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Robichaud HM, Ishibashi JSA, Ozaki T, Lamine W, Miqueu K, Liu SY. The aromatic Claisen rearrangement of a 1,2-azaborine. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:3778-3783. [PMID: 37092259 PMCID: PMC10175209 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02186b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The first aromatic Claisen rearrangement of a 1,2-azaborine is described along with a quantitative kinetic comparison of the reaction of the azaborine with its direct all-carbon analogue. The azaborine A rearranged in a clean, regioselective fashion and reacted faster than the all-carbon substrate B at all temperatures from 140-180 °C. Activation free energies were extracted from observed first-order rate constants (A: ΔG‡298K = 32.7 kcal mol-1; B: ΔG‡298K = 34.8 kcal mol-1) corresponding to a twenty fold faster rate for A at observed reaction temperatures. DFT calculations show that the rearrangement proceeds via a concerted six-membered transition state and that the electronic structure of the BN and CC rings is mostly responsible for the observed regioselectivity and relative reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Robichaud
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, USA.
| | - Jacob S A Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, USA.
| | - Tomoya Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, USA.
| | - Walid Lamine
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA/CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau cedex 09, France.
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA/CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau cedex 09, France.
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, USA.
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA/CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau cedex 09, France.
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2
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Ramakrishnan S, Paramewaran S, Nasir NM. Synthetic approaches to biologically active xanthones: an update. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Hatami E, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Gambogic acid: A shining natural compound to nanomedicine for cancer therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188381. [PMID: 32492470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration has permitted number of therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Most of them are expensive and have some degree of systemic toxicity which makes overbearing in clinical settings. Although advanced research continuously applied in cancer therapeutics, but drug resistance, metastasis, and recurrence remain unanswerable. These accounts to an urgent clinical need to discover natural compounds with precisely safe and highly efficient for the cancer prevention and cancer therapy. Gambogic acid (GA) is the principle bioactive and caged xanthone component, a brownish gamboge resin secreted from the of Garcinia hanburyi tree. This molecule showed a spectrum of biological and clinical benefits against various cancers. In this review, we document distinct biological characteristics of GA as a novel anti-cancer agent. This review also delineates specific molecular mechanism(s) of GA that are involved in anti-cancer, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, and chemo-/radiation sensitizer activities. Furthermore, recent evidence, development, and implementation of various nanoformulations of gambogic acid (nanomedicine) have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hatami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.
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4
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Omrani R, Zouaghi MO, Arfaoui Y. Mechanistic density functional theory study of the Claisen Rearrangement Diels-Alder Cycloaddition domino sequence for the synthesis of the caged garcinia xanthone. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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5
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Chantarasriwong O, Milcarek AT, Morales TH, Settle AL, Rezende CO, Althufairi BD, Theodoraki MA, Alpaugh ML, Theodorakis EA. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and in vitro pharmacodynamics of A-ring modified caged xanthones in a preclinical model of inflammatory breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 168:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Zhang BJ, Fu WW, Wu R, Yang JL, Yao CY, Yan BX, Tan HS, Zheng CW, Song ZJ, Xu HX. Bioactive scalemic caged xanthones from the leaves of Garcinia bracteata. Bioorg Chem 2019; 82:274-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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7
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8
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Li HM, Gu T, Wu WY, Yu SP, Fan TY, Zhong Y, Li NG. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Scutellarein Alkyl Derivatives as Preventing Neurodegenerative Agents with Improved Lipid Soluble Properties. Med Chem 2018; 15:771-780. [PMID: 30324887 DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666181015143551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exogenous antioxidants are considered as a promising therapeutic approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases since they could prevent and/or minimize the neuronal damage by oxidation. OBJECTIVE Three series of lipophilic compounds structurally based on scutellarein (2), which is one metabolite of scutellarin (1) in vivo, have been designed and synthesized. METHODS Their antioxidant activity was evaluated by detecting the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) produced in the ferrous salt/ascorbate-induced autoxidation of lipids, which were present in microsomal membranes of rat hepatocytes. The lipophilicity of these compounds indicated as partition coefficient between n-octanol and buffer was investigated by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer. RESULTS This study indicated that compound 5e which had a benzyl group substituted at the C4'- OH position showed a potent antioxidant activity and good lipophilicity. CONCLUSION 5e could be an effective candidate for preventing or reducing the oxidative status associated with the neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Min Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Ting Gu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Wen-Yu Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shao-Peng Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Tian-Yuan Fan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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9
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Luo Q, Yan L, Xu P, Xiong C, Yang Z, Hu P, Hu H, Hong R. Discovery of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Lepista sordida as potent inhibitors of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in HepG2 cells via blocking of STAT1-mediated JAK-PKC-δ signaling pathways. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:540-547. [PMID: 30007645 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the role of a polysaccharide (LSP, 25 and 100 μg/ml) from the fruiting bodies of Lepista sordid on the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in HepG2 cells, and the possible mechanism of action. IDO expression and kynurenine production from LSP-treated HepG2 cells following IFN-γ stimulation were dramatically inhibited by LSP treatment. In line with this, the medium of HepG2 cells pretreated with LSP improved the survival rate of primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as compared with IFN-γ-treated control cells. Moreover, tyrosine 701 and serine 727 phosphorylation of STAT1 were dramatically reduced by LSP pretreatment in IFN-γ-stimulated HepG2 cells. Furthermore phosphorylation of JAK-1 and JAK-2 was also inhibited by LSP. Additionally, two IDO promoters (GAS and ISRE) were inhibited in cells pretreated with LSP prior to IFN-γ exposure. These findings suggest that LSP exerts antitumor effects on HepG2 cells by inhibiting IDO via JAK-PKC-δ-STAT1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Pan Xu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Chuan Xiong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061, China
| | - Zhirong Yang
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Nature Resources Microbiology and Technique, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Huidong Hu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ren Hong
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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10
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Niu SL, Li DH, Li XY, Wang YT, Li SG, Bai J, Pei YH, Jing YK, Li ZL, Hua HM. Bioassay- and Chemistry-Guided Isolation of Scalemic Caged Prenylxanthones from the Leaves of Garcinia bracteata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:749-757. [PMID: 29565129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With bioassay- and chemistry-guided fractionation, seven new caged prenylxanthones including two scalemic mixtures, epiisobractatin (1), 13-hydroxyisobractatin (2), 13-hydroxyepiisobractatin (3), 8-methoxy-8,8a-dihydrobractatin (4), 8-ethoxy-8,8a-dihydrobractatin (5), garcibracteatone (6), and 8-methoxy-8,8a-dihydroneobractiatin (7), and the eight known compounds 8-15 were isolated from the leaves of Garcinia bracteata. The structures were unambiguously elucidated through analysis of spectroscopic data. The 2D structures and relative configurations of 1 and 5 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The separation of the enantiomers of 1-5 was accomplished by chiral-phase HPLC. The absolute configurations of the enantiomers of 1 and 5 were assigned by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The absolute configurations of the related compounds were determined via comparisons of their ECD data with those of the enantiomers of 1 and 5, respectively. Notably, compound 7, with a neo caged skeleton, is the first representative of a novel type of caged xanthone lacking a Δ8(8a) double bond. The isolated compounds exhibited significant cell growth inhibitory activities in vitro against human leukemic HL-60 and K562 cell lines, with GI50 values ranging from 0.2 to 8.8 μM. A preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Niu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, School of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , People's Republic of China
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11
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Caged Garcinia Xanthones, a Novel Chemical Scaffold with Potent Antimalarial Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 61:AAC.01220-16. [PMID: 27799215 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01220-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Caged Garcinia xanthones (CGXs) constitute a family of natural products that are produced by tropical/subtropical trees of the genus Garcinia CGXs have a unique chemical architecture, defined by the presence of a caged scaffold at the C ring of a xanthone moiety, and exhibit a broad range of biological activities. Here we show that synthetic CGXs exhibit antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, the causative parasite of human malaria, at the intraerythrocytic stages. Their activity can be substantially improved by attaching a triphenylphosphonium group at the A ring of the caged xanthone. Specifically, CR135 and CR142 were found to be highly effective antimalarial inhibitors, with 50% effective concentrations as low as ∼10 nM. CGXs affect malaria parasites at multiple intraerythrocytic stages, with mature stages (trophozoites and schizonts) being more vulnerable than immature rings. Within hours of CGX treatment, malaria parasites display distinct morphological changes, significant reduction of parasitemia (the percentage of infected red blood cells), and aberrant mitochondrial fragmentation. CGXs do not, however, target the mitochondrial electron transport chain, the target of the drug atovaquone and several preclinical candidates. CGXs are cytotoxic to human HEK293 cells at the low micromolar level, which results in a therapeutic window of around 150-fold for the lead compounds. In summary, we show that CGXs are potent antimalarial compounds with structures distinct from those of previously reported antimalarial inhibitors. Our results highlight the potential to further develop Garcinia natural product derivatives as novel antimalarial agents.
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12
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Gambogic acid identifies an isoform-specific druggable pocket in the middle domain of Hsp90β. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4801-9. [PMID: 27466407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606655113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their importance in maintaining protein homeostasis, molecular chaperones, including heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), represent attractive drug targets. Although a number of Hsp90 inhibitors are in preclinical/clinical development, none strongly differentiate between constitutively expressed Hsp90β and stress-induced Hsp90α, the two cytosolic paralogs of this molecular chaperone. Thus, the importance of inhibiting one or the other paralog in different disease states remains unknown. We show that the natural product, gambogic acid (GBA), binds selectively to a site in the middle domain of Hsp90β, identifying GBA as an Hsp90β-specific Hsp90 inhibitor. Furthermore, using computational and medicinal chemistry, we identified a GBA analog, referred to as DAP-19, which binds potently and selectively to Hsp90β. Because of its unprecedented selectivity for Hsp90β among all Hsp90 paralogs, GBA thus provides a new chemical tool to study the unique biological role of this abundantly expressed molecular chaperone in health and disease.
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13
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Theodoraki MA, Rezende CO, Chantarasriwong O, Corben AD, Theodorakis EA, Alpaugh ML. Spontaneously-forming spheroids as an in vitro cancer cell model for anticancer drug screening. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21255-67. [PMID: 26101913 PMCID: PMC4673263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited translational value in clinic of analyses performed on 2-D cell cultures has prompted a shift toward the generation of 3-dimensional (3-D) multicellular systems. Here we present a spontaneously-forming in vitro cancer spheroid model, referred to as spheroidsMARY-X, that precisely reflects the pathophysiological features commonly found in tumor tissues and the lymphovascular embolus. In addition, we have developed a rapid, inexpensive means to evaluate response following drug treatment where spheroid dissolution indices from brightfield image analyses are used to construct dose-response curves resulting in relevant IC50 values. Using the spheroidsMARY-X model, we demonstrate the unique ability of a new class of molecules, containing the caged Garcinia xanthone (CGX) motif, to induce spheroidal dissolution and apoptosis at IC50 values of 0.42 +/−0.02 μM for gambogic acid and 0.66 +/−0.02 μM for MAD28. On the other hand, treatment of spheroidsMARY-X with various currently approved chemotherapeutics of solid and blood-borne cancer types failed to induce any response as indicated by high dissolution indices and subsequent poor IC50 values, such as 7.8 +/−3.1 μM for paclitaxel. Our studies highlight the significance of the spheroidsMARY-X model in drug screening and underscore the potential of the CGX motif as a promising anticancer pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso O Rezende
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adriana D Corben
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuel A Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mary L Alpaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Grayfer TD, Grellier P, Mouray E, Dodd RH, Dubois J, Cariou K. Mallotojaponins B and C: Total Synthesis, Antiparasitic Evaluation, and Preliminary SAR Studies. Org Lett 2016; 18:708-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana D. Grayfer
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Grellier
- UMR
7245 CNRS, Département RDDM, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle CP52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Mouray
- UMR
7245 CNRS, Département RDDM, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle CP52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Robert H. Dodd
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joëlle Dubois
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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15
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of methylated scutellarein analogs based on metabolic mechanism of scutellarin in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:95-105. [PMID: 26523667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scutellarin (1) could be hydrolyzed into scutellarein (2) in vivo and then converted into methylated, sulfated and glucuronidated forms. In order to investigate the biological activities of these methylated metabolites, eight methylated analogs of scutellarein (2) were synthesized via semi-synthetic methods. The antithrombotic activities of these compounds were evaluated through the analyzation of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (FIB). Their antioxidant activities were assessed by measuring their scavenging capacities toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and the ability to protect PC12 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of these compounds including aqueous solubility and lipophilicity were also investigated. The results showed that 6-O-methylscutellarein (5) demonstrated potent antithrombotic activity, stronger antioxidant activity and balanced solubility and permeability compared with scutellarin (1), which warrants further development of 5 as a promising lead for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
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16
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Michael acceptor in gambogic acid—Its role and application for potent antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2844-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Lin H, Zhang W, Dong ZX, Gu T, Li NG, Shi ZH, Kai J, Qu C, Shang GX, Tang YP, Fang F, Li HM, Yang JP, Duan JA. A new and practical synthetic method for the synthesis of 6-O-methyl-scutellarein: one metabolite of scutellarin in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7587-94. [PMID: 25854429 PMCID: PMC4425036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellarin (1) has been used for the treatment of angina pectoris, cerebral infarction and coronary heart disease with a large market share in China. Pharmacokinetic studies on scutellarin showed that scutellarin (1) is readily converted into its metabolites in vivo. In this paper, a new and practical synthetic method for the synthesis of 6-O-methyl-scutellarein (3) (one metabolite of scutellarin in vivo) is reported. The benzyl bromide was firstly used to selectively replace the acetyl group at C-7 in 7, and was then used to protect the hydroxy groups at C-4' in 10, 6-O-methyl-scutellarein (3) is obtained in high yield through these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ze-Xi Dong
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ting Gu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhi-Hao Shi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Kai
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Cheng Qu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guan-Xiong Shang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fang Fang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - He-Min Li
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Yang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Chandrasekhara Rao L, Satish Kumar N, Jagadeesh Babu N, Meshram HM. Reinvestigation of the reaction between 1,3-diketones and 2-hydroxyarylaldehydes: a short, atom-economical entry to tetrahydroxanthenones. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10675c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A short and facile access to novel functionalized tetrahydroxanthenonesviaa DABCO-promoted tandem Knoevenagel condensation/hemiketalisation process from easily accessible substrates in a high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Chandrasekhara Rao
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad–500 007
- India
| | - N. Satish Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad–500 007
- India
| | - N. Jagadeesh Babu
- Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad–500 007
- India
| | - H. M. Meshram
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad–500 007
- India
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19
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Elbel KM, Guizzunti G, Theodoraki MA, Xu J, Batova A, Dakanali M, Theodorakis EA. A-ring oxygenation modulates the chemistry and bioactivity of caged Garcinia xanthones. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:3341-8. [PMID: 23563530 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40395e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural products of the caged Garcinia xanthones (CGX) family are characterized by a unique chemical structure, potent bioactivities and promising pharmacological profiles. We have developed a Claisen/Diels-Alder reaction cascade that, in combination with a Pd(0)-catalyzed reverse prenylation, provides rapid and efficient access to the CGX pharmacophore, represented by the structure of cluvenone. To further explore this pharmacophore, we have synthesized various A-ring oxygenated analogues of cluvenone and have evaluated their bioactivities in terms of growth inhibition, mitochondrial fragmentation, induction of mitochondrial-dependent cell death and Hsp90 client inhibition. We found that installation of an oxygen functionality at various positions of the A-ring influences significantly both the site-selectivity of the Claisen/Diels-Alder reaction and the bioactivity of these compounds, due to remote electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna M Elbel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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20
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophic natural products: chemistry and biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:956-87. [PMID: 24353244 PMCID: PMC3945720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury affect approximately 50 million people worldwide, bringing the total healthcare cost to over 600 billion dollars per year. Nervous system growth factors, that is, neurotrophins, are a potential solution to these disorders, since they could promote nerve regeneration. An average of 500 publications per year attests to the significance of neurotrophins in biomedical sciences and underlines their potential for therapeutic applications. Nonetheless, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of neurotrophins severely restricts their clinical use. On the other hand, small molecules that modulate neurotrophic activity offer a promising therapeutic approach against neurological disorders. Nature has provided an impressive array of natural products that have potent neurotrophic activities. This Review highlights the current synthetic strategies toward these compounds and summarizes their ability to induce neuronal growth and rehabilitation. It is anticipated that neurotrophic natural products could be used not only as starting points in drug design but also as tools to study the next frontier in biomedical sciences: the brain activity map project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Michelle H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
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21
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Xia L, Cai H, Lee YR. Catalyst-controlled regio- and stereoselective synthesis of diverse 12H-6,12-methanodibenzo[d,g][1,3]dioxocines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4386-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00691g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 12H-6,12-methanodibenzo[d,g][1,3]dioxocines has been accomplished by the EDDA and PTSA-catalyzed cascade reactions of resorcinols and 2-hydroxychalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likai Xia
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyun Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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22
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophe Naturstoffe - ihre Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Gui J, Tian H, Tian W. Synthesis of Glaucogenin D, a Structurally Unique Disecopregnane Steroid with Potential Antiviral Activity. Org Lett 2013; 15:4802-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402193b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China
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Trzoss L, Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Synthesis of the tetracyclic core of Illicium sesquiterpenes using an organocatalyzed asymmetric Robinson annulation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1135-40. [PMID: 23843905 PMCID: PMC3701413 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An enantioselective synthesis of the core framework of neurotrophic Illicium majucin-type sesquiterpenes is described here. This strategy is based on an organocatalyzed asymmetric Robinson annulation and provides an efficient approach for a diversity-oriented synthesis of Illicium natural products that holds remarkable therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnie Trzoss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Michelle H Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Emmanuel A Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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Cytotoxic effect of gambogic acid on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is mediated by intrinsic caspase-dependent signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 377:187-96. [PMID: 23404459 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) is the dry resin of Garcinia hanburyi (Guttiferae) with potent anti-tumor activity, various bioactivities, including detoxification, homeostasis, anti-inflammatory, and parasiticide, whereas the effect of this natural compound on cancer cells has not been clearly clarified. Here, we examined cellular cytotoxicity by cell viability assay and DNA fragmentation by DNA-ladder assay. Activation of different protein expressions were detected by western blot analyses. We first demonstrated that GA reduces the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell viability with IC50 of 1.28 μM at 6 h which has less toxicity in fibroblast cells. However, lower concentration GA significantly downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1, which also dramatically activated cleaved caspase-9 and -3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Consequently, GA-induced cytotoxicity was not mediated by the Fas/FasL and PI3 K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway. In addition, GA-induced cells showed damage morphology which had become cell rounding, neurite retraction, membrane blebbing and shrunken in a dose- and time-dependent manner that clearly indicates this morphological change might be due to the process of apoptosis which shows fragmented DNA. Therefore, the findings presented in this study demonstrate that apoptotic effects of GA on SH-SY5Y cells are mediated by intrinsic mitochondrion-dependent caspase pathway which suggests this natural compound might be effective as an anti-cancer agent for neuroblastoma malignancies.
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Sun HP, Liu ZL, Xue X, Gao Y, Zhang L, Wang JX, Guo QL, You QD. Studies on chemical structure modification and structure-activity relationship of derivatives of gambogic acid at C(39). Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:1579-90. [PMID: 22899618 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The natural product gambogic acid exhibits high potency in inhibiting cancer cell lines. Rational medicinal modifications on gambogic acid will improve its physicochemical properties and drug-like characters. To investigate the structure-activity relationship of gambogic acid and also to find rational modification position on its chemical skeleton, we designed, synthesized, and characterized 16 derivatives of gambogic acid that were modified at C(39). The structure-activity relationships (SARs) were discussed. The anti-proliferation data were accquired through MTT (=3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assays of A549, BGC823, U251, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. Most of the synthesized compounds showed strong inhibitory effects. The SAR study revealed that derivatives with aliphatic amino moieties at C(39) were more potent than those with other substituents. The C(39) position can undergo different kinds of chemical modifications without leading to loss of activity. Compounds 4 and 6 can serve as potential lead compounds for further development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Zhang X, Li X, Sun H, Wang X, Zhao L, Gao Y, Liu X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zeng S, Guo Q, You Q. Garcinia xanthones as orally active antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2012; 56:276-92. [PMID: 23167526 DOI: 10.1021/jm301593r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a newly developed strategy whose key step is the regioselective propargylation of hydroxyxanthone substrates, 99 structurally diverse Garcinia natural-product-like xanthones based on gambogic acid were designed and synthesized and their in vitro antitumor activity was evaluated. A set of 40 related compounds was chosen for determination of their physicochemical properties including polar surface area, log D₇.₄, aqueous solubility, and permeability at pH 7.4. In the light of the in vitro antitumor activity and the physicochemical properties, two compounds were advanced into in vivo efficacy experiments. The antitumor activity of compound 112, administered po, showed more potent in vivo oral antitumor activity than gambogic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Duan Y, Dai Y, Chen L, Liu M, Li Y, Yao X. Xanthones from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2012; 50:642-645. [PMID: 22865675 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Four new xanthones, 1-methoxy-3,7,8-trihydroxyxanthone (1), 1-methoxy-4,7,8-trihydroxyxanthone (2), 1-methoxy-4,7-dihydroxyxanthone (3), and 1,4-dimethoxy-2,7-dihydroxyxanthone (4) were isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense along with four known xanthones (5-8). The structures of new compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, mainly 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Duan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Guizzunti G, Batova A, Chantarasriwong O, Dakanali M, Theodorakis EA. Subcellular localization and activity of gambogic acid. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1191-8. [PMID: 22532297 PMCID: PMC3359389 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The natural product gambogic acid (GA) has shown significant potential as an anticancer agent as it is able to induce apoptosis in multiple tumor cell lines, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, as well as displaying antitumor activity in animal models. Despite the fact that GA has entered phase I clinical trials, the primary cellular target and mode of action of this compound remain unclear, although many proteins have been shown to be affected by it. By thorough analysis of several cellular organelles, at both the morphological and functional levels, we demonstrate that the primary effect of GA is at the mitochondria. We found that GA induces mitochondrial damage within minutes of incubation at low-micromolar concentrations. Moreover, a fluorescent derivative of GA was able to localize specifically to the mitochondria and was displaced from these organelles after competition with unlabeled GA. These findings indicate that GA directly targets the mitochondria to induce the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, and thus represents a new member of the mitocans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Guizzunti
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Ayse Batova
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Thungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Marianna Dakanali
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
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Wang WG, Li XN, Du X, Dong K, Zhao W, Wu HY, Kong LM, Li Y, Pu JX, Sun HD. Biogenetically related caged ent-kaurane diterpenoids from Isodon eriocalyx var. laxiflora. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xu J, Caro-Diaz EJE, Batova A, Sullivan SDE, Theodorakis EA. Formal synthesis of (-)-englerin A and cytotoxicity studies of truncated englerins. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1052-60. [PMID: 22415793 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient formal synthesis of (-)-englerin A (1) is reported. The target molecule is a recently isolated guaiane sesquiterpene that possesses highly potent and selective activity against renal cancer cell-lines. Our enantioselective strategy involved the construction of the BC ring system of compound 1 through a Rh(II)-catalyzed [4+3] cycloaddition reaction followed by subsequent attachment of the A ring through an intramolecular aldol condensation reaction. As such, this strategy allows the synthesis of truncated englerins. Evaluation of these analogues with the A498 renal cancer cell-line suggested that the A ring of englerin is crucial to its antiproliferative activity. Moreover, evaluation of these analogues led to the identification of potent growth-inhibitors of CEM cells with GI(50) values in the range 1-3 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC: 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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Xu J, Caro-Diaz EJE, Trzoss L, Theodorakis EA. Nature-inspired total synthesis of (-)-fusarisetin A. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5072-5. [PMID: 22390338 DOI: 10.1021/ja300807e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A concise, protecting group-free total synthesis of (-)-fusarisetin A (1) was efficiently achieved in nine steps from commercially available (S)-(-)-citronellal. The synthetic approach was inspired by our proposed biosynthesis of 1. Key transformations of our strategy include a facile construction of the decalin moiety that is produced via a stereoselective IMDA reaction and a one-pot TEMPO-induced radical cyclization/aminolysis that forms the C ring of 1. Our route is amenable to analogue synthesis for biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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Anantachoke N, Tuchinda P, Kuhakarn C, Pohmakotr M, Reutrakul V. Prenylated caged xanthones: chemistry and biology. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:78-91. [PMID: 22196584 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.636176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prenylated caged xanthones are "privileged structure" characterized by the presence of the unusual 4-oxo-tricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]dec-8-en-2-one scaffold. The natural sources of these compounds confines mainly in the Garcinia genus in the family of Guttiferae. Gambogic acid is the most abundant substance and most of the studies have been done on this compound, particularly as a new potential antitumor agent. The history, sources, structural diversity, and biological activities of these compounds are covered. OBJECTIVE This review is written with the intention to provide additional aspects from what have been published of prenylated caged xanthones, including history, sources, structural diversity, and biological activities. METHODS This review has been compiled using information from a number of reliable references mainly from major databases including SciFinder, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. RESULTS More than 120 prenylated caged xanthones have been found in the plant genera Garcinia, Cratoxylum, and Dascymaschalon. These compounds exhibited various potentially useful biological activities such as anticancer, anti-HIV-1, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic activities. CONCLUSIONS Prenylated caged xanthones, both naturally occurring and synthetic analogues, have been identified as promising bioactive compounds, especially for anticancer agents. Gambogic acid has been demonstrated to be a highly valuable lead compound for antitumor chemotherapy. The structure activity relationship (SAR) study of its analogues is still the subject of intensive research. Apoptosis cytotoxic mechanism has been identified as the major pathway. Research on the delineation of the in-depth mechanism of action is still on-going. Analogues of gambogic acid had been identified to be effective against a rare and special form of liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma for which currently there is no chemotherapeutic treatment available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthinee Anantachoke
- Department of Pharmacognosy and The Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhang X, Li X, Sun H, Jiang Z, Tao L, Gao Y, Guo Q, You Q. Synthesis and evaluation of novel aza-caged Garcinia xanthones. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3288-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07088j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li JL, Zhou SL, Chen PQ, Dong L, Liu TY, Chen YC. Asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction of β,β-disubstituted enals and chromone-fused dienes: construction of collections with high molecular complexity and skeletal diversity. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Li X, Zhang X, Yu Z, Liu X, You Q, Guo Q. Microwave-Assisted Claisen Rearrangement/Diels–Alder Cascade reaction for the Synthesis of Caged Garcinia Natural Products and Analogues. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.3184/174751911x13191290708355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A microwave-assisted Claisen rearrangement/Diels–Alder cascade reaction was used to synthesise caged Garcinia natural products and analogues containing the unique 4-oxa-tricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]decan-2-one scaffold from xanthone-based and chromone-based substrates. Forbesione and cluvenone as well as two new and six known caged analogues were obtained. Compared with the traditional thermal method, the reaction time was reduced dramatically and the yield was greatly improved under microwave irradiation. In addition, the regioselectivity observed in the cascade reaction has also been rationalised. Garcinia have long been used in folk medicines for their healing, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoqin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Liu ZL, Wang XJ, Li NG, Sun HP, Wang JX, You QD. Total synthesis of aldehyde-containing Garcinia natural products isomorellin and gaudichaudione A. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Dearomatization strategies in the synthesis of complex natural products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4068-93. [PMID: 21506209 PMCID: PMC4136767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 997] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evolution in the field of the total synthesis of natural products has led to exciting developments over the last decade. Numerous chemoselective and enantioselective methodologies have emerged from total syntheses, resulting in efficient access to many important natural product targets. This Review highlights recent developments concerning dearomatization, a powerful strategy for the total synthesis of architecturally complex natural products wherein planar, aromatic scaffolds are converted to three-dimensional molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane P. Roche
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Desaromatisierungsstrategien in der Synthese strukturell komplexer Naturstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Batova A, Altomare D, Chantarasriwong O, Ohlsen KL, Creek KE, Lin YC, Messersmith A, Yu AL, Yu J, Theodorakis EA. The synthetic caged garcinia xanthone cluvenone induces cell stress and apoptosis and has immune modulatory activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2869-78. [PMID: 20881270 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several caged Garcinia xanthone natural products have potent bioactivity and a documented value in traditional Eastern medicine. Previous synthesis and structure activity relationship studies of these natural products resulted in the identification of the pharmacophore represented by the structure of cluvenone. In the current study, we examined the anticancer activity of cluvenone and conducted gene expression profiling and pathway analyses. Cluvenone was found to induce apoptosis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (EC₅₀ = 0.25 μmol/L) and had potent growth-inhibitory activity against the NCI60 cell panel, including those that are multidrug-resistant, with a GI₅₀ range of 0.1 to 2.7 μmol/L. Importantly, cluvenone was approximately 5-fold more potent against a primary B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia compared with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal donors, suggesting that it has significant tumor selectivity. Comparison of cluvenone's growth-inhibitory profile to those in the National Cancer Institute database revealed that compounds with a similar profile to cluvenone were mechanistically unlike known agents, but were associated with cell stress and survival signaling. Gene expression profiling studies determined that cluvenone induced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NrF2 stress response pathways. Furthermore, cluvenone was found to induce intracellular reactive oxygen species formation. Lastly, the modulation in the expression of several genes associated with T cell and natural killer cell activation and function by cluvenone suggests a role as an immune-modulator. The current work highlights the potential of cluvenone as a chemotherapeutic agent and provides support for further investigation of these intriguing molecules with regard to mechanism and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Batova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Chantarasriwong O, Batova A, Chavasiri W, Theodorakis EA. Chemistry and biology of the caged Garcinia xanthones. Chemistry 2010; 16:9944-62. [PMID: 20648491 PMCID: PMC3144150 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been a great source of many small molecule drugs for various diseases. In spite of recent advances in biochemical engineering and fermentation technologies that allow us to explore microorganisms and the marine environment as alternative sources of drugs, more than 70 % of the current small molecule therapeutics derive their structures from plants used in traditional medicine. Natural-product-based drug discovery relies heavily on advances made in the sciences of biology and chemistry. Whereas biology aims to investigate the mode of action of a natural product, chemistry aims to overcome challenges related to its supply, bioactivity, and target selectivity. This review summarizes the explorations of the caged Garcinia xanthones, a family of plant metabolites that possess a unique chemical structure, potent bioactivities, and a promising pharmacology for drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-822-0386
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Science, Bangkok 10330 (Thailand)
| | - Ayse Batova
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8447 (USA)
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Science, Bangkok 10330 (Thailand)
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-822-0386
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Chen B, Liang Y, Wu W, Cheng J, Xia G, Gao F, Ding J, Gao C, Shao Z, Li G, Chen W, Xu W, Sun X, Liu L, Li X, Wang X. Synergistic effect of magnetic nanoparticles of Fe(3)O(4) with gambogic acid on apoptosis of K562 leukemia cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 4:251-9. [PMID: 20011242 PMCID: PMC2789437 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s7932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) has a significant anticancer effect on a wide variety of solid tumors. Recently, many nanoparticles have been introduced as drug-delivery systems to enhance the efficiency of anticancer drug delivery. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential benefit of combination therapy with GA and magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4 (MNPs-Fe3O4). The proliferation of K562 cells and their cytotoxicity were evaluated by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was observed and analyzed by microscope and flow cytometry, respectively. Furthermore, real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses were performed to examine gene transcription and protein expression, respectively. The results showed that MNPs-Fe3O4 dramatically enhanced GA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in K562 cells. The typical morphological features of apoptosis treated with GA and MNPs-Fe3O4 were observed under an optical microscope and a fluorescence microscope, respectively. The transcription of caspase-3 and bax gene in the group treated with GA and MNPs-Fe3O4 was higher than that in the GA-alone group or MNPs-Fe3O4-alone group, but the transcription of bcl-2, nuclear factor-κB, and survivin degraded as did the expression of corresponding proteins in K562 cells. Our data suggests a potential clinical application of a combination of GA and MNPs-Fe3O4 in leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Beerhues L, Liu B. Biosynthesis of biphenyls and benzophenones--evolution of benzoic acid-specific type III polyketide synthases in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1719-27. [PMID: 19699497 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) generate a diverse array of secondary metabolites by varying the starter substrate, the number of condensation reactions, and the mechanism of ring closure. Among the starter substrates used, benzoyl-CoA is a rare starter molecule. Biphenyl synthase (BIS) and benzophenone synthase (BPS) catalyze the formation of identical linear tetraketide intermediates from benzoyl-CoA and three molecules of malonyl-CoA but use alternative intramolecular cyclization reactions to form 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone, respectively. In a phylogenetic tree, BIS and BPS group together closely, indicating that they arise from a relatively recent functional diversification of a common ancestral gene. The functionally diverse PKSs, which include BIS and BPS, and the ubiquitously distributed chalcone synthases (CHSs) form separate clusters, which originate from a gene duplication event prior to the speciation of the angiosperms. BIS is the key enzyme of biphenyl metabolism. Biphenyls and the related dibenzofurans are the phytoalexins of the Maloideae. This subfamily of the Rosaceae includes a number of economically important fruit trees, such as apple and pear. When incubated with ortho-hydroxybenzoyl (salicoyl)-CoA, BIS catalyzes a single decarboxylative condensation with malonyl-CoA to form 4-hydroxycoumarin. A well-known anticoagulant derivative of this enzymatic product is dicoumarol. Elicitor-treated cell cultures of Sorbus aucuparia also formed 4-hydroxycoumarin when fed with the N-acetylcysteamine thioester of salicylic acid (salicoyl-NAC). BPS is the key enzyme of benzophenone metabolism. Polyprenylated benzophenone derivatives with bridged polycyclic skeletons are widely distributed in the Clusiaceae (Guttiferae). Xanthones are regioselectively cyclized benzophenone derivatives. BPS was converted into a functional phenylpyrone synthase (PPS) by a single amino acid substitution in the initiation/elongation cavity. The functional behavior of this Thr135Leu mutant was rationalized by homology modeling. The intermediate triketide may be redirected into a smaller pocket in the active site cavity, resulting in phenylpyrone formation by lactonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Beerhues
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Chantarasriwong O, Cho WC, Batova A, Chavasiri W, Moore C, Rheingold AL, Theodorakis EA. Evaluation of the pharmacophoric motif of the caged Garcinia xanthones. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4886-94. [PMID: 19907779 DOI: 10.1039/b913496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of unique structure and potent bioactivity exhibited by several family members of the caged Garcinia xanthones, led us to evaluate their pharmacophore. We have developed a Pd(0)-catalyzed method for the reverse prenylation of catechols that, together with a Claisen/Diels-Alder reaction cascade, provides rapid and efficient access to various caged analogues. Evaluation of the growth inhibitory activity of these compounds leads to the conclusion that the intact ABC ring system containing the C-ring caged structure is essential to the bioactivity. Studies with cluvenone (7) also showed that these compounds induce apoptosis and exhibit significant cytotoxicity in multidrug-resistant leukemia cells. As such, the caged Garcinia xanthone motif represents a new and potent pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC: 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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Gembus V, Sala-Jung N, Uguen D. Efficient Access to (All-rac)-α-Tocopherol Acetate by a Crombie Chromene Synthesis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bräse S, Encinas A, Keck J, Nising CF. Chemistry and Biology of Mycotoxins and Related Fungal Metabolites. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3903-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cr050001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Arantxa Encinas
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julia Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carl F. Nising
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Abstract
The first total synthesis of tovophyllin B (2), an antimicrobial xanthone derived from mangosteen, has been accomplished through a convergent strategy from building blocks 6 and 7 involving lithium-mediated coupling, dehydrative cyclization, and 6π electrocyclization as key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valer Jeso
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Zhou Y, Liu X, Yang J, Han QB, Song JZ, Li SL, Qiao CF, Ding LS, Xu HX. Analysis of caged xanthones from the resin of Garcinia hanburyi using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 629:104-18. [PMID: 18940327 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
On-line ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF-MS/MS/MS) has been developed for the analysis of a series of caged xanthones in the resin of Garcinia hanburyi. The fragmentation of protonated molecular ions for 12 known cadged xanthones was carried out using low-energy collision-induced electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. It was found that Retro-Diels-Alder rearrangement occurred in the CID processes and produced the characteristic fragment ions, which are especially valuable for the identification of this class of xanthones. The fragmentation differential between some cis-, trans-isomers was uncovered. Computation methods were utilized to rationalize the observed MS behaviors. On-line UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS/MS method has proved to be rapid and efficient in that within 6min, 15 caged scaffold xanthones, including three pairs of epimers and four pairs of isomers in gamboges, were effectively separated and identified. Among them, two known, namely isogambogenin (13) and isomorellinol (14) and one likely new caged Garcinia xanthones from the Garcinia hanburyi were tentatively characterized based on the tandem mass spectra of known ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shatin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Han QB, Yang NY, Tian HL, Qiao CF, Song JZ, Chang DC, Chen SL, Luo KQ, Xu HX. Xanthones with growth inhibition against HeLa cells from Garcinia xipshuanbannaensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2187-2192. [PMID: 18614188 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Eight prenylated xanthones, bannaxanthones A-H (1-8), together with seven known compounds, were isolated from the acetone extract of the twigs of Garcinia xipshuanbannaensis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated using the MTT method. The results showed that xanthones with an unsaturated prenyl group had stronger cytotoxic activity against cancer cells, whereas those with hydroxylated prenyl groups had none.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Bin Han
- Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Hong Kong Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
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