, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Li-Xin Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
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13
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Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Signalling Pathways in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9070086. [PMID: 28696382 PMCID: PMC5532622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) derives from keratinocytes in the epidermis and accounts for 15–20% of all cutaneous malignancies. Although it is usually curable by surgery, 5% of these tumours metastasise leading to poor prognosis mostly because of a lack of therapies and validated biomarkers. As the incidence rate is rising worldwide it has become increasingly important to better understand the mechanisms involved in cSCC development and progression in order to develop therapeutic strategies. Here we discuss some of the evidence indicating that activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks)-dependent signalling pathways (in particular the PI3Ks targets Akt and mTOR) has a key role in cSCC. We further discuss available data suggesting that inhibition of these pathways can be beneficial to counteract the disease. With the growing number of different inhibitors currently available, it would be important to further investigate the specific contribution of distinct components of the PI3Ks/Akt/mTOR pathways in order to identify the most promising molecular targets and the best strategy to inhibit cSCC.
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Zagni C, Almeida LO, Balan T, Martins MT, Rosselli-Murai LK, Papagerakis P, Castilho RM, Squarize CH. PTEN Mediates Activation of Core Clock Protein BMAL1 and Accumulation of Epidermal Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:304-314. [PMID: 28602615 PMCID: PMC5511049 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue integrity requires constant maintenance of a quiescent, yet responsive, population of stem cells. In the skin, hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) that reside within the bulge maintain tissue homeostasis in response to activating cues that occur with each new hair cycle or upon injury. We found that PTEN, a major regulator of the PI3K-AKT pathway, controlled HFSC number and size in the bulge and maintained genomically stable pluripotent cells. This regulatory function is central for HFSC quiescence, where PTEN-deficiency phenotype is in part regulated by BMAL1. Furthermore, PTEN ablation led to downregulation of BMI-1, a critical regulator of adult stem cell self-renewal, and elevated senescence, suggesting the presence of a protective system that prevents transformation. We found that short- and long-term PTEN depletion followed by activated BMAL1, a core clock protein, contributed to accumulation of HFSC. PTEN downregulation leads to the enrichment of stem cells in the niche PTEN activates core clock protein BMAL1 BMAL1 plays a role in PTEN-associated stem cell accumulation via AKT
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zagni
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Luciana O Almeida
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Tarek Balan
- OPD, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Marco T Martins
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Luciana K Rosselli-Murai
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- OPD, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Rogerio M Castilho
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cristiane H Squarize
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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15
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Specific deletion of LKB1/ Stk11 in the Müllerian duct mesenchyme drives hyperplasia of the periurethral stroma and tumorigenesis in male mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3445-3450. [PMID: 28289208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612284114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all older men will experience lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the etiology of which is not well understood. We have generated Stk11CKO mice by conditional deletion of the liver kinase B1 (LKB1) tumor suppressor gene, Stk11 (serine threonine kinase 11), in the fetal Müllerian duct mesenchyme (MDM), the caudal remnant of which is thought to be assimilated by the urogenital sinus primordial mesenchyme in males during fetal development. We show that MDM cells contribute to the postnatal stromal cells at the dorsal aspect of the prostatic urethra by lineage tracing. The Stk11CKO mice develop prostatic hyperplasia with bladder outlet obstruction, most likely because of stromal expansion. The stromal areas from prostates of Stk11CKO mice, with or without significant expansion, were estrogen receptor positive, which is consistent with both MD mesenchyme-derived cells and the purported importance of estrogen receptors in BPH development and/or progression. In some cases, stromal hyperplasia was admixed with epithelial metaplasia, sometimes with keratin pearls, consistent with squamous cell carcinomas. Mice with conditional deletion of both Stk11 and Pten developed similar features as the Stk11CKO mice, but at a highly accelerated rate, often within the first few months after birth. Western blot analyses showed that the loss of LKB1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) induces activation of the phospho-5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and phospho-AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 signaling pathways, as well as increased total and active β-catenin. These results suggest that activation of these signaling pathways can induce hyperplasia of the MD stroma, which could play a significant role in the etiology of human BPH.
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16
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Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved and pleiotropic, the translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a housekeeping protein present in eukaryotic organisms. It plays an important role in regulating many fundamental processes, such as cell proliferation, cell death, immune responses, and apoptosis. As a result of the pioneer work by Adam Telerman and Robert Amson, the critical role of TCTP in tumor reversion was revealed. Moreover, TCTP has emerged as a regulator of cell fate determination and a promising therapeutic target for cancers. The multifaceted action of TCTP depends on its ability to interact with different proteins. Through this interaction network, TCTP regulates diverse physiological and pathological processes in a context-dependent manner. Complete mapping of the entire sets of TCTP protein interactions (interactome) is essential to understand its various cellular functions and to lay the foundation for the rational design of TCTP-based therapeutic approaches. So far, the global profiling of the interacting partners of TCTP has rarely been performed, but many interactions have been identified in small-scale studies in a specific biological system. This chapter, based on information from protein interaction databases and the literature, illustrates current knowledge of the TCTP interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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17
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Li S, Chen M, Xiong Q, Zhang J, Cui Z, Ge F. Characterization of the Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) Interactome Reveals Novel Binding Partners in Human Cancer Cells. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3741-3751. [PMID: 27607350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a highly conserved housekeeping protein present in eukaryotic organisms. It is involved in regulating many fundamental processes and plays a critical role in tumor reversion and tumorigenesis. Increasing evidence suggests that TCTP plays a role in the regulation of cell fate determination and is a promising therapeutic target for cancer. To decipher the exact mechanisms by which TCTP functions and how all these functions are integrated, we analyzed the interactome of TCTP in HeLa cells by coimmunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 98 proteins were identified. We confirmed the in vitro and in vivo association of TCTP with six of the identified binding proteins using reciprocal IP and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis, respectively. Moreover, TCTP interacted with Y-box-binding protein 1 (YBX1), and their interaction was localized to the N-terminal region of TCTP and the 1-129 amino acid (aa) residues of YBX1. The YBX1 protein plays an important role in cell proliferation, RNA splicing, DNA repair, drug resistance, and stress response to extracellular signals. These data suggest that the interaction of TCTP with YBX1 might cooperate or coordinate their functions in the control of diverse regulatory pathways in cancer cells. Taken together, our results not only reveal a large number of TCTP-associated proteins that possess pleiotropic functions, but also provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of TCTP in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Li
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghai Chen
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Wen WS, Yuan ZM, Ma SJ, Xu J, Yuan DT. CRISPR-Cas9 systems: versatile cancer modelling platforms and promising therapeutic strategies. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:1328-36. [PMID: 26044706 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-guided nuclease CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated nuclease 9) and its variants such as nickase Cas9, dead Cas9, guide RNA scaffolds and RNA-targeting Cas9 are convenient and versatile platforms for site-specific genome editing and epigenome modulation. They are easy-to-use, simple-to-design and capable of targeting multiple loci simultaneously. Given that cancer develops from cumulative genetic and epigenetic alterations, CRISPR-Cas9 and its variants (hereafter referred to as CRISPR-Cas9 systems) hold extensive application potentials in cancer modeling and therapy. To date, they have already been applied to model oncogenic mutations in cell lines (e.g., Choi and Meyerson, Nat Commun 2014;5:3728) and in adult animals (e.g., Xue et al., Nature 2014;514:380-4), as well as to combat cancer by disabling oncogenic viruses (e.g., Hu et al., Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:612823) or by manipulating cancer genome (e.g., Liu et al., Nat Commun 2014;5:5393). Given the importance of epigenome and transcriptome in tumourigenesis, manipulation of cancer epigenome and transcriptome for cancer modeling and therapy is a promising area in the future. Whereas (epi)genetic modifications of cancer microenvironment with CRISPR-Cas9 systems for therapeutic purposes represent another promising area in cancer research. Herein, we introduce the functions and mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas9 systems in genome editing and epigenome modulation, retrospect their applications in cancer modelling and therapy, discuss limitations and possible solutions and propose future directions, in hope of providing concise and enlightening information for readers interested in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Shun Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- Cervical Disease Clinic, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, the Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College and the Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
| | - Dong-Tang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
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Sheng Y, Zou M, Wang Y, Li Q. 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone, a flavonoid isolated from Herba oxytropis, suppresses PC-3 human prostate cancer cell growth by induction of apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3737-3741. [PMID: 26788200 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are a promising source for the development of novel cancer therapies, due to their potential effectiveness and low toxicity profiles. As a main component of Herba oxytropis, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone (TFC) is known to demonstrate anti-tumor activity in vitro. In the present study, TFC was found to potently inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The results demonstrated that the induction of apoptosis is associated with cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and activation of caspase-3/-7. Additional mechanistic studies of two biomarkers, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1), in prostate cancer revealed that TFC treatment significantly upregulated the expression of PTEN and p27Kip1. The findings of the present study indicate that TFC-induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells via upregulation of PTEN and p27Kip1, which results in cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, activation of caspase-3/-7 and induction of apoptosis. Therefore, TFC may be a potential compound for human prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Sheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, P.R. China
| | - Mingchang Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, P.R. China
| | - Qiheng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, P.R. China
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20
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Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue: Novel Regulation by Developmental Signaling. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2015; 2015:282567. [PMID: 26339505 PMCID: PMC4539077 DOI: 10.1155/2015/282567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is a critical cell endogenous inhibitor of phosphoinositide signaling in mammalian cells. PTEN dephosphorylates phosphoinositide trisphosphate (PIP3), and by so doing PTEN has the function of negative regulation of Akt, thereby inhibiting this key intracellular signal transduction pathway. In numerous cell types, PTEN loss-of-function mutations result in unopposed Akt signaling, producing numerous effects on cells. Numerous reports exist regarding mutations in PTEN leading to unregulated Akt and human disease, most notably cancer. However, less is commonly known about nonmutational regulation of PTEN. This review focuses on an emerging literature on the regulation of PTEN at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels. Specifically, a focus is placed on the role developmental signaling pathways play in PTEN regulation; this includes insulin-like growth factor, NOTCH, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, wnt, and hedgehog signaling. The regulation of PTEN by developmental mediators affects critical biological processes including neuronal and organ development, stem cell maintenance, cell cycle regulation, inflammation, response to hypoxia, repair and recovery, and cell death and survival. Perturbations of PTEN regulation consequently lead to human diseases such as cancer, chronic inflammatory syndromes, developmental abnormalities, diabetes, and neurodegeneration.
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21
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Sun X, Xing C, Fu X, Li J, Zhang B, Frierson HF, Dong JT. Additive Effect of Zfhx3/Atbf1 and Pten Deletion on Mouse Prostatic Tumorigenesis. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:373-82. [PMID: 26233892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and the zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3)/AT-motif binding factor 1 (ATBF1) genes have been established as tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer by their frequent deletions and mutations in human prostate cancer and by the formation of mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) or tumor by their deletions in mouse prostates. However, whether ZFHX3/ATBF1 deletion together with PTEN deletion facilitates prostatic tumorigenesis is unknown. In this study, we simultaneously deleted both genes in mouse prostatic epithelia and performed histological and molecular analyses. While deletion of one Pten allele alone caused low-grade (LG) mPIN as previously reported, concurrent deletion of Zfhx3/Atbf1 promoted the progression to high-grade (HG) mPIN or early carcinoma. Zfhx3/Atbf1 and Pten deletions together increased cell proliferation, disrupted the smooth muscle layer between epithelium and stroma, and increased the number of apoptotic cells. Deletion of both genes also accelerated the activation of Akt and Erk1/2 oncoproteins. These results suggest an additive effect of ZFHX3/ATBF1 and PTEN deletions on the development and progression of prostate neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA; Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA
| | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville 22908, USA
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mouse is an important, though imperfect, organism with which to model human disease and to discover and test novel drugs in a preclinical setting. Many experimental strategies have been used to discover new biological and molecular targets in the mouse, with the hopes of translating these discoveries into novel drugs to treat prostate cancer in humans. Modeling prostate cancer in the mouse, however, has been challenging, and often drugs that work in mice have failed in human trials. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the similarities and differences between mice and men; the types of mouse models that exist to model prostate cancer; practical questions one must ask when using a mouse as a model; and potential reasons that drugs do not often translate to humans. They also discuss the current value in using mouse models for drug discovery to treat prostate cancer and what needs are still unmet in field. EXPERT OPINION With proper planning and following practical guidelines by the researcher, the mouse is a powerful experimental tool. The field lacks genetically engineered metastatic models, and xenograft models do not allow for the study of the immune system during the metastatic process. There remain several important limitations to discovering and testing novel drugs in mice for eventual human use, but these can often be overcome. Overall, mouse modeling is an essential part of prostate cancer research and drug discovery. Emerging technologies and better and ever-increasing forms of communication are moving the field in a hopeful direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Valkenburg
- The Johns Hopkins University, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology , 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA
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Chen J, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Cui MH, Han LY, Jia ZH, Wang L, Teng H, Miao LN. Low expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog in clear‑cell renal cell carcinoma contributes to chemoresistance through activating the Akt/HDM2 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2622-8. [PMID: 25954860 PMCID: PMC4464461 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most frequent primary malignancy in the adult kidney. Most patients with advanced CCRCC have poor prognosis as CCRCC remains resistant to chemotherapy. The present study explored the possible mechanism underlying CCRCC resistance to chemotherapy and found that loss of PTEN in CCRCC may be involved. Knockdown of PTEN in the CCRCC cell line ACHN blocked etoposide-induced apoptosis and etoposide-impaired cell proliferation was also inhibited. It has been demonstrated that most chemotherapy drugs exert their anti-cancer effects via p53-mediated apoptosis, and in accordance, with this, the present study showed that treatment with etoposide significantly increased p53 levels. Silencing of PTEN in ACHN inhibited the Akt/HDM2 signaling cascade and depressed p53 expression, and the interaction between HDM2 and p53 was also enhanced. This was further verified in CCRCC tissue specimens from patients The results of the present study suggested that loss of PTEN, which deactivated Akt/HDM2 signaling followed by degradation of p53, may contribute to the development of etoposide resistance in CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Man-Hua Cui
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ying Han
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Hui Jia
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Hong Teng
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ning Miao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Lee SH, Johnson D, Luong R, Sun Z. Crosstalking between androgen and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:2759-68. [PMID: 25527506 PMCID: PMC4317037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both androgen action and PI3K medicated signaling pathways have been implicated in prostate tumorigenesis. Our androgen receptor (AR) conditional transgenic mice developed murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma lesions recapitulating human prostate cancer development and progression. Role of transgenic AR contributing to malignancy was demonstrated by high degree of transgenic AR expression in atypical and tumor cells in mPIN as well as prostatic adenocarcinoma lesions of the transgenic mice, but not in adjacent normal tissue. Interestingly, reduced PI3K/Akt activation also appeared in these mouse atypical and tumor cells, suggesting an interaction between androgen and PI3K/AKT pathways. In this study, we further investigated this interaction. We showed that the androgen depletion or knockdown of AR expression results in elevated levels of active phosphorylated AKT in prostate cancer cells. Castration of conditional Pten knock-out mice showed increased Akt, phosphorylated Akt, and pS6 expression in the mouse prostate. Using a series of newly generated Ar reporter and Pten knock-out compound mice, we showed that Pten loss directly represses endogenous Ar expression in prostatic epithelial cells. Moreover, Pten loss and PI3K/Akt activation reduced Ar-mediated transcription in purified Pten-null cells. This study provides novel evidence demonstrating interplay between androgen and PI3K pathways, as well as introduces unique and relevant mouse models for further studies of PI3K and AR pathways in the context of prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Luong
- Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5328
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25
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. This malignancy is a complex disease, which is defined by an intrinsic heterogeneity on the histopathological and molecular level as well as response to therapy and outcome. In addition to classical histopathological features, breast cancer can be categorized into at least five major subtypes based on comprehensive gene expression profiling: luminal A, luminal B, basal-like, ERBB2-positive, and normal-like breast cancer. Genetically engineered mouse models can serve as tools to study the molecular underpinnings for this disease. Given the genetic complexity that drives the initiation and progression of individual breast cancer subtypes, it is evident that certain models can reflect only particular aspects of this malignancy. In this book chapter, we will primarily focus on advances in modeling breast cancer at defined stages of carcinogenesis using genetically engineered mice. We will discuss the ability as well as shortcomings of these models to faithfully recapitulate the spectrum of human breast cancer subtypes.
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PTEN signaling through RAF1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (RAF1)/ERK in the epididymis is essential for male fertility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18643-8. [PMID: 25512490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413186112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Without a fully developed initial segment, the most proximal region of the epididymis, male infertility results. Therefore, it is important to understand the development and regulation of this crucial region. In addition to distinctively high activity levels of the components of the ERK pathway, which are essential for initial-segment differentiation, the initial segment exhibits high protein and activity levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). To understand the role of PTEN in the regulation of the initial segment, we generated a mouse model with a conditional deletion of Pten from the epithelial cells of the proximal epididymis from postnatal day 17 (P17) onward. Shortly after Pten deletion, hypertrophy of the proximal epididymis became evident. Loss of Pten resulted in activation of the AKT (protein kinase B) pathway components from P28 onward, which in turn gradually suppressed RAF1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (RAF1)/ERK signaling through the interaction between AKT and RAF1. Consistent with progressive changes in RAF1/ERK signaling, loss of Pten progressively altered cell shape, size, organization, proliferation, and survival in the initial-segment epithelium and resulted in dedifferentiation and extensive epithelial folding. Most importantly, knockout males progressively lost fertility and became infertile from 6 to 12 mo. Spermatozoa from older knockout mice showed a lower percentage of motility and a higher percentage of flagellar angulation compared with controls, suggesting compromised sperm maturation. Therefore, under normal physiological conditions, PTEN suppresses AKT activity to maintain activation of the RAF1/ERK signaling pathway, which in turn maintains normal function of the initial segment and therefore, normal sperm maturation.
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Hill NT, Gracia-Maldonado GH, Leonard MK, Harper AR, Tober KL, Oberyszyn TM, Kadakia MP. Role of vitamin D3 in modulation of ΔNp63α expression during UVB induced tumor formation in SKH-1 mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107052. [PMID: 25191969 PMCID: PMC4156396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
ΔNp63α, a proto-oncogene, is up-regulated in non-melanoma skin cancers and directly regulates the expression of both Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN). Since ΔNp63α has been shown to inhibit cell invasion via regulation of VDR, we wanted to determine whether dietary Vitamin D3 protected against UVB induced tumor formation in SKH-1 mice, a model for squamous cell carcinoma development. We examined whether there was a correlation between dietary Vitamin D3 and ΔNp63α, VDR or PTEN expression in vivo in SKH-1 mice chronically exposed to UVB radiation and fed chow containing increasing concentrations of dietary Vitamin D3. Although we observed differential effects of the Vitamin D3 diet on ΔNp63α and VDR expression in chronically irradiated normal mouse skin as well as UVB induced tumors, Vitamin D3 had little effect on PTEN expression in vivo. While low-grade papillomas in mice exposed to UV and fed normal chow displayed increased levels of ΔNp63α, expression of both ΔNp63α and VDR was reduced in invasive tumors. Interestingly, in mice fed high Vitamin D3 chow, elevated levels of ΔNp63α were observed in both local and invasive tumors but not in normal skin suggesting that oral supplementation with Vitamin D3 may increase the proliferative potential of skin tumors by increasing ΔNp63α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Boonshoft School of Medicine; Wright State University; Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gabriel H. Gracia-Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Boonshoft School of Medicine; Wright State University; Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Leonard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Boonshoft School of Medicine; Wright State University; Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Harper
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathleen L. Tober
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tatiana M. Oberyszyn
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Madhavi P. Kadakia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Boonshoft School of Medicine; Wright State University; Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bas SZ, Maltas E, Sennik B, Yilmaz F, Vural HC. Design of a probe based on poly(glycidyl methacrylate -co-vinylferrocene)-coated Pt electrode for electrochemical detection of PTEN gene in PCR amplified samples from prostate tissues. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salih Zeki Bas
- Department of Chemistry; Selcuk University; 42075 Selcuklu Konya Turkey
| | - Esra Maltas
- Department of Chemistry; Selcuk University; 42075 Selcuklu Konya Turkey
| | - Busra Sennik
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Medeniyet University; 34720 Kadikoy Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; 41400 Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Faruk Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; 41400 Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
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Effect of PTEN Gene Mutations and Environmental Risk Factors on the Progression and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 43:56-61. [PMID: 26060680 PMCID: PMC4454031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is the most frequent genitourinary malignancy in Iran. Environmental and genetic factors are the two factors linked with bladder cancer expansion. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PTEN gene and environmental risk factors on the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer. METHODS We evaluated 55 tumor specimens and 66 bladder mucosa samples of non-cancerous patients between 2011 and 2013. All samples were analyzed for PTEN mutations using PCR and direct DNA sequencing methods. Demographic data collected, were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 software and a P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Of the 55 patients examined, tumor stage was T1, T2 (T2a, T2b) in 34 (61.8%) and 21 (38.2%) and tumor grade was high, low in 34 (61.8%) and 21 (38.2%), respectively. No mutations in the PTEN gene were found in patients with bladder cancer and control. Among the risk factors studied, only the occupation and history of urinary tract stones, were significantly associated with bladder cancer (P value<0.05). However, other risk factors did not show such a relationship. CONCLUSION No mutation was found in PTEN gene of patients with bladder cancer. Therefore, mutations in this gene cannot predict the prognosis and progression of urothelial bladder cancer. On the other hand, significant rela-tionship was found between occupation and urinary stones with bladder cancer. This communication reflects the im-pact of these factors on the risk of bladder cancer.
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PTEN, Longevity and Age-Related Diseases. Biomedicines 2013; 1:17-48. [PMID: 28548055 PMCID: PMC5423463 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines1010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of PTEN, this protein has been shown to be an effective suppressor of cancer and a contributor to longevity. This report will review, in depth, the associations between PTEN and other molecules, its mutations and regulations in order to present how PTEN can be used to increase longevity. This report will collect recent research of PTEN and use this to discuss PTEN’s role in caloric restriction, antioxidative defense of DNA-damage and the role it plays in suppressing tumors. The report will also discuss that variety of ways that PTEN can be compromised, through mutations, complete loss of alleles and its main antagonist, the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Wang Q, Von T, Bronson R, Ruan M, Mu W, Huang A, Maira SM, Zhao JJ. Spatially distinct roles of class Ia PI3K isoforms in the development and maintenance of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1568-80. [PMID: 23873941 DOI: 10.1101/gad.216069.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) comprises a collection of genetic disorders associated with germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PTEN. Therapeutic options and preventative measures for PHTS are limited. Using both genetically engineered mouse models and pharmacological PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors, we found that the roles of PI3K isoforms are spatially distinct in the skin: While p110α is responsible for the sustained survival of suprabasal cells of the epidermis in the absence of PTEN, p110β is important for the hyperproliferation of basal cells in PHTS. Furthermore, we identified a differential expression pattern of p110α and p110β in basal and suprabasal keratinocytes as well as differential PI3K regulation by upstream signals in the basal and suprabasal compartments of the epidermis, providing a potential molecular mechanism underlying the specific roles of PI3K isoforms in the epidermis. Finally, we demonstrate that combined inhibition of both PI3K isoforms prevents the development of PHTS and also reverses skin hamartomas that have reached advanced stages in mice. Together, these results not only advance our overall understanding of the diverse roles of PI3K isoforms, but also have the potential for meaningful translation via the clinical utilization of PI3K inhibitors for both prevention and therapy in PHTS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Zu K, Martin NE, Fiorentino M, Flavin R, Lis RT, Sinnott JA, Finn S, Penney KL, Ma J, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Bismar TA, Stampfer MJ, Pollak MN, Loda M, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E. Protein expression of PTEN, insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), and lethal prostate cancer: a prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1984-93. [PMID: 23983239 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of PTEN has been shown to be associated with aggressive behavior of prostate cancer. It is less clear that loss of PTEN also increases the risk of cancer mortality. We investigated the association between PTEN expression and prostate cancer mortality and the potential effect modification by IGF-IR, a direct activator of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. METHODS Protein expression in tumor was evaluated using tumor tissues obtained from 805 participants of the Physicians' Health and the Health Professionals Follow-up studies who were diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent radical prostatectomy. Proportional hazard models were used to assess PTEN expression and its interaction with IGF-IR, in relation to lethal prostate cancer (cancer-specific death or distant metastases). RESULTS Low PTEN expression was associated with an increased risk of lethal prostate cancer [HR, 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98-3.2; Ptrend = 0.04]. The association was attenuated after adjustment for Gleason grade, tumor stage, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis. A significant negative interaction between PTEN and IGF-IR was found (Pinteraction = 0.03). Either reduction in PTEN or increase in IGF-IR expression was sufficient to worsen prognosis. Models including PTEN and IGF-IR expression offer additional predicting power to prostate cancer survival, compared to those only including demographic and clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS Low PTEN protein expression significantly increases the risk of lethal prostate cancer, particularly when the IGF-IR expression remains at normal level. IMPACT PTEN and IGF-IR expression in tumor are promising candidates for independent prognostic factors to predict lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital; Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Molecular and Transplantation Pathology Laboratory, F. Addarii Institute of Oncology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; and Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Mouse models of prostate cancer (PCa) are critical for understanding the biology of PCa initiation, progression, and treatment modalities. Here, we summarize recent advances in PCa mouse models that led to new insights into specific gene functions in PCa. For example, the study of transgenic mice with TMPRSS2/ERG, an androgen-regulated fusion protein, revealed its role in developing PCa precursor lesions, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia; however, it is not sufficient for PCa development. Double deficiency of Pten and Smad4 leads to a high incidence of metastatic PCa. Targeted deletion of Pten in castration-resistant Nkx3-1-expressing cells results in rapid carcinoma formation after androgen-mediated regeneration, indicating that progenitor cells with luminal characteristics can play a role in initiation of PCa. Transgenic mice with activated oncogenes, growth factors, and steroid hormone receptors or inactivated tumor suppressors continue to provide insights into disease progression from initiation to metastasis. Further development of new PCa models with spatial and temporal regulation of candidate gene expression will probably enhance our understanding of the complex events that lead to PCa initiation and progression, thereby invoking novel strategies to combat this common disease in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Pradip Roy-Burman
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Yu HL, Zhao ZK, Zhu F. The role of human endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat sequences in human cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:755-62. [PMID: 23900638 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) and solitary long terminal repeats (LTRs) constitute 8% of the human genome. Although most HERV genes are partially deleted and not intact, HERV LTRs comprise features including promoters, enhancers, selective splicer sites and polyadenylation sites in order to regulate the expression of neighboring genes. Owing to the genetic instability of LTRs, their wide distributions along human chromosomes are not only non-random, but are also correlated with gene density. Considerable evidence indicates that HERV LTRs regulate the expression of their adjacent viral and cellular genes in placental development and tumorigenesis. However, the regulatory mechanism of HERV LTRs on the expression of its neighboring cancer-associated genes in human cancers remains to be elucidated. Insertional mutagenesis, recombination and polymorphism are three principal factors of LTR that contribute to its genetic instability. Moreover, genetic instability, hypomethylation, transactivation and the antisense transcript of LTRs enhance the activity of LTRs and regulate the expression of their adjacent genes in human cancers. Therefore, in the present review, we examined the mechanism of HERV LTRs in tumorigenesis in combination with the structure and function of LTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lian Yu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
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Marsh V, Davies EJ, Williams GT, Clarke AR. PTEN loss and KRAS activation cooperate in murine biliary tract malignancies. J Pathol 2013; 230:165-73. [PMID: 23483557 DOI: 10.1002/path.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomas of the biliary tract are aggressive malignancies in humans. Loss of the tumour suppressor PTEN has previously been associated with cholangiocarcinoma development in a murine model. Activation of KRAS is reported in up to one-third of human cholangiocarcinomas and 50% of gall bladder carcinomas. In this study we aimed to test the potential interaction between PTEN and KRAS mutation in biliary tract malignancy. We used an inducible Cre-LoxP-based approach to coordinately delete PTEN and activate KRAS within the adult mouse biliary epithelium. We found that activation of KRAS alone has little effect upon biliary epithelium. Loss of PTEN alone results in the development of low-grade neoplastic lesions, following long latency and at low incidence. Combination of both mutations causes rapid development of biliary epithelial proliferative lesions, which progress through dysplasia to invasive carcinoma. We conclude that activation of the PI3'K pathway following loss of PTEN is sufficient to drive slow development of low-grade biliary lesions in mice. In contrast, mutational activation of KRAS does not result in a similar phenotype, despite a prediction that this should activate both the RAF-MEK-ERK and PI3'-kinase pathways. However, mutation of both genes results in rapid tumourigenesis, arguing that PTEN normally functions as a 'brake' on the PI3'-kinase pathway, limiting the influence of KRAS activation. Mutation of both genes creates a 'permissive' environment, allowing the full effects of both mutations to be manifested. These data reveal an in vivo synergy between these mutations and provides a new mouse model of biliary tract malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Marsh
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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36
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Irshad S, Abate-Shen C. Modeling prostate cancer in mice: something old, something new, something premalignant, something metastatic. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32:109-22. [PMID: 23114843 PMCID: PMC3584242 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 15 years ago, the first generation of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer was introduced. These transgenic models utilized prostate-specific promoters to express SV40 oncogenes specifically in prostate epithelium. Since the description of these initial models, there have been a plethora of GEM models of prostate cancer representing various perturbations of oncogenes or tumor suppressors, either alone or in combination. This review describes these GEM models, focusing on their relevance for human prostate cancer and highlighting their strengths and limitations, as well as opportunities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Irshad
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Urology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Ai J, Pascal LE, O'Malley KJ, Dar JA, Isharwal S, Qiao Z, Ren B, Rigatti LH, Dhir R, Xiao W, Nelson JB, Wang Z. Concomitant loss of EAF2/U19 and Pten synergistically promotes prostate carcinogenesis in the mouse model. Oncogene 2013; 33:2286-94. [PMID: 23708662 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple genetic alterations are associated with prostate carcinogenesis. Tumor-suppressor genes phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (Pten) and androgen upregulated gene 19 (U19), which encodes ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2), are frequently inactivated or downregulated in advanced prostate cancers. Previous studies showed that EAF2 knockout caused tumors in multiple organs and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in mice. However, EAF2-knockout mice did not develop prostate cancer even at 2 years of age. To further define the roles of EAF2 in prostate carcinogenesis, we crossed the Pten+/- and EAF2+/- mice in the C57/BL6 background to generate EAF2-/-Pten+/-, Pten+/-, EAF2-/- and wild-type mice. The prostates from virgin male mice with the above four genotypes were analyzed at 7 weeks, 19 weeks and 12 months of age. Concomitant loss of EAF2 function and inactivation of one Pten allele induced spontaneous prostate cancer in 33% of the mice. Prostatic tissues from intact EAF2-/- Pten+/- mice exhibited higher levels of phospho-Akt, -p44/42 and microvessel density. Moreover, phospho-Akt remained high after castration. Consistently, there was a synergistic increase in prostate epithelial proliferation in both intact and castrated EAF2-/-Pten+/- mice. Using laser-capture microdissection coupled with real-time reverse transcription-PCR, we confirmed that co-downregulation of EAF2 and Pten occurred in >50% clinical prostate cancer specimens with Gleason scores of 8-9 (n=11), which is associated with poor prognosis. The above findings together demonstrated synergistic functional interactions and clinical relevance of concurrent EAF2 and Pten downregulation in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K J O'Malley
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J A Dar
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Isharwal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Z Qiao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - B Ren
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L H Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Dhir
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W Xiao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - J B Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Z Wang
- 1] Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [3] University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Wu Z, He B, He J, Mao X. Upregulation of miR-153 promotes cell proliferation via downregulation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:596-604. [PMID: 23060044 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs play a pivotal role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. The present study was aimed at clarifying the biological functions of miR-153, one of the upregulated microRNAs in prostate cancers, and the signaling transduction induced by miR-153. METHODS miR-153 was identified to be overexpressed in prostate cancers. The probable biological function of miR-153 in cellular proliferation was then examined by diverse assays, such as MTT, colony formation and BrdUrd incorporation assay. Moreover, real-time PCR and western blotting analysis were applied to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism induced by miR-153. Luciferase assays were used to determined the FOXO1 transactivity and the direct regulation of PTEN-3'-UTR by miR-153. RESULTS High-throughput method identified miR-153 to be upregulated in prostate cancers, which is further confirmed by the upregulated expression in four paired prostate tumor/adjacent non-cancerous tissues from the same patients. Further studies revealed that overexpression of miR-153 promoted cell cycle transition and cell proliferation, while inhibition of miR-153 reduced this effect. Moreover, miR-153 overexpression in prostate cancer cells increased the G1/S transitional promoter, cyclin D1 expression, and decreased cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, p21(Cip1) expression. In addition, we demonstrated that miR-153 directly targeted the PTEN tumor suppressor gene, activated the AKT signaling and downregulated FOXO1 transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that miR-153 play an important role in promoting proliferation of human prostate cancer cells and present a novel mechanism of microRNA-mediated direct suppression of PTEN expression in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Genetically engineered mouse models of prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:190-205. [PMID: 23481269 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major improvement in treatment of early stage localised prostate cancer, the distinction between indolent tumors and those that will become aggressive, as well as the lack of efficient therapies of advanced prostate cancer, remain major health problems. Genetically engineered mice (GEM) have been extensively used to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying prostate tumor initiation and progression, and to evaluate new therapies. Moreover, the recent development of conditional somatic mutagenesis in the mouse prostate offers the possibility to generate new models that more faithfully reproduce the human disease, and thus should contribute to improve diagnosis and treatments. The strengths and weaknesses of various models will be discussed, as well as future opportunities.
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Lu TL, Huang YF, You LR, Chao NC, Su FY, Chang JL, Chen CM. Conditionally ablated Pten in prostate basal cells promotes basal-to-luminal differentiation and causes invasive prostate cancer in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:975-91. [PMID: 23313138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate glands comprise two major epithelial cell types: luminal and basal. Luminal cells have long been considered the cellular origin of prostate cancer (CaP). However, recent evidence from a prostate regeneration assay suggests that prostate basal cells can also give rise to CaP. Here, we characterize Pten-deficient prostate lesions arising from keratin 5-expressing basal cells in a temporally controlled system in mice. Pten-deficient prostate lesions arising from basal cells exhibited luminal phenotypes with higher invasiveness, and the cell fate of Pten-deficient basal cells was traced to neoplastic luminal cells. After temporally ablating Pten in keratin 8-expressing luminal cells, luminal-derived Pten-deficient prostate tumors exhibited slower disease progression, compared with basal-derived tumors, within 13 weeks after Pten ablation. Cellular proliferation was significantly increased in basal-derived versus luminal-derived Pten-deficient prostate lesions. Increased tumor invasion into the smooth muscle layer and aberrantly regulated aggressive signatures (Smad4 and Spp1) were identified exclusively in basal-derived Pten-deficient lesions. Interestingly, p63-expressing cells, which represent basal stem and progenitor cells of basal-derived Pten-deficient prostate lesions, were significantly increased, relative to cells of the luminal-derived prostate lesion. Furthermore, castration did not suppress cellular proliferation of either basal-derived or luminal-derived Pten-deficient prostate tumors. Taken together, our data suggest that, although prostate malignancy can originate from both basal and luminal populations, these two populations differ in aggressive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Ling Lu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kwak MK, Johnson DT, Zhu C, Lee SH, Ye DW, Luong R, Sun Z. Conditional deletion of the Pten gene in the mouse prostate induces prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms at early ages but a slow progression to prostate tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53476. [PMID: 23308230 PMCID: PMC3540073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in human prostate cancer. Using Osr1 (odd skipped related 1)-Cre mice, we generated a novel conditional Pten knockout mouse strain, PtenLoxP:Osr1-Cre. Conditional biallelic and monoallelic Pten knockout mice were viable. Deletion of Pten expression was detected in the prostate of PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre mice as early as 2 weeks of age. Intriguingly, PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre mice develop high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PINs) with high penetrance as early as one-month of age, and locally invasive prostatic tumors after 12-months of age. PtenLoxP/+:Osr1-Cre mice show only mild oncogenic changes after 8-weeks of age. Castration of PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre mice shows no significant regression of prostate tumors, although a shift of androgen receptor (AR) staining from the nuclei to cytoplasm is observed in Pten null tumor cells of castrated mice. Enhanced Akt activity is observed in Pten null tumor cells of castrated PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre. This study provides a novel mouse model that can be used to investigate a primary role of Pten in initiating oncogenic transformation in the prostate and to examine other genetic and epigenetic changes that are required for tumor progression in the mouse prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Kwak
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Johnson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chunfang Zhu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Suk Hyung Lee
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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PTEN in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Giudice FS, Squarize CH. The determinants of head and neck cancer: Unmasking the PI3K pathway mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Suppl 5. [PMID: 25126449 DOI: 10.4172/2157-2518.s5-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies attempting to identify and understand the function of mutated genes and deregulated molecular pathways in cancer have been ongoing for many years. The PI3K-PTEN-mTOR signaling pathway is one of the most frequently deregulated pathways in cancer. PIK3CA mutations are found 11%-33% of head and neck cancer (HNC). The hotspot mutation sites for PIK3CA are E542K, E545K and H1047R/L. The PTEN somatic mutations are in 9-23% of HNC, and they frequently cluster in the phosphatase domain of PTEN protein. PTEN loss of heterozygosity (LOH) ranges from 41%-71% and loss of PTEN protein expression occurs in 31.2% of the HNC samples. PIK3CA and PTEN are key molecules in the PI3K-PTEN-mTOR signaling pathway. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of mutations in the PI3K-PTEN-mTOR molecular circuitry in HNC, including PI3K family members, TSC1/TSC2, PTEN, AKT, and mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes. We discussed how these genetic alterations may affect protein structure and function. We also highlight the latest discoveries in protein kinase and tumor suppressor families, emphasizing how mutations in these families interfere with PI3K signaling. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer formation, progression and resistance to therapy will inform selection of novel genomic-based personalized therapies for head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Giudice
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1078, USA ; International Research Center, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane H Squarize
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1078, USA
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Sheikh H, Abdulghani J, Ali S, Sinha R, Lipton A. Impact of Genetic Targets on Prostate Cancer Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 779:359-83. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhu X, Qin X, Fei M, Hou W, Greshock J, Bachman KE, Kang J, Qin CY. Loss and reduced expression of PTEN correlate with advanced-stage gastric carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2012; 5:57-64. [PMID: 23251242 PMCID: PMC3524019 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor involved in multiple cell processes. To investigate the role of PTEN in the development of gastric carcinoma, we determined the expression pattern of PTEN in primary gastric carcinoma and in paired adjacent non-neoplastic tissue. We also determined the correlation of PTEN expression with clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival. Overall, 159 gastric carcinomas and 151 paired adjacent non-neoplastic tissues were used in the present study. PTEN expression was determined using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of PTEN expression were calculated using receiver operator characteristic curves. Results showed that the loss of cytoplasmic PTEN was significantly more frequent in carcinoma tissue compared with adjacent non-neoplastic tissue (62 vs. 5%, respectively; P<0.0001). PTEN expression was markedly downregulated in carcinoma tissues compared with adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. The loss of cytoplasmic PTEN expression was positively correlated with histological stage (P=0.016). The loss of nuclear or total PTEN, and downregulation of total PTEN expression, was significantly different between American Joint Committee on Cancer tumors of stage I and stages II-IV. A low cytoplasmic or total PTEN expression showed high clinical sensitivity and specificity for gastric carcinoma. However, PTEN expression was not significantly associated with overall or 3-year survival rates. The findings of the present study indicated that PTEN expression may be a molecular diagnostic marker for gastric cancer. Thus, the loss or reduced expression of PTEN potentially correlate with advanced stages of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University
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Lai KP, Yamashita S, Huang CK, Yeh S, Chang C. Loss of stromal androgen receptor leads to suppressed prostate tumourigenesis via modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:791-807. [PMID: 22745041 PMCID: PMC3494077 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interaction is crucial to mediate normal prostate and prostate cancer (PCa) development. The indispensable roles of mesenchymal/stromal androgen receptor (AR) for the prostate organogenesis have been demonstrated by using tissue recombination from wild-type and testicular feminized mice. However, the stromal AR functions in the tumour microenvironment and the underlying mechanisms governing the interactions between the epithelium and stroma are not completely understood. Here, we have established the first animal model with AR deletion in stromal fibromuscular cells (dARKO, AR knockout in fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) in the Pten(+/-) mouse model that can spontaneously develop prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). We found that loss of stromal fibromuscular AR led to suppression of PIN lesion development with alleviation of epithelium proliferation and tumour-promoting microenvironments, including extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, immune cell infiltration and neovasculature formation due, in part, to the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Finally, targeting stromal fibromuscular AR with the AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9®, resulted in the reduction of PIN development/progression, which might provide a new approach to suppress PIN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Pao Lai
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Yuan Q, Cai S, Zhang X, Liu Z, Li Z, Luo X, Xiong C, Wang J, Hu J, Ruan J. A new protoapigenone analog RY10-4 induces apoptosis and suppresses invasion through the PI3K/Akt pathway in human breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 324:210-20. [PMID: 22652174 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RY10-4, a novel protoapigenone analog, shows potent cytotoxicity against a broad spectrum of human cancer cells. Here we investigate its anti-tumor activity on breast cancer. The results indicated that RY10-4 suppressed proliferation, arrested cell cycle, induced apoptosis and inhibited invasion in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells. Western blot analysis showed that RY10-4 down-regulated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and inhibited doxorubicin-induced p-Akt. Moreover, it effectively suppressed tumor growth in mice without major side effects. Therefore, RY10-4 had potential anti-tumor activity, and could be used as a lead to design more potent derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resources Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Positive and negative regulation of prostate stem cell antigen expression by Yin Yang 1 in prostate epithelial cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35570. [PMID: 22536409 PMCID: PMC3334921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is influenced by epigenetic modification of genes involved in cancer development and progression. Increased expression of Prostate Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA) is correlated with development of malignant human prostate cancer, while studies in mouse models suggest that decreased PSCA levels promote prostate cancer metastasis. These studies suggest that PSCA has context-dependent functions, and could be differentially regulated during tumor progression. In the present study, we identified the multi-functional transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) as a modulator of PSCA expression in prostate epithelial cell lines. Increased YY1 levels are observed in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and advanced disease. We show that androgen-mediated up-regulation of PSCA in prostate epithelial cell lines is dependent on YY1. We identified two direct YY1 binding sites within the PSCA promoter, and showed that the upstream site inhibited, while the downstream site, proximal to the androgen-responsive element, stimulated PSCA promoter activity. Thus, changes in PSCA expression levels in prostate cancer may at least partly be affected by cellular levels of YY1. Our results also suggest multiple roles for YY1 in prostate cancer which may contribute to disease progression by modulation of genes such as PSCA.
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Cell-type specific roles for PTEN in establishing a functional retinal architecture. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32795. [PMID: 22403711 PMCID: PMC3293905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retina has a unique three-dimensional architecture, the precise organization of which allows for complete sampling of the visual field. Along the radial or apicobasal axis, retinal neurons and their dendritic and axonal arbors are segregated into layers, while perpendicular to this axis, in the tangential plane, four of the six neuronal types form patterned cellular arrays, or mosaics. Currently, the molecular cues that control retinal cell positioning are not well-understood, especially those that operate in the tangential plane. Here we investigated the role of the PTEN phosphatase in establishing a functional retinal architecture. Methodology/Principal Findings In the developing retina, PTEN was localized preferentially to ganglion, amacrine and horizontal cells, whose somata are distributed in mosaic patterns in the tangential plane. Generation of a retina-specific Pten knock-out resulted in retinal ganglion, amacrine and horizontal cell hypertrophy, and expansion of the inner plexiform layer. The spacing of Pten mutant mosaic populations was also aberrant, as were the arborization and fasciculation patterns of their processes, displaying cell type-specific defects in the radial and tangential dimensions. Irregular oscillatory potentials were also observed in Pten mutant electroretinograms, indicative of asynchronous amacrine cell firing. Furthermore, while Pten mutant RGC axons targeted appropriate brain regions, optokinetic spatial acuity was reduced in Pten mutant animals. Finally, while some features of the Pten mutant retina appeared similar to those reported in Dscam-mutant mice, PTEN expression and activity were normal in the absence of Dscam. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that Pten regulates somal positioning and neurite arborization patterns of a subset of retinal cells that form mosaics, likely functioning independently of Dscam, at least during the embryonic period. Our findings thus reveal an unexpected level of cellular specificity for the multi-purpose phosphatase, and identify Pten as an integral component of a novel cell positioning pathway in the retina.
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Hensley PJ, Kyprianou N. Modeling prostate cancer in mice: limitations and opportunities. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2012; 33:133-44. [PMID: 21680808 PMCID: PMC3726197 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.111.013987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex dynamics of the tumor microenvironment and prostate cancer heterogeneity have confounded efforts to establish suitable preclinical mouse models to represent human cancer progression from early proliferative phenotypes to aggressive, androgen-independent, and invasive metastatic tumors. Current models have been successful in capitulating individual characteristics of the aggressive tumors. However, none of these models comprehensively mimics human cancer progression, establishing the challenge in their exploitation to study human disease. The ability to tailor phenotypic outcomes in mice by compounding mutations to target specific molecular pathways provides a powerful tool toward disruption of signaling pathways contributing to the initiation and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Each model is characterized by unique features contributing to the understanding of prostate tumorigenesis, as well as limitations challenging our knowledge of the mechanisms of cancer development and progression. Emerging strategies utilize genomic manipulation technology to circumvent these limitations toward the formulation of attractive, physiologically relevant models of prostate cancer progression to advanced disease. This review discusses the current value of the widely used and well-characterized mouse models of prostate cancer progression to metastasis, as well as the opportunities begging exploitation for the development of new models for testing the antitumor efficacy of therapeutic strategies and identifying new biomarkers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Hensley
- Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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