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Xu Q, Xi Y, Wang L, Xu M, Ruan T, Du Z, Jiang C, Cao J, Zhu X, Wang X, Yang B, Liu J. In situ self-referenced intracellular two-electrode system for enhanced accuracy in single-cell analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 253:116173. [PMID: 38432075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of single-cell electroanalysis, the two-electrode system has become the predominant electrochemical system for real-time behavioral analysis of single-cell and multicellular populations. However, due to the transmembrane placement of the two electrodes, cellular activities can be interrupted by the transmembrane potentials, and the test results are susceptible to influences from factors such as intracellular solution, membrane, and bulk solution. These limitations impede the advancement of single-cell analysis. Here, we propose a highly miniaturized and integrated in situ self-referenced intracellular two-electrode system (IS-SRITES), wherein both the working and reference electrodes are positioned inside the cell. Additionally, we demonstrated the stability (0.28 mV/h) of the solid-contact in situ Ag/AgCl reference electrode and the ability of the system to conduct standard electrochemical testing in a wide pH range (pH 6.0-8.0). Cell experiments confirmed the non-destructive performance of the electrode system towards cells and its capacity for real-time monitoring of intra- and extracellular pH values. Moreover, through equivalent circuits, finite element simulations, and drug delivery experiments, we illustrated that the IS-SRITES can yield more accurate test results and exhibit enhanced resistance to interference from the extracellular environment. Our proposed system holds the potential to enable the precise detection of intracellular substances and optimize the existing model of the electrode system for intracellular signal detection, thereby spearheading advancements in single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ye Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Longchun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mengfei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhiyuan Du
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunpeng Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiantao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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2
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Jiang L, He Y, Lan M, Ding X, Lu Q, Song L, Huang Y, Li D. High-Resolution and Dynamic Visualization of Intracellular Redox Potential Using a Metal-Organic Framework-Functionalized Nanopotentiometer. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7497-7505. [PMID: 38687987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Redox potential plays a key role in regulating intracellular signaling pathways, with its quantitative analysis in individual cells benefiting our understanding of the underlying mechanism in the pathophysiological events. Here, a metal organic framework (MOF)-functionalized SERS nanopotentiometer has been developed for the dynamic monitoring of intracellular redox potential. The approach is based on the encapsulation of zirconium-based MOF (Uio-66-F4) on a surface of gold-silver nanorods (Au-Ag NRs) that is modified with the newly synthesized redox-sensitive probe ortho-mercaptohydroquinone (HQ). Thanks to size exclusion of MOF as the chemical protector, the nanopotentiometer can be adapted to long-term use and possess high anti-interference ability toward nonredox species. Combining the superior fingerprint identification of SERS with the electrochemical activity of the quinone/hydroquinone, the nanopotentiometer shows a reversible redox responsivity and can quantify redox potential with a relatively wide range of -250-100 mV. Furthermore, the nanopotentiometer allows for dynamic visualization of intracellular redox potential changes induced by drugs' stimulation in a high-resolution manner. The developed approach would be promising for offering new insights into the correlation between redox potential and tumor proliferation-involved processes such as oxidative stress and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yue He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Minhuan Lan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xin Ding
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Qiaoyi Lu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Liping Song
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Youju Huang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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3
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Zhang X, Wu ZQ, Zheng YW, Song J, Zhao WW, Xu JJ. Bridging Ionic Current Rectification and Resistive-Pulse Sensing for Reliable Wide-Linearity Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6444-6449. [PMID: 38597812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
As two mainstream ionic detection techniques, ionic current rectification (ICR) suffers from large fluctuations in trace level detection, while resistive-pulse sensing (RPS) encounters easy clogs in high-concentration detection. By rationally matching the nanopore size with the DNA tetrahedron (TDN), this work bridges the two techniques to achieve reliable detection with wide linearity. As a representative analyte, miRNA-10b could specifically combine with and release TDN from the interior wall, which thus induced the simultaneous generation of distinct ICR and RPS signals. The ICR signals could be attributed to the balance between the effective orifice and surface charge density of the inner wall, while the RPS signals were induced by the complex of miRNA-10b and TDN passing through the nanopore. Such an operation contributed to a wide detection range of 1 fM-1 nM with a good linearity. The feasibility of this method is also validated in single-cell and real plasma detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zeng-Qiang Wu
- School of Public Health, Institute of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - You-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juan Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Zhang H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. A review of innovative electrochemical strategies for bioactive molecule detection and cell imaging: Current advances and challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:341920. [PMID: 38057043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity poses a major challenge for tumor theranostics, requiring high-resolution intercellular bioanalysis strategies. Over the past decades, the advantages of electrochemical analysis, such as high sensitivity, good spatio-temporal resolution, and ease of use, have made it the preferred method to uncover cellular differences. To inspire more creative research, herein, we highlight seminal works in electrochemical techniques for biomolecule analysis and bioimaging. Specifically, micro/nano-electrode-based electrochemical techniques enable real-time quantitative analysis of electroactive substances relevant to life processes in the micro-nanostructure of cells and tissues. Nanopore-based technique plays a vital role in biosensing by utilizing nanoscale pores to achieve high-precision detection and analysis of biomolecules with exceptional sensitivity and single-molecule resolution. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology is utilized for real-time monitoring of the behavior and features of individual cancer cells, enabling observation of their dynamic processes due to its capability of providing high-resolution and highly sensitive bioimaging of cells. Particularly, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) which are widely used in real-time observation of cell surface biological processes and three-dimensional imaging of micro-nano structures, such as metabolic activity, ion channel activity, and cell morphology are introduced in this review. Furthermore, the expansion of the scope of cellular electrochemistry research by innovative functionalized electrodes and electrochemical imaging models and strategies to address future challenges and potential applications is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
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5
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Thind S, Lima D, Booy E, Trinh D, McKenna SA, Kuss S. Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency detection in human fibroblasts using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310288120. [PMID: 38154062 PMCID: PMC10769844 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310288120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency (COXD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the absence or mutation in the genes encoding for the cytochrome c oxidase protein (COX). COX deficiency results in severe muscle weakness, heart, liver, and kidney disorders, as well as brain damage in infants and adolescents, leading to death in many cases. With no cure for this disorder, finding an efficient, inexpensive, and early means of diagnosis is essential to minimize symptoms and long-term disabilities. Furthermore, muscle biopsy, the traditional detection method, is invasive, expensive, and time-consuming. This study demonstrates the applicability of scanning electrochemical microscopy to quantify COX activity in living human fibroblast cells. Taking advantage of the interaction between the redox mediator N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-para-phenylene-diamine, and COX, the enzymatic activity was successfully quantified by monitoring current changes using a platinum microelectrode and determining the apparent heterogeneous rate constant k0 using numerical modeling. This study provides a foundation for developing a diagnostic method for detecting COXD in infants, which has the potential to increase treatment effectiveness and improve the quality of life of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhneet Thind
- Laboratory for Bioanalytics and Electrochemical Sensing, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dhésmon Lima
- Laboratory for Bioanalytics and Electrochemical Sensing, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Evan Booy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dao Trinh
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur Pour l’Environnement, UMR CNRS 7356, Université de La Rochelle, Pôle Sciences et Technologie17042, La Rochelle, Cedex 1, France
| | - Sean A. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sabine Kuss
- Laboratory for Bioanalytics and Electrochemical Sensing, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
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Jiao YT, Kang YR, Wen MY, Wu HQ, Zhang XW, Huang WH. Fast Antioxidation Kinetics of Glutathione Intracellularly Monitored by a Dual-Wire Nanosensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313612. [PMID: 37909054 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione (GSH) system is one of the most powerful intracellular antioxidant systems for the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. However, the rapid kinetics information (at the millisecond to the second level) during the dynamic antioxidation process of the GSH system remains unclear. As such, we specifically developed a novel dual-wire nanosensor (DWNS) that can selectively and synchronously measure the levels of GSH and ROS with high temporal resolution, and applied it to monitor the transient ROS generation as well as the rapid antioxidation process of the GSH system in individual cancer cells. These measurements revealed that the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the GSH system is rapidly initiated against ROS burst in a sub-second time scale, but the elimination process is short-lived, ending after a few seconds, while some ROS are still present in the cells. This study is expected to open new perspectives for understanding the GSH antioxidant system and studying some redox imbalance-related physiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi-Ran Kang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ming-Yong Wen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hui-Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin-Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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7
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Zhu W, Wang J, Luo H, Luo B, Li X, Liu S, Li C. Electrical Characterization and Analysis of Single Cells and Related Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:907. [PMID: 37887100 PMCID: PMC10605054 DOI: 10.3390/bios13100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological parameters extracted from electrical signals from various body parts have been used for many years to analyze the human body and its behavior. In addition, electrical signals from cancer cell lines, normal cells, and viruses, among others, have been widely used for the detection of various diseases. Single-cell parameters such as cell and cytoplasmic conductivity, relaxation frequency, and membrane capacitance are important. There are many techniques available to characterize biomaterials, such as nanotechnology, microstrip cavity resonance measurement, etc. This article reviews single-cell isolation and sorting techniques, such as the micropipette separation method, separation and sorting system (dual electrophoretic array system), DEPArray sorting system (dielectrophoretic array system), cell selector sorting system, and microfluidic and valve devices, and discusses their respective advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, it summarizes common single-cell electrical manipulations, such as single-cell amperometry (SCA), electrical impedance sensing (EIS), impedance flow cytometry (IFC), cell-based electrical impedance (CEI), microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and integrated microelectrode array (IMA). The article also enumerates the application and significance of single-cell electrochemical analysis from the perspectives of CTC liquid biopsy, recombinant adenovirus, tumor cells like lung cancer DTCs (LC-DTCs), and single-cell metabolomics analysis. The paper concludes with a discussion of the current limitations faced by single-cell analysis techniques along with future directions and potential application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zhu
- Clinical Medicine (Eight-Year Program), West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiaao Wang
- Clinical Medicine (Eight-Year Program), West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China; (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Hongzhi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi 563002, China;
| | - Binwen Luo
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Xue Li
- Sichuan Hanyuan County People’s Hospital, Hanyuan 625300, China;
| | - Shan Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China;
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Zhang X, Song J, Li Z, Zheng YW, Zhao WW, Chen HY, Xu JJ. θ-Nanopipette for Single-Cell Resistive-Pulse Profiling of DNA Repair Proteins Accompanied by Drug Evaluation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8249-8255. [PMID: 37642327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis of the DNA repair protein is important but remains unachieved. Exploration of nanopipettte technologies in single-cell electroanalysis has recently seen rapid growth, while the θ-nanopipette represents an emerging technological frontier with its potential largely veiled. Here a θ-nanopipette is first applied for single-cell resistive-pulse sensing (RPS) of the important DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (hAGT). The removal of alkyl mutations by hAGT could restore the damaged aptamer linking with a structural DNA carrier, allowing the selective binding of the aptamer to thrombin with precisely matched size to produce distinct RPS signals when passing through the orifice. Kinetic analysis of hAGT repair was studied. Meanwhile, the device shows the simultaneous on-demand infusion of inhibitors to inactivate the hAGT activity, indicative of its potential in drug screening for enhanced chemotherapy. This work provides a new paradigm for θ-nanopipette-based single-cell RPS of a DNA repair protein accompanied by drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Juan Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - You-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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9
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Lim K, Goines S, Deng M, McCormick H, Kauffmann PJ, Dick JE. A troubleshooting guide for laser pulling platinum nanoelectrodes. Analyst 2023. [PMID: 37313574 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While there are numerous publications on laser-assisted fabrication and characterization of Pt nanoelectrodes, the exact replication of those procedures is not as straightforward as following a single recipe across laboratories. Often, the working procedures vary by day, by laser puller, or by person. Only a handful of nanoelectrode fabrication papers record their parameters, and even fewer offer troubleshooting advice. Here, we provide a step-by-step guide for laser-assisted Pt nanoelectrode fabrication using low-cost equipment including a laser puller, voltammetry, and simple microscope images captured via cell phone. We also offer solutions for common failures experienced throughout the process to guide beginners as they troubleshoot their own fabrication procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sondrica Goines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Mingchu Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Hadley McCormick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Philip J Kauffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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10
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Kauffmann PJ, Walker NL, Gupta V, Dick JE. Triple-Barrel Ultramicroelectrodes for Multipurpose, Submilliliter Electroanalysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8411-8416. [PMID: 37218147 PMCID: PMC10911394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Here, we have developed and applied a triple-barrel microelectrode. This device incorporates a platinum disk working electrode, a platinum disk counter electrode, and a low-leakage Ag/AgCl reference electrode into a small probe. We demonstrate that the incorporated low-leakage reference electrode shows similar voltammetry, potentiometry, and drift when compared to a commercial reference electrode in bulk solution. We also demonstrate the versatility of such a small three-channel system via voltammetry in nanoliter droplets and through electroanalysis of captured aerosols. Finally, we demonstrate the probe's potential utility in single-cell electroanalysis by making measurements within salmon eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Kauffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vanshika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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Zhao X, Zhu R, Anikovskiy M, Wu Q, Ding Z. Profiling H 2O 2 from single COS-7 cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115123. [PMID: 36812793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We report quantitative determination of extracellular H2O2 released from single COS-7 cells with high spatial resolution, using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Our strategy of depth scan imaging in vertical x-z plane was conveniently utilized to a single cell for obtaining probe approach curves (PACs) to any positions on the membrane of a live cell by simply drawing a vertical line on one depth SECM image. This SECM mode provides an efficient way to record a batch of PACs, and visualize cell topography simultaneously. The H2O2 concentration at the membrane surface in the center of an intact COS-7 cell was deconvoluted from apparent O2, and determined to be 0.020 mM by overlapping the experimental PAC with the simulated one having a known H2O2 release value. The H2O2 profile determined in this way gives insight into physiological activity of single live cells. In addition, intracellular H2O2 profile was demonstrated using confocal microscopy by labelling the cells with a luminomphore, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. The two methodologies have illustrated complementary experimental results of H2O2 detection, indicating that H2O2 generation is centered at endoplasmic reticula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Renkang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Max Anikovskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Qingxi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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12
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Zhang S, Qin H, Cheng S, Zhang Y, Gao N, Zhang M. An Electrochemical Nanosensor for Monitoring the Dynamics of Intracellular H 2 O 2 Upon NADH Treatment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300083. [PMID: 36807970 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based therapeutic strategies play an important role in cancer treatment. However, in situ, real-time and quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS in cancer treatment for drug screening is still a challenge. Herein we report one selective hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) electrochemical nanosensor, which is prepared by electrodeposition of Prussian blue (PB) and polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) onto carbon fiber nanoelectrode. With the nanosensor, we find that the level of intracellular H2 O2 increases with NADH treatment and that increase is dose-dependent to the concentration of NADH. High-dose of NADH (above 10 mM) can induce cell death and intratumoral injection of NADH is validated for inhibiting tumor growth in mice. This study highlights the potential of electrochemical nanosensor for tracking and understanding the role of H2 O2 in screening new anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Hancheng Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Shuwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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13
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Nano-Electrochemical Characterization of a 3D Bioprinted Cervical Tumor Model. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041327. [PMID: 36831668 PMCID: PMC9954750 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current cancer research is limited by the availability of reliable in vivo and in vitro models that are able to reproduce the fundamental hallmarks of cancer. Animal experimentation is of paramount importance in the progress of research, but it is becoming more evident that it has several limitations due to the numerous differences between animal tissues and real, in vivo human tissues. 3D bioprinting techniques have become an attractive tool for many basic and applied research fields. Concerning cancer, this technology has enabled the development of three-dimensional in vitro tumor models that recreate the characteristics of real tissues and look extremely promising for studying cancer cell biology. As 3D bioprinting is a relatively recently developed technique, there is still a lack of characterization of the chemical cellular microenvironment of 3D bioprinted constructs. In this work, we fabricated a cervical tumor model obtained by 3D bioprinting of HeLa cells in an alginate-based matrix. Characterization of the spheroid population obtained as a function of culturing time was performed by phase-contrast and confocal fluorescence microscopies. Scanning electrochemical microscopy and platinum nanoelectrodes were employed to characterize oxygen concentrations-a fundamental characteristic of the cellular microenvironment-with a high spatial resolution within the 3D bioprinted cervical tumor model; we also demonstrated that the diffusion of a molecular model of drugs in the 3D bioprinted construct, in which the spheroids were embedded, could be measured quantitatively over time using scanning electrochemical microscopy.
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14
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Solenov EI, Baturina GS, Katkova LE, Yang B, Zarogiannis SG. Methods to Measure Water Permeability. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:343-361. [PMID: 36717506 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Water permeability is a key feature of the cell plasma membranes, and it has seminal importance for several cell functions such as cell volume regulation, cell proliferation, cell migration, and angiogenesis to name a few. The transport of water occurs mainly through plasma membrane water channels, aquaporins. Aquaporins have very important function in physiological and pathophysiological states. Due to the above, the experimental assessment of the water permeability of cells and tissues is necessary. The development of new methodologies of measuring water permeability is a vibrant scientific field that constantly develops during the last three decades along with the advances in imaging mainly. In this chapter we describe and critically assess several methods that have been developed for the measurement of water permeability both in living cells and in tissues with a focus in the first category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy I Solenov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | | | | | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
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15
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Goines S, Dick JE. Investigating the cytotoxic redox mechanism of PFOS within Hep G2 by hyperspectral-assisted scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2022; 147:4356-4364. [PMID: 36043461 PMCID: PMC10308698 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00904h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is one of the most lethal per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Generally, exposure effects are studied through case-controlled studies, cohort studies, or cell assays. Unfortunately, most studies involving two-dimensional cell cultures require cell lysis or fixation. For in vitro studies, fluorescence microscopy has been useful, but methods to simultaneously discern phototoxic effects during an experiment are limited. Here, we use hepatocarcinoma (Hep G2) cells to examine the redox mechanism of PFOS cytotoxicity in vitro, while using hyperspectral-assisted scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to differentiate between PFOS and redox mediator induced stress. Specifically, we correlate an increase in the electrochemical response of ferrocenemethanol oxidation with an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species. Corresponding hyperspectral images of redox indicative-fluorophores implicate superoxide in the cytotoxic redox mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondrica Goines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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16
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Wang Y, Huang K, Qin Z, Zeng J, Zhang Y, Yin L, Liu X, Jiang H, Wang X. Ultraprecise Real-Time Monitoring of Single Cells in Tumors in Response to Metal Ion-Mediated RNA Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37291-37300. [PMID: 35971957 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the deepening of cancer clinical research, miRNAs provide new ideas for molecular diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Improving the molecular delivery efficiency of miRNA is the key to the success of miRNA therapy. We have established self-assembly diagnosis and treatment technologies that can be used to achieve accurate targeting and "cargo" delivery at the cellular level. This technology builds a miRNA (let-7a) delivery system based on metal precursor [Au(III) and Fe(II)]-mediated tumor microenvironmental response to realize the self-assembly of Au&Fe-miRNA complexes for precise real-time imaging of tumor cells and targeted therapy. To accurately measure the changes in reactive oxygen species during complex formation in real time at the single-cell level, we employed small-size nanoscale devices as analytical tools. This study proposes an electrochemical sensor based on carbon fiber electrodes for ultraprecise and multiple monitoring of metal-ion-mediated miRNA delivery systems, precisely realizing targeted tracking of tumors and effective intervention inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhaojian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jiayu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
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17
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Development of a Versatile, Low-Cost Electrochemical System to Study Biofilm Redox Activity at the Micron Scale. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0043422. [PMID: 35758758 PMCID: PMC9328185 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00434-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially resolving chemical landscapes surrounding microbial communities can provide insight into chemical interactions that dictate cellular physiology. Electrochemical techniques provide an attractive option for studying these interactions due to their robustness and high sensitivity. Unfortunately, commercial electrochemical platforms that are capable of measuring chemical activity on the micron scale are often expensive and do not easily perform multiple scanning techniques. Here, we report development of an inexpensive electrochemical system that features a combined micromanipulator and potentiostat component capable of scanning surfaces while measuring molecular concentrations or redox profiles. We validate this experimental platform for biological use with a two-species biofilm model composed of the oral bacterial pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and the oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii. We measure consumption of H2O2 by A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms temporally and spatially, providing new insights into how A. actinomycetemcomitans responds to this S. gordonii-produced metabolite. We advance our platform to spatially measure redox activity above biofilms. Our analysis supports that redox activity surrounding biofilms is species specific, and the region immediately above an S. gordonii biofilm is highly oxidized compared to that above an A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm. This work provides description and validation of a versatile, quantitative framework for studying bacterial redox-mediated physiology in an integrated and easily adaptable experimental platform. IMPORTANCE Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy methods can provide information of the chemical environment along a spatial surface with micron-scale resolution. These methods often require expensive instruments that perform optimized and highly sensitive niche techniques. Here, we describe a novel system that combines a micromanipulator that scans micron-sized electrodes across the surface of bacterial biofilms and a potentiostat, which performs various electrochemical techniques. This platform allows for spatial measurement of chemical gradients above live bacteria in real time, and as proof of concept, we utilize this setup to map H2O2 detoxification above an oral pathogen biofilm. We increased the versatility of this platform further by mapping redox potentials of biofilms in real time on the micron scale. Together, this system provides a technical framework for studying chemical interactions among microbes.
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18
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Rojas D, Hernández-Rodríguez JF, Della Pelle F, Escarpa A, Compagnone D. New trends in enzyme-free electrochemical sensing of ROS/RNS. Application to live cell analysis. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Wu T, Xiong Q, Song R, Wang Q, Zhang F, He P. In situ monitoring of the effect of Cu 2+ on the membrane permeability of a single living cell with a dual-electrode tip of a scanning electrochemical microscope. Analyst 2021; 146:7257-7264. [PMID: 34734932 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01656c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here, an Au-Cu dual-electrode tip was designed to monitor the effect of Cu2+ on the membrane permeability of a single living cell in situ using scanning electrochemical microscopy. The probe approach curves (PACs) were obtained using potassium ferricyanide as a redox mediator. Meanwhile, according to the simulation, theoretical PACs could be acquired. Thus, the cell membrane permeability coefficient (Pm) values were obtained by overlapping the experimental PACs with the theoretical values. Cu2+ was directly generated by electrolyzing the Cu electrode of the dual-electrode tip to investigate its effect on the cell membrane permeability in situ. This work has potential value to improve the understanding of the mechanism of acute heavy metal damage on the cell membrane and will also help clarify the role of heavy metal ions in physiological or pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Qiang Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Ranran Song
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Qingjiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Pingang He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
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20
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studies of interfaces in biology and materials science with notable utility in biophysical and electrochemical measurements. The heart of the SICM is a nanometer-scale electrolyte filled glass pipette that serves as a scanning probe. In the initial conception, manipulations of ion currents through the tip of the pipette and appropriate positioning hardware provided a route to recording micro- and nanoscopic mapping of the topography of surfaces. Subsequent advances in instrumentation, probe design, and methods significantly increased opportunities for SICM beyond recording topography. Hybridization of SICM with coincident characterization techniques such as optical microscopy and faradaic electrodes have brought SICM to the forefront as a tool for nanoscale chemical measurement for a wide range of applications. Modern approaches to SICM realize an important tool in analytical, bioanalytical, biophysical, and materials measurements, where significant opportunities remain for further exploration. In this review, we chronicle the development of SICM from the perspective of both the development of instrumentation and methods and the breadth of measurements performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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21
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Zhang D, Zhang X. Bioinspired Solid-State Nanochannel Sensors: From Ionic Current Signals, Current, and Fluorescence Dual Signals to Faraday Current Signals. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100495. [PMID: 34117705 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inspired from bioprotein channels of living organisms, constructing "abiotic" analogues, solid-state nanochannels, to achieve "smart" sensing towards various targets, is highly seductive. When encountered with certain stimuli, dynamic switch of terminal modified probes in terms of surface charge, conformation, fluorescence property, electric potential as well as wettability can be monitored via transmembrane ionic current, fluorescence intensity, faraday current signals of nanochannels and so on. Herein, the modification methodologies of nanochannels and targets-detecting application are summarized in ions, small molecules, as well as biomolecules, and systematically reviewed are the nanochannel-based detection means including 1) by transmembrane current signals; 2) by the coordination of current- and fluorescence-dual signals; 3) by faraday current signals from nanochannel-based electrode. The coordination of current and fluorescence dual signals offers great benefits for synchronous temporal and spatial monitoring. Faraday signals enable the nanoelectrode to monitor both redox and non-redox components. Notably, by incorporation with confined effect of tip region of a needle-like nanopipette, glorious in-vivo monitoring is conferred on the nanopipette detector at high temporal-spatial resolution. In addition, some outlooks for future application in reliable practical samples analysis and leading research endeavors in the related fantastic fields are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
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22
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Asadpour F, Zhang XW, Mazloum-Ardakani M, Mirzaei M, Majdi S, Ewing AG. Vesicular release dynamics are altered by the interaction between the chemical cargo and vesicle membrane lipids. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10273-10278. [PMID: 34447531 PMCID: PMC8336585 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02247d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of the cargo from soft vesicles, an essential process for chemical delivery, is mediated by multiple factors. Among them, the regulation by the interaction between the chemical cargo species and the vesicular membrane, widely existing in all vesicles, has not been investigated to date. Yet, these interactions hold the potential to complicate the release process. We used liposomes loaded with different monoamines, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), to simulate vesicular release and to monitor the dynamics of chemical release from isolated vesicles during vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC). The release of DA from liposomes presents a longer release time compared to 5-HT. Modelling the release time showed that DA filled vesicles had a higher percentage of events where the time for the peak fall was better fit to a double exponential (DblExp) decay function, suggesting multiple kinetic steps in the release. By fitting to a desorption-release model, where the transmitters adsorbed to the vesicle membrane, the dissociation rates of DA and 5-HT from the liposome membrane were estimated. DA has a lower desorption rate constant, which leads to slower DA release than that observed for 5-HT, whereas there is little difference in pore size. The alteration of vesicular release dynamics due to the interaction between the chemical cargo and vesicle membrane lipids provides an important mechanism to regulate vesicular release in chemical and physiological processes. It is highly possible that this introduces a fundamental chemical regulation difference between transmitters during exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Asadpour
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg 41296 Gothenburg Sweden .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University Yazd 89195-741 Iran
| | - Xin-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Meysam Mirzaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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23
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Wang N, Wang D, Pan R, Wang D, Jiang D, Chen HY. Self-Referenced Nanopipette for Electrochemical Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Nucleus of a Single Living Cell. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10744-10749. [PMID: 34314583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In a typical intracellular electroanalytical measurement, a nanoelectrode is located inside a living cell and a reference electrode outside the cell. This setup faces a problem to drop a certain potential across the cellular plasma membrane that might interrupt the cellular activity. To solve this problem, a self-referenced nanopipette is assembled by incorporating a reference electrode inside the nanocapillary, with a Pt ring at the tip as the electrochemical surface. The potential applied between the Pt ring and the reference electrode is restricted inside the capillary and thus has a negligible effect on the surrounding cellular environment. Using this new setup, the nanopipette pierces into the nucleus of a single living cell for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide under oxidative stress. It is found that a lesser amount of hydrogen peroxide is measured in the nucleus compared with the cytoplasm, revealing uneven oxidative stress inside the cell. The result will not only greatly improve the current setup for intracellular electrochemical analysis but also provide biological information of the compartment inside the living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210092, China
| | - Dongni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210092, China
| | - Rongrong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210092, China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210092, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210092, China
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24
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Diffusion indicator for hemispheroidal and ring ultramicroelectrode geometries for E and ECʹ reactions. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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25
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Yu SY, Ruan YF, Liu YL, Han DM, Zhou H, Zhao WW, Jiang D, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Photocontrolled Nanopipette Biosensor for ATP Gradient Electroanalysis of Single Living Cells. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1529-1535. [PMID: 33847485 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging nanopipette tools have demonstrated substantial potential for advanced single-cell analysis, which plays vital roles from fundamental cellular biology to biomedical diagnostics. Highly recyclable nanopipettes with easy and quick regeneration are of special interest for precise and multiple measurements. However, existing recycle strategies are generally plagued by operational complexity and limited efficiency. Light, acting in a noncontact way, should be the ideal external stimulus to address this issue. Herein, we present the photocontrolled nanopipette capable of probing cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) gradient at single-cell level with good sensitivity, selectivity, and reversibility, which stems from the use of ATP-specific azobenzene (Azo)-incorporated DNA aptamer strands (AIDAS) and thereby the sensible transduction of variable nanopore size by the ionic currents passing through the aperture. Photoisomerized conformational change of the AIDAS by alternative UV/vis light stimulation ensures its noninvasive regeneration and repeated detection. Inducement and inhibition of the cellular ATP could also be probed by this nanosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - De-Man Han
- Engineering Research Center of Recycling & Comprehensive Utilization of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Waste of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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26
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Sero JE, Stevens MM. Nanoneedle-Based Materials for Intracellular Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1295:191-219. [PMID: 33543461 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoneedles, defined as high aspect ratio structures with tip diameters of 5 to approximately 500 nm, are uniquely able to interface with the interior of living cells. Their nanoscale dimensions mean that they are able to penetrate the plasma membrane with minimal disruption of normal cellular functions, allowing researchers to probe the intracellular space and deliver or extract material from individual cells. In the last decade, a variety of strategies have been developed using nanoneedles, either singly or as arrays, to investigate the biology of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These include hollow nanoneedles for soluble probe delivery, nanocapillaries for single-cell biopsy, nano-AFM for direct physical measurements of cytosolic proteins, and a wide range of fluorescent and electrochemical nanosensors for analyte detection. Nanofabrication has improved to the point that nanobiosensors can detect individual vesicles inside the cytoplasm, delineate tumor margins based on intracellular enzyme activity, and measure changes in cell metabolism almost in real time. While most of these applications are currently in the proof-of-concept stage, nanoneedle technology is poised to offer cancer biologists a powerful new set of tools for probing cells with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Sero
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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27
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Petroniene J, Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene I, Miksiunas R, Bironaite D, Ramanaviciene A, Rucinskas K, Janusauskas V, Ramanavicius A. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for the investigation of redox potential of human myocardium-derived mesenchymal stem cells grown at 2D and 3D conditions. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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McCormick HK, Dick JE. Nanoelectrochemical quantification of single-cell metabolism. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:17-24. [PMID: 32915282 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At the most fundamental level, the behavior of tissue is governed by the activity of its single cells. A detailed examination of single-cell biology is necessary in order to gain a deeper understanding of disease progression. While single-cell genomics and transcriptomics are mature due to robust amplification strategies, the metabolome is difficult to quantify. Nanoelectrochemical techniques stand poised to quantify single-cell metabolism as a result of the fabrication of nanoelectrodes, which allow one to make intracellular electrochemical measurements. This article is concerned with intracellular nanoelectrochemistry, focusing on the sensitive and selective quantification of various metabolites within a single, living cell. We will review the strong literature behind this field, discuss the potential deleterious effects of passing charge inside cells, and provide future outlooks for this promising avenue of inquiry. We also present a mathematical relationship based on Faraday's Law and bulk electrolysis theory to examine the consumption of analyte within a cell due to passing charge at the nanotip.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadley K McCormick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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29
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Scheibel OV, Schrlau MG. A Self‐contained Two‐electrode Nanosensor for Electrochemical Analysis in Aqueous Microenvironments. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia V. Scheibel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology 1 Lomb Memorial Drive Rochester New York 14425 USA
| | - Michael G. Schrlau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology 1 Lomb Memorial Drive Rochester New York 14425 USA
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30
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Jia R, Mirkin MV. The double life of conductive nanopipette: a nanopore and an electrochemical nanosensor. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9056-9066. [PMID: 34123158 PMCID: PMC8163349 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing interest in nanoscale research has spurred the development of nanosensors for liquid phase measurements. These include nanopore-based sensors typically employed for detecting nanoscale objects, such as nanoparticles, vesicles and biomolecules, and electrochemical nanosensors suitable for identification and quantitative analysis of redox active molecules. In this Perspective, we discuss conductive nanopipettes (CNP) that can combine the advantages of single entity sensitivity of nanopore detection with high selectivity and capacity for quantitative analysis offered by electrochemical sensors. Additionally, the small physical size and needle-like shape of a CNP enables its use as a tip in the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM), thus, facilitating precise positioning and localized measurements in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
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31
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Schofield Z, Meloni GN, Tran P, Zerfass C, Sena G, Hayashi Y, Grant M, Contera SA, Minteer SD, Kim M, Prindle A, Rocha P, Djamgoz MBA, Pilizota T, Unwin PR, Asally M, Soyer OS. Bioelectrical understanding and engineering of cell biology. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200013. [PMID: 32429828 PMCID: PMC7276535 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The last five decades of molecular and systems biology research have provided unprecedented insights into the molecular and genetic basis of many cellular processes. Despite these insights, however, it is arguable that there is still only limited predictive understanding of cell behaviours. In particular, the basis of heterogeneity in single-cell behaviour and the initiation of many different metabolic, transcriptional or mechanical responses to environmental stimuli remain largely unexplained. To go beyond the status quo, the understanding of cell behaviours emerging from molecular genetics must be complemented with physical and physiological ones, focusing on the intracellular and extracellular conditions within and around cells. Here, we argue that such a combination of genetics, physics and physiology can be grounded on a bioelectrical conceptualization of cells. We motivate the reasoning behind such a proposal and describe examples where a bioelectrical view has been shown to, or can, provide predictive biological understanding. In addition, we discuss how this view opens up novel ways to control cell behaviours by electrical and electrochemical means, setting the stage for the emergence of bioelectrical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Schofield
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gabriel N. Meloni
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christian Zerfass
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Giovanni Sena
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yoshikatsu Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sonia A. Contera
- Clarendon Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arthur Prindle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paulo Rocha
- Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices (C3Bio), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mustafa B. A. Djamgoz
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Teuta Pilizota
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Munehiro Asally
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Orkun S. Soyer
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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32
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Wang Y, Jin R, Sojic N, Jiang D, Chen H. Intracellular Wireless Analysis of Single Cells by Bipolar Electrochemiluminescence Confined in a Nanopipette. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science (ISM), and CNRS UMR 5255 University of Bordeaux 33607 Pessac France
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Hong‐Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
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33
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Wang Y, Jin R, Sojic N, Jiang D, Chen H. Intracellular Wireless Analysis of Single Cells by Bipolar Electrochemiluminescence Confined in a Nanopipette. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10416-10420. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science (ISM), and CNRS UMR 5255 University of Bordeaux 33607 Pessac France
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
| | - Hong‐Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 China
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35
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Benarroch JM, Asally M. The Microbiologist’s Guide to Membrane Potential Dynamics. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:304-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pan R, Hu K, Jia R, Rotenberg SA, Jiang D, Mirkin MV. Resistive-Pulse Sensing Inside Single Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5778-5784. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Rui Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Susan A. Rotenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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37
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Petroniene J, Morkvenaite‐Vilkonciene I, Miksiunas R, Bironaite D, Ramanaviciene A, Mikoliunaite L, Kisieliute A, Rucinskas K, Janusauskas V, Plikusiene I, Labeit S, Ramanavicius A. Evaluation of Redox Activity of Human Myocardium‐derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Petroniene
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Inga Morkvenaite‐Vilkonciene
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy ConversionState Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
- Department of Mechatronics and RoboticsFaculty of MechanicsVilnius Gediminas Technical University Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Rokas Miksiunas
- Department of Regenerative medicineState Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Daiva Bironaite
- Department of Regenerative medicineState Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Nanotechnas-Centre of Nanotechnology and Materials ScienceFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Lina Mikoliunaite
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Aura Kisieliute
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Kestutis Rucinskas
- Centre of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Vilius Janusauskas
- Centre of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Ieva Plikusiene
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Department of Integrative PathophysiologyUniversitätsmedizin Mannheim Theodor-Kutzer-Uferstr. 1–3 DE-68167 Mannheim Germany
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
- Laboratory of NanotechnologyState Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology Sauletekio str. LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
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38
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Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule within the human body, but many of its roles in physiology and pathophysiology are not well understood. To better understand the importance of H2O2 in biological systems, it is essential that researchers are able to quantify this reactive species in various settings, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo systems. This review covers a broad range of H2O2 sensors that have been used in biological systems, highlighting advancements that have taken place since 2015.
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39
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Pan R, Jiang D. Nanokits for the electrochemical quantification of enzyme activity in single living cells. Methods Enzymol 2019; 628:173-189. [PMID: 31668228 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of more intricate devices for the analysis of enzyme activity in single cells, and even in individual intracellular compartments, would advance the knowledge of cellular heterogeneity and protein function at subcellular locations. This chapter describes construction and implementation of nano-capillary electrodes kits, named as "Nanokits," for unprecedented cost-effective analysis of enzyme activity within single living cells and even at single lysosomes. The nanokit that is specific for the target enzyme is assembled in a nanometer-sized capillary with a working electrode, and electrochemically loaded into the cell allowing the electrochemical quantification of the enzyme activity. Furthermore, the enzyme activity in individual intracellular compartments can be characterized by reversed electrochemical pumping to confine the targeted organelle in the nano-capillary tip with the nanokit. The use of commercially available reagent kits marketed for cell population studies permits direct application of the nano-capillary electrode for targeting a variety of enzymes in single cells. This protocol will likely spark expansion in the number of groups embarking on enzyme activity investigations by clearly providing a cookbook description of new cost-effective technology for single cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Pan
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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40
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Electrochemical monitoring of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and redox balance in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4365-4374. [PMID: 31011787 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in cells and cell redox balance are of great interest in live cells as they are correlated to several pathological and physiological conditions of living cells. ROS and RNS detection is limited due to their spatially restricted abundance: they are usually located in sub-cellular areas (e.g., in specific organelles) at low concentration. In this work, we will review and highlight the electrochemical approach to this bio-analytical issue. Combining electrochemical methods and miniaturization strategies, specific, highly sensitive, time, and spatially resolved measurements of cellular oxidative stress and redox balance analysis are possible. Graphical abstract In this work, we highlight and review the use of electrochemistry for the highly spatial and temporal resolved detection of ROS/RNS levels and of redox balance in living cells. These levels are central in several pathological and physiological conditions and the electrochemical approach is a vibrant bio-analytical trend in this field.
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41
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Hu K, Li Y, Rotenberg SA, Amatore C, Mirkin MV. Electrochemical Measurements of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species inside Single Phagolysosomes of Living Macrophages. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4564-4568. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Susan A. Rotenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS, PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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42
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Filice F, Henderson JD, Li MSM, Ding Z. Correlating Live Cell Viability with Membrane Permeability Disruption Induced by Trivalent Chromium. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2142-2151. [PMID: 30775648 PMCID: PMC6374964 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cr(III) is often regarded as a trace essential micronutrient that can be found in many dietary supplements due to its participation in blood glucose regulation. However, increased levels of exposure have been linked to adverse health effects in living organisms. Herein, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to detect variation in membrane permeability of single cells (T24) resulting from exposure to a trivalent Cr-salt, CrCl3. By employing electrochemical mediators, ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) and ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FcCOO-), initially semipermeable and impermeable, respectively, complementary information was obtained. Three-dimensional COMSOL finite element analysis simulations were successfully used to quantify the permeability coefficients of each mediator by matching experimental and simulated results. Depending on the concentration of Cr(III) administered, three regions of membrane response were detected. Following exposure to low concentrations (up to 500 μM Cr(III)), their permeability coefficients were comparable to that of control cells, 80 μm/s for FcMeOH and 0 μm/s for FcCOO-. This was confirmed for both mediators. As the incubation concentrations were increased, the ability of FcMeOH to permeate the membrane decreased to a minimum of 17 μm/s at 7500 μM Cr(III), while FcCOO- remained impermeable. At the highest examined concentrations, both mediators were found to demonstrate increased membrane permeability. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability studies were also conducted on Cr(III)-treated T24 cells to correlate the SECM findings with the toxicity effects of the metal. The viability experiments revealed a similar concentration-dependent trend to the SECM cell membrane permeability study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhifeng Ding
- E-mail: . Tel: +1 519 661 2111x86161. Fax: +1 519 661
3022
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43
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Filice FP, Ding Z. Analysing single live cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:738-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) offers single live cell activities along its topography toward cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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44
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Yao L, Filice FP, Yang Q, Ding Z, Su B. Quantitative Assessment of Molecular Transport through Sub-3 nm Silica Nanochannels by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1548-1556. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
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45
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Fukui Y, Miyagawa A, Qu H, Harada M, Okada T. Growth and Morphology of Liquid Phase in Frozen Aqueous NaCl Probed by Voltammetry and Simulations. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:3150-3157. [PMID: 30259627 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of Fe(CN)6 4- are measured using a microelectrode in frozen aqueous NaCl solutions to obtain morphological information on the liquid phase developed on the electrode surface. CVs in frozen solutions feature the radial diffusion similar to that measured in bulk solution in some cases but the linear diffusion in other cases. The former suggests the sufficient growth of the liquid phase, whereas the latter implies the diffusion paths in particular directions are hindered. Two parameters, i. e. a ratio of the maximum current to the steady-state current (R) and current amplification (ramp ), are extracted from CVs and compared with those of simulated ones. CV simulations are carried out for four geometrical models. From the relationship between ramp and R, the FCS developed on the electrode surface can be regarded as a thin layer developed in the direction parallel to the electrode surface or a cylinder running in the direction away from the electrode. Since solutes are concentrated in this liquid phase, highly sensitive voltammetric analysis would be possible if the growth of the FCS were successfully managed. The liquid phase morphology on the electrode, which cannot be probed by other methods, is useful information for designing such highly sensitive voltammetric analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Fukui
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hui Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Makoto Harada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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46
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Neves MMPDS, Martín-Yerga D. Advanced Nanoscale Approaches to Single-(Bio)entity Sensing and Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E100. [PMID: 30373209 PMCID: PMC6316691 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual (bio)chemical entities could show a very heterogeneous behaviour under the same conditions that could be relevant in many biological processes of significance in the life sciences. Conventional detection approaches are only able to detect the average response of an ensemble of entities and assume that all entities are identical. From this perspective, important information about the heterogeneities or rare (stochastic) events happening in individual entities would remain unseen. Some nanoscale tools present interesting physicochemical properties that enable the possibility to detect systems at the single-entity level, acquiring richer information than conventional methods. In this review, we introduce the foundations and the latest advances of several nanoscale approaches to sensing and imaging individual (bio)entities using nanoprobes, nanopores, nanoimpacts, nanoplasmonics and nanomachines. Several (bio)entities such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, vesicles and viruses are specifically considered. These nanoscale approaches provide a wide and complete toolbox for the study of many biological systems at the single-entity level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Filice FP, Li MSM, Ding Z. Simulation Assisted Nanoscale Imaging of Single Live Cells with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michelle S. M. Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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48
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The Expanding Role of Vesicles Containing Aquaporins. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100179. [PMID: 30360436 PMCID: PMC6210599 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals and plants, membrane vesicles containing proteins have been defined as key for biological systems involving different processes such as trafficking or intercellular communication. Docking and fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane occur in living cells in response to different stimuli, such as environmental changes or hormones, and therefore play an important role in cell homeostasis as vehicles for certain proteins or other substances. Because aquaporins enhance the water permeability of membranes, their role as proteins immersed in vesicles formed of natural membranes is a recent topic of study. They regulate numerous physiological processes and could hence serve new biotechnological purposes. Thus, in this review, we have explored the physiological implications of the trafficking of aquaporins, the mechanisms that control their transit, and the proteins that coregulate the migration. In addition, the importance of exosomes containing aquaporins in the cell-to-cell communication processes in animals and plants have been analyzed, together with their potential uses in biomedicine or biotechnology. The properties of aquaporins make them suitable for use as biomarkers of different aquaporin-related diseases when they are included in exosomes. Finally, the fact that these proteins could be immersed in biomimetic membranes opens future perspectives for new biotechnological applications.
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49
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Song J, Xu C, Huang S, Lei W, Ruan Y, Lu H, Zhao W, Xu J, Chen H. Ultrasmall Nanopipette: Toward Continuous Monitoring of Redox Metabolism at Subcellular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13226-13230. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Cong‐Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shi‐Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi‐Fan Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hai‐Jie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jing‐Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong‐Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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50
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Song J, Xu C, Huang S, Lei W, Ruan Y, Lu H, Zhao W, Xu J, Chen H. Ultrasmall Nanopipette: Toward Continuous Monitoring of Redox Metabolism at Subcellular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Cong‐Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shi‐Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi‐Fan Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hai‐Jie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jing‐Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong‐Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for, Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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