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Wang Y, Guo S, Sun W, Tu H, Tang Y, Xu Y, Guo R, Zhao Z, Yang Z, Wu J. Synthesis of 4 H-Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4-one Hydrazine Derivatives as a Potential Inhibitor for the Self-Assembly of TMV Particles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2879-2887. [PMID: 38241724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMV-CP), as a potential target for the development of antiviral agents, can assist in the long-distance movement of viruses and plays an extremely important role in virus replication and propagation. This work focuses on the synthesis and the action mechanism of novel 4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidin-4-one hydrazine derivatives. The synthesized compounds exhibited promising antiviral activity on TMV. Specifically, compound G2 exhibited high inactivating activity (93%) toward TMV, slightly better than commercial reagent NNM (90%). The action of mechanism was further explored by employed molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, microscale thermophoresis, qRT-PCR, and transmission electron microscopy. Results indicated that G2 had the capability to interact with amino acid residues such as Trp352, Tyr139, and Asn73 in the active pocket of TMV-CP, creating strong hydrophobic interactions and thus obstructing the virus's self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shengxin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yao Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ying Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Renjiang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhaokai Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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2
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Sheibani N, Arab SS, Kamalvand M. The coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus as an anti-tobacco mosaic virus: a molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13792-13797. [PMID: 36856083 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2183036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The Coat Protein (CP) of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) executes an important duty in the protection of virus RNA. The interaction between the virus CP and host plant proteins induces infection in the host and creates dark and light green mosaics on crops, which disturb the growth and function of the plant. The interaction between the virus CP and the modified CP, expressed in transgenic plants, causes Coat Protein-Mediated Resistance (CP-MR), which reduces virus infection in transgenic plants. In this study, a model is suggested for resistance as "stop assembly of CP" in the virus. It is based on the fact that the CP, when mutated, acts as a dead-end in virus assembly. For evaluation of the model, we investigated the effect of four mutants including CBT28I, ABT42W, ABD77R, and ABT89W complexes on plant resistance against TMV infection by molecular dynamics simulation. Previous studies had shown the influence of such mutations on the CP-MR. The MD results of in the present study further confirmed the mentioned effect and demonstrated how the mutations could be the cause of CP-MR. The results are calculated by the RMSD, Rg, H-bond, and g-MMPBSA scripts. The change in binding energy between two chains is consistent with CP-MR such that with increase in binding energy, the affinity between two chains was reduced and the CP-MR increased. Based on this model, it is possible to design mutants with a high level of efficiency.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Sheibani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamalvand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
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Shi Y, Yang X, Yang L, Li Q, Liu X, Han X, Gu Q, Li H, Chen L, Liu Y, Shi Y. Interaction between cucumber green mottle mosaic virus MP and CP promotes virus systemic infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:208-220. [PMID: 36528386 PMCID: PMC9923391 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) of tobamoviruses play critical roles in viral cell-to-cell and long-distance movement, respectively. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a member of the genus Tobamovirus. The functions of CGMMV MP and CP during viral infection remain largely unclear. Here, we show that CGMMV MP can interact with CP in vivo, and the amino acids at positions 79-128 in MP are vital for the MP-CP interaction. To confirm this finding, we mutated five conserved residues within the residue 79-128 region and six other conserved residues flanking this region, followed by in vivo interaction assays. The results showed that the conserved threonine residue at the position 107 in MP (MPT107 ) is important for the MP-CP interaction. Substitution of T107 with alanine (MPT107A ) delayed CGMMV systemic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, but increased CGMMV local accumulation. Substitutions of another 10 conserved residues, not responsible for the MP-CP interaction, with alanine inhibited or abolished CGMMV systemic infection, suggesting that these 10 conserved residues are possibly required for the MP movement function through a CP-independent manner. Moreover, two movement function-associated point mutants (MPF17A and MPD97A ) failed to cause systemic infection in plants without impacting on the MP-CP interaction. Furthermore, we have found that co-expression of CGMMV MP and CP increased CP accumulation independent of the interaction. MP and CP interaction inhibits the salicylic acid-associated defence response at an early infection stage. Taken together, we propose that the suppression of host antiviral defence through the MP-CP interaction facilitates virus systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Juan Shi
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Ling‐Ling Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qing‐Lun Li
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Min Liu
- Institute of Cereal and CropsHebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesShijiazhuangChina
| | - Xiao‐Yu Han
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qin‐Sheng Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Hong‐Lian Li
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Lin‐Lin Chen
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Guangdong Baiyun UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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4
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Liu C, Tian S, Lv X, Pu Y, Peng H, Fan G, Ma X, Ma L, Sun X. Nicotiana benthamiana asparagine synthetase associates with IP-L and confers resistance against tobacco mosaic virus via the asparagine-induced salicylic acid signalling pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:60-77. [PMID: 34617390 PMCID: PMC8659551 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase is a key enzyme that catalyses the conversion of amide groups from glutamine or ammonium to aspartate, which leads to the generation of asparagine. However, the role of asparagine synthetase in plant immunity remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a Nicotiana benthamiana asparagine synthetase B (NbAS-B) that associates with tomato mosaic virus coat protein-interacting protein L (IP-L) using the yeast two-hybrid assay and examined its role in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) resistance. The association of IP-L with NbAS-B was further confirmed by in vivo co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase complementation imaging, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. IP-L and NbAS-B interact in the nucleus and cytosol and IP-L apparently stabilizes NbAS-B, thus enhancing its accumulation. The expressions of IP-L and NbAS-B are continuously induced on TMV-green fluorescent protein (GFP) infection. Co-silencing of IP-L and NbAS-B facilitates TMV-GFP infection. Overexpression of NbAS-B in tobacco reduces TMV-GFP infection by significantly improving the synthesis of asparagine. Furthermore, the external application of asparagine significantly inhibits the infection of TMV-GFP by activating the salicylic acid signalling pathway. These findings hold the potential for the future application of asparagine in the control of TMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shaorui Tian
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xing Lv
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yundan Pu
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Haoran Peng
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, AgroscopeNyonSwitzerland
| | - Guangjin Fan
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaozhou Ma
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationCollege of HorticultureHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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5
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Yu M, Bi X, Huang Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang R, Lei Y, Xia Z, An M, Wu Y. Chimeric Tobamoviruses With Coat Protein Exchanges Modulate Symptom Expression and Defence Responses in Nicotiana tabacum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:587005. [PMID: 33240243 PMCID: PMC7677242 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogen infection and host defence equilibrium, plant viruses have evolved to efficiently replicate their genomes, to resist the attack from host defence responses and to avoid causing severe negative effect on growth and metabolism of the hosts. In this study, we generated chimeric tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) variants, in which the coat protein (CP) sequences were substituted with that of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) or pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) to address the role of these in virus infection and host symptomology. The results showed that the chimeric viruses (TMV-CGCP or TMV-PMCP) induce stunting and necrotic symptoms in tobacco plants. We analyzed the transcriptomic changes in tobacco plants after infection of TMV and its chimeras using a high-throughput RNA sequencing approach and found that infection of the chimeric TMV induced significant up-regulation of host defence responsive genes together with salicylic (SA) or abscisic acid (ABA) responsive genes, but down-regulation of auxin (Aux) responsive genes. We further confirmed the increase in the levels of SA and ABA, together with the reduced levels of Aux after infection of chimeric TMV in tobacco plants. These data suggest novel roles of tobamovirus CP in induction of host symptoms and defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyue Bi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanmin Huang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Sichuan Tobacco Company Deyang City Company, Deyang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Sichuan Tobacco Company Deyang City Company, Deyang, China
| | - Ruina Zhang
- Sichuan Tobacco Company Deyang City Company, Deyang, China
| | - Yunkang Lei
- Sichuan Tobacco Company Deyang City Company, Deyang, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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6
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Sharma J, Purohit R, Hallan V. Conformational behavior of coat protein in plants and association with coat protein-mediated resistance against TMV. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:893-908. [PMID: 31933177 PMCID: PMC7455624 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) self assembles in viral RNA deprived transgenic plants to form aggregates based on the physical conditions of the environment. Transgenic plants in which these aggregates are developed show resistance toward infection by TMV referred to as CP-MR. This phenomenon has been extensively used to protect transgenic plants against viral diseases. The mutants T42W and E50Q CP confer enhanced CP-MR as compared to the WT CP. The aggregates, when examined, show the presence of helical discs in the case of WT CP; on the other hand, mutants show the presence of highly stable non-helical long rods. These aggregates interfere with the accumulation of MP as well as with the disassembly of TMV in plant cells. Here, we explored an atomic level insight to the process of CP-MR through MD simulations. The subunit-subunit interactions were assessed with the help of MM-PBSA calculations. Moreover, classification of secondary structure elements of the protein also provided unambiguous information about the conformational changes occurring in the two chains, which indicated toward increased flexibility of the mutant protein and seconded the other results of simulations. Our finding indicates the essential structural changes caused by the mutation in CP subunits, which are critically responsible for CP-MR and provides an in silico insight into the effects of these transitions over CP-MR. These results could further be utilized to design TMV-CP-based small peptides that would be able to provide appropriate protection against TMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Sharma
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, 176061, India
- Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
- Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
| | - Vipin Hallan
- Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
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7
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Han K, Zheng H, Ji M, Cui W, Hu S, Peng J, Zhao J, Lu Y, Lin L, Liu Y, Chen J, Yan F. A single amino acid in coat protein of Pepper mild mottle virus determines its subcellular localization and the chlorosis symptom on leaves of pepper. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:565-570. [PMID: 32149597 PMCID: PMC7414450 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) causes serious economic losses in pepper production in China. In a survey for viral diseases on pepper, two PMMoV isolates (named PMMoV-ZJ1 and PMMoV-ZJ2) were identified with different symptoms in Zhejiang province. Sequence alignment analysis suggested there were only four amino acid differences between the isolates: Val262Gly, Ile629Met and Ala1164Thr in the replicase, and Asp20Asn in the coat protein. Infectious cDNA clones of both isolates were constructed and shown to cause distinctive symptoms. Chlorosis symptoms appeared only on PMMoV-ZJ2-infected plants and the Asp20Asn substitution in the CP was shown to be responsible. Confocal assays revealed that the subcellular localization pattern of the two CPs was different, CP20Asp was mainly located at the cell periphery, whereas most CP20Asn located in the chloroplast. Thus, a single amino acid in the CP determined the chlorosis symptom, accompanied by an altered subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelei Han
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Mengfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Weijun Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Shuzhen Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hunan Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha 410125, PR China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
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Makarova SS, Makhotenko AV, Khromov AV, Skurat EV, Solovyev AG, Makarov VV, Kalinina NO. Non-structural Functions of Hordeivirus Capsid Protein Identified in Plants Infected by a Chimeric Tobamovirus. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2018; 83:1543-1551. [PMID: 30878029 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791812012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capsid proteins (CPs) of (+)RNA-containing plant viruses are multifunctional proteins involved in many stages of viral infection cycle, in addition to their main function of virus capsid formation. For example, the tobamoviral CP ensures virus systemic transport in plants and defines the virus-host interactions, thereby influencing the virus host range, virus infectivity, pathogenicity, and manifestation of infection symptoms. Hordeiviruses and tobamoviruses belong to the Virgaviridae family and have rod-shaped virions with a helical symmetry; their CPs are similar in structure. However, no non-structural functions of hordeiviral CPs have been described so far. In this study, we assayed possible non-structural functions of CP from the barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) (hordeivirus). To do this, the genome of turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) (tobamovirus) was modified by substituting the TVCV CP gene with the BSMV CP gene or its mutants. We found that BSMV CP efficiently replaced TVCV CP at all stages of viral infection. In particular, BSMV CP performed the role of tobamoviral CP in the long-distance transport of the chimeric virus, acted as a hypersensitive response elicitor, and served as a pathogenicity determinant that influenced the symptoms of the viral infection. The chimeric tobamovirus coding for the C-terminally truncated BSMV CP displayed an increased infectivity and was transported in plants in a form of atypical virions (ribonucleoprotein complexes).
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Makarova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A V Makhotenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A V Khromov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E V Skurat
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A G Solovyev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550, Russia
| | - V V Makarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N O Kalinina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Wu H, Liu L, Kang B, Peng B, Gu Q. The 96th Amino Acid of the Coat Protein of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Affects Virus Infectivity. Viruses 2017; 10:E6. [PMID: 29295571 PMCID: PMC5795419 DOI: 10.3390/v10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is one of the most devastating viruses infecting members of the family Cucurbitaceae. The assembly initiation site of CGMMV is located in the coding region of the coat protein, which is not only involved in virion assembly but is also a key factor determining the long-distance movement of the virus. To understand the effect of assembly initiation site and the adjacent region on CGMMV infectivity, we created a GTT deletion mutation in the GAGGTTG assembly initiation site of the infectious clone of CGMMV, which we termed V97 (deletion mutation at residue 97 of coat protein), followed by the construction of the V94A and T104A mutants. We observed that these three mutations caused mosaic after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Nicotiana benthamiana, albeit with a significant delay compared to the wild type clone. The mutants also had a common spontaneous E96K mutation in the coat protein. These results indicated that the initial assembly site and the sequence of the adjacent region affected the infectivity of the virus and that E96 might play an essential role in this process. We constructed two single point mutants-E96A and E96K-and three double mutants-V94A-E96K, V97-E96K and T104A-E96K-to further understand the role of E96 in CGMMV pathogenesis. After inoculation in N. benthamiana, E96A showed delayed systemic symptoms, but the E96K and three double mutants exhibited typical symptoms of mosaic at seven days post-infection. Then, sap from CGMMV-infected N. benthamiana leaves was mechanically inoculated on watermelon plants. We confirmed that E96 affected CGMMV infection using double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and sequencing, which further confirmed the successful infection of the related mutants, and that E96K can compensate the effect of the V94, V97, and T104 mutations on virus infectivity. In addition, Northern blotting showed that the accumulation of viral RNA corroborated the severity of the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Liming Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Huijie Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Baoshan Kang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Bin Peng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
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10
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Li X, Hao G, Wang Q, Chen Z, Ding Y, Yu L, Hu D, Song B. Ningnanmycin inhibits tobacco mosaic virus virulence by binding directly to its coat protein discs. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82446-82458. [PMID: 29137277 PMCID: PMC5669903 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes severe plant diseases worldwide; however, effective antiviral agents for controlling TMV infections are not available. This lack of effective antiviral agents is mainly due to the poor understanding of potential targets associated with TMV infections. During infection, the coat protein (CP), which is delivered by viral particles into susceptible host cells, provides protection for viral RNA. Here, we found that Ningnanmycin (NNM), a commercially used plant antibacterial agent, inhibits the assembly of the CP by directly binding several residues. These interactions cause the disassembly of the CP from discs into monomers, leading to an almost complete loss of pathogenicity. Substitutions in the involved binding residues resulted in mutants that were significantly less sensitive to NNM. Thus, targeting the binding of viral CPs through small molecular agents offers an effective strategy to study the mechanism of NNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Gefei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yan Ding
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Lu Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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11
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Han SH, Park JS, Han JY, Gong JS, Park CH, Kim JK, Seo EY, Domier LL, Hammond J, Lim HS. New Korean isolates of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) differ in symptom severity and subcellular localization of the 126 kDa protein. Virus Genes 2017; 53:434-445. [PMID: 28176159 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two isolates of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were selected from a nationwide survey of pepper fields in South Korea in 2014 and 2015, in which Cucumber mosaic virus was also detected; the two PMMoV isolates, Sangcheong 47 (S-47, KX399390) and Jeongsong 76 (J-76, KX399389), share ~99% nucleotide and amino acid identity and are closely related to Japanese and Chinese isolates at the nucleotide level. Amino acid sequence comparisons revealed 99.73, 99.81, 98.44, and 100% identity in the ORF1, ORF2, MP, and CP, respectively, between S-47 and J-76. In addition, we generated infectious clones of S-47 and J-76, and T7 promoter driven transcripts of each inoculated to Nicotiana benthamiana produced very severe symptoms, whereas only mild symptoms developed in Capsicum annuum. Gene silencing suppressor function of 126 kDa and cytoskeleton-connected plasmodesmata localization of movement protein of S-47 and J-76 showed no difference between isolates, whereas 126 kDa of J-76 clearly formed intracellular aggregates not observed with S-47 126 kDa protein. Differences between these isolates in 126/183 kDa-related functions including subcellular localization suggest that differential interactions with host proteins may affect symptom development in C. annuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuk Han
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Park
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Jae-Yeong Han
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Jun-Su Gong
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Chan-Hwan Park
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Jung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Leslie L Domier
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Crop Sciences, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John Hammond
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, United States National Arboretum, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, 10300 Baltimore Avenue B-010A, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea.
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12
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Dorokhov YL, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Tobamovirus 3'-Terminal Gene Overlap May be a Mechanism for within-Host Fitness Improvement. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:851. [PMID: 28553276 PMCID: PMC5425575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overlapping genes (OGs) are a universal phenomenon in all kingdoms, and viruses display a high content of OGs combined with a high rate of evolution. It is believed that the mechanism of gene overlap is based on overprinting of an existing gene. OGs help virus genes compress a maximum amount of information into short sequences, conferring viral proteins with novel features and thereby increasing their within-host fitness. Analysis of tobamovirus 3′-terminal genes reveals at least two modes of OG organization and mechanisms of interaction with the host. Originally isolated from Solanaceae species, viruses (referred to as Solanaceae-infecting) such as tobacco mosaic virus do not show 3′-terminal overlap between movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) genes but do contain open reading frame 6 (ORF6), which overlaps with both genes. Conversely, tobamoviruses, originally isolated from Brassicaceae species (referred to as Brassicaceae-infecting) and also able to infect Solanaceae plants, have no ORF6 but are characterized by overlapping MP and CP genes. Our analysis showed that the MP/CP overlap of Brassicaceae-infecting tobamoviruses results in the following: (i) genome compression and strengthening of subgenomic promoters; (ii) CP gene early expression directly from genomic and dicistronic MP subgenomic mRNA using an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and a stable hairpin structure in the overlapping region; (iii) loss of ORF6, which influences the symptomatology of Solanaceae-infecting tobamoviruses; and (iv) acquisition of an IRES polypurine-rich region encoding an MP nuclear localization signal. We believe that MP/CP gene overlap may constitute a mechanism for host range expansion and virus adjustment to Brassicaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Dorokhov
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of ScienceMoscow, Russia.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana V Komarova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of ScienceMoscow, Russia.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
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13
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Makarov VV, Kalinina NO. Structure and Noncanonical Activities of Coat Proteins of Helical Plant Viruses. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:1-18. [PMID: 26885578 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The main function of virus coat protein is formation of the capsid that protects the virus genome against degradation. However, besides the structural function, coat proteins have many additional important activities in the infection cycle of the virus and in the defense response of host plants to viral infection. This review focuses on noncanonical functions of coat proteins of helical RNA-containing plant viruses with positive genome polarity. Analysis of data on the structural organization of coat proteins of helical viruses has demonstrated that the presence of intrinsically disordered regions within the protein structure plays an important role in implementation of nonstructural functions and largely determines the multifunctionality of coat proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Makarov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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14
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Abstract
Transgenic resistance to plant viruses is an important technology for control of plant virus infection, which has been demonstrated for many model systems, as well as for the most important plant viruses, in terms of the costs of crop losses to disease, and also for many other plant viruses infecting various fruits and vegetables. Different approaches have been used over the last 28 years to confer resistance, to ascertain whether particular genes or RNAs are more efficient at generating resistance, and to take advantage of advances in the biology of RNA interference to generate more efficient and environmentally safer, novel "resistance genes." The approaches used have been based on expression of various viral proteins (mostly capsid protein but also replicase proteins, movement proteins, and to a much lesser extent, other viral proteins), RNAs [sense RNAs (translatable or not), antisense RNAs, satellite RNAs, defective-interfering RNAs, hairpin RNAs, and artificial microRNAs], nonviral genes (nucleases, antiviral inhibitors, and plantibodies), and host-derived resistance genes (dominant resistance genes and recessive resistance genes), and various factors involved in host defense responses. This review examines the above range of approaches used, the viruses that were tested, and the host species that have been examined for resistance, in many cases describing differences in results that were obtained for various systems developed in the last 20 years. We hope this compilation of experiences will aid those who are seeking to use this technology to provide resistance in yet other crops, where nature has not provided such.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Hallwass M, de Oliveira AS, de Campos Dianese E, Lohuis D, Boiteux LS, Inoue-Nagata AK, Resende RO, Kormelink R. The Tomato spotted wilt virus cell-to-cell movement protein (NSM ) triggers a hypersensitive response in Sw-5-containing resistant tomato lines and in Nicotiana benthamiana transformed with the functional Sw-5b resistance gene copy. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:871-80. [PMID: 24720811 PMCID: PMC6638845 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the Sw-5 gene cluster has been cloned, and Sw-5b has been identified as the functional gene copy that confers resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), its avirulence (Avr) determinant has not been identified to date. Nicotiana tabacum 'SR1' plants transformed with a copy of the Sw-5b gene are immune without producing a clear visual response on challenge with TSWV, whereas it is shown here that N. benthamiana transformed with Sw-5b gives a rapid and conspicuous hypersensitive response (HR). Using these plants, from all structural and non-structural TSWV proteins tested, the TSWV cell-to-cell movement protein (NSM ) was confirmed as the Avr determinant using a Potato virus X (PVX) replicon or a non-replicative pEAQ-HT expression vector system. HR was induced in Sw-5b-transgenic N. benthamiana as well as in resistant near-isogenic tomato lines after agroinfiltration with a functional cell-to-cell movement protein (NSM ) from a resistance-inducing (RI) TSWV strain (BR-01), but not with NSM from a Sw-5 resistance-breaking (RB) strain (GRAU). This is the first biological demonstration that Sw-5-mediated resistance is triggered by the TSWV NSM cell-to-cell movement protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hallwass
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, ICC-Sul Asa Norte 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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16
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Galvez LC, Banerjee J, Pinar H, Mitra A. Engineered plant virus resistance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:11-25. [PMID: 25438782 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Virus diseases are among the key limiting factors that cause significant yield loss and continuously threaten crop production. Resistant cultivars coupled with pesticide application are commonly used to circumvent these threats. One of the limitations of the reliance on resistant cultivars is the inevitable breakdown of resistance due to the multitude of variable virus populations. Similarly, chemical applications to control virus transmitting insect vectors are costly to the farmers, cause adverse health and environmental consequences, and often result in the emergence of resistant vector strains. Thus, exploiting strategies that provide durable and broad-spectrum resistance over diverse environments are of paramount importance. The development of plant gene transfer systems has allowed for the introgression of alien genes into plant genomes for novel disease control strategies, thus providing a mechanism for broadening the genetic resources available to plant breeders. Genetic engineering offers various options for introducing transgenic virus resistance into crop plants to provide a wide range of resistance to viral pathogens. This review examines the current strategies of developing virus resistant transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leny C Galvez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebarska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA
| | - Joydeep Banerjee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebarska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA
| | - Hasan Pinar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebarska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebarska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA.
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17
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Phan MSV, Seo JK, Choi HS, Lee SH, Kim KH. Molecular and Biological Characterization of an Isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus from Glycine soja by Generating its Infectious Full-genome cDNA Clones. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:159-67. [PMID: 25288998 PMCID: PMC4174851 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.02.2014.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and biological characteristics of an isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) from Glycine soja (wild soybean), named as CMV-209, was examined in this study. Comparison of nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analyses of CMV-209 with the other CMV strains revealed that CMV-209 belonged to CMV subgroup I. However, CMV-209 showed some genetic distance from the CMV strains assigned to subgroup IA or subgroup IB. Infectious full-genome cDNA clones of CMV-209 were generated under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Infectivity of the CMV-209 clones was evaluated in Nicotiana benthamiana and various legume species. Our assays revealed that CMV-209 could systemically infect Glycine soja (wild soybean) and Pisum sativum (pea) as well as N. benthamiana, but not the other legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sa Vo Phan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jang-Kyun Seo
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Hong-Soo Choi
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Su-Heon Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
- Corresponding author. Phone) +82-2-880-4677, FAX) +82-2-873-2317, E-mail)
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18
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Ni P, Vaughan RC, Tragesser B, Hoover H, Kao CC. The plant host can affect the encapsidation of brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA: BMV virions are surprisingly heterogeneous. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:1061-76. [PMID: 24036424 PMCID: PMC3944473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Brome mosaic virus (BMV) packages its genomic and subgenomic RNAs into three separate viral particles. BMV purified from barley, wheat, and tobacco have distinct relative abundances of the encapsidated RNAs. We seek to identify the basis for the host-dependent differences in viral RNA encapsidation. Sequencing of the viral RNAs revealed recombination events in the 3' untranslated region of RNA1 of BMV purified from barley and wheat, but not from tobacco. However, the relative amounts of the BMV RNAs that accumulated in barley and wheat are similar and RNA accumulation is not sufficient to account for the difference in RNA encapsidation. Virions purified from barley and wheat were found to differ in their isoelectric points, resistance to proteolysis, and contacts between the capsid residues and the RNA. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed that virions from the three hosts had different post-translational modifications that should impact the physiochemical properties of the virions. Another major source of variation in RNA encapsidation was due to the purification of BMV particles to homogeneity. Highly enriched BMV present in lysates had a surprising range of sizes, buoyant densities, and distinct relative amounts of encapsidated RNAs. These results show that the encapsidated BMV RNAs reflect a combination of host effects on the physiochemical properties of the viral capsids and the enrichment of a subset of virions. The previously unexpected heterogeneity in BMV should influence the timing of the infection and also the host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ni
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Robert C Vaughan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brady Tragesser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Haley Hoover
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - C Cheng Kao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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19
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Junqueira BRT, Nicolini C, Lucinda N, Orílio AF, Nagata T. A simplified approach to construct infectious cDNA clones of a tobamovirus in a binary vector. J Virol Methods 2014; 198:32-6. [PMID: 24388933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious cDNA clones of RNA viruses are important tools to study molecular processes such as replication and host-virus interactions. However, the cloning steps necessary for construction of cDNAs of viral RNA genomes in binary vectors are generally laborious. In this study, a simplified method of producing an agro-infectious Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) clone is described in detail. Initially, the complete genome of PMMoV was amplified by a single-step RT-PCR, cloned, and subcloned into a small plasmid vector under the T7 RNA polymerase promoter to confirm the infectivity of the cDNA clone through transcript inoculation. The complete genome was then transferred to a binary vector using a single-step, overlap-extension PCR. The selected clones were agro-infiltrated to Nicotiana benthamiana plants and showed to be infectious, causing typical PMMoV symptoms. No differences in host responses were observed when the wild-type PMMoV isolate, the T7 RNA polymerase-derived transcripts and the agroinfiltration-derived viruses were inoculated to N. benthamiana, Capsicum chinense PI 159236 and Capsicum annuum plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cícero Nicolini
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Natalia Lucinda
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Anelise Franco Orílio
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Pós-graduação em Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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20
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Conti G, Rodriguez MC, Manacorda CA, Asurmendi S. Transgenic expression of Tobacco mosaic virus capsid and movement proteins modulate plant basal defense and biotic stress responses in Nicotiana tabacum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1370-84. [PMID: 22712510 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-12-0075-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause metabolic and physiological changes associated with symptomatic disease phenotypes. Symptoms involve direct and indirect effects, which result in disruption of host physiology. We used transgenic tobacco expressing a variant of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP(T42W)) or movement protein (MP), and a hybrid line (MP×CP(T42W)) that coexpresses both proteins, to study the plant response to individual viral proteins. Findings employing microarray analysis of MP×CP(T42W) plants and silenced mp×cp(T42W)* controls revealed that altered transcripts were mostly downregulated, suggesting a persistent shut-off due to MP×CP(T42W) expression. Next, we showed that MP triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, reduction of total ascorbate, and expression of ROS scavenging genes. These effects were enhanced when both proteins were coexpressed. MP and MP×CP(T42W) plants showed increased levels of salicylic acid (SA) and SA-responsive gene expression. Furthermore, these effects were partially reproduced in Nicotiana benthamiana when GMP1 transcript was silenced. CP(T42W) seems to be playing a negative role in the defense response by reducing the expression of PR-1 and RDR-1. MP and MP×CP(T42W) transgenic expression promoted a recovery-like phenotype in TMV RNA infections and enhanced susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The individual effects of viral proteins may reflect the ability of a virus to balance its own virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conti
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Transient expression in tobacco Bright Yellow 2 cells and pollen grains: A fast, efficient and reliable system for functional promoter analysis of plant genes. ARCH BIOL SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1001057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is mediated by DNA sequences directly upstream from the coding sequences, recruited transcription factors and RNA polymerase in a spatially-defined manner. Understanding promoter strength and regulation would enhance our understanding of gene expression. The goal of this study was to develop a fast, efficient and reliable method for testing basal promoter activity and identifying core sequences within its pollen specific elements. In this paper we examined the functionality of buckwheat metallothionein promoter by a histochemical GUS assay in two transient expression systems: BY2 cells and pollen grains. Strong promoter activity was observed in both systems.
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22
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Yi G, Letteney E, Kim CH, Kao CC. Brome mosaic virus capsid protein regulates accumulation of viral replication proteins by binding to the replicase assembly RNA element. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 15:615-26. [PMID: 19237464 PMCID: PMC2661835 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1375509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Viruses provide valuable insights into the regulation of molecular processes. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is one of the simplest entities with four viral proteins and three genomic RNAs. Here we report that the BMV capsid protein (CP), which functions in RNA encapsidation and virus trafficking, also represses viral RNA replication in a concentration-dependent manner by inhibiting the accumulation of the RNA replication proteins. Expression of the replication protein 2a in trans can partially rescue BMV RNA accumulation. A mutation in the CP can decrease the repression of translation. Translation repression by the CP requires a hairpin RNA motif named the B Box that contains seven loop nucleotides (nt) within the 5' untranslated regions (UTR) of BMV RNA1 and RNA2. Purified CP can bind directly to the B Box RNA with a K (d) of 450 nM. The secondary structure of the B Box RNA was determined to contain a highly flexible 7-nt loop using NMR spectroscopy, native gel analysis, and thermal denaturation studies. The B Box is also recognized by the BMV 1a protein to assemble the BMV replicase, suggesting that the BMV CP can act to regulate several viral infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA
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23
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BENDAHMANE M, CHEN I, ASURMENDI S, BAZZINI AA, SZECSI J, BEACHY RN. Coat protein-mediated resistance to TMV infection of Nicotiana tabacum involves multiple modes of interference by coat protein. Virology 2007; 366:107-16. [PMID: 17499327 PMCID: PMC2139911 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Expression of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) restricts virus disassembly and alters the accumulation of the movement protein (MP). To characterize the role of structure of transgenic CP in regulating virus disassembly and production of MP, we generated CPs with mutations at residues Glu50 and Asp77, located in the interface between juxtaposed CP subunits. In transgenic Nicotiana tabacum and BY-2 cells, three categories of coat protein-mediated resistance (CP-MR) levels were identified: wild-type CP-MR; elevated CP-MR; and no CP-MR. Mutant CPs that interfered with the accumulation of virus replication complexes conferred very high levels of protection to TMV, except by CP(E50D) which provided no protection in the systemic host (Xanthi-nn) but high CP-MR in the local lesion host (Xanthi-NN). In transgenic BY-2 cells CP(E50D) strongly reduced accumulation of MP:GFP. In general, there was a strong correlation between the capacity for CP to assemble to pseudovirions and CP-MR, while there was not strong correlation with packaging viral RNA and CP-MR. The data demonstrate that interference with one or more steps in virus infection and replication by wild type and mutant CP determine the degree of CP-MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed BENDAHMANE
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes UMR5667-INRA-CNRS-UCBL, EVIR, INSERM 758, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon cedex 07. France. ;
| | - Iju CHEN
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Sebastian ASURMENDI
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA Castelar, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas S/N, B1712WAA. Buenos Aires, Argentina. ;
| | - Ariel Alejando BAZZINI
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA Castelar, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas S/N, B1712WAA. Buenos Aires, Argentina. ;
| | - Judit SZECSI
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- EVIR, INSERM 758, ENS 46, allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon Cedex 07 France
| | - Roger N. BEACHY
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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Bazzini AA, Hopp HE, Beachy RN, Asurmendi S. Infection and coaccumulation of tobacco mosaic virus proteins alter microRNA levels, correlating with symptom and plant development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12157-62. [PMID: 17615233 PMCID: PMC1924585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by plant virus generally cause disease symptoms by interfering with cellular processes. Here we demonstrated that infection of Nicotiana tabacum (N.t) by plant viruses representative of the Tobamoviridae, Potyviridae, and Potexviridae families altered accumulation of certain microRNAs (miRNAs). A correlation was observed between symptom severity and alteration in levels of miRNAs 156, 160, 164,166, 169, and 171 that is independent of viral posttranscriptional gene silencing suppressor activity. Hybrid transgenic plants that produced tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (MP) plus coat protein (CP)(T42W) (a variant of CP) exhibited disease-like phenotypes, including abnormal plant development. Grafting studies with a plant line in which both transgenes are silenced confirmed that the disease-like phenotypes are due to the coexpression of CP and MP. In hybrid MPxCP(T42W) plants and TMV-infected plants, miRNAs 156, 164, 165, and 167 accumulated to higher levels compared with nontransgenic and noninfected tissues. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that MP interacts with CP(T42W) in vivo and leads to the hypothesis that complexes formed between MP and CP caused increases in miRNAs that result in disease symptoms. This work presents evidence that virus infection and viral proteins influence miRNA balance without affecting posttranscriptional gene silencing and contributes to the hypothesis that viruses exploit miRNA pathways during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Bazzini
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros, B1712WAA Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - H. E. Hopp
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros, B1712WAA Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - R. N. Beachy
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - S. Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros, B1712WAA Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
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25
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Asurmendi S, Berg R, Smith T, Bendhamane M, Beachy R. Aggregation of TMV CP plays a role in CP functions and in coat-protein-mediated resistance. Virology 2007; 366:98-106. [PMID: 17493658 PMCID: PMC2034504 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) in absence of RNA self-assembles into several different structures depending on pH and ionic strength. Transgenic plants that produce self-assembling CP are resistant to TMV infection, a phenomenon referred to as coat-protein-mediated resistance (CP-MR). The mutant CP Thr42Trp (CP(T42W)) produces enhanced CP-MR compared to wild-type CP. To establish the relationship between the formation of 20S CP aggregates and CP-MR, virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by TMV variants that yield high levels of CP-MR were characterized. We demonstrate that non-helical structures are found in VLPs formed in vivo by CP(T42W) but not by wild-type CP and suggest that the mutation shifts the intracellular equilibrium of aggregates from low to higher proportions of non-helical 20S aggregates. A similar shift in equilibrium of aggregates was observed with CP(D77R), another mutant that confers high level of CP-MR. The mutant CP(D50R) confers a level of CP-MR similar to wild-type CP and aggregates in a manner similar to wild-type CP. We conclude that increased CP-MR is correlated with a shift in intracellular equilibrium of CP aggregates, including aggregates that interfere with virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Asurmendi
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - R.H. Berg
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - T.J. Smith
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - M. Bendhamane
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - R.N. Beachy
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132
- Corresponding author: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, Phone: 1 314 587 1201 Fax: 1 314 587 1301, E-mail address:
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26
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Wang K, Kang L, Anand A, Lazarovits G, Mysore KS. Monitoring in planta bacterial infection at both cellular and whole-plant levels using the green fluorescent protein variant GFPuv. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:212-223. [PMID: 17335510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
* Green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeling of bacteria has been used to study their infection of and localization in plants, but strong autofluorescence from leaves and the relatively weak green fluorescence of GFP-labeled bacteria restrict its broader application to investigations of plant-bacterial interactions. * A stable and broad-host-range plasmid vector (pDSK-GFPuv) that strongly expresses GFPuv protein was constructed not only for in vivo monitoring of bacterial infection, localization, activity, and movement at the cellular level under fluorescence microscopy, but also for monitoring bacterial disease development at the whole-plant level under long-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light. * The presence of pDSK-GFPuv did not have significant impact on the in vitro or in planta growth and virulence of phytobacteria. A good correlation between bacterial cell number and fluorescence intensity was observed, which allowed us to rapidly estimate the bacterial population in plant leaf tissue. We demonstrated that GFPuv-expressing bacteria can be used to screen plants that are compromised for nonhost disease resistance and Agrobacterium attachment. * The use of GFPuv-labeled bacteria has a wide range of applications in host-bacterial interaction studies and bacterial ecology-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Wang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Li Kang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Ajith Anand
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - George Lazarovits
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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27
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Bazzini AA, Hopp HE, Beachy RN, Asurmendi S. Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing Does Not Play a Significant Role in Potato virus X Coat Protein-Mediated Resistance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 96:1175-1178. [PMID: 18943953 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-96-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The expression of a gene that encodes coat protein (CP) of Potato virus X (PVX) in transgenic tobacco plants confers a high level of CP-mediated rresistance (CP-MR) against PVX infection. To determine if posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) plays a role in resistance, transgenic plants expressing PVX CP were challenged against PVX under conditions in which PTGS was suppressed by low temperatures or using viruses carrying PTGS suppressors. The data demonstrate that PTGS does not play a significant role in PVX CP-MR.
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Bazzini AA, Asurmendi S, Hopp HE, Beachy RN. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X (PVX) coat proteins confer heterologous interference to PVX and TMV infection, respectively. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1005-1012. [PMID: 16528051 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of Potato virus X (PVX) was reduced in transgenic protoplasts that accumulated wild-type coat protein (CPWT) of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or a mutant CP, CP(T42W), that produced highly ordered states of aggregation, including pseudovirions. This reaction is referred to as heterologous CP-mediated resistance. However, protoplasts expressing a CP mutant that abolished aggregation and did not produce pseudovirions, CPT28W, did not reduce PVX replication. Similarly, in transgenic tobacco plants producing TMV CPWT or CP(T42W), there was a delay in local cell-to-cell spread of PVX infection that was not observed in CP(T28W) plants or in non-transgenic plants. The results suggest that the quaternary structure of the TMV CP regulates the mechanism(s) of heterologous CP-mediated resistance. Similarly, transgenic protoplasts that produced PVX CP conferred transient protection against infection by TMV RNA. Transgenic plants that accumulated PVX CP reduced the cell-to-cell spread of infection and resulted in a delay in systemic infection following inoculation with TMV or TMV RNA. Heterologous CP-mediated resistance was characterized by a brief delay in systemic infection, whilst homologous CP-mediated resistance conferred reduced or no systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bazzini
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros, B1712WAA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - S Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros, B1712WAA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - H E Hopp
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros, B1712WAA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R N Beachy
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Voloudakis AE, Aleman-Verdaguer ME, Padgett HS, Beachy RN. Characterization of resistance in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana encoding N-terminal deletion and assembly mutants of the tobacco etch potyvirus coat protein. Arch Virol 2005; 150:2567-82. [PMID: 16086100 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants encoding wild type, truncated and point mutants of the tobacco etch virus (TEV) coat protein (CP) was analyzed. After R1 plants from 45 transgenic lines were challenged with TEV, six percent of the lines exhibited high resistance, 38% exhibited low resistance, and the remainder were susceptible. The phenomenon of recovery and delay in symptom development was observed in 65% and 56% of the resistant and susceptible lines, respectively. Plants containing genes that encode sequences of two assembly-deficient mutants of TEV-CPDelta1-63 exhibited resistance to infection, suggesting that self-assembly of the CP is not responsible for resistance. Highly resistant lines accumulated low levels of transgene mRNA and non-detectable amounts of protein, and tissues accumulated lower amounts of transgene mRNA following recovery than before infection. In addition, co-suppression of replication of a recombinant tobamovirus containing the TEV-CPDelta1-63 sequence was observed in several lines, suggesting homology-dependent degradation of RNA, most likely through induction of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Plants not exhibiting high resistance via gene silencing exhibited moderate levels of resistance that is attributed to and/or affected by the CP molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Voloudakis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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30
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Li Y, Wu MY, Song HH, Hu X, Qiu BS. Identification of a tobacco protein interacting with tomato mosaic virus coat protein and facilitating long-distance movement of virus. Arch Virol 2005; 150:1993-2008. [PMID: 15931463 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The protein-protein interaction of virus and host is essential for virus infection and host defense. The coat protein (CP) of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) has been proved to be involved in cell-to-cell and long-distance movements of viruses that are presumably related with the protein-protein interactions. However, the host proteins that interact with the ToMV coat protein (ToCP) are largely unknown. In this study, we isolated a cDNA from a tobacco library through yeast two-hybrid system, which encodes a protein designated the ToMV CP-interacting protein-L (IP-L) that interacted with ToCP in vitro and in vivo. Sequencing analysis revealed that the putative coding region of IP-L gene was identical to that of an 'elicitor responsive protein' gene from N. tabacum (Genbank: #AB040409). A homology was also found between the cDNA sequence of IP-L and two senescence-related cDNAs (SENU1: Z75523 and AY479987) isolated from tomato and pepper. Northern blotting analysis showed that the mRNA level of IP-L was elevated after infection of ToMV. Then, we investigated the in vivo function of IP-L using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and virus challenging assay. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Northern blotting results showed that the endogenous mRNA of IP-L in N. benthamiana plant was silenced at 10 days post inoculation with the in vitro transcripts of PVX-IP-L that were produced from the potato virus X (PVX)-based gene silencing plasmid pPC2S.IP-L. The IP-L silent plant developed a delayed systemic symptom at 7 days post challenging with ToMV, indicating that a high expression of IP-L was necessary for the interaction with ToCP to assist the viral transportation. Together, our data suggested that IP-L is a novel plant factor that interacts with the coat protein of ToMV and facilitates the long-distance movement of virus, which may provide a valuable clue for us to further investigate the mechanisms of plant virus infection and to control plant virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Molecular Microbiological Centre, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Asurmendi S, Berg RH, Koo JC, Beachy RN. Coat protein regulates formation of replication complexes during tobacco mosaic virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1415-20. [PMID: 14745003 PMCID: PMC337067 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307778101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) encodes replicase protein(s), movement protein (MP), and capsid protein (CP). On infection, one or more viral proteins direct the assembly of virus replication complexes (VRCs), in association with host-derived membranes. The impact of CP-mediated resistance on the structures of the replication complexes was examined in nontransgenic and transgenic BY-2 cell lines that produce wild-type CP, mutant CP(T42W), and Ds-Red, which was targeted to endoplasmic reticulum by using immunofluorescence and 3D microscopy. We developed a model of VRCs that shows a clear association of MP with and surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. Replicase is located within the MP bodies, as well as isolated sites throughout the cell. CP surrounds the VRCs. CP enhances the production of MP and increases the size of the VRC; however, the mutant CP(T42W) reduces the amount of MP and interferes with the formation of VRCs. We propose a regulatory role of the CP in the establishment of the VRC. We suggest that the lack of formation of VRCs restricts the efficiency of virus replication and the formation of virus movement complexes, resulting in restriction of cell-cell spread of infection. This results in higher levels of plant CP-mediated protection provided by CP(T42W).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asurmendi
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Koo JC, Asurmendi S, Bick J, Woodford-Thomas T, Beachy RN. Ecdysone agonist-inducible expression of a coat protein gene from tobacco mosaic virus confers viral resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 37:439-48. [PMID: 14731262 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive expression of a gene encoding tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) in transgenic plants confers resistance to infection by TMV and related tobamoviruses. Here, we examined resistance to TMV by temporal and quantitative control of TMV Cg CP (CgCP) gene expression using a simple, methoxyfenozide-inducible system in Arabidopsis plants. By soil drenching with a commercial ecdysone agonist (Intrepid-2F/methoxyfenozide), most transgenic lines were induced from undetectable levels of gene expression to protein levels from 0.05 to 0.8% (w/w) of CgCP. This corresponds to up to four times the amount of CP produced by the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) double 35S promoter. CgCP transcripts were induced by 700-fold, without changing the expression patterns of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. The high level of accumulation of CgCP was sufficient to produce large amounts of virus-like particles that accumulate in large aggregates throughout the cells. In virus challenge assays, treatment with Intrepid-2F prior to TMV infection resulted in high levels of viral resistance, while no treatment or treatment with the inducer following infection did not confer resistance. This report demonstrates chemically controlled disease resistance and confirms the utility of the ecdysone agonist-inducible system under greenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Choon Koo
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
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