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Nandakumar KS. Targeting IgG in Arthritis: Disease Pathways and Therapeutic Avenues. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E677. [PMID: 29495570 PMCID: PMC5877538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a polygenic and multifactorial syndrome. Many complex immunological and genetic interactions are involved in the final outcome of the clinical disease. Autoantibodies (rheumatoid factors, anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibodies) are present in RA patients' sera for a long time before the onset of clinical disease. Prior to arthritis onset, in the autoantibody response, epitope spreading, avidity maturation, and changes towards a pro-inflammatory Fc glycosylation phenotype occurs. Genetic association of epitope specific autoantibody responses and the induction of inflammation dependent and independent changes in the cartilage by pathogenic autoantibodies emphasize the crucial contribution of antibody-initiated inflammation in RA development. Targeting IgG by glyco-engineering, bacterial enzymes to specifically cleave IgG/alter N-linked Fc-glycans at Asn 297 or blocking the downstream effector pathways offers new avenues to develop novel therapeutics for arthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Avenues to autoimmune arthritis triggered by diverse remote inflammatory challenges. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:120-9. [PMID: 27427404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors contribute to development of autoimmune diseases. For instance, human autoimmune arthritis can associate with intestinal inflammation, cigarette smoking, periodontal disease, and various infections. The cellular and, molecular pathways whereby such remote challenges might precipitate arthritis or flares remain unclear. Here, we used a transfer model of self-reactive arthritis-inducing CD4(+) cells from KRNtg mice that, upon transfer, induce a very mild form of autoinflammatory arthritis in recipient animals. This model enabled us to identify external factors that greatly aggravated disease. We show that several distinct challenges precipitated full-blown arthritis, including intestinal inflammation through DSS-induced colitis, and bronchial stress through Influenza infection. Both triggers induced strong IL-17 expression primarily in self-reactive CD4(+) cells in lymph nodes draining the site of inflammation. Moreover, treatment of mice with IL-1β greatly exacerbated arthritis, while transfer of KRNtg CD4(+) cells lacking IL-1R significantly reduced disease and IL-17 expression. Thus, IL-1β enhances the autoaggressive potential of self-reactive CD4(+) cells, through increased Th17 differentiation, and this influences inflammatory events in the joints. We propose that diverse challenges that cause remote inflammation (lung infection or colitis, etc.) result in IL-1β-driven Th17 differentiation, and this precipitates arthritis in genetically susceptible individuals. Thus the etiology of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis likely relates to diverse triggers that converge to a common pathway involving IL-1β production and Th17 cell distribution.
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Abstract
Mast cells are innate immune effector cells that reside in the healthy synovial sublining and expand in number with inflammation. These cells can play an important role in initiation of arthritis, but much about their biology and importance remains obscure. This chapter reviews the use of animal models for the study of mast cells in arthritis, with a particular focus on the K/BxN serum transfer model. We discuss tissue preparation and histological analysis for the assessment of joint inflammation, injury, and the presence and phenotype of synovial mast cells, as well as the use of bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC) engraftment into W/Wv mice as a tool to isolate the role of mast cells in joint inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith 516B, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,
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Cotti E, Schirru E, Acquas E, Usai P. An Overview on Biologic Medications and Their Possible Role in Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2014; 40:1902-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mostafavi S, Ortiz-Lopez A, Bogue MA, Hattori K, Pop C, Koller D, Mathis D, Benoist C. Variation and genetic control of gene expression in primary immunocytes across inbred mouse strains. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4485-96. [PMID: 25267973 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To determine the breadth and underpinning of changes in immunocyte gene expression due to genetic variation in mice, we performed, as part of the Immunological Genome Project, gene expression profiling for CD4(+) T cells and neutrophils purified from 39 inbred strains of the Mouse Phenome Database. Considering both cell types, a large number of transcripts showed significant variation across the inbred strains, with 22% of the transcriptome varying by 2-fold or more. These included 119 loci with apparent complete loss of function, where the corresponding transcript was not expressed in some of the strains, representing a useful resource of "natural knockouts." We identified 1222 cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) that control some of this variation. Most (60%) cis-eQTLs were shared between T cells and neutrophils, but a significant portion uniquely impacted one of the cell types, suggesting cell type-specific regulatory mechanisms. Using a conditional regression algorithm, we predicted regulatory interactions between transcription factors and potential targets, and we demonstrated that these predictions overlap with regulatory interactions inferred from transcriptional changes during immunocyte differentiation. Finally, comparison of these and parallel data from CD4(+) T cells of healthy humans demonstrated intriguing similarities in variability of a gene's expression: the most variable genes tended to be the same in both species, and there was an overlap in genes subject to strong cis-acting genetic variants. We speculate that this "conservation of variation" reflects a differential constraint on intraspecies variation in expression levels of different genes, either through lower pressure for some genes, or by favoring variability for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafavi
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Adriana Ortiz-Lopez
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | | | - Kimie Hattori
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Cristina Pop
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daphne Koller
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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Sato-Hayashizaki A, Ohtsuji M, Lin Q, Hou R, Ohtsuji N, Nishikawa K, Tsurui H, Sudo K, Ono M, Izui S, Shirai T, Takai T, Nishimura H, Hirose S. Presumptive role of 129 strain-derived Sle16 locus in rheumatoid arthritis in a new mouse model with Fcγ receptor type IIb-deficient C57BL/6 genetic background. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:2930-8. [PMID: 21953083 DOI: 10.1002/art.30485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fcγ receptor type IIb (FcγRIIb) is a major negative regulator of B cells, and the lack of FcγRIIb expression has been reported to induce systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in mice of the C57BL/6 (B6) genetic background. The 129 strain-derived Sle16 locus on the telomeric region of chromosome 1 including polymorphic Fcgr2b confers the predisposition to systemic autoimmunity when present on the B6 background. We undertook this study to examine the effect of the Sle16 locus on autoimmune disease in FcγRIIb-deficient B6 mice. METHODS We established 2 lines of FcγRIIb-deficient B6 congenic mouse strains (KO1 and KO2) by selective backcrossing of the originally constructed FcγRIIb-deficient mice on a hybrid (129×B6) background into a B6 background. Although both lack FcγRIIb expression, the KO1 and KO2 strains carry different lengths of the 129 strain-derived telomeric chromosome 1 segment flanked to the null-mutated Fcgr2b gene; the KO1 strain carries a 129 strain-derived ∼6.3-Mb interval distal from the null-mutated Fcgr2b gene within the Sle16 locus, while this interval in the KO2 strain is of B6 origin. RESULTS Unexpectedly, both strains failed to develop SLE; instead, the KO1 strain, but not the KO2 strain, spontaneously developed severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an incidence reaching >90% at age 12 months. CONCLUSION The current study shows evidence that the epistatic interaction between the Fcgr2b-null mutation and a polymorphic gene(s) in the 129 strain-derived interval located in the distal Sle16 locus contributes to RA susceptibility in a new mouse model with the B6 genetic background, although the participation of other genetic polymorphisms cannot be totally excluded.
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Johnsen AK, Valdar W, Golden L, Ortiz-Lopez A, Hitzemann R, Flint J, Mathis D, Benoist C. Genome-wide and species-wide dissection of the genetics of arthritis severity in heterogeneous stock mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:2630-40. [PMID: 21560115 DOI: 10.1002/art.30425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Susceptibility to inflammatory arthritis is determined by a complex set of environmental and genetic factors, but only a portion of the genetic effect can be explained. Conventional genome-wide screens of arthritis models using crosses between inbred mice have been hampered by the low resolution of results and by the restricted range of natural genetic variation sampled. The aim of this study was to address these limitations by performing a genome-wide screen for determinants of arthritis severity using a genetically heterogeneous cohort of mice. METHODS Heterogeneous stock (HS) mice derive from 8 founder inbred strains by serial intercrossing (n>60), resulting in fine-grained genetic variation. With a cohort of 570 HS mice, we performed a genome-wide screen for determinants of arthritis severity in the K/BxN serum-transfer model. RESULTS We mapped regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 15 that contain quantitative trait loci influencing arthritis severity at a resolution of a few megabases. In several instances, these regions proved to contain 2 quantitative trait loci: the region on chromosome 2 included the C5 fraction of complement known to be required for K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis but also contained a second adjacent quantitative trait locus, for which an intriguing candidate is Ptgs1 (Cox1). Interesting candidates on chromosome 4 included the Padi family, encoding the peptidyl arginine deiminases responsible for citrulline protein modification; suggestively, Padi2 and Padi4 RNA expression was correlated with arthritis severity in HS mice. CONCLUSION These results provide a broad overview of the genetic variation that controls the severity of K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis and suggest intriguing candidate genes for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa K Johnsen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Glant TT, Radacs M, Nagyeri G, Olasz K, Laszlo A, Boldizsar F, Hegyi A, Finnegan A, Mikecz K. Proteoglycan-induced arthritis and recombinant human proteoglycan aggrecan G1 domain-induced arthritis in BALB/c mice resembling two subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1312-21. [PMID: 21305522 DOI: 10.1002/art.30261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a simplified and relatively inexpensive version of cartilage proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA), an autoimmunity model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to evaluate the extent to which this new model replicates the disease parameters of PGIA and RA. METHODS Recombinant human G1 domain of human cartilage PG containing "arthritogenic" T cell epitopes was generated in a mammalian expression system and used for immunization of BALB/c mice. The development and progression of arthritis in recombinant human PG G1-immunized mice (designated recombinant human PG G1-induced arthritis [GIA]) was monitored, and disease parameters were compared with those in the parent PGIA model. RESULTS GIA strongly resembled PGIA, although the clinical symptoms and immune responses in mice with GIA were more uniform than in those with PGIA. Mice with GIA showed evidence of stronger Th1 and Th17 polarization than those with PGIA, and anti-mouse PG autoantibodies were produced in different isotype ratios in the 2 models. Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies were detected in both models; however, serum levels of IgG-RF and anti-CCP antibodies were different in GIA and PGIA, and both parameters correlated better with disease severity in GIA than in PGIA. CONCLUSION GIA is a novel model of seropositive RA that exhibits all of the characteristics of PGIA. Although the clinical phenotypes are similar, GIA and PGIA are characterized by different autoantibody profiles, and the 2 models may represent 2 subtypes of seropositive RA, in which more than 1 type of autoantibody can be used to monitor disease severity and response to treatment.
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Van de Velde NC, Mottram PL, Powell MS, Lim B, Holmdahl R, Hogarth PM. Transgenic mice expressing human FcgammaRIIa have enhanced sensitivity to induced autoimmune arthritis as well as elevated Th17 cells. Immunol Lett 2010; 130:82-8. [PMID: 20005897 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The major human Fc receptor, huFcgammaRIIa, is implicated in the development of autoimmune arthritis in humans but until recently has not been studied in mouse models. We evaluated potential roles of FcgammaRIIa by using transgenic mice expressing the receptor. We examined two models of induced autoimmune arthritis pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) as well as the anti-collagen-II antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model. In the induced arthritis models PIA and CIA, the transgenic mice developed a more severe arthritis than the other arthritis-prone SJL or DBA1 mice. Interestingly, anti-collagen-II antibodies were elevated in PIA in the susceptible mice. In the CIA model, the highly susceptible transgenic mouse had IgG subclass levels equivalent to the unaffected and disease resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain implying that the FcgammaRIIa lowers the threshold of IgG dependent leukocyte activation. This is consistent with the greatly enhanced sensitivity of the FcgammaRIIa transgenic mice to CAIA which clearly indicates a role for the receptor at least at the inflammatory effector cell level. Other roles for huFcgammaRIIa or other gene products in the development of autoimmunity cannot be ruled out however, especially as the mice exhibited elevated Th1 or Th17 CD4 T cells in the draining lymph nodes.
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Johnsen AK, Plenge RM, Butty V, Campbell C, Dieguez-Gonzalez R, Gomez-Reino JJ, Shadick N, Weinblatt M, Gonzalez A, Gregersen PK, Benoist C, Mathis D. A broad analysis of IL1 polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1947-57. [PMID: 18576312 DOI: 10.1002/art.23592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that polymorphisms in IL1 are correlated with severe and/or erosive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the implicated alleles have differed among studies. The aim of this study was to perform a broad and well-powered search for association between allelic polymorphism in IL1A and IL1B and the susceptibility to or severity of RA. METHODS Key coding and regulatory regions in IL1A and IL1B were sequenced in 24 patients with RA, revealing 4 novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL1B. These and a comprehensive set of 24 SNPs tagging most of the underlying genetic diversity were genotyped in 3 independent RA case-control sample sets and 1 longitudinal RA cohort, totaling 3,561 patients and 3,062 control subjects. RESULTS No fully significant associations were observed. Analysis of the discovery case-control sample sets indicated a potential association of IL1B promoter region SNPs with susceptibility to RA (for RA3/A, odds ratio [OR] 1.27, P = 0.0021) or with the incidence of radiographic erosions (for RA4/C, OR 1.56, P = 0.036), but these findings were not replicated in independent case-control samples. No association with rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, or the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints was found. None of the associations previously observed in other studies were replicated here. CONCLUSION In spite of a broad and highly powered study, we observed no robust, reproducible association between IL1A/B variants and the susceptibility to or severity of RA in white individuals of European descent. Our results provide evidence that, in the majority of cases, polymorphism in IL1A and IL1B is not a major contributor to genetic susceptibility to RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa K Johnsen
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zhang Y, Saccani S, Shin H, Nikolajczyk BS. Dynamic protein associations define two phases of IL-1beta transcriptional activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:503-12. [PMID: 18566416 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-1beta is a key proinflammatory cytokine with roles in multiple diseases. Monocytes package the IL-1beta promoter into a "poised architecture" characterized by a histone-free transcription start site and constitutive transcription factor associations. Upon LPS stimulation, multiple proteins inducibly associate with the IL-1beta gene. To understand how the complex combination of constitutive and inducible transcription factors activate the IL-1beta gene from a poised structure, we measured temporal changes in NF-kappaB and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) association with IL-1beta regulatory elements. Association of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB peaks 30-60 min post-monocyte stimulation, and it shortly precedes IRF-4 recruitment to the IL-1beta enhancer and maximal mRNA production. In contrast, IRF-8/enhancer association decreases poststimulation. To test the importance of delayed IRF-4/enhancer association, we introduced a mutated PU.1 protein shown to prevent PU.1-mediated IRF-4 recruitment to the enhancer sequence. Mutated PU.1 initially increased IL-1beta mRNA followed by decreased mRNA levels 2-3 h poststimulation. Taken together, these data support a dynamic model of IL-1beta transcriptional activation in which a combination of IRF-8 and p65 drives the initial phase of IL-1beta transcription, while PU.1-mediated IRF-4 recruitment to the enhancer is important for the second phase. We further demonstrate that activation of both NF-kappaB and IRF-4 depends on CK2 kinase activity. Because IRF-4/enhancer association requires CK2 but not p65 activation, we conclude that CK2 triggers the IRF-4 and p65 pathways independently to serve as a master regulator of IL-1beta transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Monach PA, Mathis D, Benoist C. The K/BxN arthritis model. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2008; Chapter 15:15.22.1-15.22.12. [PMID: 18491295 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1522s81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mice expressing both the T cell receptor (TCR) transgene KRN and the MHC class II molecule A(g7) (K/BxN mice) develop severe inflammatory arthritis, and serum from these mice causes a similar arthritis in a wide range of mouse strains, due to autoantibodies recognizing glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI). K/BxN transgenic mice have been useful for investigating the development of autoimmunity, and the serum transfer model has been particularly valuable in eliciting mechanisms by which anti-GPI autoantibodies induce joint-specific inflammation. This unit describes detailed methods for the maintenance of a K/BxN colony, induction of arthritis by serum transfer, clinical evaluation of arthritis, and measurement of anti-GPI antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Monach
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diane Mathis
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Spohn G, Keller I, Beck M, Grest P, Jennings G, Bachmann M. Active immunization with IL-1 displayed on virus-like particles protects from autoimmune arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:877-87. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Benallaoua M, François M, Batteux F, Thelier N, Shyy JYJ, Fitting C, Tsagris L, Boczkowski J, Savouret JF, Corvol MT, Poiraudeau S, Rannou F. Pharmacologic induction of heme oxygenase 1 reduces acute inflammatory arthritis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2585-94. [PMID: 17665394 DOI: 10.1002/art.22749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the consequences of pharmacologic up-regulation of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and inhibition of HO-1 by injection of an anti-HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), in vivo in the acute phase of a mouse model of nonautoimmune arthritis. METHODS In the K/BxN mouse serum transfer model, which mimics human inflammatory arthritis without lymphocyte influence, HO-1 was up-regulated by intraperitoneal injection of cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP), a potent pharmacologic inducer, and was inhibited using a specific siRNA. The clinical progress of arthritis was monitored by measurement of paw thickness. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), serum antioxidant, and nitric oxide (NO) levels, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity were measured in serum. At the end of the experiments, joints were examined for immunohistopathologic changes. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of CoPP alleviated disease symptoms, such as joint swelling, cartilage degradation, and proliferation of inflammatory tissue in joints, in the acute phase of inflammatory arthritis. The CoPP-induced expression of HO-1 in the joints and liver was associated with marked decreases in IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha levels, PGE(2) secretion, and MMP-9 activity in serum, and with a marked increase in systemic antioxidant activity. In contrast, NO production in serum and inducible NO synthase expression in chondrocytes were not affected by HO-1 induction. Specific inhibition of HO-1 by in vivo delivery of anti-HO-1 siRNA repressed the protective effects. CONCLUSION Our data provide the first evidence that pharmacologically induced up-regulation of HO-1 triggers a robust protective antiinflammatory response in a model of nonautoimmune arthritis in mice. This suggests that exogenously induced HO-1 may have potential as therapy in the acute phase of inflammatory arthritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Benallaoua
- INSERM U 747, and Université Paris Descartes, 45 Rue des Saintes Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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Wu HJ, Sawaya H, Binstadt B, Brickelmaier M, Blasius A, Gorelik L, Mahmood U, Weissleder R, Carulli J, Benoist C, Mathis D. Inflammatory arthritis can be reined in by CpG-induced DC-NK cell cross talk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1911-22. [PMID: 17646407 PMCID: PMC2118664 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are generally thought of as potent adjuvants with considerable therapeutic potential to enhance immune responses against microbes and tumors. Surprisingly, certain so-called stimulatory CpG-ODNs strongly inhibited the effector phase of inflammatory arthritis in the K/BxN serum transfer system, either preventively or therapeutically. Also unexpected was that the inhibitory influence did not depend on the adaptive immune system cells mobilized in an immunostimulatory context. Instead, they relied on cells of the innate immune system, specifically on cross talk between CD8α+ dendritic cells and natural killer cells, resulting in suppression of neutrophil recruitment to the joint, orchestrated through interleukin-12 and interferon-γ. These findings highlight potential applications of CpG-ODNs and downstream molecules as antiinflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jung Wu
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nandakumar KS, Holmdahl R. Antibody-induced arthritis: disease mechanisms and genes involved at the effector phase of arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:223. [PMID: 17254316 PMCID: PMC1794524 DOI: 10.1186/ar2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) autoantibodies to IgG-Fc, citrullinated proteins, collagen type II (CII), glucose 6 phosphoisomerase (G6PI) and some other self-antigens appear. Of these, a pathogenic effect of the anti-CII and anti-G6PI antibodies is well demonstrated using animal models. These new antibody mediated arthritis models have proven to be very useful for studies involved in understanding the molecular pathways of the induction of arthritis in joints. Both the complement and FcgammaR systems have been found to play essential roles. Neutrophils and macrophages are important inflammatory cells and the secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1beta is pathogenic. The identification of the genetic polymorphisms predisposing to arthritis is important for understanding the complexity of arthritis. Disease mechanisms and gene regions studied using the two antibody-induced arthritis mouse models (collagen antibody-induced arthritis and serum transfer-induced arthritis) are compared and discussed for their relevance in RA pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibody Specificity
- Arthritis, Experimental
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantibodies/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/genetics
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Rheumatoid Factor/metabolism
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Lund 22184, Sweden
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O'Sullivan B, Thompson A, Thomas R. NF-kappa B as a therapeutic target in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:111-22. [PMID: 17227228 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
NF-kappaB transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. Signaling through cell surface receptors to activate NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases through adaptor molecules is of critical importance to survival and activation of all cells in the body, including those regulating innate and adaptive immunity. As such, NF-kappaB is a key signaling component in autoimmunity and an attractive target for autoimmune disease therapy. However, given its global importance, targeting NF-kappaB tends to be immunosuppressive. In this review, the authors discuss the roles played by NF-kappaB in autoimmunity, drugs which target it, and complexities which need to be addressed to improve the use of NF-kappaB as a target. Finally, the authors highlight some novel approaches that are likely to be important in the next generation of NF-kappaB therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan O'Sullivan
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
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Nigrovic PA, Binstadt BA, Monach PA, Johnsen A, Gurish M, Iwakura Y, Benoist C, Mathis D, Lee DM. Mast cells contribute to initiation of autoantibody-mediated arthritis via IL-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2325-30. [PMID: 17277081 PMCID: PMC1892913 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610852103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune sentinels that participate in the defense against bacteria and parasites. Resident within the joint, mast cells become activated in human rheumatoid arthritis and are implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental murine synovitis. However, their arthritogenic role remains undefined. Using a model of autoantibody-induced arthritis, we show that mast cells contribute to the initiation of inflammation within the joint by elaboration of IL-1. Mast cells become activated to produce this cytokine via the IgG immune complex receptor FcgammaRIII. Interestingly, mast cells become dispensable for the perpetuation of arthritis after delivery of IL-1, highlighting the contribution of this lineage to arthritis induction. These findings illuminate a mechanism by which mast cells can participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis and provide insights of potential relevance to human rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Nigrovic
- *Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bryce A. Binstadt
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Paul A. Monach
- *Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Alyssa Johnsen
- *Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Michael Gurish
- *Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Christophe Benoist
- *Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Diane Mathis
- *Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail:
| | - David M. Lee
- *Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, One Jimmy Fund Way, Smith 552B, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail:
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Monach P, Hattori K, Huang H, Hyatt E, Morse J, Nguyen L, Ortiz-Lopez A, Wu HJ, Mathis D, Benoist C. The K/BxN mouse model of inflammatory arthritis: theory and practice. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2007; 136:269-82. [PMID: 17983155 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-402-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mice expressing the KRN T cell receptor transgene and the MHC class II molecule A(g7) (K/BxN mice) develop severe inflammatory arthritis, and serum from these mice causes similar arthritis in a wide range of mouse strains, owing to pathogenic autoantibodies to glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI). This model has been useful for the investigation of the development of autoimmunity (K/BxN transgenic mice) and particularly of the mechanisms by which anti-GPI autoantibodies induce joint-specific imflammation (serum transfer model). In this chaper, after a summary of findings from this model system, we describe detailed methods for the maintenance of a K/BxN colony, crossing of the relevant TCR and MHC genes to other strain backgrounds, evaluation of KRN transgenic T cells, measurement of anti-GPI antibodies, induction of arthritis by serum transfer, and clinical and histological evaluation of arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ankle Joint/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genes, MHC Class II
- Genotype
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Monach
- Section of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
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O'Sullivan BJ, Thomas HE, Pai S, Santamaria P, Iwakura Y, Steptoe RJ, Kay TWH, Thomas R. IL-1 beta breaks tolerance through expansion of CD25+ effector T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7278-87. [PMID: 16751371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 is a key proinflammatory driver of several autoimmune diseases including juvenile inflammatory arthritis, diseases with mutations in the NALP/cryopyrin complex and Crohn's disease, and is genetically or clinically associated with many others. IL-1 is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine; however the mechanisms by which increased IL-1 signaling promotes autoreactive T cell activity are not clear. Here we show that autoimmune-prone NOD and IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient C57BL/6 mice both produce high levels of IL-1, which drives autoreactive effector cell expansion. IL-1beta drives proliferation and cytokine production by CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(-) effector/memory T cells, attenuates CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cell function, and allows escape of CD4(+)CD25(-) autoreactive effectors from suppression. Thus, inflammation or constitutive overexpression of IL-1beta in a genetically predisposed host can promote autoreactive effector T cell expansion and function, which attenuates the ability of regulatory T cells to maintain tolerance to self.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Self Tolerance/genetics
- Self Tolerance/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J O'Sullivan
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Inoue T, Boyle DL, Corr M, Hammaker D, Davis RJ, Flavell RA, Firestein GS. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 is a pivotal pathway regulating p38 activation in inflammatory arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5484-9. [PMID: 16567640 PMCID: PMC1459381 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509188103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulates cytokines in arthritis and is, in turn, regulated by MAPK kinase (MKK) 3 and MKK6. To modulate p38 function but potentially minimize toxicity, we evaluated the utility of targeting MKK3 by using MKK3(-/-) mice. These studies showed that TNF-alpha increased phosphorylation of p38 in WT cultured synoviocytes but that p38 activation, IL-1beta, and IL-6 expression were markedly lower in MKK3(-/-) synoviocytes. In contrast, IL-1beta or LPS-stimulated p38 phosphorylation and IL-6 production by MKK3(-/-) synoviocytes were normal. Detailed signaling studies showed that NF-kappaB also contributes to IL-6 production and that TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation is MKK3-dependent. In contrast, LPS-mediated activation of NF-kappaB does not require MKK3. To determine whether this dichotomy occurs in vivo, two inflammation models were studied. In K/BxN passive arthritis, the severity of arthritis was dramatically lower in MKK3(-/-) mice. Phospho-p38, phospho-MAPK activator protein kinase 2, IL-1beta, CXC ligand 1, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 levels in the joints of MKK3(-/-) mice were significantly lower than in controls. Exogenous IL-1beta administered during the first 4 days of the passive model restored arthritis to the same severity as in WT mice. In the second model, IL-6 production after systemic LPS administration was similar in WT and MKK3(-/-) mice. Therefore, selective MKK3 deficiency can suppress inflammatory arthritis and cytokine production while Toll-like receptor 4-mediated host defense remains intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Inoue
- *Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656
| | - David L. Boyle
- *Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656
| | - Maripat Corr
- *Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656
| | - Deepa Hammaker
- *Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656
| | - Roger J. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Gary S. Firestein
- *Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656. E-mail:
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