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Nishimura Y, Esaki T, Isshiki Y, Furuta Y, Emura T, Watanabe Y, Ohta M, Arai S, Noda H, Shimizu M, Tamura T, Sato H. Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Novel Human Parathyroid Hormone 1 Receptor (hPTHR1) Agonists Bearing Bicyclic Aromatic Moiety. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300589. [PMID: 38273777 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the small molecule hPTHR1 agonist PCO371 (1) orally and dose-dependently induces PTH-like calcemic and hypophostemic activity in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Compound 2a, bearing a bicyclic aromatic ring, was identified as a novel hPTHR1 agonist during hit to lead modification. It showed moderate PTHR1 agonistic activity with an EC20 value of 15 μM, and its metabolic stability in human liver microsome (hLM) as well as its solubility in phosphate buffer (PPb) and Fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) were found to be poor. As results of the initial derivatization of 2a, we identified the indole derivatives as another scaffold. In this article, we report on the structure-activity relationship (SAR), structure-metabolism relationship (SMR), and structure-solubility relationship (SSR) of bicyclic aromatic derivatives, and the in vivo efficacy of 2j.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Nishimura
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Toru Esaki
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Yoshiaki Isshiki
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Yoshiyuki Furuta
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Takashi Emura
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Yoshiaki Watanabe
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Masateru Ohta
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Shinichi Arai
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Hiroshi Noda
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Masaru Shimizu
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Tatsuya Tamura
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
| | - Haruhiko Sato
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Division, 216 Totsuka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 244-0003
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2
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Portales-Castillo I, Dean T, Cheloha RW, Creemer BA, Vilardaga JP, Savransky S, Khatri A, Jüppner H, Gardella TJ. Altered Signaling and Desensitization Responses in PTH1R Mutants Associated with Eiken Syndrome. Commun Biol 2023; 6:599. [PMID: 37268817 PMCID: PMC10238420 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTH1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays key roles in regulating calcium homeostasis and skeletal development via binding the ligands, PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP), respectively. Eiken syndrome is a rare disease of delayed bone mineralization caused by homozygous PTH1R mutations. Of the three mutations identified so far, R485X, truncates the PTH1R C-terminal tail, while E35K and Y134S alter residues in the receptor's amino-terminal extracellular domain. Here, using a variety of cell-based assays, we show that R485X increases the receptor's basal rate of cAMP signaling and decreases its capacity to recruit β-arrestin2 upon ligand stimulation. The E35K and Y134S mutations each weaken the binding of PTHrP leading to impaired β-arrestin2 recruitment and desensitization of cAMP signaling response to PTHrP but not PTH. Our findings support a critical role for interaction with β-arrestin in the mechanism by which the PTH1R regulates bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Portales-Castillo
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Thier Research Building, 50 Blossom St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Thier Research Building, 50 Blossom St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University in St. Louis, BJCIH Building, 425 South Euclid St, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thomas Dean
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Thier Research Building, 50 Blossom St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ross W Cheloha
- Chemical Biology in Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Building 8, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20891, USA
| | - Brendan A Creemer
- Chemical Biology in Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Building 8, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20891, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sofya Savransky
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Thier Research Building, 50 Blossom St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Thier Research Building, 50 Blossom St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Thier Research Building, 50 Blossom St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Thier Research Building, 50 Blossom St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Zhao Y, Su S, Li X. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 1 Signaling in Cancer and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071982. [PMID: 37046642 PMCID: PMC10093484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PTHrP exerts its effects by binding to its receptor, PTH1R, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), activating the downstream cAMP signaling pathway. As an autocrine, paracrine, or intracrine factor, PTHrP has been found to stimulate cancer cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and promote tumor-induced osteolysis of bone. Despite these findings, attempts to develop PTHrP and PTH1R as drug targets have not produced successful results in the clinic. Nevertheless, the efficacy of blocking PTHrP and PTH1R has been shown in various types of cancer, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications. In light of these conflicting data, we conducted a comprehensive review of the studies of PTHrP/PTH1R in cancer progression and metastasis and highlighted the strengths and limitations of targeting PTHrP or PTH1R in cancer therapy. This review also offers our perspectives for future research in this field.
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4
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Arai Y, Kiyotsuka Y, Nagamochi M, Oyama K, Izumi M. Lead optimization of pyrido[2,3-d][1]benzazepin-6-one derivatives leading to the discovery of a potent, selective, and orally available human parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (hPTHR1) antagonist (DS69910557). Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 64:116763. [PMID: 35487102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a series of novel zwitterionic hPTHR1 antagonists. Optimization of lead compound 2 led to 4-[[1-[4-(2,9-dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-6-oxo-pyrido[2,3-d][1]benzazepin-7-yl)phenyl]-3-fluoro-azetidin-3-yl]methylamino]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (19e, DS69910557), a compound with excellent potency and selectivity over activity at the human ether-a-go-go-related-gene (hERG) channel. Compound 19e demonstrated in vivo potency to decrease the plasma calcium concentration in rats upon oral administration. 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Arai
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kiyotsuka
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nagamochi
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oyama
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masanori Izumi
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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5
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Sutkeviciute I, Lee JY, White AD, Maria CS, Peña KA, Savransky S, Doruker P, Li H, Lei S, Kaynak B, Tu C, Clark LJ, Sanker S, Gardella TJ, Chang W, Bahar I, Vilardaga JP. Precise druggability of the PTH type 1 receptor. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:272-280. [PMID: 34949836 PMCID: PMC8891041 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are notoriously difficult to target by small molecules because their large orthosteric peptide-binding pocket embedded deep within the transmembrane domain limits the identification and development of nonpeptide small molecule ligands. Using the parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTHR) as a prototypic class B GPCR target, and a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and elastic network model-based methods, we demonstrate that PTHR druggability can be effectively addressed. Here we found a key mechanical site that modulates the collective dynamics of the receptor and used this ensemble of PTHR conformers to identify selective small molecules with strong negative allosteric and biased properties for PTHR signaling in cell and PTH actions in vivo. This study provides a computational pipeline to detect precise druggable sites and identify allosteric modulators of PTHR signaling that could be extended to GPCRs to expedite discoveries of small molecules as novel therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Sutkeviciute
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alex D White
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christian Santa Maria
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karina A Peña
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sofya Savransky
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pemra Doruker
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongchun Li
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Saifei Lei
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Burak Kaynak
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chialing Tu
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa J Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Subramaniam Sanker
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Kumar A, Balbach J. Inactivation of parathyroid hormone: perspectives of drug discovery to combating hyperparathyroidism. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:292-305. [PMID: 33573587 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210126112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal coordination is tightly regulated within the human body and thus regulates human physiology. The parathyroid hormone (PTH), a member of the endocrine system, regulates the calcium and phosphate level within the human body. Under non-physiological conditions, PTH levels get upregulated (hyperparathyroidism) or downregulated (hypoparathyroidism) due to external or internal factors. In the case of hyperparathyroidism, elevated PTH stimulates cellular receptors present in the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase the blood calcium level, leading to calcium deposition. This eventually causes various symptoms including kidney stones. Currently, there is no known medication that directly targets PTH in order to suppress its function. Therefore, it is of great interest to find novel small molecules or any other means that can modulate PTH function. The molecular signaling of PTH starts by binding of its N-terminus to the G-protein coupled PTH1/2 receptor. Therefore, any intervention that affects the N-terminus of PTH could be a lead candidate for treating hyperparathyroidism. As a proof-of-concept, there are various possibilities to inhibit molecular PTH function by (i) a small molecule, (ii) N-terminal PTH phosphorylation, (iii) fibril formation and (iv) residue-specific mutations. These modifications put PTH into an inactive state, which will be discussed in detail in this review article. We anticipate that exploring small molecules or other means that affect the N-terminus of PTH could be lead candidates in combating hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine London, South Kensington, London SW7 2BU. United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Balbach
- Institute of Physics, Biophysics, Martin-Luther-University Halle- Wittenberg. Germany
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7
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Arai Y, Kiyotsuka Y, Kagechika K, Nishi T, Inui M, Nagamochi M, Oyama K, Izumi M. Discovery of novel, potent, and orally bioavailable pyrido[2,3-d][1]benzazepin-6-one antagonists for parathyroid hormone receptor 1. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Noda H, Guo J, Khatri A, Dean T, Reyes M, Armanini M, Brooks DJ, Martins JS, Schipani E, Bouxsein ML, Demay MB, Potts JT, Jüppner H, Gardella TJ. An Inverse Agonist Ligand of the PTH Receptor Partially Rescues Skeletal Defects in a Mouse Model of Jansen's Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:540-549. [PMID: 31693237 PMCID: PMC8050614 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (JMC) is a rare disease of bone and mineral ion physiology that is caused by activating mutations in PTHR1. Ligand-independent signaling by the mutant receptors in cells of bone and kidney results in abnormal skeletal growth, excessive bone turnover, and chronic hypercalcemia and hyperphosphaturia. Clinical features further include short stature, limb deformities, nephrocalcinosis, and progressive losses in kidney function. There is no effective treatment option available for JMC. In previous cell-based assays, we found that certain N-terminally truncated PTH and PTHrP antagonist peptides function as inverse agonists and thus can reduce the high rates of basal cAMP signaling exhibited by the mutant PTHR1s of JMC in vitro. Here we explored whether one such inverse agonist ligand, [Leu11 ,dTrp12 ,Trp23 ,Tyr36 ]-PTHrP(7-36)NH2 (IA), can be effective in vivo and thus ameliorate the skeletal abnormalities that occur in transgenic mice expressing the PTHR1-H223R allele of JMC in osteoblastic cells via the collagen-1α1 promoter (C1HR mice). We observed that after 2 weeks of twice-daily injection and relative to vehicle controls, the IA analog resulted in significant improvements in key skeletal parameters that characterize the C1HR mice, because it reduced the excess trabecular bone mass, bone marrow fibrosis, and levels of bone turnover markers in blood and urine. The overall findings provide proof-of-concept support for the notion that inverse agonist ligands targeted to the mutant PTHR1 variants of JMC can have efficacy in vivo. Further studies of such PTHR1 ligand analogs could help open paths toward the first treatment option for this debilitating skeletal disorder. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Noda
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Dean
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica Reyes
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Armanini
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janaina S Martins
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie B Demay
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John T Potts
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Modulation of PTH1R signaling by an ECD binding antibody results in inhibition of β-arrestin 2 coupling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14432. [PMID: 31594997 PMCID: PMC6783463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R) belongs to the secretin class of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and natively binds parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP). Ligand binding to PTH1R involves binding to the large extracellular domain (ECD) and the orthosteric pocket, inducing conformational changes in the transmembrane domain and receptor activation. PTH1R regulates bone metabolism, signaling mainly through Gs and Gq/11 G-proteins. Here, we used phage display to generate PTH1R ECD-specific antibodies with the aim of modulating receptor functionality. We identified ECD-scFvhFc, which exhibited high affinity binding to both the isolated ECD and to the full-length receptor in styrene-maleic acid (SMA) lipid particles. Epitope mapping using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) indicates that the α1 helix of the ECD is ECD-scFvhFc’s epitope which may partially overlap with the known PTH (1–34) binding site. However, PTH (1–34)-mediated Gs activation is Undisturbed by ECD-scFvhFc binding. In contrast, ECD-scFvhFc potently inhibits β-arrestin-2 recruitment after PTH (1–34)-driven receptor activation and thus represents the first monoclonal antibody to selectively inhibit distinct PTH1R signaling pathways. Given the complexity of PTH1R signaling and the emerging importance of biased GPCR activation in drug development, ECD-scFvhFc could be a valuable tool to study PTH1R signaling bias.
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10
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Arai Y, Kiyotsuka Y, Shimada K, Oyama K, Izumi M. Discovery of novel PTHR1 antagonists: Design, synthesis, and structure activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2613-2616. [PMID: 31383587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and optimization of a novel series of PTHR1 antagonists are described. Starting from known PTHR1 antagonists, we identified more potent 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives by means of a scaffold-hopping approach. The representative compound 23 (DS08210767) exhibited nanomolar-level PTHR1 antagonist activity and potential oral bioavailability in a pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Arai
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kiyotsuka
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kousei Shimada
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oyama
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masanori Izumi
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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11
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Nishimura Y, Esaki T, Isshiki Y, Okamoto N, Furuta Y, Kotake T, Watanabe Y, Ohta M, Nakagawa T, Noda H, Shimizu M, Saito H, Tamura T, Sato H. Development of a Novel Human Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 1 (hPTHR1) Agonist (CH5447240), a Potent and Orally Available Small Molecule for Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5949-5962. [PMID: 29932656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the course of derivatization of HTS hit 4a, we have identified a novel small-molecule hPTHR1 agonist, 1-(3,5-dimethyl-4-(2-((2-((1 R,4 R)-4-methylcyclohexyl)-4-oxo-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]dec-1-en-8-yl)sulfonyl)ethyl)phenyl)-1-methylurea (CH5447240, 14l). Compound 14l exhibited a potent in vitro hPTHR1 agonist effect with EC20 of 3.0 μM and EC50 of 12 μM and showed excellent physicochemical properties, such as high solubility in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid and good metabolic stability in human liver microsomes. Importantly, 14l showed 55% oral bioavailability and a significantly elevated serum calcium level in hypocalcemic model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Nishimura
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Toru Esaki
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Isshiki
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Naoki Okamoto
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Furuta
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Tomoya Kotake
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Watanabe
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Masateru Ohta
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noda
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Masaru Shimizu
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Saito
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tamura
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sato
- Research Division , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Komakado 1-135 , Gotemba , Shizuoka 412-8513 , Japan
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12
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Tamura T, Noda H, Joyashiki E, Hoshino M, Watanabe T, Kinosaki M, Nishimura Y, Esaki T, Ogawa K, Miyake T, Arai S, Shimizu M, Kitamura H, Sato H, Kawabe Y. Identification of an orally active small-molecule PTHR1 agonist for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13384. [PMID: 27857062 PMCID: PMC5120204 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is essential for calcium homeostasis and its action is mediated by the PTH type 1 receptor (PTHR1), a class B G-protein-coupled receptor. Hypoparathyroidism and osteoporosis can be treated with PTH injections; however, no orally effective PTH analogue is available. Here we show that PCO371 is a novel, orally active small molecule that acts as a full agonist of PTHR1. PCO371 does not affect the PTH type 2 receptor (PTHR2), and analysis using PTHR1–PTHR2 chimeric receptors indicated that Proline 415 of PTHR1 is critical for PCO371-mediated PTHR1 activation. Oral administration of PCO371 to osteopenic rats provokes a significant increase in bone turnover with limited increase in bone mass. In hypocalcemic rats, PCO371 restores serum calcium levels without increasing urinary calcium, and with stronger and longer-lasting effects than PTH injections. These results strongly suggest that PCO371 can provide a new treatment option for PTH-related disorders, including hypoparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism and osteoporosis can be treated with parathyroid hormone, but frequent injections are required. Here the authors develop a small-molecule agonist for the parathyroid hormone type I receptor that can be administered orally, and demonstrate its efficacy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tamura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Eri Joyashiki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Maiko Hoshino
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Watanabe
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kinosaki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nishimura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Tohru Esaki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ogawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Taiji Miyake
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Shinichi Arai
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimizu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Kitamura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawabe
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
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13
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Wootten D, Miller LJ, Koole C, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Allostery and Biased Agonism at Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:111-138. [PMID: 27040440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to paracrine or endocrine peptide hormones involved in control of bone homeostasis, glucose regulation, satiety, and gastro-intestinal function, as well as pain transmission. These receptors are targets for existing drugs that treat osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia, Paget's disease, type II diabetes, and obesity and are being actively pursued as targets for numerous other diseases. Exploitation of class B receptors has been limited by difficulties with small molecule drug discovery and development and an under appreciation of factors governing optimal therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there has been increasing awareness of novel attributes of GPCR function that offer new opportunity for drug development. These include the presence of allosteric binding sites on the receptor that can be exploited as drug binding pockets and the ability of individual drugs to enrich subpopulations of receptor conformations to selectively control signaling, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. In this review, current knowledge of biased signaling and small molecule allostery within class B GPCRs is discussed, highlighting areas that have progressed significantly over the past decade, in addition to those that remain largely unexplored with respect to these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Kumar A, Baumann M, Balbach J. Small Molecule Inhibited Parathyroid Hormone Mediated cAMP Response by N-Terminal Peptide Binding. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22533. [PMID: 26932583 PMCID: PMC4773758 DOI: 10.1038/srep22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand binding to certain classes of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) stimulates the rapid synthesis of cAMP through G protein. Human parathyroid hormone (PTH), a member of class B GPCRs, binds to its receptor via its N–terminal domain, thereby activating the pathway to this secondary messenger inside cells. Presently, GPCRs are the target of many pharmaceuticals however, these drugs target only a small fraction of structurally known GPCRs (about 10%). Coordination complexes are gaining interest due to their wide applications in the medicinal field. In the present studies we explored the potential of a coordination complex of Zn(II) and anthracenyl–terpyridine as a modulator of the parathyroid hormone response. Preferential interactions at the N–terminal domain of the peptide hormone were manifested by suppressed cAMP generation inside the cells. These observations contribute a regulatory component to the current GPCR–cAMP paradigm, where not the receptor itself, but the activating hormone is a target. To our knowledge, this is the first report about a coordination complex modulating GPCR activity at the level of deactivating its agonist. Developing such molecules might help in the control of pathogenic PTH function such as hyperparathyroidism, where control of excess hormonal activity is essentially required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.,Institute of Physics, Biophysics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Monika Baumann
- Institute of Physics, Biophysics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Balbach
- Institute of Physics, Biophysics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.,Centre for Structure und Dynamics of Proteins (MZP), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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15
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Gardella TJ, Vilardaga JP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIII. The parathyroid hormone receptors--family B G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:310-37. [PMID: 25713287 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The type-1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR1) is a family B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates the actions of two polypeptide ligands; parathyroid hormone (PTH), an endocrine hormone that regulates the levels of calcium and inorganic phosphate in the blood by acting on bone and kidney, and PTH-related protein (PTHrP), a paracrine-factor that regulates cell differentiation and proliferation programs in developing bone and other tissues. The type-2 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR2) binds a peptide ligand, called tuberoinfundibular peptide-39 (TIP39), and while the biologic role of the PTHR2/TIP39 system is not as defined as that of the PTHR1, it likely plays a role in the central nervous system as well as in spermatogenesis. Mechanisms of action at these receptors have been explored through a variety of pharmacological and biochemical approaches, and the data obtained support a basic "two-site" mode of ligand binding now thought to be used by each of the family B peptide hormone GPCRs. Recent crystallographic studies on the family B GPCRs are providing new insights that help to further refine the specifics of the overall receptor architecture and modes of ligand docking. One intriguing pharmacological finding for the PTHR1 is that it can form surprisingly stable complexes with certain PTH/PTHrP ligand analogs and thereby mediate markedly prolonged cell signaling responses that persist even when the bulk of the complexes are found in internalized vesicles. The PTHR1 thus appears to be able to activate the Gα(s)/cAMP pathway not only from the plasma membrane but also from the endosomal domain. The cumulative findings could have an impact on efforts to develop new drug therapies for the PTH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.J.G.); and Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.-P.V.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (T.J.G.); and Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.-P.V.)
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16
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Carter PH, Dean T, Bhayana B, Khatri A, Rajur R, Gardella TJ. Actions of the small molecule ligands SW106 and AH-3960 on the type-1 parathyroid hormone receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:307-21. [PMID: 25584411 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone receptor-1 (PTHR1) plays critical roles in regulating blood calcium levels and bone metabolism and is thus of interest for small-molecule ligand development. Of the few small-molecule ligands reported for the PTHR1, most are of low affinity, and none has a well-defined mechanism of action. Here, we show that SW106 and AH-3960, compounds previously identified to act as an antagonist and agonist, respectively, on the PTHR1, each bind to PTHR1-delNT, a PTHR1 construct that lacks the large amino-terminal extracellular domain used for binding endogenous PTH peptide ligands, with the same micromolar affinity with which it binds to the intact PTHR1. SW106 antagonized PTHR1-mediated cAMP signaling induced by the peptide analog, M-PTH(1-11), as well as by the native PTH(1-9) sequence, as tethered to the extracellular end of transmembrane domain (TMD) helix-1 of the receptor. SW106, however, did not function as an inverse agonist on either PTHR1-H223R or PTHR1-T410P, which have activating mutations at the cytoplasmic ends of TMD helices 2 and 6, respectively. The overall data indicate that SW106 and AH-3960 each bind to the PTHR1 TMD region and likely to within an extracellularly exposed area that is occupied by the N-terminal residues of PTH peptides. Additionally, they suggest that the inhibitory effects of SW106 are limited to the extracellular portions of the TMD region that mediate interactions with agonist ligands but do not extend to receptor-activation determinants situated more deeply in the helical bundle. The study helps to elucidate potential mechanisms of small-molecule binding at the PTHR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy H Carter
- Endocrine Unit (T.D., A.K., T.J.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02492; Department of Photomedicine (B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02492; CreaGen Biosciences, Inc (R.R.), Woburn, Massachusetts 01801; and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co (P.H.C.), Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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17
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Devigny C, Perez-Balderas F, Hoogeland B, Cuboni S, Wachtel R, Mauch CP, Webb KJ, Deussing JM, Hausch F. Biomimetic screening of class-B G protein-coupled receptors. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8927-33. [PMID: 21534574 DOI: 10.1021/ja200160s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 41-amino acid peptide corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a major modulator of the mammalian stress response. Upon stressful stimuli, it binds to the corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF(1)R), a typical member of the class-B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and a prime target in the treatment of mood disorders. To chemically probe the molecular interaction of CRF with the transmembrane domain of its cognate receptor, we developed a high-throughput conjugation approach that mimics the natural activation mechanism of class-B GPCRs. An acetylene-tagged peptide library was synthesized and conjugated to an azide-modified high-affinity carrier peptide derived from the CRF C-terminus using copper-catalyzed dipolar cycloaddition. The resulting conjugates reconstituted potent agonists and were tested in situ for activation of the CRF(1) receptor in a cell-based assay. By use of this approach we (i) defined the minimal sequence motif that is required for full receptor activation, (ii) identified the critical functional groups and structure-activity relationships, (iii) developed an optimized, highly modified peptide probe with high potency (EC(50) = 4 nM) that is specific for the activation domain of the receptor, and (iv) probed the behavioral role of CRF receptors in living mice. The membrane recruitment by a high-affinity carrier enhanced the potency of the tethered peptides by >4 orders of magnitude and thus allowed the testing of very weak initial fragments that otherwise would have been inactive on their own. As no chromatography purification of the test peptides was necessary, a substantial increase in screening throughput was achieved. Importantly, the peptide conjugates can be used to probe the endogenous receptor in its native environment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Devigny
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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18
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Novel and potent calcium-sensing receptor antagonists: discovery of (5R)-N-[1-ethyl-1-(4-ethylphenyl)propyl]-2,7,7-trimethyl-5-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide monotosylate (TAK-075) as an orally active bone anabolic agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1881-94. [PMID: 21353570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor antagonist (CaSR) has been recognized as a promising target of anabolic agents for treating osteoporosis. In the course of developing a new drug candidate for osteoporosis, we found tetrahydropyrazolopyrimidine derivative 1 to be an orally active CaSR antagonist that stimulated transient PTH secretion in rats. However, compound 1 showed poor physical and chemical stability. In order to work out this compound's chemical stability and further understand its in vivo efficacy, we focused on modifying the 2-position of the tetrahydropyrazolopyrimidine. As a result of chemical modification, we discovered (5R)-N-[1-ethyl-1-(4-ethylphenyl)propyl]-2,7,7-trimethyl-5-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide monotosylate 10m (TAK-075), which showed improved solubility, chemical stability, and in vivo efficacy. Furthermore, we describe that evaluating the active metabolite is important during repeated treatment with short-acting CaSR antagonists.
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19
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Yoshida M, Mori A, Kotani E, Oka M, Makino H, Fujita H, Ban J, Ikeda Y, Kawamoto T, Goto M, Kimura H, Baba A, Yasuma T. Discovery of Novel and Potent Orally Active Calcium-Sensing Receptor Antagonists that Stimulate Pulselike Parathyroid Hormone Secretion: Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of Tetrahydropyrazolopyrimidine Derivatives. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1430-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101452x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Akira Mori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Etsuo Kotani
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Makino
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fujita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Junko Ban
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ikeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Mika Goto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Atsuo Baba
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Yasuma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
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20
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Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of tetrahydropyrazolopyrimidine derivatives—A novel structural class of potent calcium-sensing receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8501-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Allosteric antagonist binding sites in class B GPCRs: corticotropin receptor 1. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 24:659-74. [PMID: 20512399 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The 41 amino acid neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its associated receptors CRF(1)-R and CRF(2)-R have been targeted for treating stress related disorders. Both CRF(1)-R and CRF(2)-R belong to the class B G-protein coupled receptors for which little information is known regarding the small molecule antagonist binding characteristics. However, it has been shown recently that different non-peptide allosteric ligands stabilize different receptor conformations for CRF(1)-R and hence an understanding of the ligand induced receptor conformational changes is important in the pharmacology of ligand binding. In this study, we modeled the receptor and identified the binding sites of representative small molecule allosteric antagonists for CRF(1)-R. The predicted binding sites of the investigated compounds are located within the transmembrane (TM) domain encompassing TM helices 3, 5 and 6. The docked compounds show strong interactions with H228 on TM3 and M305 on TM5 that have also been implicated in the binding by site directed mutation studies. H228 forms a hydrogen bond of varied strengths with all the antagonists in this study and this is in agreement with the decreased binding affinity of several compounds with H228F mutation. Also mutating M305 to Ile showed a sharp decrease in the calculated binding energy whereas the binding energy loss on M305 to Leu was less significant. These results are in qualitative agreement with the decrease in binding affinities observed experimentally. We further predicted the conformational changes in CRF(1)-R induced by the allosteric antagonist NBI-27914. Movement of TM helices 3 and 5 are dominant and generates three degenerate conformational states two of which are separated by an energy barrier from the third, when bound to NBI-27914. Binding of NBI-27914 was predicted to improve the interaction of the ligand with M305 and also enhanced the aromatic stacking between the ligand and F232 on TM3. A virtual ligand screening of ~13,000 compounds seeded with ~350 CRF(1)-R specific active antagonists performed on the NBI-27914 stabilized conformation of CRF(1)-R yielded a 44% increase in enrichment compared to the initially modeled receptor conformation at a 10% cutoff. The NBI-27914 stabilized conformation also shows a high enrichment for high affinity antagonists compared to the weaker ones. Thus, the conformational changes induced by NBI-27914 improved the ligand screening efficiency of the CRF(1)-R model and demonstrate a generalized application of the method in drug discovery.
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22
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Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone–Related Peptide in the Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Development. Endocrinology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5583-9.00056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Gardella TJ. Mimetic ligands for the PTHR1: Approaches, developments, and considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1138/20090364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Monaghan P, Thomas BE, Woznica I, Wittelsberger A, Mierke DF, Rosenblatt M. Mapping peptide hormone-receptor interactions using a disulfide-trapping approach. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5889-95. [PMID: 18459800 DOI: 10.1021/bi800122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to elucidate the nature of the bimolecular interaction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with its cognate receptor, the PTH receptor type 1 (PTHR1), have relied heavily on benzoylphenylalanine- (Bpa-) based photoaffinity cross-linking. However, given the flexibility, size, and shape of Bpa, the resolution at the PTH-PTHR1 interface appears to be reaching the limit of this technique. Here we employ a disulfide-trapping approach developed by others primarily for use in screening compound libraries to identify novel ligands. In this method, cysteine substitutions are introduced into a specific site within the ligand and a region in the receptor predicted to interact with each other. Upon ligand binding, if these cysteines are in close proximity, they form a disulfide bond. Since the geometry governing disulfide bond formation is more constrained than Bpa cross-linking, this novel approach can be employed to generate a more refined molecular model of the PTH-PTHR1 complex. Using a PTH analogue containing a cysteine at position 1, we probed 24 sites and identified 4 in PTHR1 to which cross-linking occurred. Importantly, previous photoaffinity cross-linking studies using a PTH analogue with Bpa at position 1 only identified a single interaction site. The new sites identified by the disulfide-trapping procedure were used as constraints in molecular dynamics simulations to generate an updated model of the PTH-PTHR1 complex. Mapping by disulfide trapping extends and complements photoaffinity cross-linking. It is applicable to other peptide-receptor interfaces and should yield insights about yet unknown sites of ligand-receptor interactions, allowing for generation of more refined models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Monaghan
- Department of Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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25
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McDonald IM, Austin C, Buck IM, Dunstone DJ, Gaffen J, Griffin E, Harper EA, Hull RAD, Kalindjian SB, Linney ID, Low CMR, Patel D, Pether MJ, Raynor M, Roberts SP, Shaxted ME, Spencer J, Steel KIM, Sykes DA, Wright PT, Xun W. Discovery and characterization of novel, potent, non-peptide parathyroid hormone-1 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4789-92. [PMID: 17850061 DOI: 10.1021/jm0707626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 1,3,4-benzotriazepine was identified as a suitable lead in our effort toward obtaining a non-peptide parathyroid hormone-1 receptor (PTH1R) antagonist. A process of optimization afforded derivatives displaying nanomolar PTH1R affinity, a representative example of which behaved as a PTH1R antagonist in cell-based cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assays, with selectivity over PTH2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M McDonald
- James Black Foundation, 68 Half Moon Lane, Dulwich, London, SE24 9JE, UK.
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