1
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Choudhury A, Santra S, Ghosh D. Understanding the Photoprocesses in Biological Systems: Need for Accurate Multireference Treatment. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4951-4964. [PMID: 38864715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction is crucial to life itself and revolves around many of the central processes in biology. The need for understanding these photochemical and photophysical processes cannot be overemphasized. Interaction of light with biological systems starts with the absorption of light and subsequent phenomena that occur in the excited states of the system. However, excited states are typically difficult to understand within the mean field approximation of quantum chemical methods. Therefore, suitable multireference methods and methodologies have been developed to understand these phenomena. In this Perspective, we will describe a few methods and methodologies suitable for these descriptions and discuss some persisting difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Choudhury
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Supriyo Santra
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debashree Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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2
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Blanco-Gonzalez A, Manathunga M, Yang X, Olivucci M. Comparative quantum-classical dynamics of natural and synthetic molecular rotors show how vibrational synchronization modulates the photoisomerization quantum efficiency. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3499. [PMID: 38664371 PMCID: PMC11045841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We use quantum-classical trajectories to investigate the origin of the different photoisomerization quantum efficiency observed in the dim-light visual pigment Rhodopsin and in the light-driven biomimetic molecular rotor para-methoxy N-methyl indanylidene-pyrrolinium (MeO-NAIP) in methanol. Our results reveal that effective light-energy conversion requires, in general, an auxiliary molecular vibration (called promoter) that does not correspond to the rotary motion but synchronizes with it at specific times. They also reveal that Nature has designed Rhodopsin to exploit two mechanisms working in a vibrationally coherent regime. The first uses a wag promoter to ensure that ca. 75% of the absorbed photons lead to unidirectional rotations. The second mechanism ensures that the same process is fast enough to avoid directional randomization. It is found that MeO-NAIP in methanol is incapable of exploiting the above mechanisms resulting into a 50% quantum efficiency loss. However, when the solvent is removed, MeO-NAIP rotation is predicted to synchronize with a ring-inversion promoter leading to a 30% increase in quantum efficiency and, therefore, biomimetic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Blanco-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Madushanka Manathunga
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Xuchun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
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3
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Malakar P, Gholami S, Aarabi M, Rivalta I, Sheves M, Garavelli M, Ruhman S. Retinal photoisomerization versus counterion protonation in light and dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin and its primary photoproduct. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2136. [PMID: 38459010 PMCID: PMC10923925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Discovered over 50 years ago, bacteriorhodopsin is the first recognized and most widely studied microbial retinal protein. Serving as a light-activated proton pump, it represents the archetypal ion-pumping system. Here we compare the photochemical dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin light and dark-adapted forms with that of the first metastable photocycle intermediate known as "K". We observe that following thermal double isomerization of retinal in the dark from bio-active all-trans 15-anti to 13-cis, 15-syn, photochemistry proceeds even faster than the ~0.5 ps decay of the former, exhibiting ballistic wave packet curve crossing to the ground state. In contrast, photoexcitation of K containing a 13-cis, 15-anti chromophore leads to markedly multi-exponential excited state decay including much slower stages. QM/MM calculations, aimed to interpret these results, highlight the crucial role of protonation, showing that the classic quadrupole counterion model poorly reproduces spectral data and dynamics. Single protonation of ASP212 rectifies discrepancies and predicts triple ground state structural heterogeneity aligning with experimental observations. These findings prompt a reevaluation of counter ion protonation in bacteriorhodopsin and contribute to the broader understanding of its photochemical dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Malakar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Samira Gholami
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mohammad Aarabi
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Rivalta
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.
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4
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Asido M, Wachtveitl J. Photochemistry of the Light-Driven Sodium Pump Krokinobacter eikastus Rhodopsin 2 and Its Implications on Microbial Rhodopsin Research: Retrospective and Perspective. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3766-3773. [PMID: 36919947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the light-driven sodium pump Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) in 2013 has changed the paradigm that cation transport in microbial rhodopsins is restricted to the translocation of protons. Even though this finding is already remarkable by itself, it also reignited more general discussions about the functional mechanism of ion transport. The unique composition of the retinal binding pocket in KR2 with a tight interaction between the retinal Schiff base and its respective counterion D116 also has interesting implications on the photochemical pathway of the chromophore. Here, we discuss the most recent advances in our understanding of the KR2 functionality from the primary event of photon absorption by all-trans retinal up to the actual protein response in the later phases of the photocycle, mainly from the point of view of optical spectroscopy. In this context, we furthermore highlight some of the ongoing debates on the photochemistry of microbial rhodopsins and give some perspectives for promising future directions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Asido
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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5
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Lea MR, Stavros VG, Maurer RJ. Effect of electron donating/withdrawing groups on molecular photoswitching of functionalized hemithioindigo derivatives: a computational multireference study. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Lea
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UNITED KINGDOM
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6
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Demoulin B, Maiuri M, Berbasova T, Geiger JH, Borhan B, Garavelli M, Cerullo G, Rivalta I. Control of Protonated Schiff Base Excited State Decay within Visual Protein Mimics: A Unified Model for Retinal Chromophores. Chemistry 2021; 27:16389-16400. [PMID: 34653286 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Artificial biomimetic chromophore-protein complexes inspired by natural visual pigments can feature color tunability across the full visible spectrum. However, control of excited state dynamics of the retinal chromophore, which is of paramount importance for technological applications, is lacking due to its complex and subtle photophysics/photochemistry. Here, ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations are combined for the study of highly tunable rhodopsin mimics, as compared to retinal chromophores in solution. Conical intersections and transient fluorescent intermediates are identified with atomistic resolution, providing unambiguous assignment of their ultrafast excited state absorption features. The results point out that the electrostatic environment of the chromophore, modified by protein point mutations, affects its excited state properties allowing control of its photophysics with same power of chemical modifications of the chromophore. The complex nature of such fine control is a fundamental knowledge for the design of bio-mimetic opto-electronic and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Demoulin
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Margherita Maiuri
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Tetyana Berbasova
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James H Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Babak Borhan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivan Rivalta
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France.,Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Dratch BD, Orozco-Gonzalez Y, Gadda G, Gozem S. Ionic Atmosphere Effect on the Absorption Spectrum of a Flavoprotein: A Reminder to Consider Solution Ions. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8384-8396. [PMID: 34435784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study utilizes the FMN-dependent NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to investigate the effect of introducing an active site negative charge on the flavin absorption spectrum both in the absence and presence of a long-range electrostatic potential coming from solution ions. There were no observed changes in the flavin UV-visible spectrum when an active site tyrosine (Y277) becomes deprotonated in vitro. These results could only be reproduced computationally using average solvent electrostatic configuration (ASEC) QM/MM simulations that include both positive and negative solution ions. The same calculations performed with minimal ions to neutralize the total protein charge predicted that deprotonating Y277 would significantly alter the flavin absorption spectrum. Analyzing the distribution of solution ions indicated that the ions reorganize around the protein surface upon Y277 deprotonation to cancel the effect of the tyrosinate on the flavin absorption spectrum. Additional biochemical experiments were performed to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Dratch
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | | | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Samer Gozem
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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8
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Liang R. First-Principles Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulation of Azobenzene Photodynamics in Solutions. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3019-3030. [PMID: 33882676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photoisomerization of azobenzene is a prototypical reaction of various light-activated processes in material and biomedical sciences. However, its reaction mechanism has been under debate for decades, partly due to the challenges in computational simulations to accurately describe the molecule's photodynamics. A recent study (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142 (49), 20,680-20,690) addressed the challenges by combining the hole-hole Tamm-Dancoff Approximated (hh-TDA) density functional theory (DFT) method with the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) algorithm. The hh-TDA-DFT/AIMS method was applied to first-principles nonadiabatic dynamics simulation of azobenzene's photodynamics in the vacuum. However, it remains necessary to benchmark this new method in realistic molecular environments against experimental data. In the current work, the hh-TDA-DFT/AIMS method was employed in a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics setting to characterize the trans azobenzene's photodynamics in explicit methanol and n-hexane solvents, following both the S1 (nπ*) and S2 (ππ*) excitations. The simulated absorption and fluorescence spectra following the S2 excitation quantitatively agree with the experiments. However, the hh-TDA-DFT method overestimates the torsional barrier on the S1 state, leading to an overestimation of the S1 state lifetime. The excited-state population decays to the ground state through two competing channels. The reactive channel partially yields the cis azobenzene photoproduct, and the unreactive channel exclusively leads to the reactant. The S2 excitation increases the decay through the unreactive channel and thus decreases the isomerization quantum yield compared to the S1 excitation. The solvent slows down the azobenzene's torsional dynamics on the S1 state, but its polarity minimally affects the reaction kinetics and quantum yields. Interestingly, the dynamics of the central torsion and angles of azobenzene play a critical role in determining the final isomer of the azobenzene. This benchmark study validates the hh-TDA-DFT/AIMS method's accuracy for simulating the azobenzene's photodynamics in realistic molecular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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9
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Liang R, Yu JK, Meisner J, Liu F, Martinez TJ. Electrostatic Control of Photoisomerization in Channelrhodopsin 2. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5425-5437. [PMID: 33794085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) is the most commonly used tool in optogenetics. Because of its faster photocycle compared to wild-type (WT) ChR2, the E123T mutant of ChR2 is a useful optogenetic tool when fast neuronal stimulation is needed. Interestingly, in spite of its faster photocycle, the initial step of the photocycle in E123T (photoisomerization of retinal protonated Schiff base or RPSB) was found experimentally to be much slower than that of WT ChR2. The E123T mutant replaces the negatively charged E123 residue with a neutral T123 residue, perturbing the electric field around the RPSB. Understanding the RPSB photoisomerization mechanism in ChR2 mutants will provide molecular-level insights into how ChR2 photochemical reactivity can be controlled, which will lay the foundation for improving the design of optogenetic tools. In this work, we combine ab initio nonadiabatic dynamics simulation, excited state free energy calculation, and reaction path search to comprehensively characterize the RPSB photoisomerization mechanism in the E123T mutant of ChR2. Our simulation agrees with previous experiments in predicting a red-shifted absorption spectrum and significant slowdown of photoisomerization in the E123T mutant. Interestingly, our simulations predict similar photoisomerization quantum yields for the mutant and WT despite the differences in excited-state lifetime and absorption maximum. Upon mutation, the neutralization of the negative charge on the E123 residue increases the isomerization barrier, alters the reaction pathway, and changes the relative stability of two fluorescent states. Our findings provide new insight into the intricate role of the electrostatic environment on the RPSB photoisomerization mechanism in microbial rhodopsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jimmy K Yu
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jan Meisner
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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10
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Herperger KR, Röder A, MacDonell RJ, Boguslavskiy AE, Skov AB, Stolow A, Schuurman MS. Directing excited state dynamics via chemical substitution: A systematic study of π-donors and π-acceptors at a carbon-carbon double bond. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244307. [PMID: 33380089 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional group substituents are a ubiquitous tool in ground-state organic chemistry often employed to fine-tune chemical properties and obtain desired chemical reaction outcomes. Their effect on photoexcited electronic states, however, remains poorly understood. To help build an intuition for these effects, we have studied ethylene, substituted with electron acceptor (cyano) and/or electron donor (methoxy) substituents, both theoretically and experimentally: using ab initio quantum molecular dynamics and time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Our results show the consistent trend that photo-induced ethylenic dynamics is primarily localized to the carbon with the greater electron density. For doubly substituted ethylenes, the trend is additive when both substituents are located on opposite carbons, whereas the methoxy group (in concert with steric effects) dominates when both substituents are located on a single carbon atom. These results point to the development of rules for structure-dynamics correlations; in this case, a novel mechanistic ultrafast photochemistry for conjugated carbon chains employing long-established chemical concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Röder
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ryan J MacDonell
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Anders B Skov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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11
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Gholami S, Pedraza-González L, Yang X, Granovsky AA, Ioffe IN, Olivucci M. Multistate Multiconfiguration Quantum Chemical Computation of the Two-Photon Absorption Spectra of Bovine Rhodopsin. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6293-6300. [PMID: 31545053 PMCID: PMC7141604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, progress in IR sources has led to the discovery that humans can detect infrared (IR) light. This is hypothesized to be due to the two-photon absorption (TPA) events promoting the retina dim-light rod photoreceptor rhodopsin to the same excited state populated via one-photon absorption (OPA). Here, we combine quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics and extended multiconfiguration quasi-degenerate perturbation theory calculations to simulate the TPA spectrum of bovine rhodopsin (Rh) as a model for the human photoreceptor. The results show that the TPA spectrum of Rh has an intense S0 → S1 band but shows also S0 → S2 and S0 → S3 transitions whose intensities, relative to the S0 → S1 band, are significantly increased when compared to the corresponding bands of the OPA spectrum. In conclusion, we show that IR light in the 950 nm region can be perceived by rod photoreceptors, thus supporting the two-photon origin of the IR perception. We also found that the same photoreceptor can perceive red (i.e., close to 680 nm) light provided that TPA induces population of S2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Gholami
- Department of Chemistry , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Laura Pedraza-González
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2 , I-53100 Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Xuchun Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | | | - Ilya N Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Chemistry , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2 , I-53100 Siena , Siena , Italy
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12
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Agathangelou D, Orozco-Gonzalez Y, Del Carmen Marín M, Roy PP, Brazard J, Kandori H, Jung KH, Léonard J, Buckup T, Ferré N, Olivucci M, Haacke S. Effect of point mutations on the ultrafast photo-isomerization of Anabaena sensory rhodopsin. Faraday Discuss 2019; 207:55-75. [PMID: 29388996 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anabaena sensory rhodopsin (ASR) is a particular microbial retinal protein for which light-adaptation leads to the ability to bind both the all-trans, 15-anti (AT) and the 13-cis, 15-syn (13C) isomers of the protonated Schiff base of retinal (PSBR). In the context of obtaining insight into the mechanisms by which retinal proteins catalyse the PSBR photo-isomerization reaction, ASR is a model system allowing to study, within the same protein, the protein-PSBR interactions for two different PSBR conformers at the same time. A detailed analysis of the vibrational spectra of AT and 13C, and their photo-products in wild-type ASR obtained through femtosecond (pump-) four-wave-mixing is reported for the first time, and compared to bacterio- and channelrhodopsin. As part of an extensive study of ASR mutants with blue-shifted absorption spectra, we present here a detailed computational analysis of the origin of the mutation-induced blue-shift of the absorption spectra, and identify electrostatic interactions as dominating steric effects that would entail a red-shift. The excited state lifetimes and isomerization reaction times (IRT) for the three mutants V112N, W76F, and L83Q are studied experimentally by femtosecond broadband transient absorption spectroscopy. Interestingly, in all three mutants, isomerization is accelerated for AT with respect to wild-type ASR, and this the more, the shorter the wavelength of maximum absorption. On the contrary, the 13C photo-reaction is slightly slowed down, leading to an inversion of the ESLs of AT and 13C, with respect to wt-ASR, in the blue-most absorbing mutant L83Q. Possible mechanisms for these mutation effects, and their steric and electrostatic origins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Agathangelou
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Inst. de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
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13
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Francés‐Monerris A, Gros PC, Assfeld X, Monari A, Pastore M. Toward Luminescent Iron Complexes: Unravelling the Photophysics by Computing Potential Energy Surfaces. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Francés‐Monerris
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT)Université de Lorraine, CNRS 54000 Nancy France
| | - Philippe C. Gros
- Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire (L2CM)Université de Lorraine, CNRS 54000 Nancy France
| | - Xavier Assfeld
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT)Université de Lorraine, CNRS 54000 Nancy France
| | - Antonio Monari
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT)Université de Lorraine, CNRS 54000 Nancy France
| | - Mariachiara Pastore
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT)Université de Lorraine, CNRS 54000 Nancy France
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14
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Punwong C, Hannongbua S, Martínez TJ. Electrostatic Influence on Photoisomerization in Bacteriorhodopsin and Halorhodopsin. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4850-4857. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Punwong
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - S. Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - T. J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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15
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MacDonell RJ, Schuurman MS. Site-Selective Isomerization of Cyano-Substituted Butadienes: Chemical Control of Nonadiabatic Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4693-4701. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. MacDonell
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, D’Iorio Hall, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael S. Schuurman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, D’Iorio Hall, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research of Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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16
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Sen S, Oruganti Y, Chattopadhyay A. Investigation on the Unexplored Photochemistry of 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline 1-Oxide (DMPO). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:163-170. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhuja Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani−K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa 403 726, India
| | - Yasaswini Oruganti
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani−K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa 403 726, India
| | - Anjan Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani−K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa 403 726, India
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17
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MacDonell RJ, Schuurman MS. Substituent effects on the nonadiabatic dynamics of ethylene: π-donors and π-acceptors. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Direct evidence for hula twist and single-bond rotation photoproducts. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2510. [PMID: 29955041 PMCID: PMC6023863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoisomerization reactions are quintessential processes driving molecular machines and motors, govern smart materials, catalytic processes, and photopharmacology, and lie at the heart of vision, phototaxis, or vitamin production. Despite this plethora of applications fundamental photoisomerization mechanisms are not well understood at present. The famous hula-twist motion—a coupled single and double-bond rotation—was proposed to explain proficient photoswitching in restricted environments but fast thermal follow-up reactions hamper identification of primary photo products. Herein we describe an asymmetric chromophore possessing four geometrically distinct diastereomeric states that do not interconvert thermally and can be crystallized separately. Employing this molecular setup direct and unequivocal evidence for the hula-twist photoreaction and for photoinduced single-bond rotation is obtained. The influences of the surrounding medium and temperature are quantified and used to favor unusual photoreactions. Based on our findings molecular engineers will be able to implement photo control of complex molecular motions more consciously. Photoisomerization mechanisms govern important (bio)catalytic reactions and lie at the core of many functional materials. Here, the authors report a molecular setup that allows for the direct and separate observation of three fundamental photoreactions, namely the hula twist, single-bond rotation, as well as double-bond isomerization.
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19
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Chattopadhyay A, Saini P, Hakim R, Komainda A, Köppel H. A computational investigation on the photo-isomerization of 2,4,6-octatriene and its UV–visible spectrum. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Barata-Morgado R, Sánchez ML, Muñoz-Losa A, Martín ME, Olivares Del Valle FJ, Aguilar MA. How Methylation Modifies the Photophysics of the Native All- trans-Retinal Protonated Schiff Base: A CASPT2/MD Study in Gas Phase and in Methanol. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3096-3106. [PMID: 29489369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comparison between the free-energy surfaces of the all- trans-retinal protonated Schiff base (RPSB) and its 10-methylated derivative in gas phase and methanol solution is performed at CASSCF//CASSCF and CASPT2//CASSCF levels. Solvent effects were included using the average solvent electrostatic potential from molecular dynamics method. This is a QM/MM (quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) method that makes use of the mean field approximation. It is found that the methyl group bonded to C10 produces noticeable changes in the solution free-energy profile of the S1 excited state, mainly in the relative stability of the minimum energy conical intersections (MECIs) with respect to the Franck-Condon (FC) point. The conical intersections yielding the 9- cis and 11- cis isomers are stabilized while that yielding the 13- cis isomer is destabilized; in fact, it becomes inaccessible by excitation to S1. Furthermore, the planar S1 minimum is not present in the methylated compound. The solvent notably stabilizes the S2 excited state at the FC geometry. Therefore, if the S2 state has an effect on the photoisomerization dynamics, it must be because it permits the RPSB population to branch around the FC point. All these changes combine to speed up the photoisomerization in the 10-methylated compound with respect to the native compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Barata-Morgado
- Área de Química Física , University of Extremadura , Avda. Elvas s/n , Edif. José Ma Viguera Lobo 3a, planta, Badajoz 06006 , Spain
| | - M Luz Sánchez
- Área de Química Física , University of Extremadura , Avda. Elvas s/n , Edif. José Ma Viguera Lobo 3a, planta, Badajoz 06006 , Spain
| | - Aurora Muñoz-Losa
- Dpto. Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y Matemáticas, Facultad de Formación del Profesorado , University of Extremadura , Avda. Universidad s/n , Cáceres 10003 , Spain
| | - M Elena Martín
- Área de Química Física , University of Extremadura , Avda. Elvas s/n , Edif. José Ma Viguera Lobo 3a, planta, Badajoz 06006 , Spain
| | - Francisco J Olivares Del Valle
- Área de Química Física , University of Extremadura , Avda. Elvas s/n , Edif. José Ma Viguera Lobo 3a, planta, Badajoz 06006 , Spain
| | - Manuel A Aguilar
- Área de Química Física , University of Extremadura , Avda. Elvas s/n , Edif. José Ma Viguera Lobo 3a, planta, Badajoz 06006 , Spain
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21
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Gozem S, Luk HL, Schapiro I, Olivucci M. Theory and Simulation of the Ultrafast Double-Bond Isomerization of Biological Chromophores. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13502-13565. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samer Gozem
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Hoi Ling Luk
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz
Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro
2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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22
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Manathunga M, Yang X, Orozco-Gonzalez Y, Olivucci M. Impact of Electronic State Mixing on the Photoisomerization Time Scale of the Retinal Chromophore. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5222-5227. [PMID: 28981285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Spectral data show that the photoisomerization of retinal protonated Schiff base (rPSB) chromophores occurs on a 100 fs time scale or less in vertebrate rhodopsins, it is several times slower in microbial rhodopsins and it is between one and 2 orders of magnitude slower in solution. These time scale variations have been attributed to specific modifications of the topography of the first excited state potential energy surface of the chromophore. However, it is presently not clear which specific environment effects (e.g., electrostatic, electronic, or steric) are responsible for changing the surface topography. Here, we use QM/MM models and excited state trajectory computations to provide evidence for an increase in electronic mixing between the first and the second excited state of the chromophore when going from vertebrate rhodopsin to the solution environments. Ultimately, we argue that a correlation between the lifetime of the first excited state and electronic mixing between such state and its higher neighbor, may have been exploited to evolve rhodopsins toward faster isomerization and, possibly, light-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madushanka Manathunga
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Xuchun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Yoelvis Orozco-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
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23
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Dokukina I, Marian CM, Weingart O. New Perspectives on an Old Issue: A Comparative MS-CASPT2 and OM2-MRCI Study of Polyenes and Protonated Schiff Bases. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1345-1355. [PMID: 28833170 DOI: 10.1111/php.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyenic systems are involved in light perception of numerous living organisms. Although a π-conjugated backbone is a common feature of all polyenes, their photophysics may vary. We provide a comparative quantum mechanical study of low-lying S1 and S2 excited states in short (3-5 double bonds) symmetric all-trans linear polyenes and corresponding protonated Schiff bases. In our investigation, we use the well-established ab initio multireference CASPT2 approach and benchmark the efficient semiempirical OM2-MRCI approach against it. For all protonated Schiff bases, MS-CASPT2 results in two distinct S1 minima with inverted and noninverted bond length pattern, respectively. We find that OM2-MRCI is a computationally affordable and reliable alternative to MS-CASPT2 for investigations of polyenic systems, particularly when highly demanding calculations (e.g. excited-state dynamics) need to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Dokukina
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Demoulin B, Altavilla SF, Rivalta I, Garavelli M. Fine Tuning of Retinal Photoinduced Decay in Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4407-4412. [PMID: 28853582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single methylation at position C10 of the all-trans retinal protonated Schiff base switches its excited-state decay in methanol from a slower picosecond into an ultrafast, protein-like subpicosecond process. QM/MM modeling in conjunction with on-the-fly excited-state dynamics provides fundamental understanding of the fine-tuning mechanics that "catalyzes" the photoinduced decay of solvated retinals. Methylation alters the interplay between the ionic S1 and covalent S2 states, reducing the excited-state lifetime by favoring the formation of a S1 transient fluorescent state with fully inverted bond lengths that accounts for the recorded transient spectroscopy and from which a space-saving conical intersection seam is quickly (<1 ps) reached. Minimal and apparently innocent chemical modifications thus affect the characteristic intramolecular charge-transfer of the S1 state as well as the interaction with the covalent S2 excited state, eventually providing the high tunability of retinal photophysics and photochemistry and delivering a new concept for the rational design of retinal-based photoactive molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Demoulin
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Salvatore Flavio Altavilla
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342 Lyon, France
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna , V. F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Rivalta
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342 Lyon, France
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna , V. F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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25
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Mališ M, Novak J, Zgrablić G, Parmigiani F, Došlić N. Mechanism of ultrafast non-reactive deactivation of the retinal chromophore in non-polar solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:25970-25978. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03293e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Counterion sensitive photodynamics of the retinal chromophore in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mališ
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
- Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire
| | - J. Novak
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - G. Zgrablić
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Treste
- T-ReX Laboratory
- Trieste
- Italy
- Politehnika Pula
| | - F. Parmigiani
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Treste
- T-ReX Laboratory
- Trieste
- Italy
- Department of Physics
| | - N. Došlić
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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26
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El-Tahawy MMT, Nenov A, Garavelli M. Photoelectrochromism in the Retinal Protonated Schiff Base Chromophore: Photoisomerization Speed and Selectivity under a Homogeneous Electric Field at Different Operational Regimes. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4460-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen M. T. El-Tahawy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician″, Universita’ degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2 I - 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician″, Universita’ degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2 I - 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician″, Universita’ degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2 I - 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, Centre
Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, 46 allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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27
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Suomivuori CM, Lang L, Sundholm D, Gamiz-Hernandez AP, Kaila VRI. Tuning the Protein-Induced Absorption Shifts of Retinal in Engineered Rhodopsin Mimics. Chemistry 2016; 22:8254-61. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; A.I. Virtanens plats 1, P.O. Box 55 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München (TUM); Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Lucas Lang
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München (TUM); Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; A.I. Virtanens plats 1, P.O. Box 55 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Ana P. Gamiz-Hernandez
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München (TUM); Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Ville R. I. Kaila
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München (TUM); Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
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28
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Saini P, Banerjee M, Chattopadhyay A. Computational Investigation of the Photochemical Reaction Path of Some Synthesized and Experimentally Analyzed Small-Chain Conjugated Nitrones. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:396-406. [PMID: 26697926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Saini
- Department
of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani−K.K.
Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa 403 726, India
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani−K.K.
Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa 403 726, India
| | - Anjan Chattopadhyay
- Department
of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani−K.K.
Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa 403 726, India
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29
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Chattopadhyay A, Saini P, Pandharkar R. Exploring the isomerization paths of push–pull hexatrienes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16812d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first photo-excited singlet state of all-trans donor (amine), acceptor (cyano)-substituted hexatriene forms donor side-twisted minima and its passage towards the cis–trans–trans isomer is characterized by an S0/S1 conical intersection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)
- Pilani – K.K. Birla Goa Campus
- India
| | - Praveen Saini
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)
- Pilani – K.K. Birla Goa Campus
- India
| | - Riddhish Pandharkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)
- Pilani – K.K. Birla Goa Campus
- India
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30
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A computational investigation of the photochemical oxaziridine and amide conversion process of open-chain conjugated nitrone with electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl group on nitrogen. J CHEM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-015-0941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Molecular bases for the selection of the chromophore of animal rhodopsins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15297-302. [PMID: 26607446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510262112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of microbial and animal rhodopsins are triggered by the isomerization of their all-trans and 11-cis retinal chromophores, respectively. To lay the molecular basis driving the evolutionary transition from the all-trans to the 11-cis chromophore, multiconfigurational quantum chemistry is used to compare the isomerization mechanisms of the sensory rhodopsin from the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120 (ASR) and of the bovine rhodopsin (Rh). It is found that, despite their evolutionary distance, these eubacterial and vertebrate rhodopsins start to isomerize via distinct implementations of the same bicycle-pedal mechanism originally proposed by Warshel [Warshel A (1976) Nature 260:678-683]. However, by following the electronic structure changes of ASR (featuring the all-trans chromophore) during the isomerization, we find that ASR enters a region of degeneracy between the first and second excited states not found in Rh (featuring the 11-cis chromophore). We show that such degeneracy is modulated by the preorganized structure of the chromophore and by the position of the reactive double bond. It is argued that the optimization of the electronic properties of the chromophore, which affects the photoisomerization efficiency and the thermal isomerization barrier, provided a key factor for the emergence of the striking amino acid sequence divergence observed between the microbial and animal rhodopsins.
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32
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Bassolino G, Sovdat T, Soares Duarte A, Lim JM, Schnedermann C, Liebel M, Odell B, Claridge TDW, Fletcher SP, Kukura P. Barrierless Photoisomerization of 11-cis Retinal Protonated Schiff Base in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12434-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bassolino
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Tina Sovdat
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Alex Soares Duarte
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Jong Min Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Christoph Schnedermann
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Matz Liebel
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Barbara Odell
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Timothy D. W. Claridge
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Stephen P. Fletcher
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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33
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Liu L, Cui G, Fang WH. Excited States and Photochemistry of Chromophores in the Photoactive Proteins Explored by the Combined Quantum Mechanical and Molecular Mechanical Calculations. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 100:255-84. [PMID: 26415847 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A photoactive protein usually contains a unique chromophore that is responsible for the initial photoresponse and functions of the photoactive protein are determined by the interaction between the chromophore and its protein surroundings. The combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach is demonstrated to be a very useful tool for exploring structures and functions of a photoactive protein with the chromophore and its protein surroundings treated by the QM and MM methods, respectively. In this review, we summarize the basic formulas of the QM/MM approach and emphasize its applications to excited states and photoreactions of chromophores in rhodopsin protein, photoactive yellow protein, and green fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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34
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Valsson O, Filippi C, Casida ME. Regarding the use and misuse of retinal protonated Schiff base photochemistry as a test case for time-dependent density-functional theory. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:144104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4916354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Cheminal A, Léonard J, Kim SY, Jung KH, Kandori H, Haacke S. 100 fs photo-isomerization with vibrational coherences but low quantum yield in Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25429-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Counter-intuitive photochemistry: in Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin, the retinal 13-cis isomer isomerizes much faster than all-trans ASR, but with a 3-times lower quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Cheminal
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg & Labex NIE
- Université de Strasbourg – CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Jérémie Léonard
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg & Labex NIE
- Université de Strasbourg – CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg
- France
| | - So-Young Kim
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces
- Sogang University
- Mapo-Gu
- South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jung
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces
- Sogang University
- Mapo-Gu
- South Korea
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Frontier Materials
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Showa-ku
- Japan
| | - Stefan Haacke
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg & Labex NIE
- Université de Strasbourg – CNRS
- 67034 Strasbourg
- France
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36
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Polli D, Rivalta I, Nenov A, Weingart O, Garavelli M, Cerullo G. Tracking the primary photoconversion events in rhodopsins by ultrafast optical spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:213-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the most recent experimental and computational efforts aimed at exposing the very early phases of the ultrafast isomerization in visual Rhodopsins and we discuss future advanced experiments and calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Polli
- IFN-CNR
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - I. Rivalta
- Université de Lyon
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon
- F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07
| | - A. Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - O. Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Universitätsstr. 1
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - M. Garavelli
- Université de Lyon
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon
- F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07
| | - G. Cerullo
- IFN-CNR
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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37
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Punwong C, Owens J, Martínez TJ. Direct QM/MM Excited-State Dynamics of Retinal Protonated Schiff Base in Isolation and Methanol Solution. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:704-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5038798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chutintorn Punwong
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, and Trace
Analysis and Biosensor Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Jane Owens
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department
of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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38
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Knoch F, Morozov D, Boggio-Pasqua M, Groenhof G. Steering the excited state dynamics of a photoactive yellow protein chromophore analogue with external electric fields. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Steric and electrostatic effects on photoisomerization dynamics using QM/MM ab initio multiple spawning. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Ernst OP, Lodowski DT, Elstner M, Hegemann P, Brown L, Kandori H. Microbial and animal rhodopsins: structures, functions, and molecular mechanisms. Chem Rev 2014; 114:126-63. [PMID: 24364740 PMCID: PMC3979449 DOI: 10.1021/cr4003769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. Ernst
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David T. Lodowski
- Center
for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case
Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Kaiserstrasse
12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute
of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse
42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonid
S. Brown
- Department
of Physics and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department
of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute
of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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41
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Saini P, Chattopadhyay A. Spectroscopic features of the low-lying singlet states of some N-alkyl retinylnitrone model systems and their involvement in oxaziridine formation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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42
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Rivalta I, Nenov A, Garavelli M. Modelling retinal chromophores photoisomerization: from minimal models in vacuo to ultimate bidimensional spectroscopy in rhodopsins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:16865-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55211j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modelling of retinal photoisomerization in different environments is reviewed and ultimate ultrafast electronic spectroscopy is proposed for obtaining new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rivalta
- Université de Lyon
- CNRS
- 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Université de Lyon
- CNRS
- 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
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43
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Huntress MM, Gozem S, Malley KR, Jailaubekov AE, Vasileiou C, Vengris M, Geiger JH, Borhan B, Schapiro I, Larsen DS, Olivucci M. Toward an Understanding of the Retinal Chromophore in Rhodopsin Mimics. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:10053-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305935t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M. Huntress
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
43402, United States
| | - Samer Gozem
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
43402, United States
| | - Konstantin R. Malley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenure,
Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Askat E. Jailaubekov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenure,
Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chrysoula Vasileiou
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Mikas Vengris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenure,
Davis, California 95616, United States
- Faculty of
Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio
10 LT10223 Vilnius,
Lithuania
| | - James H. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Babak Borhan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
43402, United States
| | - Delmar S. Larsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenure,
Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
43402, United States
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44
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Vuković L, Burmeister CF, Král P, Groenhof G. Control Mechanisms of Photoisomerization in Protonated Schiff Bases. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1005-1011. [PMID: 26291368 DOI: 10.1021/jz400133u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We performed ab initio excited-state molecular dynamics simulations of a gas-phase photoexcited protonated Schiff base (C1-N2═C3-C4═C5-C6) to search for control mechanisms of its photoisomerization. The excited molecule twists by ∼90° around either the N2C3 bond or the C4C5 bond and relaxes to the ground electronic state through a conical intersection with either a trans or cis outcome. We show that a large initial distortion of several dihedral angles and a specific normal vibrational mode combining pyramidalization and double-bond twisting can lead to a preferential rotation of atoms around the C4C5 bond. We also show that selective pretwisting of several dihedral angles in the initial ground state thermal ensemble (by analogy to a protein pocket) can significantly increase the fraction of photoreactive (cis → trans) trajectories. We demonstrate that new ensembles with higher degrees of control over the photoisomerization reaction can be obtained by a computational directed evolution approach on the ensembles of molecules with the pretwisted geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Vuković
- †Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carl F Burmeister
- †Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Gerrit Groenhof
- †Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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45
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Muñoz-Losa A, Fdez. Galván I, Aguilar MA, Martín ME. Simultaneous Solvent and Counterion Effects on the Absorption Properties of a Model of the Rhodopsin Chromophore. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:1548-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ct301090v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Muñoz-Losa
- Química
Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, Badajoz,
06071, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fdez. Galván
- Química
Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, Badajoz,
06071, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Aguilar
- Química
Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, Badajoz,
06071, Spain
| | - M. Elena Martín
- Química
Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, Badajoz,
06071, Spain
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46
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Weingart O, Garavelli M. Modelling vibrational coherence in the primary rhodopsin photoproduct. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:22A523. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4742814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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47
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Comparative study of spectroscopic properties of the low-lying electronic states of 2,4-pentadien-1-iminium cation and its N-substituted analogues. J CHEM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-012-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Bixner O, Lukeš V, Mančal T, Hauer J, Milota F, Fischer M, Pugliesi I, Bradler M, Schmid W, Riedle E, Kauffmann HF, Christensson N. Ultrafast photo-induced charge transfer unveiled by two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:204503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4720492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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49
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Orekhov PS, Shaytan AK, Shaitan KV. Calculation of spectral shifts of the mutants of bacteriorhodopsin by QM/MM methods. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350912020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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50
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Wand A, Friedman N, Sheves M, Ruhman S. Ultrafast Photochemistry of Light-Adapted and Dark-Adapted Bacteriorhodopsin: Effects of the Initial Retinal Configuration. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10444-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2125284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Wand
- Institute of Chemistry and the
Farkash Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat
Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Noga Friedman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry and the
Farkash Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat
Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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