1
|
Wang Q, Wu Q, Yang J, Saad A, Mills E, Dowling C, Lundy S, Mao-Draayer Y. Dysregulation of humoral immunity, iron homeostasis, and lipid metabolism is associated with multiple sclerosis progression. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 79:105020. [PMID: 37806231 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) presented earlier on as a relapsing-remitting (RR) disease, disability progression eventually occurred. Uncovering the mechanisms underlying progression may facilitate the unmet need for developing therapies to prevent progression. Benign MS (BMS), a rare form of MS, is the opposite from secondary progressive MS (SPMS) in that it lacks disease progression defined as Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤3 after at least 15 years of disease onset. BMS is characterized by rare and mild relapses with complete remission of clinical symptoms (lower activity of the disease) and lack of progression. Our study aims to identify transcriptomic and immunological differences between BMS and SPMS to unravel the pathogenesis of disease progression. METHODS We took multi-modal approaches with microarrays, flow cytometry, and lipidomics by three-way comparisons of patients with BMS vs. RRMS (low disease activity vs. moderate or severe activity), RRMS vs. SPMS (continued activity vs. complete transformation into progressive phase) as well as BMS vs. SPMS, matched for age and disease-duration (low disease activity and no progression vs. progression with or without activity). RESULTS We found that patients with RRMS and SPMS have a significantly higher percentage of B cells than those with BMS. BMS shows a different transcriptomic profile than SPMS. Many of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in B cell-mediated immune responses. Additionally, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), which can act as inflammatory mediators, are also altered in SPMS. Overall, our data suggest a role for the dysregulation of B cell differentiation and function, humoral immunity, and iron and lipid homeostasis in the pathogenesis of MS disease progression. CONCLUSION BMS has a unique transcriptomic and immunological profile compared to RRMS and SPMS. These differences will allow for personalized precision medicine and may ultimately lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets for disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Aiya Saad
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Catherine Dowling
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Steven Lundy
- Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rivera-Navarro J, Contador I. Family caregivers' perceptions of maltreatment of older adults with dementia: findings from the northwest of Spain. J Elder Abuse Negl 2018; 31:77-95. [PMID: 30430923 DOI: 10.1080/08946566.2018.1543623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a neurocognitive disorder that implies a risk factor of maltreatment by family caregivers. In this study, we analyzed both informal caregiver's perceptions of maltreatment and aspects of the caregiver and caregiving behavior that may be associated with maltreatment. We conducted five focus groups (FGs) in three Spanish cities: Segovia, Soria and León. The themes that were identified were related to two levels of maltreatment: (a) relational and (b) institutional. At the relational level, we observed the justification of maltreatment of Older Adults with Dementia (OAswD) by family caregivers during the occurrence of behavioral symptoms. At the institutional level, we noted that lack of support from the government was considered a type of maltreatment. These themes suggest that policy issues related to healthcare should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rivera-Navarro
- a Faculty of Social Science. Department of Sociology and Communication , University of Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Israel Contador
- b Faculty of Psychology. Department of Basic Psychology , Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, University of Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng W, Chen Y, Chen H, Xiao W, Liang Y, Wang N, Jiang X, Wen S. Identification of key target genes and biological pathways in multiple sclerosis brains using microarray data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Neurol Res 2018; 40:883-891. [PMID: 30074468 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1497253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate critical genes in multiple sclerosis (MS) using microarray data from brain tissue in MS. MATERIALS The expression profile data set of MS (GSE38010) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database contained gene information from five plaque tissues from MS brains and two white matter tissues from healthy controls. An R package was applied to process these raw chip data. Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed to investigate interactions between differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MS brain tissues. RESULTS This study identified a total of 1065 DEGs, including 530 up-regulated genes and 535 down-regulated genes, in MS brain tissue samples compared to those in normal white matter tissue samples. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that the up-regulated DEGs were mainly related to neuron development, neuron projection morphogenesis and neuron differentiation. Furthermore, the down-regulated DEGs were largely related to axon ensheathment, ensheathment of neurons and nervous system development. Seven key genes were found as hub genes in the maintenance of the PPI network. CONCLUSION Several key target genes and their GO and KEGG pathway enrichment identified in the present study may serve as feasible targets for MS therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Zheng
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Chen
- b First Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyi Chen
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Wende Xiao
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - YingJie Liang
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Wen
- a Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan TK, Alkon DL. Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid and Neuroimaging Biomarkers: Diagnostic Accuracy and Relationship to Drug Efficacy. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:817-36. [PMID: 26402622 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Widely researched Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers include in vivo brain imaging with PET and MRI, imaging of amyloid plaques, and biochemical assays of Aβ 1 - 42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau (p-tau-181) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In this review, we critically evaluate these biomarkers and discuss their clinical utility for the differential diagnosis of AD. Current AD biomarker tests are either highly invasive (requiring CSF collection) or expensive and labor-intensive (neuroimaging), making them unsuitable for use in the primary care, clinical office-based setting, or to assess drug efficacy in clinical trials. In addition, CSF and neuroimaging biomarkers continue to face challenges in achieving required sensitivity and specificity and minimizing center-to-center variability (for CSF-Aβ 1 - 42 biomarkers CV = 26.5% ; http://www.alzforum.org/news/conference-coverage/paris-standardization-hurdle-spinal-fluid-imaging-markers). Although potentially useful for selecting patient populations for inclusion in AD clinical trials, the utility of CSF biomarkers and neuroimaging techniques as surrogate endpoints of drug efficacy needs to be validated. Recent trials of β- and γ-secretase inhibitors and Aβ immunization-based therapies in AD showed no significant cognitive improvements, despite changes in CSF and neuroimaging biomarkers. As we learn more about the dysfunctional cellular and molecular signaling processes that occur in AD, and how these processes are manifested in tissues outside of the brain, new peripheral biomarkers may also be validated as non-invasive tests to diagnose preclinical and clinical AD.
Collapse
|
5
|
Raman R, Allen SP, Goodall EF, Kramer S, Ponger LL, Heath PR, Milo M, Hollinger HC, Walsh T, Highley JR, Olpin S, McDermott CJ, Shaw PJ, Kirby J. Gene expression signatures in motor neurone disease fibroblasts reveal dysregulation of metabolism, hypoxia-response and RNA processing functions. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:201-26. [PMID: 24750211 PMCID: PMC4329387 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) are two syndromic variants within the motor neurone disease spectrum. As PLS and most ALS cases are sporadic (SALS), this limits the availability of cellular models for investigating pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. The aim of this study was to use gene expression profiling to evaluate fibroblasts as cellular models for SALS and PLS, to establish whether dysregulated biological processes recapitulate those seen in the central nervous system and to elucidate pathways that distinguish the clinically defined variants of SALS and PLS. Methods Microarray analysis was performed on fibroblast RNA and differentially expressed genes identified. Genes in enriched biological pathways were validated by quantitative PCR and functional assays performed to establish the effect of altered RNA levels on the cellular processes. Results Gene expression profiling demonstrated that whilst there were many differentially expressed genes in common between SALS and PLS fibroblasts, there were many more expressed specifically in the SALS fibroblasts, including those involved in RNA processing and the stress response. Functional analysis of the fibroblasts confirmed a significant decrease in miRNA production and a reduced response to hypoxia in SALS fibroblasts. Furthermore, metabolic gene changes seen in SALS, many of which were also evident in PLS fibroblasts, resulted in dysfunctional cellular respiration. Conclusions The data demonstrate that fibroblasts can act as cellular models for ALS and PLS, by establishing the transcriptional changes in known pathogenic pathways that confer subsequent functional effects and potentially highlight targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Raman
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
The neuronal activity-driven transcriptome. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1071-88. [PMID: 24935719 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Activity-driven transcription is a key event associated with long-lasting forms of neuronal plasticity. Despite the efforts to investigate the regulatory mechanisms that control this complex process and the important advances in the knowledge of the function of many activity-induced genes in neurons, as well as the specific contribution of activity-regulated transcription factors, our understanding of how activity-driven transcription operates at the systems biology level is still very limited. This review focuses on the research of neuronal activity-driven transcription from an "omics" perspective. We will discuss the different high-throughput approaches undertaken to characterize the gene programs downstream of specific activity-regulated transcription factors, including CREB, SRF, MeCP2, Fos, Npas4, and others, and the interplay between epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity changes. Although basic questions remain unanswered and important challenges still lie ahead, the refinement of genome-wide techniques for investigating the neuronal transcriptome and epigenome promises great advances.
Collapse
|
7
|
Humphries C, Kohli MA. Rare Variants and Transcriptomics in Alzheimer disease. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 2:75-84. [PMID: 25045597 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common dementia in the elderly, still without effective treatment. Early-onset AD (EOAD) is caused by mutations in the genes APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2. Genome-wide association studies have identified >20 late-onset AD (LOAD) susceptibility genes with common variants of small risk, with the exception of APOE. We review rare susceptibility variants in LOAD with larger effects that have been recently identified in the EOAD gene APP and the newly discovered AD genes TREM2 and PLD3. Human genetic studies now consistently support the amyloid hypothesis of AD for both EOAD and LOAD. Moreover, they identified biological processes that overlap with human transcriptomics studies in AD across different tissues, such as inflammation, cytoskeletal organization, synaptic functions, etc. Transcriptomic profiles of pre-symptomatic AD-associated variant carriers already reflect specific molecular mechanisms reminiscent to those of AD patients. This might provide an avenue for personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Humphries
- Department of Human Genetics, John T. Macdonald Foundation, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue (BRB-531), Miami, FL 33136, USA ; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (HIHG), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue (BRB-531), Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Martin A Kohli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (HIHG), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue (BRB-531), Miami, FL 33136, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ruiz A, Pesini P, Espinosa A, Pérez-Grijalba V, Valero S, Sotolongo-Grau O, Alegret M, Monleón I, Lafuente A, Buendía M, Ibarria M, Ruiz S, Hernández I, San José I, Tárraga L, Boada M, Sarasa M. Blood amyloid beta levels in healthy, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease individuals: replication of diastolic blood pressure correlations and analysis of critical covariates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81334. [PMID: 24312290 PMCID: PMC3842353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) levels are being investigated as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. In AB128 cross-sectional study, a number of medical relevant correlates of blood Aβ40 or Aβ42 were analyzed in 140 subjects (51 Alzheimer's disease patients, 53 healthy controls and 36 individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment). We determined the association between multiple variables with Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels measured in three different blood compartments called i) Aβ directly accessible (DA) in the plasma, ii) Aβ recovered from the plasma matrix (RP) after diluting the plasma sample in a formulated buffer, and iii) associated with the remaining cellular pellet (CP). We confirmed that diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is consistently correlated with blood DA Aβ40 levels (r=-0.19, P=0.032). These results were consistent in the three phenotypic groups studied. Importantly, the observation resisted covariation with age, gender or creatinine levels. Observed effect size and direction of Aβ40 levels/DBP correlation are in accordance with previous reports. Of note, DA Aβ40 and the RP Aβ40 were also strongly associated with creatinine levels (r=0.599, P<<0.001) and to a lesser extent to urea, age, hematocrit, uric acid and homocysteine (p<0.001). DBP and the rest of statistical significant correlates identified should be considered as potential confounder factors in studies investigating blood Aβ levels as potential AD biomarker. Remarkably, the factors affecting Aβ levels in plasma (DA, RP) and blood cell compartments (CP) seem completely different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ruiz
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nickles D, Chen HP, Li MM, Khankhanian P, Madireddy L, Caillier SJ, Santaniello A, Cree BAC, Pelletier D, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR, Baranzini SE. Blood RNA profiling in a large cohort of multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4194-205. [PMID: 23748426 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by the infiltration of autoreactive immune cells into the CNS, which target the myelin sheath, leading to the loss of neuronal function. Although it is accepted that MS is a multifactorial disorder with both genetic and environmental factors influencing its development and course, the molecular pathogenesis of MS has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we studied the longitudinal gene expression profiles of whole-blood RNA from a cohort of 195 MS patients and 66 healthy controls. We analyzed these transcriptomes at both the individual transcript and the biological pathway level. We found 62 transcripts to be significantly up-regulated in MS patients; the expression of 11 of these genes was counter-regulated by interferon treatment, suggesting partial restoration of a 'healthy' gene expression profile. Global pathway analyses linked the proteasome and Wnt signaling to MS disease processes. Since genotypes from a subset of individuals were available, we were able to identify expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), a number of which involved two genes of the MS gene signature. However, all these eQTL were also present in healthy controls. This study highlights the challenge posed by analyzing transcripts from whole blood and how these can be mitigated by using large, well-characterized cohorts of patients with longitudinal follow-up and multi-modality measurements.
Collapse
|
10
|
Silva ART, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Diniz BS, Lima LA, Silva PJS, Ferretti REL, Rocha RM, Filho WJ, Carraro DM, Brentani H. Transcriptional alterations related to neuropathology and clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48751. [PMID: 23144955 PMCID: PMC3492444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the human population, characterized by a spectrum of neuropathological abnormalities that results in memory impairment and loss of other cognitive processes as well as the presence of non-cognitive symptoms. Transcriptomic analyses provide an important approach to elucidating the pathogenesis of complex diseases like AD, helping to figure out both pre-clinical markers to identify susceptible patients and the early pathogenic mechanisms to serve as therapeutic targets. This study provides the gene expression profile of postmortem brain tissue from subjects with clinic-pathological AD (Braak IV, V, or V and CERAD B or C; and CDR ≥1), preclinical AD (Braak IV, V, or VI and CERAD B or C; and CDR = 0), and healthy older individuals (Braak ≤ II and CERAD 0 or A; and CDR = 0) in order to establish genes related to both AD neuropathology and clinical emergence of dementia. Based on differential gene expression, hierarchical clustering and network analysis, genes involved in energy metabolism, oxidative stress, DNA damage/repair, senescence, and transcriptional regulation were implicated with the neuropathology of AD; a transcriptional profile related to clinical manifestation of AD could not be detected with reliability using differential gene expression analysis, although genes involved in synaptic plasticity, and cell cycle seems to have a role revealed by gene classifier. In conclusion, the present data suggest gene expression profile changes secondary to the development of AD-related pathology and some genes that appear to be related to the clinical manifestation of dementia in subjects with significant AD pathology, making necessary further investigations to better understand these transcriptional findings on the pathogenesis and clinical emergence of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal R. T. Silva
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose M. Farfel
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno S. Diniz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 27 (LIM 27) - Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro A. Lima
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo J. S. Silva
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E. L. Ferretti
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Rocha
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob Filho
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirce M. Carraro
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cooper-Knock J, Kirby J, Ferraiuolo L, Heath PR, Rattray M, Shaw PJ. Gene expression profiling in human neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:518-30. [PMID: 22890216 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome study in neurodegenerative disease has advanced considerably in the past 5 years. Increasing scientific rigour and improved analytical tools have led to more-reproducible data. Many transcriptome analysis platforms assay the expression of the entire genome, enabling a complete biological context to be captured. Gene expression profiling (GEP) is, therefore, uniquely placed to discover pathways of disease pathogenesis, potential therapeutic targets, and biomarkers. This Review summarizes microarray human GEP studies in the common neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Several interesting reports have compared pathological gene expression in different patient groups, disease stages and anatomical areas. In all three diseases, GEP has revealed dysregulation of genes related to neuroinflammation. In ALS and PD, gene expression related to RNA splicing and protein turnover is disrupted, and several studies in ALS support involvement of the cytoskeleton. GEP studies have implicated the ubiquitin-proteasome system in PD pathogenesis, and have provided evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD and AD. Lastly, in AD, a possible role for dysregulation of intracellular signalling pathways, including calcium signalling, has been highlighted. This Review also provides a discussion of methodological considerations in microarray sample preparation and data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lohmann E, Guerreiro RJ, Erginel-Unaltuna N, Gurunlian N, Bilgic B, Gurvit H, Hanagasi HA, Luu N, Emre M, Singleton A. Identification of PSEN1 and PSEN2 gene mutations and variants in Turkish dementia patients. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1850.e17-27. [PMID: 22503161 PMCID: PMC4669567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the frequency of mutations in the known Alzheimer's disease causative genes in Turkish dementia patients we screened amyloid precursor protein (APP), PSEN1 and PSEN2 for mutations in a cohort of 98 Turkish dementia families. Six families were found to carry PSEN1 mutations (p.H163R, p.P264L, and p.H214Y) or variants suggested to cause the disease (p.L134R, p.L262V, and p.A396T). In 4 other families, previously reported PSEN2 variants were identified (p.R62H, p.R71W, p.M174V (n = 2), and p.S130L). The phenotype of the carriers varied from rapid progressing Alzheimer's disease to frontotemporal dementia, with spasticity and seizures also observed. Here we report a frequency of 11.2% of mutations and variants in the known Alzheimer disease genes in the dementia cohort studied and 24% in the early onset subgroup of patients, suggesting that mutations in these genes are not uncommon in Turkey and are associated with various phenotypes. We thus believe that genetic analysis should become a standardized diagnostic implement, not only for the identification of the genetic disease, but also for appropriate genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karsten SL, Kudo LC, Bragin AJ. Use of peripheral blood transcriptome biomarkers for epilepsy prediction. Neurosci Lett 2011; 497:213-7. [PMID: 21419828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no predictive methods to identify patients who suffered an initial brain injury and are at high risk of developing chronic epilepsy. Consequently, treatments aimed at epilepsy prevention that would target the underlying epileptogenic process are neither available nor being developed. After a brain injury or any other initial precipitating event (IPE) to the development of epilepsy, pathological changes may occur in forms of inflammation, damage in the blood brain barrier, neuron loss, gliosis, axon sprouting, etc., in multiple brain areas. Recent studies provide connections between various kinds of brain pathology and alterations in the peripheral blood transcriptome. In this review we discuss the possibility of using peripheral blood transcriptome biomarkers for the detection of epileptogenesis and consequently, subjects at high risk of developing epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav L Karsten
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90504, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mossello E, Ballini E, Mello AM, Tarantini F, Simoni D, Baldasseroni S, Marchionni N. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: from central nervous system to periphery? Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:342980. [PMID: 21197431 PMCID: PMC3010633 DOI: 10.4061/2011/342980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most frequent form of dementia and represents one of the main causes of disability among older subjects. Up to now, the diagnosis of AD has been made according to clinical criteria. However, the use of such criteria does not allow an early diagnosis, as pathological alterations may be apparent many years before the clear-cut clinical picture. An early diagnosis is even more valuable to develop new treatments, potentially interfering with the pathogenetic process. During the last decade, several neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters have been introduced to allow an early and accurate detection of AD patients, and, recently, they have been included among research criteria for AD diagnosis. However, their use in clinical practice suffers from limitations both in accuracy and availability. The increasing amount of knowledge about peripheral biomarkers will possibly allow the future identification of reliable and easily available diagnostic tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Mossello
- Unit of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medcine and Surgery, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
The PSEN1 I143T mutation in a Swedish family with Alzheimer's disease: clinical report and quantification of Aβ in different brain regions. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:1202-8. [PMID: 20628413 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-onset dominantly inherited forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are rare, but studies of such cases have revealed important information about the disease mechanisms. Importantly, mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and PSEN2, alter the APP processing and lead to an increased amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) 42/40 ratio. This, together with other studies on pathogenic mechanisms, show that Aβ42 is a major player in the etiology of AD. Here, we present a clinical and neuropathological description of a Swedish family with an I143T mutation in the PSEN1 gene, which gives rise to a severe form of AD. We also performed an extensive investigation on the concentration and distribution of Aβ species of different lengths in six brain regions from two mutation carriers. Our study showed that Aβ42 and a longer peptide, Aβ43, were present both in plaque cores and in total amyloid preparations, and were each clearly more frequent than Aβ40 in all examined regions, as shown by both mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry.
Collapse
|
16
|
Commentary on "Developing a national strategy to prevent dementia: Leon Thal Symposium 2009." Developing a blood test for Alzheimer's disease using advanced genomic expression technology. Alzheimers Dement 2010; 6:147-9. [PMID: 20298978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant need for reliable molecular biomarkers to aid in Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical diagnosis. RNA transcriptional profiling, although extensively applied for biomarker development in other diseases, is first defining its role in AD. Application of this technology has the sensitivity and power to provide sufficient information for the development of tests to determine disease severity, progression, heterogeneity, and potential for therapeutic response in the AD population. In order to bring forth the potential of this technology, however, the community needs to make a concerted effort to begin sample collection as soon as patients/subjects are identified. Only then can these powerful technologies be applied in a well controlled study for the development of novel diagnostics.
Collapse
|
17
|
Geschwind DH, Konopka G. Neuroscience in the era of functional genomics and systems biology. Nature 2009; 461:908-15. [PMID: 19829370 DOI: 10.1038/nature08537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in genetics and genomics have fuelled a revolution in discovery-based, or hypothesis-generating, research that provides a powerful complement to the more directly hypothesis-driven molecular, cellular and systems neuroscience. Genetic and functional genomic studies have already yielded important insights into neuronal diversity and function, as well as disease. One of the most exciting and challenging frontiers in neuroscience involves harnessing the power of large-scale genetic, genomic and phenotypic data sets, and the development of tools for data integration and mining. Methods for network analysis and systems biology offer the promise of integrating these multiple levels of data, connecting molecular pathways to nervous system function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics and Neurobehavioural Genetics, Department of Neurology and Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Draganski B, Schneider SA, Fiorio M, Klöppel S, Gambarin M, Tinazzi M, Ashburner J, Bhatia KP, Frackowiak RSJ. Genotype-phenotype interactions in primary dystonias revealed by differential changes in brain structure. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1141-7. [PMID: 19344776 PMCID: PMC2741581 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of how genotype determines phenotype in primary dystonia is limited. Familial young-onset primary dystonia is commonly due to the DYT1 gene mutation. A critical question, given the 30% penetrance of clinical symptoms in DYT1 mutation carriers, is why the same genotype leads to differential clinical expression and whether non-DYT1 adult-onset primary dystonia, with and without family history share pathophysiological mechanisms with DYT1 dystonia. This study examines the relationship between dystonic phenotype and the DYT1 gene mutation by monitoring whole-brain structure using voxel-based morphometry. We acquired magnetic resonance imaging data of symptomatic and asymptomatic DYT1 mutation carriers, of non-DYT1 primary dystonia patients, with and without family history and control subjects with normal DYT1 alleles. By crossing the factors genotype and phenotype we demonstrate a significant interaction in terms of brain anatomy confined to the basal ganglia bilaterally. The explanation for this effect differs according to both gene and dystonia status: non-DYT1 adult-onset dystonia patients and asymptomatic DYT1 carriers have significantly larger basal ganglia compared to healthy subjects and symptomatic DYT1 mutation carriers. There is a significant negative correlation between severity of dystonia and basal ganglia size in DYT1 mutation carriers. We propose that differential pathophysiological and compensatory mechanisms lead to brain structure changes in non-DYT1 primary adult-onset dystonias and DYT1 gene carriers. Given the range of age of onset, there may be differential genetic modulation of brain development that in turn determines clinical expression. Alternatively, a DYT1 gene dependent primary defect of motor circuit development may lead to stress-induced remodelling of the basal ganglia and hence dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Draganski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, UCL, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bousette N, Kislinger T, Fong V, Isserlin R, Hewel JA, Emili A, Gramolini AO. Large-Scale Characterization and Analysis of the Murine Cardiac Proteome. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1887-901. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bousette
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Vincent Fong
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Ruth Isserlin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Johannes A. Hewel
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Anthony O. Gramolini
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khan TK, Nelson TJ, Verma VA, Wender PA, Alkon DL. A cellular model of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic efficacy: PKC activation reverses Abeta-induced biomarker abnormality on cultured fibroblasts. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:332-9. [PMID: 19233276 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PKC signaling is critical for the non-toxic degradation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and inhibition of GSK3beta, which controls phosphorylation of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus the misregulation of PKC signaling could contribute to the origins of AD. Bryostatin, a potent PKC modulator, has the potential to ameliorate both the neurodegeneration and the recent memory loss associated with AD. As reported herein bryostatin and a potent synthetic analog (picolog) are found to cause stimulation of non-amyloidogenic pathways by increasing alpha-secretase activity and thus lowering the amount of toxic Abeta produced. Both bryostatin and picolog increased the secretion of the alpha-secretase product (s-APP-alpha) of APP at sub-nanomolar to nanomolar concentrations. A peripheral AD-Biomarker has previously been autopsy-validated. This Biomarker, based on bradykinin-induced differential phosphorylation of Erk1 and Erk2, has been used here to test the therapeutic efficacy both for bryostatin and picolog. Both of these PKC activators are then shown to convert the AD Erk1/2 phenotype of fibroblasts into the phenotype of "normal" control skin fibroblasts. This conversion occurred for both the abnormal Erk1/2 phenotype induced by application of Abeta(1-42) to the fibroblasts or the phenotype observed for fibroblasts of AD patients. The Abeta(1-42)-induction, and PKC modulator reversal of the AD Erk1/2 biomarker phenotype demonstrate the AD-Biomarker's potential to monitor both disease progression and treatment response. Additionally, this first demonstration of the therapeutic potential in AD of a synthetically accessible bryostatin analog warrants further preclinical advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Khan
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Increased expression of the Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome truncated lamin A transcript during cell aging. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:928-37. [PMID: 19172989 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of the segmental progeroid syndrome, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), are caused by a de novo dominant mutation within a single codon of the LMNA gene. This mutation leads to the increased usage of an internal splice site that generates an alternative lamin A transcript with an internal deletion of 150 nucleotides, called lamin A Delta 150. The LMNA gene encodes two major proteins of the inner nuclear lamina, lamins A and C, but not much is known about their expression levels. Determination of the overall expression levels of the LMNA gene transcripts is an important step to further the understanding of the HGPS. In this study, we have performed absolute quantification of the lamins A, C and A Delta 150 transcripts in primary dermal fibroblasts from HGPS patients and unaffected age-matched and parent controls. We show that the lamin A Delta 150 transcript is present in unaffected controls but its expression is >160-fold lower than that in samples from HGPS patients. Analysis of transcript expression during in vitro aging shows that although the levels of lamin A and lamin C transcripts remain unchanged, the lamin A Delta 150 transcript increases in late passage cells from HGPS patients and parental controls. This study provides a new method for LMNA transcript analysis and insights into the expression of the LMNA gene in HGPS and normal cells.
Collapse
|
22
|
Chiang H, Rosvall L, Brohede J, Axelman K, Björk BF, Nennesmo I, Robins T, Graff C. Progranulin mutation causes frontotemporal dementia in the Swedish Karolinska family. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:414-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huei‐Hsin Chiang
- Karolinska InstitutetDepartment NVSKI‐Alzheimer Disease Research CenterNovum HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Lina Rosvall
- Karolinska InstitutetDepartment NVSKI‐Alzheimer Disease Research CenterNovum HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Jesper Brohede
- Karolinska InstitutetDepartment NVSKI‐Alzheimer Disease Research CenterNovum HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Karin Axelman
- Department of Geriatric MedicineMolecular Genetics UnitKarolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Behnosh F. Björk
- Karolinska InstitutetDepartment NVSKI‐Alzheimer Disease Research CenterNovum HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Inger Nennesmo
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of PathologyKarolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Tiina Robins
- Department of Geriatric MedicineMolecular Genetics UnitKarolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Karolinska InstitutetDepartment NVSKI‐Alzheimer Disease Research CenterNovum HuddingeStockholmSweden
- Department of Geriatric MedicineMolecular Genetics UnitKarolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Khan TK, Alkon DL. Early diagnostic accuracy and pathophysiologic relevance of an autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease peripheral biomarker. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 31:889-900. [PMID: 18760507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the discovery of promising drug candidates depend on early diagnosis. Few currently available diagnostic tests have significantly improved this early uncertainty, while the "gold standard" diagnosis continues to require clinical dementia in life and the presence of pathologic brain lesions of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain at autopsy. Here, the inflammatory agonist bradykinin, a small nano-peptide, that induces PKC-mediated phosphorylation of Erk1 and Erk2 in fibroblasts, was applied to punch-biopsy-obtained human skin fibroblasts. Quantitative imaging of the phosphorylated Erk1 and Erk2 bands was then used in a ratio that is mathematically configured into an AD-Biomarker Index (AD-Index). In the population described here (N=264), there were 64 autopsy examinations. Demented individuals were clinically diagnosed as AD with an overall accuracy of 78%. Among the 42 autopsy-confirmed cases for which there were also AD-Biomarker measurements, the overall accuracy of the AD-Biomarker was 98%. Among both the autopsy-confirmed and the clinically diagnosed patients, the AD-Index values were inversely correlated with the duration of disease, i.e., the time from the onset of dementia symptoms. Among the autopsy-confirmed cases, the AD-Biomarker diagnosis showed remarkably high sensitivity (97%) and specificity (100%) compared to clinical diagnosis (sensitivity: 78% and specificity: 20%). Using autopsy validation, the clinical diagnosis was only accurate at 52% level vs. the AD-Biomarker accuracy of 100% for cases with dementia not larger than 4 years of duration. Finally, application of soluble Abeta(1-42) to the fibroblasts of normal controls induced the abnormal AD-Biomarker phenotype, suggesting the pathophysiologic relevance of this AD-Biomarker measurement. In summary, the AD-Biomarker, as confirmed by autopsy validation, showed significantly higher sensitivity and specificity than did clinical diagnosis, particularly at early stages of disease, and pathophysiological relevance was demonstrated for the mechanistic basis of the AD-Biomarker measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Khan
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9301, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Passtoors WM, Beekman M, Gunn D, Boer JM, Heijmans BT, Westendorp RGJ, Zwaan BJ, Slagboom PE. Genomic studies in ageing research: the need to integrate genetic and gene expression approaches. J Intern Med 2008; 263:153-66. [PMID: 18226093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide and hypothesis-based approaches to the study of ageing and longevity have been dominated by genetic investigations. To identify essential mechanisms of a complex trait such as ageing in higher species, a holistic understanding of interacting pathways is required. More information on such interactions is expected to be obtained from global gene expression analysis if combined with genetic studies. Genetic sequence variation often provides a functional gene marker for the trait, whereas a gene expression profile may provide a quantitative biomarker representing complex cellular pathway interactions contributing to the trait. Thus far, gene expression studies have associated multiple pathways to ageing including mitochondrial electron transport and the oxidative stress response. However, most of the studies are underpowered to detect small age-changes. A systematic survey of gene expression changes as a function of age in human individuals and animal models is lacking. Well designed gene expression studies, especially at the level of biological processes, will provide hypotheses on gene-environmental interactions determining biological ageing rate. Cross-sectional studies monitoring the profile as a chronological marker of ageing must be integrated with prospective studies indicating which profiles represent biomarkers preceding and predicting physiological decline and mortality. New study designs such as the Leiden Longevity Study, including two generations of subjects from longevity families, aim to achieve these combined approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Passtoors
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mhyre TR, Loy R, Tariot PN, Profenno LA, Maguire-Zeiss KA, Zhang D, Coleman PD, Federoff HJ. Proteomic analysis of peripheral leukocytes in Alzheimer's disease patients treated with divalproex sodium. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:1631-43. [PMID: 17521776 PMCID: PMC2621111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular profiling of peripheral tissues, including circulating leukocytes, may hold promise in the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a proof-of-concept, we performed a proteomics study on peripheral leukocytes from patients with AD both before and during treatment with divalproex sodium. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we identified 10 differentially expressed proteins: two up-regulated proteins, 14-3-3 protein epsilon and peroxiredoxin 2; and eight down-regulated proteins, actin-interacting protein, mitogen activated protein kinase 1, beta actin, annexin A1, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, transforming protein RhoA, acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member B, and a currently unidentified protein. A subset was validated on both the transcript and protein levels in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures treated with valproic acid. These proteins comprise a number of functional classes that may be important to the biology of AD and to the therapeutic action of valproate. These data also suggest the potential of using peripheral leukocytes to monitor pharmaceutical action for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Mhyre
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Rebekah Loy
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Pierre N. Tariot
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 East Willetta Street, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Louis A. Profenno
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Maguire-Zeiss
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dabao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Paul D. Coleman
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Howard J. Federoff
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Corresponding author: Before March 31, 2007: Tel: +1 585 273 4851; Fax: +1 585 276 1947; E-mail address: . Beginning April 1, 2007: Office of the Executive Vice President and Executive Dean, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, 120 Building D, Washington, DC 20007; Tel: +1 202 687 4600; Fax: +1 202 687 1100; E-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models are designed and used in the field of Alzheimer disease research. This review aims to offer a general view of the existing transgenic mouse lines and to discuss their relevance and limitations. RECENT FINDINGS Potential therapeutic targets have been identified in rodent models of Alzheimer disease. Although important steps towards obtaining a safe vaccine to prevent amyloid plaque formation have been made, further evaluations and the use of intermediate models are considered a necessity. SUMMARY More than 18 million people worldwide are suffering from Alzheimer disease, the most common dementing disorder in humans. Transgenic lines have been created in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer disease and to find a cure. None of the available models completely recapitulates the characteristics of human pathology, but they provide valuable information on different pathogenic pathways involved. New therapeutic approaches and improvement of current strategies can be obtained from the use of Alzheimer animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Codita
- Karolinska Institutet, NVS, KI Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Novum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Coppola G, Geschwind DH. Technology Insight: querying the genome with microarrays--progress and hope for neurological disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:147-58. [PMID: 16932541 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform large-scale analysis of the genome at the level of gene sequence, gene copy number and messenger RNA transcript expression characterizes the post-genomic era. In the past decade, the microarray-based approach has emerged as one of the major tools in this area of genome biology, contributing to advances in the understanding of Mendelian and complex neurological disorders. Despite technical issues regarding design, data analysis and validation that have to be addressed in the planning and interpretation of a microarray study, microarray-based approaches for studying transcript expression, single-nucleotide-polymorphism genotyping and gene resequencing are becoming more widely adopted. Genomic microarrays are providing an unprecedented opportunity to dissect the genetic risk for complex neurological disorders. Numerous clinical and preclinical applications are likely to dominate the ambitious microarray agenda within the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Coppola
- Neurogenetics Program, Center for Autism Research, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Khan TK, Alkon DL. An internally controlled peripheral biomarker for Alzheimer's disease: Erk1 and Erk2 responses to the inflammatory signal bradykinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13203-7. [PMID: 16920798 PMCID: PMC1559777 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605411103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment has recently been found to correlate with changes in peripheral inflammatory signals such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. PKC isozymes regulate levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 and the release of other cytokines and also show deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains and skin fibroblasts. Here, we investigate MAPK Erk1 and Erk2 phosphorylation in response to the inflammatory agonist bradykinin, which activates PKC pathways. An internally controlled comparison of Erk1 and Erk2 produced an AD index that accurately distinguished fibroblasts of AD from those of normal controls and of non-AD dementias. This accuracy was demonstrated for Coriell Cell Repository (Coriell Institute of Medical Research, Camden, NJ) samples, as well as for samples analyzed on gels with autopsy diagnostic confirmation. AD Erk1 and Erk2 index values were inversely correlated with disease duration, suggesting maximal efficacy for early diagnosis. Finally, the results also demonstrate that, when the AD index agreed with the clinical diagnosis on the presence of AD, there was a high probability of accuracy based on autopsy validation. Thus, this peripheral molecular biomarker, based on differential Erk1 and Erk2 phosphorylation, could have important clinical utility for providing increased certainty in the positive diagnosis of AD, particularly in the early phase of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K. Khan
- *Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Rockville, MD 20850; and
| | - Daniel L. Alkon
- *Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Rockville, MD 20850; and
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University Medical School, Morgantown, WV 26506
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Academic and Research Building, 9601 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Neuronal gene expression profiling: uncovering the molecular biology of neurodegenerative disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2006; 158:197-222. [PMID: 17027698 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)58010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of gene array techniques to quantify expression levels of dozens to thousands of genes simultaneously within selected tissue samples from control and diseased brain has enabled researchers to generate expression profiles of vulnerable neuronal populations in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. Intriguingly, gene expression analysis reveals that vulnerable brain regions in many of these diseases share putative pathogenetic alterations in common classes of genes, including decrements in synaptic transcript levels and increments in immune response transcripts. Thus, gene expression profiles of diseased neuronal populations may reveal mechanistic clues to the molecular pathogenesis underlying various neurological diseases and aid in identifying potential therapeutic targets. This chapter will review how regional and single cell gene array technologies have advanced our understanding of the genetics of human neurological disease.
Collapse
|