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Gentili D, Valle F, Albonetti C, Liscio F, Cavallini M. Self-organization of functional materials in confinement. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2692-9. [PMID: 25068634 DOI: 10.1021/ar500210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Account aims to describe our experience in the use of patterning techniques for addressing the self-organization processes of materials into spatially confined regions on technologically relevant surfaces. Functional properties of materials depend on their chemical structure, their assembly, and spatial distribution at the solid state; the combination of these factors determines their properties and their technological applications. In fact, by controlling the assembly processes and the spatial distribution of the resulting structures, functional materials can be guided to technological and specific applications. We considered the principal self-organizing processes, such as crystallization, dewetting and phase segregation. Usually, these phenomena produce defective molecular films, compromising their use in many technological applications. This issue can be overcome by using patterning techniques, which induce molecules to self-organize into well-defined patterned structures, by means of spatial confinement. In particular, we focus our attention on the confinement effect achieved by stamp-assisted deposition for controlling size, density, and positions of material assemblies, giving them new chemical/physical functionalities. We review the methods and principles of the stamp-assisted spatial confinement and we discuss how they can be advantageously exploited to control crystalline order/orientation, dewetting phenomena, and spontaneous phase segregation. Moreover, we highlight how physical/chemical properties of soluble functional materials can be driven in constructive ways, by integrating them into operating technological devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gentili
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiano Albonetti
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiola Liscio
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Napolitano S, D'Acunto M, Baschieri P, Gnecco E, Pingue P. Ordered rippling of polymer surfaces by nanolithography: influence of scan pattern and boundary effects. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:475301. [PMID: 23103721 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/47/475301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how AFM nanolithography, with a proper choice of scan pattern, can induce an exceptionally ordered alignment of ripples on the surface of polymer films on the first scan. By analogy with the manipulation of nanoparticles, the orientation of the ripples is determined by the material flow, which is ultimately fixed by the direction of motion of the probing tip. This makes a raster scan pattern the best choice for orienting the ripples, as opposed to the zigzag scan pattern commonly adopted by most AFM setups. Our hypothesis is substantiated by a series of measurements on a solvent-enriched ultrathin film of PET, which allowed ripple formation on the first scan. We also show how the ripple orientation is significantly modified by the boundary conditions appearing when nanolithography is performed on circular, triangular and L-shaped areas on the polymer surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Gentili D, Foschi G, Valle F, Cavallini M, Biscarini F. Applications of dewetting in micro and nanotechnology. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4430-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Paul PC, Knoll AW, Holzner F, Despont M, Duerig U. Rapid turnaround scanning probe nanolithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:275306. [PMID: 21602616 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/27/275306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe nanolithography (SPL) has demonstrated its potential in a variety of applications like 3D nanopatterning, 'direct development' lithography, dip-pen deposition or patterning of self-assembled monolayers. One of the main issues holding back SPL has been the limited throughput for patterning and imaging. Here we present a complete lithography and metrology system based on thermomechanical writing into organic resists. Metrology is carried out using a thermoelectric topography sensing method. More specifically, we demonstrate a system with a patterning pixel clock of 500 kHz, 20 mm s(-1) linear scan speed, a positioning accuracy of 10 nm, a read-back frequency bandwidth of 100, 000 line-pairs s(-1) and a turnaround time from patterning to qualifying metrology of 1 min. Thus, we demonstrate a nanolithography system capable of implementing rapid turnaround.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Paul
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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Credi A, Semeraro M, Silvi S, Venturi M. Redox control of molecular motion in switchable artificial nanoscale devices. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1119-65. [PMID: 20568952 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and operation of molecular-scale systems that exhibit controllable motions of their component parts is a topic of great interest in nanoscience and a fascinating challenge of nanotechnology. The development of this kind of species constitutes the premise to the construction of molecular machines and motors, which in a not-too-distant future could find applications in fields such as materials science, information technology, energy conversion, diagnostics, and medicine. In the past 25 years the development of supramolecular chemistry has enabled the construction of an interesting variety of artificial molecular machines. These devices operate via electronic and molecular rearrangements and, like the macroscopic counterparts, they need energy to work as well as signals to communicate with the operator. Here we outline the design principles at the basis of redox switching of molecular motion in artificial nanodevices. Redox processes, chemically, electrically, or photochemically induced, can indeed supply the energy to bring about molecular motions. Moreover, in the case of electrically and photochemically induced processes, electrochemical and photochemical techniques can be used to read the state of the system, and thus to control and monitor the operation of the device. Some selected examples are also reported to describe the most representative achievements in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Cavallini M. Inhomogeneous thin deposits: a strategy to exploit their functionality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b903569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Coronado E, Gaviña P, Tatay S. Catenanes and threaded systems: from solution to surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:1674-89. [DOI: 10.1039/b807441k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cavallini M, Bergenti I, Milita S, Ruani G, Salitros I, Qu ZR, Chandrasekar R, Ruben M. Micro- and Nanopatterning of Spin-Transition Compounds into Logical Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8596-600. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cavallini M, Bergenti I, Milita S, Ruani G, Salitros I, Qu ZR, Chandrasekar R, Ruben M. Micro- and Nanopatterning of Spin-Transition Compounds into Logical Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Balzani V, Credi A, Venturi M. Molecular Machines Working on Surfaces and at Interfaces. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:202-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cavallini M, Facchini M, Albonetti C, Biscarini F. Single molecule magnets: from thin films to nano-patterns. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:784-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b711677b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Horie M, Sassa T, Hashizume D, Suzaki Y, Osakada K, Wada T. A crystalline supramolecular switch: controlling the optical anisotropy through the collective dynamic motion of molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4983-6. [PMID: 17526032 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Horie
- Supramolecular Science Laboratory, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Horie M, Sassa T, Hashizume D, Suzaki Y, Osakada K, Wada T. A Crystalline Supramolecular Switch: Controlling the Optical Anisotropy through the Collective Dynamic Motion of Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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