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Spencer KD, Bline H, Chen HJ, Verosky BG, Hilt ME, Jaggers RM, Gur TL, Mathé EA, Bailey MT. Modulation of anxiety-like behavior in galactooligosaccharide-fed mice: A potential role for bacterial tryptophan metabolites and reduced microglial reactivity. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 121:229-243. [PMID: 39067620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) reduce anxiety-like behaviors in mice and humans. However, the biological pathways behind these behavioral changes are not well understood. To begin to study these pathways, we utilized C57BL/6 mice that were fed a standard diet with or without GOS supplementation for 3 weeks prior to testing on the open field. After behavioral testing, colonic contents and serum were collected for bacteriome (16S rRNA gene sequencing, colonic contents only) and metabolome (UPLC-MS, colonic contents and serum data) analyses. As expected, GOS significantly reduced anxiety-like behavior (i.e., increased time in the center) and decreased cytokine gene expression (Tnfa and Ccl2) in the prefrontal cortex. Notably, time in the center of the open field was significantly correlated with serum methyl-indole-3-acetic acid (methyl-IAA). This metabolite is a methylated form of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) that is derived from bacterial metabolism of tryptophan. Sequencing analyses showed that GOS significantly increased Lachnospiraceae UCG006 and Akkermansia; these taxa are known to metabolize both GOS and tryptophan. To determine the extent to which methyl-IAA can affect anxiety-like behavior, mice were intraperitoneally injected with methyl-IAA. Mice given methyl-IAA had a reduction in anxiety-like behavior in the open field, along with lower Tnfa in the prefrontal cortex. Methyl-IAA was also found to reduce TNF-α (as well as CCL2) production by LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. Together, these data support a novel pathway through which GOS reduces anxiety-like behaviors in mice and suggests that the bacterial metabolite methyl-IAA reduces microglial cytokine and chemokine production, which in turn reduces anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Spencer
- Graduate Partnership Program, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heather Bline
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Helen J Chen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Branden G Verosky
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Miranda E Hilt
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert M Jaggers
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamar L Gur
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ewy A Mathé
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Oral and GI Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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2
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Gänzle MG, Qiao N, Bechtner J. The quest for the perfect loaf of sourdough bread continues: Novel developments for selection of sourdough starter cultures. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110421. [PMID: 37806010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Sourdough fermentation, one of the oldest unit operations in food production, is currently experiencing a revival in bread production at the household, artisanal, and the industrial level. The expanding use of sourdough fermentation in bread production and the adaptation of fermentation to large scale industrial bread production also necessitate the development of novel starter cultures. Developments in the last years also have expanded the tools that are used to assess the metabolic potential of specific strains, species or genera of the Lactobacillaceae and have identified multiple ecological and metabolic traits as clade-specific. This review aims to provide an overview on the clade-specific metabolic potential of members of the Lactobacillaceae for use in sourdough baking, and the impact of these clade-specific traits on bread quality. Emphasis is placed on carbohydrate metabolism, including the conversion of sucrose and starch to soluble polysaccharides, conversion of amino acids, and the metabolism of organic acids. The current state of knowledge to compose multi-strain starter cultures (synthetic microbial communities) that are suitable for back-slopping will also be discussed. Taken together, the communication outlines the current tools for selection of microbes for use in sourdough baking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Gänzle
- University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Nanzhen Qiao
- University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Julia Bechtner
- University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada
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3
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Pandey S, Kim ES, Cho JH, Song M, Doo H, Kim S, Keum GB, Kwak J, Ryu S, Choi Y, Kang J, Lee JJ, Kim HB. Swine gut microbiome associated with non-digestible carbohydrate utilization. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1231072. [PMID: 37533451 PMCID: PMC10390834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1231072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-digestible carbohydrates are an unavoidable component in a pig's diet, as all plant-based feeds contain different kinds of non-digestible carbohydrates. The major types of non-digestible carbohydrates include non-starch polysaccharides (such as cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose), resistant starch, and non-digestible oligosaccharides (such as fructo-oligosaccharide and xylo-oligosaccharide). Non-digestible carbohydrates play a significant role in balancing the gut microbial ecology and overall health of the swine by promoting the production of short chain fatty acids. Although non-digestible carbohydrates are rich in energy, swine cannot extract this energy on their own due to the absence of enzymes required for their degradation. Instead, they rely on gut microbes to utilize these carbohydrates for energy production. Despite the importance of non-digestible carbohydrate degradation, limited studies have been conducted on the swine gut microbes involved in this process. While next-generation high-throughput sequencing has aided in understanding the microbial compositions of the swine gut, specific information regarding the bacteria involved in non-digestible carbohydrate degradation remains limited. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate and comprehend the bacteria responsible for the breakdown of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut. In this mini review, we have discussed the major bacteria involved in the fermentation of different types of non-digestible carbohydrates in the large intestine of swine, shedding light on their potential roles and contributions to swine nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriniwas Pandey
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sol Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunok Doo
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheena Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Keum
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinok Kwak
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Ryu
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Choi
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoun Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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4
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Identifying glycan consumers in human gut microbiota samples using metabolic labeling coupled with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Nat Commun 2023; 14:662. [PMID: 36750571 PMCID: PMC9905522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition and metabolism of the human gut microbiota are strongly influenced by dietary complex glycans, which cause downstream effects on the physiology and health of hosts. Despite recent advances in our understanding of glycan metabolism by human gut bacteria, we still need methods to link glycans to their consuming bacteria. Here, we use a functional assay to identify and isolate gut bacteria from healthy human volunteers that take up different glycans. The method combines metabolic labeling using fluorescent oligosaccharides with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), followed by amplicon sequencing or culturomics. Our results demonstrate metabolic labeling in various taxa, such as Prevotella copri, Collinsella aerofaciens and Blautia wexlerae. In vitro validation confirms the ability of most, but not all, labeled species to consume the glycan of interest for growth. In parallel, we show that glycan consumers spanning three major phyla can be isolated from cultures of sorted labeled cells. By linking bacteria to the glycans they consume, this approach increases our basic understanding of glycan metabolism by gut bacteria. Going forward, it could be used to provide insight into the mechanism of prebiotic approaches, where glycans are used to manipulate the gut microbiota composition.
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Diet Diversification and Priming with Kunu: An Indigenous Probiotic Cereal-Based Non-Alcoholic Beverage in Nigeria. BEVERAGES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Kunu is a fermented non-alcoholic beverage consumed all over Nigeria. The drink is served as an alternative to alcohol due to its perceived extreme nourishing and therapeutic properties. Varieties of this beverage are determined mostly by the type of grain, the supplements, sensory additives used, and the process employed during its production. Dietary quality is paramount in nutritional well-being and a key factor in human overall health development. The nutritional quality of grains utilised for Kunu production makes the drink more appealing to a large growing population when compared to some other drinks. Some use Kunu drink as an infant weaning drink, thus serving as a priming beverage for infants due to its rich probiotic and nutritional properties. However, this beverage’s short shelf-life has limited its production scale. This review therefore elaborates succinctly on the diverse therapeutic nutritional properties of the Kunu beverage and the effect of additives and fermentation on the microbial dynamics during Kunu production, as well as the prospect of Kunu in diet diversification and priming for weaning infants.
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Esteban-Torres M, Ruiz L, Rossini V, Nally K, van Sinderen D. Intracellular glycogen accumulation by human gut commensals as a niche adaptation trait. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2235067. [PMID: 37526383 PMCID: PMC10395257 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2235067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is a key contributor to host metabolism and physiology, thereby impacting in various ways on host health. This complex microbial community has developed many metabolic strategies to colonize, persist and survive in the gastrointestinal environment. In this regard, intracellular glycogen accumulation has been associated with important physiological functions in several bacterial species, including gut commensals. However, the role of glycogen storage in shaping the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota offers a novel perspective in gut microbiome research. Here, we review what is known about the enzymatic machinery and regulation of glycogen metabolism in selected enteric bacteria, while we also discuss its potential impact on colonization and adaptation to the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we survey the presence of such glycogen biosynthesis pathways in gut metagenomic data to highlight the relevance of this metabolic trait in enhancing survival in the highly competitive and dynamic gut ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esteban-Torres
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Benefitial Microbes (MicroHealth Group), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valerio Rossini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken Nally
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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7
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Mendonça AA, Pinto-Neto WDP, da Paixão GA, Santos DDS, De Morais MA, De Souza RB. Journey of the Probiotic Bacteria: Survival of the Fittest. Microorganisms 2022; 11:95. [PMID: 36677387 PMCID: PMC9861974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to bring a more general view of the technological and biological challenges regarding production and use of probiotic bacteria in promoting human health. After a brief description of the current concepts, the challenges for the production at an industrial level are presented from the physiology of the central metabolism to the ability to face the main forms of stress in the industrial process. Once produced, these cells are processed to be commercialized in suspension or dried forms or added to food matrices. At this stage, the maintenance of cell viability and vitality is of paramount for the quality of the product. Powder products requires the development of strategies that ensure the integrity of components and cellular functions that allow complete recovery of cells at the time of consumption. Finally, once consumed, probiotic cells must face a very powerful set of physicochemical mechanisms within the body, which include enzymes, antibacterial molecules and sudden changes in pH. Understanding the action of these agents and the induction of cellular tolerance mechanisms is fundamental for the selection of increasingly efficient strains in order to survive from production to colonization of the intestinal tract and to promote the desired health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Andrade Mendonça
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Walter de Paula Pinto-Neto
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Giselle Alves da Paixão
- Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil
| | - Dayane da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio De Morais
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael Barros De Souza
- Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil
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8
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Bradford EL, Wax N, Bueren EK, Walke JB, Fell R, Belden LK, Haak DC. Comparative genomics of Lactobacillaceae from the gut of honey bees, Apis mellifera, from the Eastern United States. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac286. [PMID: 36331337 PMCID: PMC9713430 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Lactobacillaceae are an important family of lactic acid bacteria that play key roles in the gut microbiome of many animal species. In the honey bee (Apis mellifera) gut microbiome, many species of Lactobacillaceae are found, and there is functionally important strain-level variation in the bacteria. In this study, we completed whole-genome sequencing of 3 unique Lactobacillaceae isolates collected from hives in Virginia, USA. Using 107 genomes of known bee-associated Lactobacillaceae and Limosilactobacillus reuteri as an outgroup, the phylogenetics of the 3 isolates was assessed, and these isolates were identified as novel strains of Apilactobacillus kunkeei, Lactobacillus kullabergensis, and Bombilactobacillus mellis. Genome rearrangements, conserved orthologous genes (COG) categories and potential prophage regions were identified across the 3 novel strains. The new A. kunkeei strain was enriched in genes related to replication, recombination and repair, the L. kullabergensis strain was enriched for carbohydrate transport, and the B. mellis strain was enriched in transcription or transcriptional regulation and in some genes with unknown functions. Prophage regions were identified in the A. kunkeei and L. kullabergensis isolates. These new bee-associated strains add to our growing knowledge of the honey bee gut microbiome, and to Lactobacillaceae genomics more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Bradford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Noah Wax
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Emma K Bueren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004, USA
| | - Richard Fell
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - David C Haak
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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9
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Zhou Y, Cui Y, Qu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis for the biosynthesis of antioxidant exopolysaccharide in Streptococcus thermophilus CS6. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5321-5332. [PMID: 35318677 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food grade Streptococcus thermophilus produces biological exopolysaccharides (EPSs) with great potential with respect to catering for higher health-promoting demands; however, how S. thermophilus regulates the biosynthesis of EPS is not completely understood, decelerating the application of these polymers. In our previous study, maltose, soy peptone and initial pH were three key factors of enhancing EPS yield in S. thermophilus CS6. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the regulating mechanisms of EPS biosynthesis in S. thermophilus CS6 via the method of comparative transcriptome and differential carbohydrate metabolism. RESULTS Soy peptone addition (58.6 g L-1 ) and a moderate pH (6.5) contributed to a high bacterial biomass and a high EPS yield (407 mg L-1 ). Maltose, soy peptone and initial pH greatly influenced lactose utilization in CS6. Soy peptone addition induced a high accumulation of mannose and arabinose in intracellular CS6, differential monosaccharide composition (mannose, glucose and arabinose) in EPS and high radical [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] scavenging activities. Carbohydrate transportation, sugar activation and eps cluster-associated genes were differentially expressed to regulate EPS biosynthesis. Correlation analysis indicated high production of EPSs depended on high expression of lacS, galPMKUTE, pgm, gt2-5&4-1 and epsLM. CONCLUSION The production of antioxidant EPS in S. thermophilus CS6 depended on the regulation of galactose metabolism cluster and eps cluster. The present study recommends a new approach for enhancing EPS production by transcriptomic regulation for further food and health application of EPS. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhua Cui
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Qu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
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10
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Koev TT, Harris HC, Kiamehr S, Khimyak YZ, Warren FJ. Starch hydrogels as targeted colonic drug delivery vehicles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Qiu Z, Qiao Y, Zhang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Zheng Z. Bioactive polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from garlic (Allium sativum L.): Production, physicochemical and biological properties, and structure-function relationships. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3033-3095. [PMID: 35765769 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is a common food, and many of its biological functions are attributed to its components including functional carbohydrates. Garlic polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as main components are understudied but have future value due to the growing demand for bioactive polysaccharides/oligosaccharides from natural sources. Garlic polysaccharides have molecular weights of 1 × 103 to 2 × 106 Da, containing small amounts of pectins and fructooligosaccharides and large amounts of inulin-type fructans ((2→1)-linked β-d-Fruf backbones alone or with attached (2→6)-linked β-d-Fruf branched chains). This article provides a detailed review of research progress and identifies knowledge gaps in extraction, production, composition, molecular characteristics, structural features, physicochemical properties, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships of garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides. Whether the extraction processes, synthesis approaches, and modification methods established for other non-garlic polysaccharides are also effective for garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (to preserve their desired molecular structures and bioactivities) requires verification. The metabolic processes of ingested garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (as food ingredients/dietary supplements), their modes of action in healthy humans or populations with chronic conditions, and molecular/chain organization-bioactivity relationships remain unclear. Future research directions related to garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yiteng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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12
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Zhao F, Wang C, Song S, Fang C, Kristiansen K, Li C. Intake of a Chicken Protein-Based or Soy Protein-Based Diet Differentially Affects Growth Performance, Absorptive Capacity, and Gut Microbiota in Young Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101124. [PMID: 35583811 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Both plant and animal products provide protein for human demands. However, the effect of protein sources on the physiological responses and the composition and functions of the gut microbiota during the early stage of life have received little attention. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, chicken protein and soy protein are fed to young weaning rats for 14 days based on the AIN-93G diet formulation. The growth performance is recorded, and the morphology of the small intestine is analyzed to estimate the absorptive capacity. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing is applied to analyze the cecal microbiota. The chicken protein-based diet (CHPD) enhances growth performance and absorptive capacity in young rats compared to the soy protein-based diet (SPD). The CHPD maintains higher levels of Lactobacillus species, associated with glutathione synthesis. CONCLUSION The CHPD seems favorable for young growing rats in relation to growth performance and absorptive capacity, correlated with changes in the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Chong Wang
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Shangxin Song
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, 3601 Hongjing Road, Nanjing, 211171, P. R. China
| | - Chao Fang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, P. R. China
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, P. R. China.,Institute of Metagenomics, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, 166555, P. R. China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
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13
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Genetic Elements Orchestrating Lactobacillus crispatus Glycogen Metabolism in the Vagina. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105590. [PMID: 35628398 PMCID: PMC9141943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen in the female lower reproductive tract is a major carbon source for colonization and acidification by common vaginal Lactobacillus species, such as Lactobacillus crispatus. Previously, we identified the amylopullulanase encoding gene pulA of Lactobacillus crispatus to correlate with the ability to autonomously utilize glycogen for growth. Here, we further characterize genetic variation and differential regulation of pulA affecting the presence of its gene product on the outer surface layer. We show that alpha-glucan degrading activity dissipates when Lactobacillus crispatus is grown on glucose, maltose and maltotriose, in agreement with carbon catabolite repression elements flanking the pulA gene. Proteome analysis of the S-layer confirmed that the amylopullulanase protein is highly abundant in an S-layer enriched fraction, but not in a strain with a defective amylopullulanase variant or in an amylopullulanase-sufficient strain grown on glucose. In addition, we provide evidence that Lactobacillus crispatus pulA mutants are relevant in vivo, as they are commonly observed in metagenome datasets of human vaginal microbial communities. Analysis of the largest publicly available dataset of 1507 human vaginal metagenomes indicates that among the 270 samples that contain a Lactobacillus crispatuspulA gene, 62 samples (23%) had a defective variant of this gene. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both environmental, as well as genetic factors explain the variation of Lactobacillus crispatus alpha-glucosidases in the vaginal environment.
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14
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Evaluation of the Immunogenicity in Mice Orally Immunized with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei Expressing Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus S1 Protein. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050890. [PMID: 35632632 PMCID: PMC9145290 DOI: 10.3390/v14050890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, is an acute enteric infectious disease of pigs. The disease is caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which infects the intestinal mucosal surface. Therefore, mucosal immunization through the oral route is an effective method of immunization. Lactic acid bacteria, which are acid resistant and bile-salt resistant and improve mucosal immunity, are ideal carriers for oral vaccines. The S1 glycoprotein of PEDV mediates binding of the virus with cell receptors and induces neutralizing antibodies against the virus. Therefore, we reversely screened the recombinant strain pPG-SD-S1/Δupp ATCC 393 expressing PEDV S1 glycoprotein by Lactobacillus casei deficient in upp genotype (Δupp ATCC 393). Mice were orally immunized three times with the recombinant bacteria that had been identified for expression, and the changes of anti-PEDV IgG and secreted immunoglobulin A levels were observed over 70 days. The results indicated that the antibody levels notably increased after oral administration of recombinant bacteria. The detection of extracellular cytokines on the 42nd day after immunization indicated high levels of humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. The above results demonstrate that pPG-SD-S1/Δupp ATCC 393 has great potential as an oral vaccine against PEDV.
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15
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Esquivel-Hernández DA, Pennacchio A, Torres-Acosta MA, Parra-Saldívar R, de Souza Vandenberghe LP, Faraco V. Multi-product biorefinery from Arthrospira platensis biomass as feedstock for bioethanol and lactic acid production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19309. [PMID: 34588465 PMCID: PMC8481326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim to reach the maximum recovery of bulk and specialty bioproducts while minimizing waste generation, a multi-product biorefinery for ethanol and lactic acid production from the biomass of cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis was investigated. Therefore, the residual biomass resulting from different pretreatments consisting of supercritical fluid extraction (SF) and microwave assisted extraction with non-polar (MN) and polar solvents (MP), previously applied on A. platensis to extract bioactive metabolites, was further valorized. In particular, it was used as a substrate for fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae LPB-287 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 to produce bioethanol (BE) and lactic acid (LA), respectively. The maximum concentrations achieved were 3.02 ± 0.07 g/L of BE by the MN process at 120 rpm 30 °C, and 9.67 ± 0.05 g/L of LA by the SF process at 120 rpm 37 °C. An economic analysis of BE and LA production was carried out to elucidate the impact of fermentation scale, fermenter costs, production titer, fermentation time and cyanobacterial biomass production cost. The results indicated that the critical variables are fermenter scale, equipment cost, and product titer; time process was analyzed but was not critical. As scale increased, costs tended to stabilize, but also more product was generated, which causes production costs per unit of product to sharply decrease. The median value of production cost was US$ 1.27 and US$ 0.39, for BE and LA, respectively, supporting the concept of cyanobacterium biomass being used for fermentation and subsequent extraction to obtain ethanol and lactic acid as end products from A. platensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Esquivel-Hernández
- grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849 Monterrey, NL Mexico ,grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Present Address: Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico ,grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Present Address: Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anna Pennacchio
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario A. Torres-Acosta
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advance Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849 Monterrey, NL Mexico
| | - Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe
- grid.20736.300000 0001 1941 472XDepartment of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, 210, Curitiba, 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
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16
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Huang Z, Zhou X, Stanton C, Ross RP, Zhao J, Zhang H, Yang B, Chen W. Comparative Genomics and Specific Functional Characteristics Analysis of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091992. [PMID: 34576887 PMCID: PMC8464880 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus acidophilus is a common kind of lactic acid bacteria usually found in the human gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, vagina, and various fermented foods. At present, many studies have focused on the probiotic function and industrial application of L. acidophilus. Additionally, dozens of L. acidophilus strains have been genome sequenced, but there has been no research to compare them at the genomic level. In this study, 46 strains of L. acidophilus were performed comparative analyses to explore their genetic diversity. The results showed that all the L. acidophilus strains were divided into two clusters based on ANI values, phylogenetic analysis and whole genome comparison, due to the difference of their predicted gene composition of bacteriocin operon, CRISPR-Cas systems and prophages mainly. Additionally, L. acidophilus was a pan-genome open species with a difference in carbohydrates utilization, antibiotic resistance, EPS operon, surface layer protein operon and other functional gene composition. This work provides a better understanding of L. acidophilus from a genetic perspective, and offers a frame for the biotechnological potentiality of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Catherine Stanton
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (C.S.); (R.P.R.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Reynolds Paul Ross
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (C.S.); (R.P.R.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (C.S.); (R.P.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-8591-2155
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.H.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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17
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Parlindungan E, Dekiwadia C, Jones OA. Factors that influence growth and bacteriocin production in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum B21. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Sahin AW, Rice T, Coffey A. Genomic analysis of Leuconostoc citreum TR116 with metabolic reconstruction and the effects of fructose on gene expression for mannitol production. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 354:109327. [PMID: 34247022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The species Leuconostoc citreum is often isolated from grain and vegetable fermentations such as sourdough, sauerkraut and kimchi. Lc. citreum has seen an increase in its use as a starter culture for various fermentations and food applications. The strain Lc. citreum TR116 has been applied previously in this laboratory aimed at sugar depletion through metabolism resulting in the reduction of fructose to mannitol, a polyol considered as a sweet carbohydrate. Besides reducing sugar, TR116 showed flavour modulating characteristics and contributes to the extension of microbial shelf life. In order to obtain a better understanding of this strain and to fully use its set of abilities, the genome of Lc. citreum TR116 was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq, assembly with SPAdes and annotated by the Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline. Metabolic reconstruction was employed to elucidate carbohydrate, organic acid and amino acid metabolism in the strain. Of particular interest was the gene expression analysis ascertained the influence of fructose on the genes mdh and manX involved in the uptake of fructose and its conversion to mannitol. This investigation, the first in Lc. citreum, illustrates the metabolic processes involved in fermentation used by this strain and demonstrates that in the presence of fructose, expression of the genes mdh and manX is increased. The resulting transparency of the skill set of TR116 contributes highly to future functionalisation of food systems and food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin W Sahin
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
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19
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Yang Z, Xu M, Li Q, Wang T, Zhang B, Zhao H, Fu J. The beneficial effects of polysaccharide obtained from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) on the proliferation of Lactobacillus and gut microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1874-1882. [PMID: 34058211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of polysaccharide extracts from persimmon (PPE) on the proliferation of Lactobacillus and the gut microbiota of mice. Lactobacillus strains were cultured in medium containing PPE, and differential gene expression was evaluated using transcriptomics. In addition, 16S rDNA was employed to analyze the abundance and diversity of fecal colonies in mice, and the influence of PPE on the intestinal flora in mice was further examined. The results showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC 6075 could proliferate in PPE medium. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that glucose metabolism-related genes, such as phosphoyruvate hydratase (eno) and PTS mannose transporter subunit IIAB (manX), were up-regulated. The metabolic pathways of fructose and mannose were also significantly up-regulated. After gavage of mice with PPE, 16S rDNA sequencing of mouse feces indicated that the beneficial bacteria in the intestines proliferated and the abundance of harmful bacteria was reduced. PPE can maintain the balance of intestinal microorganisms in mice. Therefore, PPE has a significant positive effect on both Lactobacillus proliferation and gut microbiota of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Yang
- College of Biological Science & Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengfan Xu
- College of Biological Science & Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Biological Science & Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Biological Science & Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bolin Zhang
- College of Biological Science & Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongfei Zhao
- College of Biological Science & Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianmin Fu
- Non-timber Forest R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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20
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Roy S, Samanta AK, Dhali A, Kolte AP, Chikkerur J, Bhatta R. In vitro
assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of the D‐tagatose and lactobacilli‐based synbiotic preparations against the pathogenic
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella typhimurium. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Roy
- ICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Adugodi, Hosur Road Bengaluru560 030India
- Department of Biotechnology Centre for Postgraduate Studies Jain University Bengaluru560 041India
| | - Ashis Kumar Samanta
- ICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Adugodi, Hosur Road Bengaluru560 030India
| | - Arindam Dhali
- ICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Adugodi, Hosur Road Bengaluru560 030India
| | - Atul Purushottam Kolte
- ICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Adugodi, Hosur Road Bengaluru560 030India
| | - Jayaram Chikkerur
- ICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Adugodi, Hosur Road Bengaluru560 030India
| | - Raghavendra Bhatta
- ICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Adugodi, Hosur Road Bengaluru560 030India
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21
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Changes of the mice intestinal microbes by the oligosaccharides-enriched fermented milk in a gender-dependent pattern. Food Res Int 2020; 140:110047. [PMID: 33648272 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are prebiotics that can be used to regulate microbes in the host intestine. In this study, we investigated the effects of different oligosaccharides on the changes of the intestinal microbial communities and co-related functional genes in the intestinal microbes. Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) and oligomannose (MOS) were enriched in milk and fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum and tested in ICR mice model in vivo. Then the changes of the fecal microbial communities were examined by 16S rDNA gene sequencing approach. We found that the relative abundance of several taxa was markedly different between genders at the level of phylum and genera, additionally to the changes in the microbial community. Meanwhile, compared with male mice, the intestinal microbes of the female mice group had significant changes. Furthermore, the intestinal microbial diversity was enhanced in the female mice when treated with the FOS enriched fermented milk. Therefore, this data suggests that oligosaccharides have the potential to improve the host microbial diversity in the intestinal tract, and FOS has potential applications in the fermented dairy industry. It revealed a gender-dependent changes of different oligosaccharides-enriched fermented milk on the intestinal microbes of mice, providing a reference for regulating the intestinal microbes by oligosaccharides.
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22
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Ucar RA, Pérez‐Díaz IM, Dean LL. Gentiobiose and cellobiose content in fresh and fermenting cucumbers and utilization of such disaccharides by lactic acid bacteria in fermented cucumber juice medium. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5798-5810. [PMID: 33282232 PMCID: PMC7684583 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The content of cellobiose and gentiobiose, cellulose-derived dissacharides, in fresh and fermented cucumber was evaluated along with the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus brevis to utilize them during and after fermentation. The disaccharide content in fresh and fermenting cucumbers was below the detection level (10 µM) using HPLC for analysis. Utilization of cellobiose and gentiobiose by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was tested in fermented cucumber juice medium (FCJM), a model system for the bioconversion and postfermentation lacking glucose and fructose. Changes in the fermentation metabolites were followed using HPLC and pH measurements as a function of time. The disaccharides were utilized by L. plantarum, L. pentosus, and L. buchneri in FCJM at pH 4.7 ± 0.1, representative of the active fermentation period, and converted to lactic acid. The disaccharides were not utilized in FCJM at pH 3.7 ± 0.1, representative of the end of fermentation. While L. brevis was unable to utilize cellobiose efficiently in FCJM, they were able to remove gentiobiose at pH 4.7 ± 0.1. Some strain level differences in cellobiose utilization were observed. It is concluded that the disaccharides are absent in the fresh cucumber and the typical fermentation. The LAB prevalent in the bioconversion utilizes cellobiose and gentiobiose, if available, at pH 4.7 ± 0.1. The LAB would not remove the disaccharides, which could become available from cellulose degradation by the acid resistant indigenous microbiota, after the pH is reduced to 3.7 ± 0.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redife Aslihan Ucar
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Ilenys M. Pérez‐Díaz
- Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research UnitUSDA‐Agricultural Research ServiceRaleighNCUSA
| | - Lisa L. Dean
- Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research UnitUSDA‐Agricultural Research ServiceRaleighNCUSA
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23
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Nidetzky B, Zhong C. Phosphorylase-catalyzed bottom-up synthesis of short-chain soluble cello-oligosaccharides and property-tunable cellulosic materials. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 51:107633. [PMID: 32966861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-based materials are produced industrially in countless varieties via top-down processing of natural lignocellulose substrates. By contrast, cellulosic materials are only rarely prepared via bottom up synthesis and oligomerization-induced self-assembly of cellulose chains. Building up a cellulose chain via precision polymerization is promising, however, for it offers tunability and control of the final chemical structure. Synthetic cellulose derivatives with programmable material properties might thus be obtained. Cellodextrin phosphorylase (CdP; EC 2.4.1.49) catalyzes iterative β-1,4-glycosylation from α-d-glucose 1-phosphate, with the ability to elongate a diversity of acceptor substrates, including cellobiose, d-glucose and a range of synthetic glycosides having non-sugar aglycons. Depending on the reaction conditions leading to different degrees of polymerization (DP), short-chain soluble cello-oligosaccharides (COS) or insoluble cellulosic materials are formed. Here, we review the characteristics of CdP as bio-catalyst for synthetic applications and show advances in the enzymatic production of COS and reducing end-modified, tailored cellulose materials. Recent studies reveal COS as interesting dietary fibers that could provide a selective prebiotic effect. The bottom-up synthesized celluloses involve chains of DP ≥ 9, as precipitated in solution, and they form ~5 nm thick sheet-like crystalline structures of cellulose allomorph II. Solvent conditions and aglycon structures can direct the cellulose chain self-assembly towards a range of material architectures, including hierarchically organized networks of nanoribbons, or nanorods as well as distorted nanosheets. Composite materials are also formed. The resulting materials can be useful as property-tunable hydrogels and feature site-specific introduction of functional and chemically reactive groups. Therefore, COS and cellulose obtained via bottom-up synthesis can expand cellulose applications towards product classes that are difficult to access via top-down processing of natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz 8010, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz 8010, Austria
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24
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Zhong C, Ukowitz C, Domig KJ, Nidetzky B. Short-Chain Cello-oligosaccharides: Intensification and Scale-up of Their Enzymatic Production and Selective Growth Promotion among Probiotic Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8557-8567. [PMID: 32687709 PMCID: PMC7458430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain cello-oligosaccharides (COS; degree of polymerization, DP ≤ 6) are promising water-soluble dietary fibers. An efficient approach to their bottom-up synthesis is from sucrose and glucose using glycoside phosphorylases. Here, we show the intensification and scale up (20 mL; gram scale) of COS production to 93 g/L product and in 82 mol % yield from sucrose (0.5 M). The COS were comprised of DP 3 (33 wt %), DP 4 (34 wt %), DP 5 (24 wt %), and DP 6 (9 wt %) and involved minimal loss (≤10 mol %) to insoluble fractions. After isolation (≥95% purity; ≥90% yield), the COS were examined for growth promotion of probiotic strains. Benchmarked against inulin, trans-galacto-oligosaccharides, and cellobiose, COS showed up to 4.1-fold stimulation of cell density for Clostridium butyricum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus but were less efficient with Bifidobacterium sp. This study shows the COS as selectively functional carbohydrates with prebiotic potential and demonstrates their efficient enzymatic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Christina Ukowitz
- Institute
of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Konrad J. Domig
- Institute
of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz 8010, Austria
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25
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Liu G, Qiao Y, Zhang Y, Leng C, Chen H, Sun J, Fan X, Li A, Feng Z. Metabolic Profiles of Carbohydrates in Streptococcus thermophilus During pH-Controlled Batch Fermentation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1131. [PMID: 32547529 PMCID: PMC7272703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Revealing the metabolic profiles of carbohydrates with their regulatory genes and metabolites is conducive to understanding their mechanism of utilization in Streptococcus thermophilus MN-ZLW-002 during pH-controlled batch fermentation. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were used to study carbohydrate metabolism. More than 200 unigenes were involved in carbohydrate transport. Of these unigenes, 55 were involved in the phosphotransferase system (PTS), which had higher expression levels than those involved in ABC protein-dependent systems, permeases, and symporters. The expression levels of the genes involved in the carbohydrate transport systems and phosphate transport system were high at the end-lag and end-exponential growth phases, respectively. In addition, 166 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with carbohydrate metabolism were identified. Most genes had their highest expression levels at the end-lag phase. The pfk, ldh, zwf, and E3.2.1.21 genes involved in the glycolytic pathway had higher expression levels at the end-exponential growth phase than the mid-exponential growth phase. The results showed high expression levels of lacZ and galKTM genes and reabsorption of extracellular galactose. S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002 can metabolize and utilize galactose. Overall, this comprehensive network of carbohydrate metabolism is useful for further studies of the control of glycolytic pathway during the high-density culture of S. thermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gefei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yali Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cong Leng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Aili Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Froebel LK, Jalukar S, Lavergne TA, Lee JT, Duong T. Administration of dietary prebiotics improves growth performance and reduces pathogen colonization in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6668-6676. [PMID: 31557296 PMCID: PMC8913988 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary prebiotics are thought to be potentially important alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production because of their beneficial performance and health effects. The administration of dietary prebiotics has been demonstrated to improve animal health, growth performance, and microbial food safety in poultry production. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Saccharomyces- derived prebiotic refined functional carbohydrates (RFC) with yeast culture on growth performance and gastrointestinal and environmental microbiota when administered in-feed and through drinking water to broiler chickens. Broilers were administered 2 doses of prebiotic in-feed through 42 d of production and prebiotic-treated water in the final 72 h. Administration of prebiotic RFC improved ADG and decreased cecal Campylobacter counts, while the high dose also increased final BW. Additionally, significant main effects of prebiotic RFC dose were observed with the high dose improving ADG and ADFI over the finisher phase and final BW. Although the effects were not significant, the prevalence of Campylobacter in the cecum after feed withdrawal was 17% lower when broilers were administered the high prebiotic dose, and recovery of Campylobacter from litter was up to 50% lower when broilers were administered prebiotic RFC. Our results suggest that co-administration of RFC with yeast culture as a prebiotic can be used to improve growth performance and reduce human foodborne pathogens in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Froebel
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - S Jalukar
- Arm and Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - T A Lavergne
- Arm and Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - J T Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - T Duong
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Panwar D, Kapoor M. Transcriptional analysis of galactomannooligosaccharides utilization by Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. Food Microbiol 2020; 86:103336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lee JM, Jang WJ, Lee EW, Kong IS. β-glucooligosaccharides derived from barley β-glucan promote growth of lactic acid bacteria and enhance nisin Z secretion by Lactococcus lactis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Prebiotics are increasingly used as food supplements, especially in infant formulas, to modify the functioning and composition of the microbiota. However, little is currently known about the mechanisms of prebiotic recognition and transport by gut bacteria, while these steps are crucial in their metabolism. In this study, we established a new strategy to profile the specificity of oligosaccharide transporters, combining microbiomics, genetic locus and strain engineering, and state-of-the art metabolomics. We revisited the transporter classification database and proposed a new way to classify these membrane proteins based on their structural and mechanistic similarities. Based on these developments, we identified and characterized, at the molecular level, a fructooligosaccharide transporting phosphotransferase system, which constitutes a biomarker of diet and gut pathology. The deciphering of this prebiotic metabolization mechanism by a nonbeneficial bacterium highlights the controversial use of prebiotics, especially in the context of chronic gut diseases. Prebiotic oligosaccharides, such as fructooligosaccharides, are increasingly being used to modulate the composition and activity of the gut microbiota. However, carbohydrate utilization analyses and metagenomic studies recently revealed the ability of deleterious and uncultured human gut bacterial species to metabolize these functional foods. Moreover, because of the difficulties of functionally profiling transmembrane proteins, only a few prebiotic transporters have been biochemically characterized to date, while carbohydrate binding and transport are the first and thus crucial steps in their metabolization. Here, we describe the molecular mechanism of a phosphotransferase system, highlighted as a dietary and pathology biomarker in the human gut microbiome. This transporter is encoded by a metagenomic locus that is highly conserved in several human gut Firmicutes, including Dorea species. We developed a generic strategy to deeply analyze, in vitro and in cellulo, the specificity and functionality of recombinant transporters in Escherichia coli, combining carbohydrate utilization locus and host genome engineering and quantification of the binding, transport, and growth rates with analysis of phosphorylated carbohydrates by mass spectrometry. We demonstrated that the Dorea fructooligosaccharide transporter is specific for kestose, whether for binding, transport, or phosphorylation. This constitutes the biochemical proof of effective phosphorylation of glycosides with a degree of polymerization of more than 2, extending the known functional diversity of phosphotransferase systems. Based on these new findings, we revisited the classification of these carbohydrate transporters. IMPORTANCE Prebiotics are increasingly used as food supplements, especially in infant formulas, to modify the functioning and composition of the microbiota. However, little is currently known about the mechanisms of prebiotic recognition and transport by gut bacteria, while these steps are crucial in their metabolism. In this study, we established a new strategy to profile the specificity of oligosaccharide transporters, combining microbiomics, genetic locus and strain engineering, and state-of-the art metabolomics. We revisited the transporter classification database and proposed a new way to classify these membrane proteins based on their structural and mechanistic similarities. Based on these developments, we identified and characterized, at the molecular level, a fructooligosaccharide transporting phosphotransferase system, which constitutes a biomarker of diet and gut pathology. The deciphering of this prebiotic metabolization mechanism by a nonbeneficial bacterium highlights the controversial use of prebiotics, especially in the context of chronic gut diseases.
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Hobbs JK, Meier EPW, Pluvinage B, Mey MA, Boraston AB. Molecular analysis of an enigmatic Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factor: The raffinose-family oligosaccharide utilization system. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17197-17208. [PMID: 31591266 PMCID: PMC6873169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen that can spread to other body sites, including the ears, brain, and blood. The ability of this bacterium to break down, import, and metabolize a wide range of glycans is key to its virulence. Intriguingly, S. pneumoniae can utilize several plant oligosaccharides for growth in vitro, including raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFOs, which are α-(1→6)-galactosyl extensions of sucrose). An RFO utilization locus has been identified in the pneumococcal genome; however, none of the proteins encoded by this locus have been biochemically characterized. The enigmatic ability of S. pneumoniae to utilize RFOs has recently received attention because mutations in two of the RFO locus genes have been linked to the tissue tropism of clinical pneumococcal isolates. Here, we use functional studies combined with X-ray crystallography to show that although the pneumococcal RFO locus encodes for all the machinery required for uptake and degradation of RFOs, the individual pathway components are biochemically inefficient. We also demonstrate that the initiating enzyme in this pathway, the α-galactosidase Aga (a family 36 glycoside hydrolase), can cleave α-(1→3)-linked galactose units from a linear blood group antigen. We propose that the pneumococcal RFO pathway is an evolutionary relic that is not utilized in this streptococcal species and, as such, is under no selection pressure to maintain binding affinity and/or catalytic efficiency. We speculate that the apparent contribution of RFO utilization to pneumococcal tissue tropism may, in fact, be due to the essential role the ATPase RafK plays in the transport of other carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K. Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Edward P. W. Meier
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mackenzie A. Mey
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Alisdair B. Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada. Tel.:
250-472-4168; Fax:
250-721-8855; E-mail:
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Reanalysis of Lactobacillus paracasei Lbs2 Strain and Large-Scale Comparative Genomics Places Many Strains into Their Correct Taxonomic Position. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110487. [PMID: 31731444 PMCID: PMC6920896 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus paracasei are diverse Gram-positive bacteria that are very closely related to Lactobacillus casei, belonging to the Lactobacillus casei group. Due to extreme genome similarities between L. casei and L. paracasei, many strains have been cross placed in the other group. We had earlier sequenced and analyzed the genome of Lactobacillus paracasei Lbs2, but mistakenly identified it as L. casei. We re-analyzed Lbs2 reads into a 2.5 MB genome that is 91.28% complete with 0.8% contamination, which is now suitably placed under L. paracasei based on Average Nucleotide Identity and Average Amino Acid Identity. We took 74 sequenced genomes of L. paracasei from GenBank with assembly sizes ranging from 2.3 to 3.3 MB and genome completeness between 88% and 100% for comparison. The pan-genome of 75 L. paracasei strains hold 15,945 gene families (21,5232 genes), while the core genome contained about 8.4% of the total genes (243 gene families with 18,225 genes) of pan-genome. Phylogenomic analysis based on core gene families revealed that the Lbs2 strain has a closer relationship with L. paracasei subsp. tolerans DSM20258. Finally, the in-silico analysis of the L. paracasei Lbs2 genome revealed an important pathway that could underpin the production of thiamin, which may contribute to the host energy metabolism.
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32
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Profile of Rodolphe Barrangou. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15754-15756. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911079116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Kim WS, Han GG, Hong L, Kang SK, Shokouhimehr M, Choi YJ, Cho CS. Novel production of natural bacteriocin via internalization of dextran nanoparticles into probiotics. Biomaterials 2019; 218:119360. [PMID: 31336278 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, probiotics has drawn much attention as an alternative of antibiotics because overuse use of antibiotics has caused widespread bacterial resistance. Given that prebiotics enhance the activity of probiotics, we prepared phthalyl dextran nanoparticles (PDNs) by conjugation of phthalic anhydride with dextran to form a prebiotic and checked its effects on the cellular and antimicrobial properties of the probiotics. First, we found that the internalization of PDNs by probiotics was dependent on temperature, time, and glucose transporters. Internalization of PDNs enhanced the production of antimicrobial peptides by probiotics through self-defense mechanism and resulted in higher antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and -negative pathogens compared to probiotics themselves. Moreover, pediocin produced by PDN-internalized probiotics was able to suppress pathogenic gut infections and alter the population of gut microbiome in vivo. The enhanced antimicrobial property of Pediococcus acidilactidi internalized with PDNs could decrease the number of pathogens and increase beneficial bacteria species in mice. Furthermore, the composition of gut microbiome was changed, and resulted in preventing reduction of the diversity of the microflora. Our results indicate that PDNs as a new type of prebiotic can regulate probiotic bacterial metabolism, suggesting a new avenue for probiotic modulation and their use in addressing the challenge of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whee-Soo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geon Goo Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institute of Green-Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Spangler JR, Caruana JC, Phillips DA, Walper SA. Broad range shuttle vector construction and promoter evaluation for the use of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 as a microbial engineering platform. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2019; 4:ysz012. [PMID: 32995537 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the field of synthetic biology grows, efforts to deploy complex genetic circuits in nonlaboratory strains of bacteria will continue to be a focus of research laboratories. Members of the Lactobacillus genus are good targets for synthetic biology research as several species are already used in many foods and as probiotics. Additionally, Lactobacilli offer a relatively safe vehicle for microbiological treatment of various health issues considering these commensals are often minor constituents of the gut microbial community and maintain allochthonous behavior. In order to generate a foundation for engineering, we developed a shuttle vector for subcloning in Escherichia coli and used it to characterize the transcriptional and translational activities of a number of promoters native to Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. Additionally, we demonstrated the use of this vector system in multiple Lactobacillus species, and provided examples of non-native promoter recognition by both L. plantarum and E. coli strains that might allow a shortcut assessment of circuit outputs. A variety of promoter activities were observed covering a range of protein expression levels peaking at various times throughout growth, and subsequent directed mutations were demonstrated and suggested to further increase the degree of output tuning. We believe these data show the potential for L. plantarum WCFS1 to be used as a nontraditional synthetic biology chassis and provide evidence that our system can be transitioned to other probiotic Lactobacillus species as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie C Caruana
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Daniel A Phillips
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Scott A Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC, USA
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35
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Lactobacillus strains and comparative genomic analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC12436 reveal candidates of colonise-related genes. Food Res Int 2019; 119:813-821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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36
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Mao B, Tang H, Gu J, Li D, Cui S, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. In vitro fermentation of raffinose by the human gut bacteria. Food Funct 2019; 9:5824-5831. [PMID: 30357216 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose has become a major focus of research interest and recent studies have shown that besides beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae can also utilize raffinose and raffinose might lead to flatulence in some hosts. Therefore, it is required to find out the raffinose-metabolizing bacteria in the gut and the bacteria responsible for the flatulence. The BLASTP search results showed that the homologous proteins of glycosidases related to raffinose utilization are widely distributed in 196 of the 528 gut bacterial strains. Fifty-nine bacterial strains belonging to nine species of five genera were isolated from human feces and were found to be capable of utilizing raffinose; of these species, Enterococcus avium and Streptococcus salivarius were reported for the first time. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the supernatants of the nine species revealed that the bacteria could utilize raffinose in different manners. Glucose and melibiose were detected in the supernatants of Enterococcus avium E5 and Streptococcus salivarius B5, respectively. However, no resulting saccharides of raffinose degradation were detected in the supernatants of other seven strains, indicating that they had different raffinose utilization types from Enterococcus avium E5 and Streptococcus salivarius B5. Gas was produced with raffinose utilization by Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus macedonicus, Streptococcus pasteurianus and Enterococcus avium. Thus, more attention should be paid to the raffinose-utilizing bacteria besides bifidobacteria and further studies are required to reveal the mechanisms of raffinose utilization to clarify the relationship between raffinose and gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R China
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37
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Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Ezeokoli OT, Sulyok M, van Wyk DAB, Oyedele OA, Akinyemi OM, Chibuzor-Onyema IE, Adeleke RA, Nwangburuka CC, Hajšlová J, Elliott CT, Krska R. High-Throughput Sequence Analyses of Bacterial Communities and Multi-Mycotoxin Profiling During Processing of Different Formulations of Kunu, a Traditional Fermented Beverage. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3282. [PMID: 30687270 PMCID: PMC6333642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kunu is a traditional fermented single or mixed cereals-based beverage popularly consumed in many parts of West Africa. Presently, the bacterial community and mycotoxin contamination profiles during processing of various kunu formulations have never been comprehensively studied. This study, therefore, investigated the bacterial community and multi-mycotoxin dynamics during the processing of three kunu formulations using high-throughput sequence analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene (hypervariable V3-V4 region) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively. A total of 2,303 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained across six processing stages in all three kunu formulations. Principal coordinate analysis biplots of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between bacterial communities revealed the combined influences of formulations and processing steps. Taxonomically, OTUs spanned 13 phyla and 486 genera. Firmicutes (phylum) dominated (relative abundance) most of the processing stages, while Proteobacteria dominated the rest of the stages. Lactobacillus (genus taxa level) dominated most processing stages and the final product (kunu) of two formulations, whereas Clostridium sensu stricto (cluster 1) dominated kunu of one formulation, constituting a novel observation. We further identified Acetobacter, Propionibacterium, Gluconacetobacter, and Gluconobacter previously not associated with kunu processing. Shared phylotypes between all communities were dominated by lactic acid bacteria including species of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Weissella. Other shared phylotypes included notable acetic acid bacteria and potential human enteric pathogens. Ten mycotoxins [3-Nitropropionic acid, aflatoxicol, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFM1, alternariol (AOH), alternariolmethylether (AME), beauvericin (BEAU), citrinin, and moniliformin] were quantified at varying concentrations in ingredients for kunu processing. Except for AOH, AME, and BEAU that were retained at minimal levels of < 2 μg/kg in the final product, most mycotoxins in the ingredients were not detectable after processing. In particular, mycotoxin levels were substantially reduced by fermentation, although simple dilution and sieving also contributed to mycotoxin reduction. This study reinforces the perception of kunu as a rich source of bacteria with beneficial attributes to consumer health, and provides in-depth understanding of the microbiology of kunu processing, as well as information on mycotoxin contamination and reduction during this process. These findings may aid the development of starter culture technology for safe and quality kunu production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Obinna T. Ezeokoli
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Deidre A. B. van Wyk
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Rasheed A. Adeleke
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Cyril C. Nwangburuka
- Department of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christopher T. Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Howse GL, Bovill RA, Stephens PJ, Osborn HM. Synthesis and antibacterial profiles of targeted triclosan derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Askelson TE, McMullin AB, Duong T. Targeted gene inactivation in Lactobacillus gallinarum ATCC 33199 using chromosomal integration. Poult Sci 2019; 98:398-403. [PMID: 30124967 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Lactobacillus species have been administered widely as probiotics in poultry production, the mechanisms responsible for their functionality are not well understood. The genetic tools available for use in lactobacilli are advanced but have not been applied widely to investigate their probiotic functionality in poultry. The genome sequence of Lactobacillus gallinarum ATCC 33199, originally isolated from the chicken crop, has recently been made available suggesting this organism as a potentially important model organism for probiotic research in poultry. In this study, we demonstrated the functionality of the pORI28 system for construction of isogenic knockout mutants in L. gallinarum ATCC 33199 using insertional inactivation of lacL as proof-of-principle. The establishment of an effective chromosomal integration system for use in L. gallinarum ATCC 33199 will provide a platform for functional genomic analyses to investigate the functionality of this model organism in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Askelson
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2472, USA
| | - A B McMullin
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2472, USA
| | - T Duong
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2472, USA
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40
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Cross-Feeding among Probiotic Bacterial Strains on Prebiotic Inulin Involves the Extracellular exo-Inulinase of Lactobacillus paracasei Strain W20. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01539-18. [PMID: 30171006 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01539-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic gut bacteria employ specific metabolic pathways to degrade dietary carbohydrates beyond the capabilities of their human host. Here, we report how individual commercial probiotic strains degrade prebiotic (inulin type) fructans. First, a structural analysis of commercial fructose oligosaccharide-inulin samples was performed. These β-(2-1)-fructans differ in termination by either glucose (GF) or fructose (FF) residues, with a broad variation in the degrees of polymerization (DPs). The growth of individual probiotic bacteria on short-chain inulin (sc-inulin) (Frutafit CLR), a β-(2-1)-fructan (DP 2 to DP 40), was studied. Lactobacillus salivarius W57 and other bacteria grew relatively poorly on sc-inulin, with only fractions of DP 3 and DP 5 utilized, reflecting uptake via specific transport systems followed by intracellular metabolism. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei W20 completely used all sc-inulin components, employing an extracellular exo-inulinase enzyme (glycoside hydrolase family GH32 [LpGH32], also found in other strains of this species); the purified enzyme converted high-DP compounds into fructose, sucrose, 1-kestose, and F2 (inulobiose). The cocultivation of L. salivarius W57 and L. paracasei W20 on sc-inulin resulted in cross-feeding of the former by the latter, supported by this extracellular exo-inulinase. The extent of cross-feeding depended on the type of fructan, i.e., the GF type (clearly stimulating) versus the FF type (relatively low stimulus), and on fructan chain length, since relatively low-DP β-(2-1)-fructans contain a relatively high content of GF-type molecules, thus resulting in higher concentrations of GF-type DP 2 to DP 3 degradation products. The results provide an example of how in vivo cross-feeding on prebiotic β-(2-1)-fructans may occur among probiotic lactobacilli.IMPORTANCE The human gut microbial community is associated strongly with host physiology and human diseases. This observation has prompted research on pre- and probiotics, two concepts enabling specific changes in the composition of the human gut microbiome that result in beneficial effects for the host. Here, we show how fructooligosaccharide-inulin prebiotics are fermented by commercial probiotic bacterial strains involving specific sets of enzymes and transporters. Cross-feeding strains such as Lactobacillus paracasei W20 may thus act as keystone strains in the degradation of prebiotic inulin in the human gut, and this strain-exo-inulinase combination may be used in commercial Lactobacillus-inulin synbiotics.
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de Melo Pereira GV, de Oliveira Coelho B, Magalhães Júnior AI, Thomaz-Soccol V, Soccol CR. How to select a probiotic? A review and update of methods and criteria. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2060-2076. [PMID: 30266342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
International competition within the dairy market and increasing public awareness about the importance of functional food consumption are providing new challenges for innovation in the probiotic sector. In this context, countless references are currently dedicated to the selection and characterization of new species and more specific strains of probiotic bacteria. In general, these studies adopt basic selection criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO), including host-associated stress resistance, epithelium adhesion ability, and antimicrobial activity. These aspects are applied to ensure that the candidate probiotic could withstand the stressful conditions of the human digestive system and exert functional proprieties. However, it cannot be assumed that these novel microbial strains are capable of offering several biological benefits attributed to probiotics. Additionally, safety-associated selection criteria, such as plasmid-associated antibiotic resistance spreading and enterotoxin production, are often neglected. This article reviews the recent developments in the processes, strategies, and methods, such as anticarcinogenic, antidepression, antianxiety, antiobesity, antidiabetic, immunostimulatory, and cholesterol-lowering assessments, to select probiotic strains with the ultimate objective of assisting future probiotic microbe evaluation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna de Oliveira Coelho
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Allan N, Knotts TA, Pesapane R, Ramsey JJ, Castle S, Clifford D, Foley J. Conservation Implications of Shifting Gut Microbiomes in Captive-Reared Endangered Voles Intended for Reintroduction into the Wild. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030094. [PMID: 30213049 PMCID: PMC6165168 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amargosa vole is a highly endangered rodent endemic to a small stretch of the Amargosa River basin in Inyo County, California. It specializes on a single, nutritionally marginal food source in nature. As part of a conservation effort to preserve the species, a captive breeding population was established to serve as an insurance colony and a source of individuals to release into the wild as restored habitat becomes available. The colony has successfully been maintained on commercial diets for multiple generations, but there are concerns that colony animals could lose gut microbes necessary to digest a wild diet. We analyzed feces from colony-reared and recently captured wild-born voles on various diets, and foregut contents from colony and wild voles. Unexpectedly, fecal microbial composition did not greatly differ despite drastically different diets and differences observed were mostly in low-abundance microbes. In contrast, colony vole foregut microbiomes were dominated by Allobaculum sp. while wild foreguts were dominated by Lactobacillus sp. If these bacterial community differences result in beneficial functional differences in digestion, then captive-reared Amargosa voles should be prepared prior to release into the wild to minimize or eliminate those differences to maximize their chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Allan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Wildlife Investigations Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Road, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, USA.
| | - Trina A Knotts
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Risa Pesapane
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Jon J Ramsey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Stephanie Castle
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Wildlife Investigations Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Road, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, USA.
| | - Deana Clifford
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Wildlife Investigations Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Road, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, USA.
| | - Janet Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Lee JJL, Zhao G, Kim J, Castillo-Zacarias C, Ramirez-Arriaga MT, Parra-Saldivar R, Chen WN. Dual Use of a Biopolymer From Durian (Durio zibethinus) Seed as a Nutrient Source and Stabilizer for Spray Dried Lactobacillus Plantarum. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Padmanabhan A, Tong Y, Wu Q, Zhang J, Shah NP. Transcriptomic Insights Into the Growth Phase- and Sugar-Associated Changes in the Exopolysaccharide Production of a High EPS-Producing Streptococcus thermophilus ASCC 1275. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1919. [PMID: 30177921 PMCID: PMC6109772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, incorporation of high exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing dairy starter bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus ASCC 1275 was found to improve functionality of low fat mozzarella cheese and yogurt. This bacterium in its eps gene cluster has a unique pair of chain length determining genes, epsC- epsD, when compared to other sequenced S. thermophilus strains. Hence, the aim of this study was to understand the regulatory mechanism of EPS production in this bacterium using transcriptomic analysis to provide opportunities to improve the yield of EPS. As sugars are considered as one of the major determinants of EPS production, after preliminary screening, we selected three sugars, glucose, sucrose and lactose to identify the EPS producing mechanism of this bacterium in M17 medium. Complete RNA-seq analysis was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing system on S. thermophilus 1275 grown in three different sugars at two-time points, 5 h (log phase) and 10 h (stationary phase) to recognize the genes involved in sugar uptake, UDP-sugar formation, EPS assembly and export of EPS outside the bacterial cell. S. thermophilus 1275 was found to produce high amount of EPS (∼430 mg/L) in sucrose (1%) supplemented M17 medium when compared to other two sugars. Differential gene expression analysis revealed the involvement of phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PEP-PTS) for glucose and sucrose uptake, and lacS gene for lactose uptake. The pathways for the formation of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose were highly upregulated in all the three sugars. In the presence of sucrose, eps1C1D2C2D were found to be highly expressed which refers to high EPS production. Protein homology study suggested the presence of Wzx/Wzy-dependent EPS synthesis and transport pathway in this bacterium. KEGG pathway and COG functional enrichment analysis were also performed to support the result. This is the first report providing the transcriptomic insights into the EPS production mechanism of a common dairy bacterium, S. thermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Padmanabhan
- Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Tong
- Cancer Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Qinglong Wu
- Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jiangwen Zhang
- Cancer Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Nagendra P. Shah
- Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Loponen J, Gänzle MG. Use of Sourdough in Low FODMAP Baking. Foods 2018; 7:E96. [PMID: 29932101 PMCID: PMC6068548 DOI: 10.3390/foods7070096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) diet allows most irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients to manage their gastrointestinal symptoms by avoiding FODMAP-containing foods, such as onions, pulses, and products made from wheat or rye. The downside of a low FODMAP diet is the reduced intake of dietary fiber. Applying sourdoughs—with specific FODMAP-targeting metabolic properties—to wholegrain bread making can help to remarkably reduce the content of FODMAPs in bread without affecting the content of the slowly fermented and well-tolerated dietary fiber. In this review, we outline the metabolism of FODMAPs in conventional sourdoughs and outline concepts related to fructan and mannitol metabolism that allow development of low FODMAP sourdough bread. We also summarize clinical studies where low FODMAP but high fiber, rye sourdough bread was tested for its effects on gut fermentation and gastrointestinal symptoms with very promising results. The sourdough bread-making process offers a means to develop natural and fiber-rich low FODMAP bakery products for IBS patients and thereby help them to increase their dietary fiber intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Kim WS, Lee JY, Singh B, Maharjan S, Hong L, Lee SM, Cui LH, Lee KJ, Kim G, Yun CH, Kang SK, Choi YJ, Cho CS. A new way of producing pediocin in Pediococcus acidilactici through intracellular stimulation by internalized inulin nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5878. [PMID: 29650991 PMCID: PMC5897564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most challenging aspects of probiotics as a replacement for antibiotics is to enhance their antimicrobial activity against pathogens. Given that prebiotics stimulate the growth and/or activity of probiotics, we developed phthalyl inulin nanoparticles (PINs) as prebiotics and observed their effects on the cellular and antimicrobial activities of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA). First, we assessed the internalization of PINs into PA. The internalization of PINs was largely regulated by glucose transporters in PA, and the process was energy-dependent. Once internalized, PINs induced PA to produce substantial amounts of antimicrobial peptide (pediocin), which is effective against both Gram-positive (Salmonella Gallinarum) and Gram-negative (Listeria monocytogenes) pathogens. When treated with small-sized PINs, PA witnessed a nine-fold increase in antimicrobial activity. The rise in pediocin activity in PA treated with PINs was accompanied by enhanced expression of stress response genes (groEL, groES, dnaK) and pediocin biosynthesis genes (pedA, pedD). Although the mechanism is not clear, it appears that the internalization of PINs by PA causes mild stress to activate the PA defense system, leading to increased production of pediocin. Overall, we identified a prebiotic in nanoparticle form for intracellular stimulation of probiotics, demonstrating a new avenue for the biological production of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whee-Soo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bijay Singh
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Sushila Maharjan
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Lian-Hua Cui
- Co-Innovation Center of Beef Cattle Science and Industry Technology, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, P. R. China
| | - Ki-June Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - GiRak Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institute of Green-Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Zeng Z, Zuo F, Yu R, Zhang B, Ma H, Chen S. Characterization of a lactose-responsive promoter of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene from Lactobacillus acidophilus 05-172. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 364:4058409. [PMID: 28859276 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel lactose-responsive promoter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene Lba1680 of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain 05-172 isolated from a traditionally fermented dairy product koumiss was characterized. In L. acidophilus 05-172, expression of Lba1680 was induced by lactose, with lactose-induced transcription of Lba1680 being 6.1-fold higher than that induced by glucose. This is in contrast to L. acidophilus NCFM, a strain isolated from human feces, in which expression of Lba1680 and Lba1679 is induced by glucose. Both gene expression and enzyme activity assays in L. paracasei transformed with a vector containing the inducible Lba1680 promoter (PLba1680) of strain 05-172 and a heme-dependent catalase gene as reporter confirmed that PLba1680 is specifically induced by lactose. Its regulatory expression could not be repressed by glucose, and was independent of cAMP receptor protein. This lactose-responsive promoter might be used in the expression of functional genes in L. paracasei incorporated into a lactose-rich environment, such as dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy Science of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Municipal Government of Beijing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fanglei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy Science of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Municipal Government of Beijing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Rui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy Science of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Municipal Government of Beijing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy Science of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Municipal Government of Beijing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy Science of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Municipal Government of Beijing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Celebioglu HU, Delsoglio M, Brix S, Pessione E, Svensson B. Plant Polyphenols Stimulate Adhesion to Intestinal Mucosa and Induce Proteome Changes in the Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [PMID: 29205785 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Plant phenolics, known to exert beneficial effects on human health, were supplemented to cultures of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (NCFM) to assess their effect on its adhesive capacity and the abundancy of individual proteins. METHODS AND RESULTS The presence of resveratrol and ferulic acid during bacterial growth stimulated adhesion of NCFM to mucin and human intestinal HT-29 cells, while tannic acid improved adhesion only to HT-29 cells and caffeic acid had very modest effect overall. Some dosage dependence was found for the four phenolics supplemented at 100, 250, and 500 μg mL-1 to the cultures. Notably, 500 μg mL-1 ferulic acid only stimulated adhesion to mucin. Analyses of differential whole-cell as well as surface proteomes revealed relative abundancy changes for a total of 27 and 22 NCFM proteins, respectively. These changes include enzymes acting in metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, nucleotide metabolism, and stress response, as well as known moonlighting or surface-associated proteins. CONCLUSION The five plant phenolics found in various foods stimulate the adhesive capacity of NCFM in diverse ways and elicit relative abundancy changes of specific proteins, providing molecular level insight into the mechanism of the putative beneficial effects of the polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ufuk Celebioglu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey
| | - Marta Delsoglio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Enrica Pessione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Lactobacillus acidophilus Metabolizes Dietary Plant Glucosides and Externalizes Their Bioactive Phytochemicals. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01421-17. [PMID: 29162708 PMCID: PMC5698550 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01421-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutically active glycosylated phytochemicals are ubiquitous in the human diet. The human gut microbiota (HGM) modulates the bioactivities of these compounds, which consequently affect host physiology and microbiota composition. Despite a significant impact on human health, the key players and the underpinning mechanisms of this interplay remain uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus on mono- and diglucosyl dietary plant glycosides (PGs) possessing small aromatic aglycones. Transcriptional analysis revealed the upregulation of host interaction genes and identified two loci that encode phosphotransferase system (PTS) transporters and phospho-β-glucosidases, which mediate the uptake and deglucosylation of these compounds, respectively. Inactivating these transport and hydrolysis genes abolished or severely reduced growth on PG, establishing the specificity of the loci to distinct groups of PGs. Following intracellular deglucosylation, the aglycones of PGs are externalized, rendering them available for absorption by the host or for further modification by other microbiota taxa. The PG utilization loci are conserved in L. acidophilus and closely related lactobacilli, in correlation with versatile growth on these compounds. Growth on the tested PG appeared more common among human gut lactobacilli than among counterparts from other ecologic niches. The PGs that supported the growth of L. acidophilus were utilized poorly or not at all by other common HGM strains, underscoring the metabolic specialization of L. acidophilus. These findings highlight the role of human gut L. acidophilus and select lactobacilli in the bioconversion of glycoconjugated phytochemicals, which is likely to have an important impact on the HGM and human host. Thousands of therapeutically active plant-derived compounds are widely present in berries, fruits, nuts, and beverages like tea and wine. The bioactivity and bioavailability of these compounds, which are typically glycosylated, are altered by microbial bioconversions in the human gut. Remarkably, little is known about the bioconversion of PGs by the gut microbial community, despite the significance of this metabolic facet to human health. Our work provides the first molecular insights into the metabolic routes of diet relevant and therapeutically active PGs by Lactobacillus acidophilus and related human gut lactobacilli. This taxonomic group is adept at metabolizing the glucoside moieties of select PG and externalizes their aglycones. The study highlights an important role of lactobacilli in the bioconversion of dietary PG and presents a framework from which to derive molecular insights into their metabolism by members of the human gut microbiota.
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Characterization of a thermostable glycoside hydrolase family 36 α-galactosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:289-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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