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Bao S, Darvishi M, H Amin A, Al-Haideri MT, Patra I, Kashikova K, Ahmad I, Alsaikhan F, Al-Qaim ZH, Al-Gazally ME, Kiasari BA, Tavakoli-Far B, Sidikov AA, Mustafa YF, Akhavan-Sigari R. CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) blockade in cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:7945-7968. [PMID: 36905421 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily and is specific for CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12, also known as SDF-1), which makes CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. CXCR4 interacts with its ligand, triggering downstream signaling pathways that influence cell proliferation chemotaxis, migration, and gene expression. The interaction also regulates physiological processes, including hematopoiesis, organogenesis, and tissue repair. Multiple evidence revealed that CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is implicated in several pathways involved in carcinogenesis and plays a key role in tumor growth, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Several CXCR4-targeting compounds have been discovered and used for preclinical and clinical cancer therapy, most of which have shown promising anti-tumor activity. In this review, we summarized the physiological signaling of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and described the role of this axis in tumor progression, and focused on the potential therapeutic options and strategies to block CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunshun Bao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, 221000, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (IDTMRC), Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medicinal Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali H Amin
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maysoon T Al-Haideri
- Department of Physiotherapy, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Indrajit Patra
- An Independent Researcher, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Bahman Abedi Kiasari
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Tavakoli-Far
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Akmal A Sidikov
- Rector, Ferghana Medical Institute of Public Health, Ferghana, Uzbekistan
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University, Warsaw, Poland
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Targeting CXCR4 and CD47 Receptors: An Overview of New and Old Molecules for a Biological Personalized Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012499. [PMID: 36293358 PMCID: PMC9604048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological therapy, with its multifaceted applications, has revolutionized the treatment of tumors, mainly due to its ability to exclusively target cancer cells and reduce the adverse effects on normal tissues. This review focuses on the therapies targeting the CXCR4 and CD47 receptors. We surveyed the results of early clinical trials testing compounds classified as nonpeptides, small peptides, CXCR4 antagonists or specific antibodies whose activity reduces or completely blocks the intracellular signaling pathways and cell proliferation. We then examined antibodies and fusion proteins against CD47, the receptor that acts as a “do not eat me” signal to phagocytes escaping immune surveillance. Despite these molecules being tested in early clinical trials, some drawbacks are emerging that impair their use in practice. Finally, we examined the ImmunoGenic Surrender mechanism that involves crosstalk and co-internalization of CXCR4 and CD47 upon engagement of CXCR4 by ligands or other molecules. The favorable effect of such compounds is dual as CD47 surface reduction impact on the immune response adds to the block of CXCR4 proliferative potential. These results suggest that a combination of different therapeutic approaches has more beneficial effects on patients’ survival and may pave the way for new accomplishments in personalized anticancer therapy.
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Ghasemi K, Ghasemi K. MSX-122: Is an effective small molecule CXCR4 antagonist in cancer therapy? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108863. [PMID: 35623288 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, a subgroup of cytokines along with their receptors, are involved in various biologic processes and regulation of a wide range of immune responses in different physiologic and pathologic states such as tissue repair, infection, and inflammation. C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), has one identified natural ligand termed stromal-derived factor-1(SDF-1 or CXCL12). Evidence demonstrated that the ligation of SDF-1 to CXCR4 initiates several intracellular signaling pathways, regulating cell proliferation, survival, chemotaxis, migration, angiogenesis, adhesion, as well as bone marrow (BM)-resident cells homing and mobilization. Additionally, CXCR4 is expressed by tumor cells in blood malignancies and solid tumors. Therefore, CXCR4 is considered a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy, and CXCR4 antagonists, including AMD3100, MSX-122, BPRCX807, WZ811, Motixafortide, TN14003, AMD3465, and AMD1170, have been employed in experimental and clinical studies to enhance cancer therapy. MSX-122 is a specific small-molecule antagonist of CXCR4/CXCL12 and the only orally available non-peptide CXCR4 antagonist with promising anti-cancer properties. Studies have shown that MSX-122 is particularly important in treating metastatic cancers and has great therapeutic potential. Accordingly, this review summarized the characteristics of MSX-122 and its effects on the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as well as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kosar Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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4
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A fragment integrational approach to GPCR inhibition: Identification of a high affinity small molecule CXCR4 antagonist. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bhunia SS, Saxena AK. Efficiency of Homology Modeling Assisted Molecular Docking in G-protein Coupled Receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:269-294. [PMID: 32901584 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200908165250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular docking is in regular practice to assess ligand affinity on a target protein crystal structure. In the absence of protein crystal structure, the homology modeling or comparative modeling is the best alternative to elucidate the relationship details between a ligand and protein at the molecular level. The development of accurate homology modeling (HM) and its integration with molecular docking (MD) is essential for successful, rational drug discovery. OBJECTIVE The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are attractive therapeutic targets due to their immense role in human pharmacology. The GPCRs are membrane-bound proteins with the complex constitution, and the understanding of their activation and inactivation mechanisms is quite challenging. Over the past decade, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of solved G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) crystal structures; however, the majority of the GPCR structures remain unsolved. In this context, HM guided MD has been widely used for structure-based drug design (SBDD) of GPCRs. METHODS The focus of this review is on the recent (i) developments on HM supported GPCR drug discovery in the absence of GPCR crystal structures and (ii) application of HM in understanding the ligand interactions at the binding site, virtual screening, determining receptor subtype selectivity and receptor behaviour in comparison with GPCR crystal structures. RESULTS The HM in GPCRs has been extremely challenging due to the scarcity in template structures. In such a scenario, it is difficult to get accurate HM that can facilitate understanding of the ligand-receptor interactions. This problem has been alleviated to some extent by developing refined HM based on incorporating active /inactive ligand information and inducing protein flexibility. In some cases, HM proteins were found to outscore crystal structures. CONCLUSION The developments in HM have been highly operative to gain insights about the ligand interaction at the binding site and receptor functioning at the molecular level. Thus, HM guided molecular docking may be useful for rational drug discovery for the GPCRs mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shome S Bhunia
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anil K Saxena
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India
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Luker GD, Yang J, Richmond A, Scala S, Festuccia C, Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Zimmermann J. At the Bench: Pre-clinical evidence for multiple functions of CXCR4 in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:969-989. [PMID: 33104270 PMCID: PMC8254203 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2bt1018-715rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through chemokine receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) regulates essential processes in normal physiology, including embryogenesis, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and trafficking of immune cells. Tumors co-opt many of these fundamental processes to directly stimulate proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. CXCR4 signaling contributes to critical functions of stromal cells in cancer, including angiogenesis and multiple cell types in the tumor immune environment. Studies in animal models of several different types of cancers consistently demonstrate essential functions of CXCR4 in tumor initiation, local invasion, and metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. Data from animal models support clinical observations showing that integrated effects of CXCR4 on cancer and stromal cells correlate with metastasis and overall poor prognosis in >20 different human malignancies. Small molecules, Abs, and peptidic agents have shown anticancer efficacy in animal models, sparking ongoing efforts at clinical translation for cancer therapy. Investigators also are developing companion CXCR4-targeted imaging agents with potential to stratify patients for CXCR4-targeted therapy and monitor treatment efficacy. Here, pre-clinical studies demonstrating functions of CXCR4 in cancer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Luker
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jinming Yang
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefania Scala
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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7
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Renard I, Archibald SJ. CXCR4-targeted metal complexes for molecular imaging. Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Sakyiamah MM, Kobayakawa T, Fujino M, Konno M, Narumi T, Tanaka T, Nomura W, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of low molecular weight CXCR4 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1130-1138. [PMID: 30772128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4/stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1: CXCL12) signaling axis represents a crucial drug target due to its relevance to several diseases such as HIV-1 infection, cancer, leukemia, and rheumatoid arthritis. With the aim of enhancing the binding affinity and anti-HIV activity of a potent CXCR4 ligand as a lead, 23 low molecular weight compounds containing dipicolylamine (Dpa) and cyclam cationic moieties with varying spacers and spatial positioning were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated. All of the synthesized compounds screened at 1.0 μM in the NanoBRET assay system exhibited >70% inhibition of the binding of a competitive probe TAMRA-Ac-TZ14011 (10 nM) to CXCR4 in the presence of zinc (II) ion. Furthermore, selected compounds 3, 8, 9, 19 and 21 with spatial distances between the next carbon to Dpa and the next carbon to cyclam within the range of 6.5-7.5 Å showed potent binding affinity selective for CXCR4 with IC50 values of 1.6, 7.9, 5.7, 3.5 and 4.5 nM, respectively, with corresponding high anti-HIV activity with EC50s of 28, 13, 21, 28 and 61 nM, respectively, in the presence of zinc (II) ion. Some compounds with remarkably more potent CXCR4-binding affinity than that of an initial lead were obtained. These compounds interact with different but overlapping amino acid residues of CXCR4. The present studies have developed new low molecular weight CXCR4 ligands with high CXCR4-binding and anti-HIV activities, which open avenue into the development of more potent CXCR4 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M Sakyiamah
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8150, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Konno
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Narumi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Tsutomu Murakami
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8150, Japan.
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Peng D, Cao B, Zhou YJ, Long YQ. The chemical diversity and structure-based evolution of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diverse therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:148-169. [PMID: 29500940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a highly reserved G-protein coupled 7-transmembrane (TM) chemokine receptor which consists of 352 amino acids. CXCR4 has only one endogenous chemokine ligand of CXCL12, besides several other natural nonchemokine ligands such as extracellular ubiquitin and noncognate ligand of MIF. CXCR4 strongly binds to CXCL12 and the resulting CXCLl2/CXCR4 axis is the molecular basis of their various biological functions, which include: (1) mediating immune and inflammatory response; (2) regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration and homing; (3) an essential co-receptor for HIV entry into host cells; (4) participation in the process of embryonic development; (5) malignant tumor invasion and metastasis; (6) myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and acute kidney injury. Correspondingly, CXCR4 antagonists find potential therapeutic applications in HIV infection, as well as hematopoietic stem cell migration, inflammation, immune-related diseases, tumor and ischemic diseases. Recently, great achievements have been made and a number of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, the discovery of small molecule CXCR4 antagonists focused on the structures, activities, evolution and development of representative CXCR4 antagonists is comprehensively described. The central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and its involvement in several diseases progressions are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Wu CH, Song JS, Kuan HH, Wu SH, Chou MC, Jan JJ, Tsou LK, Ke YY, Chen CT, Yeh KC, Wang SY, Yeh TK, Tseng CT, Huang CL, Wu MH, Kuo PC, Lee CJ, Shia KS. Development of Stem-Cell-Mobilizing Agents Targeting CXCR4 Receptor for Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation and Beyond. J Med Chem 2018; 61:818-833. [PMID: 29314840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The function of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis accounts for many disease indications, including tissue/nerve regeneration, cancer metastasis, and inflammation. Blocking CXCR4 signaling with its antagonists may lead to moving out CXCR4+ cell types from bone marrow to peripheral circulation. We have discovered a novel series of pyrimidine-based CXCR4 antagonists, a representative (i.e., 16) of which was tolerated at a higher dose and showed better HSC-mobilizing ability at the maximal response dose relative to the approved drug 1 (AMD3100), and thus considered a potential drug candidate for PBSCT indication. Docking compound 16 into the X-ray crystal structure of CXCR4 receptor revealed that it adopted a spider-like conformation striding over both major and minor subpockets. This putative binding mode provides a new insight into CXCR4 receptor-ligand interactions for further structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsuan-Hao Kuan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Szu-Huei Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Chen Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiing-Jyh Jan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lun K Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Chia Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sing-Yi Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Tso Tseng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Lung Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mine-Hsine Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Chu Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Jui Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
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11
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Meng W, Xue S, Chen Y. The role of CXCL12 in tumor microenvironment. Gene 2018; 641:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Walenkamp AME, Lapa C, Herrmann K, Wester HJ. CXCR4 Ligands: The Next Big Hit? J Nucl Med 2017; 58:77S-82S. [PMID: 28864616 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.186874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled protein receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is an attractive target for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as it is overexpressed in many solid and hematologic cancers. Binding of its ligand, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), results in receptor internalization and activation of several signal transduction pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, which are critical in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, development of metastasis, and survival. Also, the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is involved in the interaction between hematopoietic stem cells (as well as hematologic and solid tumor cells) and their protective microenvironment. This interaction can be disrupted by CXCR4 antagonists. This concept is being used clinically to harvest hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells from bone marrow and to sensitize cancer cells to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and the potential to overcome tumor microenvironment-driven immunosuppression is being explored. This review focuses on new strategies for improvement of cancer treatment by targeting of the CXCR4-CXCL12 interaction. Because of its critical role in cancer, many peptidic and nonpeptidic ligands with different modes of antagonistic activity against the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis have been developed, with some of them reaching clinical trials. Molecular imaging with recently developed radiolabeled CXCR4 ligands could facilitate the selection of patients who might benefit from directed targeted therapy, including CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; and.,Scintomics GmbH, Fuerstenfeldbruck, Germany
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13
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Tsou LK, Huang YH, Song JS, Ke YY, Huang JK, Shia KS. Harnessing CXCR4 antagonists in stem cell mobilization, HIV infection, ischemic diseases, and oncology. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1188-1234. [PMID: 28768055 DOI: 10.1002/med.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 antagonists (e.g., PlerixaforTM ) have been successfully validated as stem cell mobilizers for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Applications of the CXCR4 antagonists have heralded the era of cell-based therapy and opened a potential therapeutic horizon for many unmet medical needs such as kidney injury, ischemic stroke, cancer, and myocardial infarction. In this review, we first introduce the central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and discuss its involvement in several disease progressions. We then highlight the molecular design and optimization strategies for targeting CXCR4 from a large number of case studies, concluding that polyamines are the preferred CXCR4-binding ligands compared to other structural options, presumably by mimicking the highly positively charged natural ligand CXCL12. These results could be further justified with computer-aided docking into the CXCR4 crystal structure wherein both major and minor subpockets of the binding cavity are considered functionally important. Finally, from the clinical point of view, CXCR4 antagonists could mobilize hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with long-term repopulating capacity to the peripheral blood, promising to replace surgically obtained bone marrow cells as a preferred source for stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Kelvin Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
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Malik T, Chauhan G, Rath G, Murthy RSR, Goyal AK. "Fusion and binding inhibition" key target for HIV-1 treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis: targets, drug delivery and nanotechnology approaches. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:608-621. [PMID: 28240046 PMCID: PMC8241151 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1228717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 35 million people are living with HIV worldwide with approximately 2.3 million new infections per year. Cascade of events (cell entry, virus replication, assembly and release of newly formed virions) is involved in the HIV-1 transmission process. Every single step offers a potential therapeutic strategy to halt this progression and HIV fusion into the human host cell is one such stage. Controlling the initial event of HIV-1 transmission is the best way to control its dissemination especially when prophylaxis is concerned. Action is required either on the HIV’s or host’s cell surface which is logically more rational when compared with other intracellular acting moieties. Aim of this manuscript is to detail the significance and current strategies to halt this initial step, thus blocking the entry of HIV-1 for further infection. Both HIV-1 and the possible host cell’s receptors/co-receptors are under focus while specifying the targets available for inhibiting this fusion. Current and under investigation moieties are categorized based on their versatile mechanisms. Advanced drug delivery and nanotechnology approaches present a key tool to exploit the therapeutic potential in a boosted way. Current drug delivery and the impact of nanotechnology in potentiating this strategy are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Malik
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and.,b Centre for Nanosciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , India
| | - Goutam Rath
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and
| | - R S R Murthy
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and
| | - Amit K Goyal
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and
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15
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Arimont M, Sun SL, Leurs R, Smit M, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. Structural Analysis of Chemokine Receptor-Ligand Interactions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4735-4779. [PMID: 28165741 PMCID: PMC5483895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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This
review focuses on the construction and application of structural chemokine
receptor models for the elucidation of molecular determinants of chemokine
receptor modulation and the structure-based discovery and design of
chemokine receptor ligands. A comparative analysis of ligand binding
pockets in chemokine receptors is presented, including a detailed
description of the CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5, CCR9, and US28 X-ray structures,
and their implication for modeling molecular interactions of chemokine
receptors with small-molecule ligands, peptide ligands, and large
antibodies and chemokines. These studies demonstrate how the integration
of new structural information on chemokine receptors with extensive
structure–activity relationship and site-directed mutagenesis
data facilitates the prediction of the structure of chemokine receptor–ligand
complexes that have not been crystallized. Finally, a review of structure-based
ligand discovery and design studies based on chemokine receptor crystal
structures and homology models illustrates the possibilities and challenges
to find novel ligands for chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shan-Liang Sun
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Reker D, Schneider P, Schneider G. Multi-objective active machine learning rapidly improves structure-activity models and reveals new protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3919-3927. [PMID: 30155037 PMCID: PMC6013791 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Active machine learning puts artificial intelligence in charge of a sequential, feedback-driven discovery process. We present the application of a multi-objective active learning scheme for identifying small molecules that inhibit the protein-protein interaction between the anti-cancer target CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and its endogenous ligand CXCL-12 (SDF-1). Experimental design by active learning was used to retrieve informative active compounds that continuously improved the adaptive structure-activity model. The balanced character of the compound selection function rapidly delivered new molecular structures with the desired inhibitory activity and at the same time allowed us to focus on informative compounds for model adjustment. The results of our study validate active learning for prospective ligand finding by adaptive, focused screening of large compound repositories and virtual compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - P Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - G Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
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17
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Zhang H, Kang D, Huang B, Liu N, Zhao F, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of non-peptide small molecular CXCR4 antagonists as anti-HIV agents: Recent advances and future opportunities. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:65-78. [PMID: 26974376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CXCR4 plays vital roles in HIV-1 life cycle for it's essential in mediating the interaction of host and virus and completing the entry process in the lifecycle of HIV-1 infection. Compared with some traditional targets, CXCR4 provides a novel and less mutated drug target in the battle against AIDS. Its antagonists have no cross resistance with other antagonists. Great achievements have been made recent years and a number of small molecular CXCR4 antagonists with diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, recent advances in the discovery of CXCR4 antagonists with special attentions on their evolution and structure-activity relationships of representative CXCR4 antagonists are described. Moreover, some classical medicinal chemistry strategies and novel methodologies are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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18
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Zachariassen ZG, Karlshøj S, Haug BE, Rosenkilde MM, Våbenø J. Probing the Molecular Interactions between CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) and an Arginine-Based Tripeptidomimetic Antagonist (KRH-1636). J Med Chem 2015; 58:8141-53. [PMID: 26397724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We here report an experimentally verified binding mode for the known tripeptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonist KRH-1636 (1). A limited SAR study based on the three functionalities of 1 was first conducted, followed by site-directed mutagenesis studies. The receptor mapping showed that both the potency and affinity of 1 were dependent on the transmembrane residues His(113), Asp(171), Asp(262), and His(281) and also suggested the involvement of Tyr(45) and Gln(200) (potency) and Tyr(116) and Glu(288) (affinity). Molecular docking of 1 to an X-ray structure of CXCR4 showed that the l-Arg guanidino group of 1 forms polar interactions with His(113) and Asp(171) and the (pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino moiety is anchored by Asp(262) and His(281), whereas the naphthalene ring is tightly packed in a hydrophobic subpocket formed by the aromatic side chains of Trp(94), Tyr(45), and Tyr(116). The detailed picture of ligand-receptor interactions provided here will assist in structure-based design and further development of small-molecule peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zack G Zachariassen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Breivika, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stefanie Karlshøj
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bengt Erik Haug
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen , Allégaten 41, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Våbenø
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Breivika, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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19
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Scala S. Molecular Pathways: Targeting the CXCR4–CXCL12 Axis—Untapped Potential in the Tumor Microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Progress toward rationally designed small-molecule peptide and peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonists. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1261-83. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 5 years, X-ray structures of CXCR4 in complex with three different ligands (the small-molecule antagonist IT1t, the polypeptide antagonist CVX15 and the viral chemokine antagonist vMIP-II) have been released. In addition to the inherent scientific value of these specific X-ray structures, they provide a reliable structural foundation for studies of the molecular interactions between CXCR4 and its key peptide ligands (CXCL12 and HIV-1 gp120), and serve as valuable templates for further development of small-molecule CXCR4 antagonists with therapeutic potential. We here review recent computational studies of the molecular interactions between CXCR4 and its peptide ligands – based on the X-ray structures of CXCR4 – and the current status of small-molecule peptide and peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonists.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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22
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Wu CH, Song JS, Chang KH, Jan JJ, Chen CT, Chou MC, Yeh KC, Wong YC, Tseng CT, Wu SH, Yeh CF, Huang CY, Wang MH, Sadani AA, Chang CP, Cheng CY, Tsou LK, Shia KS. Stem cell mobilizers targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4: renoprotective application in acute kidney injury. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2315-25. [PMID: 25686267 DOI: 10.1021/jm501769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have discovered a novel series of quinazoline-based CXCR4 antagonists. Of these, compound 19 mobilized CXCR4(+) cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells, more efficiently than the marketed 1 (AMD3100) with subcutaneous administration at the same dose (6 mg/kg) in mice. This series of compounds thus provides a set of valuable tools to study diseases mediated by the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cancer metastasis. More importantly, treatment with compound 19 significantly lowered levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, providing evidence for its therapeutic potential in preventing ischemic acute kidney injury. CXCR4 antagonists such as 19 might also be useful to increase circulating levels of adult stem cells, thereby exerting beneficial effects on damaged and/or inflamed tissues in diseases that currently are not treated by standard approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan R.O.C
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23
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Entry Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Yeudall WA, Miyazaki H. Chemokines and squamous cancer of the head and neck: targets for therapeutic intervention? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:351-60. [PMID: 17338654 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biological properties of squamous carcinoma cells are intimately regulated by a multitude of cytokines and growth factors; the most well studied of these include epidermal growth factor receptor agonists and members of the transforming growth factor-beta family. The recent explosion of research in the field of chemokine function as a mediator of tumor progression has led to the possibility that these small, immunomodulatory proteins also play key roles in squamous carcinogenesis and may, therefore, be potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/physiopathology
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Chemokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines/physiology
- Chemokines, CXC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Drug Design
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/physiology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/blood supply
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Receptors, Chemokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- W Andrew Yeudall
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Philips Institute for Oral & Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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25
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Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Narumi T, Fujino M, Nakahara T, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. CXCR4-derived synthetic peptides inducing anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6878-85. [PMID: 24119449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite almost 30 years since the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), development of effective AIDS vaccines has been hindered by the high mutability of HIV-1. The HIV-1 co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are genetically stable, but viral proteins may mutate rapidly during the course of infection. CXCR4 is a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, possessing an N-terminal region (NT) and three extracellular loops (ECL1-3). Previous studies have shown that the CXCR4-ED-derived peptides inhibit the entry of HIV-1 by interacting with gp120, an HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. In the present study, antigenicity of CXCR4-derived peptides has been investigated and the anti-HIV-1 effects of induced antisera have been assessed. It was found that CXCR4-ED-derived antigen molecules immunize mice, showing that the linear peptides have higher antigenicity than the cyclic peptides. The L1- and L2-induced antisera inhibited the HIV-1 entry significantly, while anti-N1 antibodies have no inhibitory activity. This study produced promising examples for the design of AIDS vaccines which target the human protein and can overcome mutability of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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26
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Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Narumi T, Fujino M, Tsutsumi H, Haseyama M, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. Anti-HIV-1 peptide derivatives based on the HIV-1 Co-receptor CXCR4. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1668-72. [PMID: 24039179 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses CD4 and the co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4 in the process of cell entry. The negatively charged extracellular domains of CXCR4 (CXCR4-ED) interact with positive charges on the V3 loop of gp120, facilitating binding via electrostatic interactions. The presence of highly conserved positively charged residues in the V3 loop suggests that CXCR4-ED-derived inhibitors might be broadly effective inhibitors. Synthetic peptide derivatives were evaluated for anti-HIV-1 activity. The 39-mer extracellular N-terminal region (NT) was divided into three fragments with 10-mer overlapping sites (N1-N3), and these linear peptides were synthesized. Peptide N1 contains Met 1-Asp 20 and shows significant anti-HIV-1 activity. Extracellular loops 1 and 2 (ECL1 and 2) were mimicked by cyclic peptides C1 and C2, which were synthesized by chemoselective cyclization. Cyclic peptides C1 and C2 show higher anti-HIV-1 activity than their linear peptide counterparts, L1 and L2. The cytotoxicities of C1 and C2 are lower than those of L1 and L2. These results indicate that Met 1-Asp 20 segments of the NT and cyclic peptides of ECL1 and ECL2 are potent anti-HIV-1 drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062 (Japan)
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27
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De Clercq E. Antiviral drug development--success and failure: a personal perspective with a Japanese connection. Antivir Chem Chemother 2013; 23:45-55. [PMID: 22992351 DOI: 10.3851/imp2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At the 25th International Conference on Antiviral Research, I received a special recognition for my contribution to the International Society of Antiviral Research over a period of 25 years (from 1987 until 2012). This review follows the theme of my presentation at that event, which comprised 10 reminiscences, all with a Japanese connection concerning the success, or otherwise, in the clinical development of: double- and single-stranded polynucleotides; suramin, a polysulfonate; dextran sulfate, a polysulfate; brivudin; BVaraU; 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues; HEPT; adefovir and tenofovir; CXCR4 antagonists; and elvitegravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Karaboga AS, Planesas JM, Petronin F, Teixidó J, Souchet M, Pérez-Nueno VI. Highly SpecIfic and Sensitive Pharmacophore Model for Identifying CXCR4 Antagonists. Comparison with Docking and Shape-Matching Virtual Screening Performance. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1043-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400037y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud S. Karaboga
- Harmonic Pharma, Espace Transfert, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600
Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - Jesús M. Planesas
- Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular,
Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florent Petronin
- Harmonic Pharma, Espace Transfert, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600
Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular,
Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michel Souchet
- Harmonic Pharma, Espace Transfert, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600
Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - Violeta I. Pérez-Nueno
- Harmonic Pharma, Espace Transfert, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600
Villers lès Nancy, France
- Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular,
Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Debnath B, Xu S, Grande F, Garofalo A, Neamati N. Small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:47-75. [PMID: 23382786 PMCID: PMC3563081 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is a G-protein-coupled receptor involved in a number of physiological processes in the hematopoietic and immune systems. The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is significantly associated with several diseases, such as HIV, cancer, WHIM syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis and lupus. For example, CXCR4 is one of the major co-receptors for HIV entry into target cells, while in cancer it plays an important role in tumor cell metastasis. Several promising CXCR4 antagonists have been developed to block SDF-1/CXCR4 interactions that are currently under different stages of development. The first in class CXCR4 antagonist, plerixafor, was approved by the FDA in 2008 for the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and several other drugs are currently in clinical trials for cancer, HIV, and WHIM syndrome. While the long-term safety data for the first generation CXCR4 antagonists are not yet available, several new compounds are under preclinical development in an attempt to provide safer and more efficient treatment options for HIV and cancer patients.
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30
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Latek D, Modzelewska A, Trzaskowski B, Palczewski K, Filipek S. G protein-coupled receptors--recent advances. Acta Biochim Pol 2012; 59:515-529. [PMID: 23251911 PMCID: PMC4322417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The years 2000 and 2007 witnessed milestones in current understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structural biology. In 2000 the first GPCR, bovine rhodopsin, was crystallized and the structure was solved, while in 2007 the structure of β(2)-adrenergic receptor, the first GPCR with diffusible ligands, was determined owing to advances in microcrystallization and an insertion of the fast-folding lysozyme into the receptor. In parallel with those crystallographic studies, the biological and biochemical characterization of GPCRs has advanced considerably because those receptors are molecular targets for many of currently used drugs. Therefore, the mechanisms of activation and signal transduction to the cell interior deduced from known GPCRs structures are of the highest importance for drug discovery. These proteins are the most diversified membrane receptors encoded by hundreds of genes in our genome. They participate in processes responsible for vision, smell, taste and neuronal transmission in response to photons or binding of ions, hormones, peptides, chemokines and other factors. Although the GPCRs share a common seven-transmembrane α-helical bundle structure their binding sites can accommodate thousands of different ligands. The ligands, including agonists, antagonists or inverse agonists change the structure of the receptor. With bound agonists they can form a complex with a suitable G protein, be phosphorylated by kinases or bind arrestin. The discovered signaling cascades invoked by arrestin independently of G proteins makes the GPCR activating scheme more complex such that a ligand acting as an antagonist for G protein signaling can also act as an agonist in arrestin-dependent signaling. Additionally, the existence of multiple ligand-dependent partial activation states as well as dimerization of GPCRs result in a 'microprocessor-like' action of these receptors rather than an 'on-off' switch as was commonly believed only a decade ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Latek
- Biomodeling Laboratory, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Modzelewska
- Biomodeling Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Biomodeling Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Sławomir Filipek
- Biomodeling Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Narumi T, Aikawa H, Tanaka T, Hashimoto C, Ohashi N, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Takano H, Hirota Y, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Low-Molecular-Weight CXCR4 Ligands with Variable Spacers. ChemMedChem 2012; 8:118-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Planesas JM, Pérez-Nueno VI, Borrell JI, Teixidó J. Impact of the CXCR4 structure on docking-based virtual screening of HIV entry inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 38:123-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Single oral administration of the novel CXCR4 antagonist, KRH-3955, induces an efficient and long-lasting increase of white blood cell count in normal macaques, and prevents CD4 depletion in SHIV-infected macaques: a preliminary study. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 202:175-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Demmer O, Frank AO, Hagn F, Schottelius M, Marinelli L, Cosconati S, Brack-Werner R, Kremb S, Wester HJ, Kessler H. Erhöhte CXCR4-Affinität und Anti-HIV-Aktivität eines Peptoids durch Konformationsfixierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Demmer O, Frank AO, Hagn F, Schottelius M, Marinelli L, Cosconati S, Brack-Werner R, Kremb S, Wester HJ, Kessler H. A Conformationally Frozen Peptoid Boosts CXCR4 Affinity and Anti-HIV Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8110-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Narumi T, Tanaka T, Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Aikawa H, Sohma A, Itotani K, Kawamata M, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Pharmacophore-based small molecule CXCR4 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4169-72. [PMID: 22579418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight CXCR4 ligands were developed based on the peptide T140, which has previously been identified as a potent CXCR4 antagonist. Some compounds with naphthyl, fluorobenzyl and pyridyl moieties as pharmacophore groups in the molecule showed significant CXCR4-binding activity and anti-HIV activity. Structure-activity relationships were studied and characteristics of each of these three moieties necessary for CXCR4 binding were defined. In this way, CXCR4 ligands with two types of recognition modes for CXCR4 have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Narumi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Jöhrer K, Hofbauer SW, Zelle-Rieser C, Greil R, Hartmann TN. Chemokine-dependent B cell-T cell interactions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma - targets for therapeutic intervention? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:425-41. [PMID: 22332909 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.664128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemokines and their receptors play essential roles in the development, maintenance and proper functioning of the immune system. B cell-T cell interactions are modulated by chemokines. In B cell malignancies, these interactions may have tumor-promoting consequences. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes physiological B cell-T cell interactions and discusses their pathological role in the onset and progression of B cell malignancies with a special focus on chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. Experimental data on chemokine-guided B cell-T cell actions in B cell malignancies from murine models as well as in vitro data are summarized and their potential as future therapeutic targets is critically discussed. EXPERT OPINION Direct or indirect targeting of chemokine receptors involved in localization and T-cell-dependent activation of B lymphocytes can provide strong synergisms with conventional or immunomodulatory therapies by disrupting the microenvironmental conditions necessary for survival and proliferation of malignant B lymphocytes. However, further knowledge of these interactions between B and T cells is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Jöhrer
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.
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38
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Rettig MP, Ansstas G, DiPersio JF. Mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using inhibitors of CXCR4 and VLA-4. Leukemia 2012; 26:34-53. [PMID: 21886173 PMCID: PMC3514440 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful hematopoietic stem cell transplant requires the infusion of a sufficient number of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) that are capable of homing to the bone marrow cavity and regenerating durable trilineage hematopoiesis in a timely manner. Stem cells harvested from peripheral blood are the most commonly used graft source in HSCT. Although granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the most frequently used agent for stem cell mobilization, the use of G-CSF alone results in suboptimal stem cell yields in a significant proportion of patients. Both the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the integrin α(4)β(1) (very late antigen 4 (VLA-4)) have important roles in the homing and retention of HSPCs within the bone marrow microenvironment. Preclinical and/or clinical studies have shown that targeted disruption of the interaction of CXCR4 or VLA-4 with their ligands results in the rapid and reversible mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells into the peripheral circulation and is synergistic when combined with G-CSF. In this review, we discuss the development of small-molecule CXCR4 and VLA-4 inhibitors and how they may improve the utility and convenience of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rettig
- Division of Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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39
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Oishi S, Fujii N. Peptide and peptidomimetic ligands for CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5720-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Wu CH, Chang CP, Song JS, Jan JJ, Chou MC, Wu SH, Yeh KC, Wong YC, Hsieh CJ, Chen CT, Kao TT, Wu SY, Yeh CF, Tseng CT, Chao YS, Shia KS. Discovery of novel stem cell mobilizers that target the CXCR4 receptor. ChemMedChem 2011; 7:209-12. [PMID: 22190478 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
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41
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Choi WT, Duggineni S, Xu Y, Huang Z, An J. Drug discovery research targeting the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). J Med Chem 2011; 55:977-94. [PMID: 22085380 DOI: 10.1021/jm200568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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42
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Demmer O, Dijkgraaf I, Schumacher U, Marinelli L, Cosconati S, Gourni E, Wester HJ, Kessler H. Design, synthesis, and functionalization of dimeric peptides targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7648-62. [PMID: 21905730 DOI: 10.1021/jm2009716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a critical regulator of inflammation and immune surveillance, and it is specifically implicated in cancer metastasis and HIV-1 infection. On the basis of the observation that several of the known antagonists remarkably share a C(2) symmetry element, we constructed symmetric dimers with excellent antagonistic activity using a derivative of a cyclic pentapeptide as monomer. To optimize the binding affinity, we investigated the influence of the distance between the monomers and the pharmacophoric sites in the synthesized constructs. The affinity studies in combination with docking computations support a two-site binding model. In a final step, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was introduced as chelator for (radio-)metals, thus allowing to exploit these compounds as a new group of CXCR4-binding peptidic probes for molecular imaging and endoradiotherapeutic purposes. Both the DOTA conjugates and some of their corresponding metal complexes retain good CXCR4 affinity, and one (68)Ga labeled compound was studied as PET tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Demmer
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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43
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Demmer O, Gourni E, Schumacher U, Kessler H, Wester HJ. PET imaging of CXCR4 receptors in cancer by a new optimized ligand. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1789-91. [PMID: 21780290 PMCID: PMC3229844 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Demmer
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Eleni Gourni
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität MünchenWalther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute for Anatomy II: Experimental Morphology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-EppendorfMartinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching (Germany) E-mail:
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityP.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589 (Saudi Arabia)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität MünchenWalther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching (Germany) E-mail:
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Hashimoto C, Tanaka T, Narumi T, Nomura W, Tamamura H. The successes and failures of HIV drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1067-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.611129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lefrançois M, Lefebvre MR, Saint-Onge G, Boulais PE, Lamothe S, Leduc R, Lavigne P, Heveker N, Escher E. Agonists for the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:597-602. [PMID: 21841963 PMCID: PMC3155278 DOI: 10.1021/ml200084n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
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The development of agonists for the chemokine receptor CXCR4 could provide promising therapeutic candidates. On the basis of previously forwarded two site model of chemokine–receptor interactions, we hypothesized that linking the agonistic N-terminus of SDF-1 to the T140 backbone would yield new high-affinity agonists of CXCR4. We developed chimeras with the agonistic SDF-1 N-terminus grafted to a T140 side chain and tested their binding affinity and chemotactic agonist activity. While chimeras with the peptide grafted onto position 12 of T140 remained high-affinity antagonists, those bearing the peptide on position 14 were in part agonists. One chimera was a full CXCR4 agonist with 25 nM affinity, and several chimeras showed low nanomolar affinities with partial agonist activity. Our results confirmed that we have developed high-affinity agonists of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Lefrançois
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marie-Reine Lefebvre
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Philip E. Boulais
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Simon Lamothe
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Emanuel Escher
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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HIV microbicides: state-of-the-art and new perspectives on the development of entry inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1141-59. [PMID: 21426161 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV at the beginning of the 1980s, numerous efforts have been devoted to the search of an efficient vaccine. There are at least 25 drugs available for HIV treatment, but no cure is available. The observation that therapy for HIV disease is life long and that these drugs are associated with a number of side effects underlines the need for approaches aimed at preventing rather than treating infection. Additionally, the economic burden of treatment for the HIV infection occupies an increasing share of healthcare expenditure, making current practices likely to become difficult to sustain in the long run. Unfortunately, no effective vaccine for this disease is foreseeable in the near future. Microbicides could be an alternate way to build preventative approaches to HIV infection. Strategies based on preventing the virus from reaching its target cells seem to have some room for development and application. In this review we explore the state-of-the-art of available microbicides, focusing on HIV entry inhibitors. In addition, we discuss new compounds that show anti-HIV activity, which could be effective candidates.
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47
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Kawatkar SP, Yan M, Gevariya H, Lim MY, Eisold S, Zhu X, Huang Z, An J. Computational analysis of the structural mechanism of inhibition of chemokine receptor CXCR4 by small molecule antagonists. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:844-50. [PMID: 21697335 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural mechanism of receptor-ligand interactions for the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for determining its physiological and pathological functions and for developing new therapies targeted to CXCR4. We have recently reported a structural mechanism for CXCR4 antagonism by a novel synthetic CXCR4 antagonist RCP168 and compared its effectiveness against the natural agonist SDF-1α. In the present study, using molecular docking, we further investigate the binding modes of another seven small molecules known to act as CXCR4 antagonists. The predicted binding modes were compared with previously published mutagenesis data for two of these (AMD3100 and AMD11070). Four antagonists, including AMD3100, AMD11070, FC131 and KRH-1636, bound in a similar fashion to CXCR4. Two important acidic amino acid residues (Asp262 and Glu288) on CXCR4, previously found essential for AMD3100 binding, were also involved in binding of the other ligands. These four antagonists use a binding site in common with that used by RCP168, which is a novel synthetic derivative of vMIP-II in which the first 10 residues are replaced by D-amino acids. Comparison of binding modes suggested that this binding site is different from the binding region occupied by the N-terminus of SDF-1α, the only known natural ligand of CXCR4. These observations suggest the presence of a ligand-binding site (site A) that co-exists with the agonist (SDF-1α) binding site (site B). The other three antagonists, including MSX123, MSX202 and WZ811, are smaller in size and had very similar binding poses, but binding was quite different from that of AMD3100. These three antagonists bound at both sites A and B, thereby blocking both binding and signaling by SDF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer P Kawatkar
- Raylight Corporation, Chemokine Pharmaceutical Inc, San Diego, CA 92126, USA.
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48
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Kramer S, Buontempo P, Agrawal S, Ralston R. Imaging-based assay for identification and characterization of inhibitors of CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 envelope-dependent cell-cell fusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:668-75. [PMID: 21474836 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111403480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection of certain cell types by HIV results in formation of syncytia. This process can be blocked by antibodies or compounds that prevent interaction of viral envelope protein with host cell receptors. Here the authors describe an automated imaging-based assay for inhibitors of cell-cell fusion mediated by interaction of HIV gp120 with CXCR4 coreceptor. The assay quantifies syncytia formation between U87MG astrocytoma cells constitutively expressing CD4/CXCR4 and morphologically distinct Jurkat T lymphoma cells inducibly expressing HIV env. Each cell type was differentially labeled with vital dyes. Fusion was quantified by measuring size, shape, and color of Jurkat cells and Jurkat-harboring cell syncytia. Dose-response experiments with reference inhibitors AMD 3100 and KRH-1636 yielded potencies consistent with those obtained using standard antiviral assays. This assay complements virus-based infectivity assays for identification of inhibitors of membrane fusion events triggered by interaction of HIV gp120 with host CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kramer
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases, Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
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49
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Tanaka T, Narumi T, Ozaki T, Sohma A, Ohashi N, Hashimoto C, Itotani K, Nomura W, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Azamacrocyclic Metal Complexes as CXCR4 Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:834-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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50
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Pérez‐Nueno VI, Ritchie DW. Applying in silico tools to the discovery of novel CXCR4 inhibitors. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta I. Pérez‐Nueno
- INRIA Nancy – Grand Est, LORIA (Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications), Vandoeuvre‐les‐Nancy, France
| | - David W. Ritchie
- INRIA Nancy – Grand Est, LORIA (Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications), Vandoeuvre‐les‐Nancy, France
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