1
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Chan KI, Zhang S, Li G, Xu Y, Cui L, Wang Y, Su H, Tan W, Zhong Z. MYC Oncogene: A Druggable Target for Treating Cancers with Natural Products. Aging Dis 2024; 15:640-697. [PMID: 37450923 PMCID: PMC10917530 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Various diseases, including cancers, age-associated disorders, and acute liver failure, have been linked to the oncogene, MYC. Animal testing and clinical trials have shown that sustained tumor volume reduction can be achieved when MYC is inactivated, and different combinations of therapeutic agents including MYC inhibitors are currently being developed. In this review, we first provide a summary of the multiple biological functions of the MYC oncoprotein in cancer treatment, highlighting that the equilibrium points of the MYC/MAX, MIZ1/MYC/MAX, and MAD (MNT)/MAX complexes have further potential in cancer treatment that could be used to restrain MYC oncogene expression and its functions in tumorigenesis. We also discuss the multifunctional capacity of MYC in various cellular cancer processes, including its influences on immune response, metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, multidrug resistance, and intestinal flora. Moreover, we summarize the MYC therapy patent landscape and emphasize the potential of MYC as a druggable target, using herbal medicine modulators. Finally, we describe pending challenges and future perspectives in biomedical research, involving the development of therapeutic approaches to modulate MYC or its targeted genes. Patients with cancers driven by MYC signaling may benefit from therapies targeting these pathways, which could delay cancerous growth and recover antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Iong Chan
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yida Xu
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Liao Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
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2
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Chou J, Kaller M, Rokavec M, Liu F, Hermeking H. AP4 induces JNK1 and a miR-22-3p/FOSL1 feed-forward loop to activate AP-1 and promote colorectal cancer metastasis. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:433-437. [PMID: 38225895 PMCID: PMC10958680 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Chou
- Experimental and Molecular PathologyInstitute of PathologyMedical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Markus Kaller
- Experimental and Molecular PathologyInstitute of PathologyMedical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Matjaz Rokavec
- Experimental and Molecular PathologyInstitute of PathologyMedical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Fangteng Liu
- Experimental and Molecular PathologyInstitute of PathologyMedical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Heiko Hermeking
- Experimental and Molecular PathologyInstitute of PathologyMedical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Partner siteMunichGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
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3
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Gupta S, Silveira DA, Piedade GP, Ostrowski MP, Mombach JCM, Hashimoto RF. A dynamic Boolean network reveals that the BMI1 and MALAT1 axis is associated with drug resistance by limiting miR-145-5p in non-small cell lung cancer. Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:185-193. [PMID: 38125755 PMCID: PMC10730431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are often treated with chemotherapy. Poor clinical response and the onset of chemoresistance limit the anti-tumor benefits of drugs such as cisplatin. According to recent research, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a long non-coding RNA related to cisplatin resistance in NSCLC. Furthermore, MALAT1 targets microRNA-145-5p (miR-145), which activates Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in associated cell lines. B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1), on the other hand, inhibits miR-145 expression, which stimulates Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) to trigger the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in pemetrexed-resistant NSCLC cells. The interplay between these molecules in drug resistance is still unclear. Therefore, we propose a dynamic Boolean network that can encapsulate the complexity of these drug-resistant molecules. Using published clinical data for gain or loss-of-function perturbations, our network demonstrates reasonable agreement with experimental observations. We identify four new positive circuits: miR-145/Sp1/MALAT1, BMI1/miR-145/Myc, KLF4/p53/miR-145, and miR-145/Wip1/p38MAPK/p53. Notably, miR-145 emerges as a central player in these regulatory circuits, underscoring its pivotal role in NSCLC drug resistance. Our circuit perturbation analysis further emphasizes the critical involvement of these new circuits in drug resistance for NSCLC. In conclusion, targeting MALAT1 and BMI1 holds promise for overcoming drug resistance, while activating miR-145 represents a potential strategy to significantly reduce drug resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Gupta
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daner A. Silveira
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel P.S. Piedade
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel P. Ostrowski
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Carlos M. Mombach
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F. Hashimoto
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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4
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Zhou C, Ma H, Yu W, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Meng Y, Chen C, Zhang J, Shi G. ANP32B inhibition suppresses the growth of prostate cancer cells by regulating c-Myc signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 698:149543. [PMID: 38266312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
ANP32B is a histone chaperone that interacts with various transcription factors that regulate cancer cell proliferation, immigration, and apoptosis. c-Myc, a well-known oncogenic protein, is a principal player in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer (PC). The means by which ANP32B and c-Myc act remain unknown. We downloaded clinical data from the GEO, TCGA, and other databases to explore ANP32B expression and its effects on the survival of PC and normal tissues. ANP32B-knockdown cell lines were used to evaluate how ANP32B affected cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Gene set enrichment analysis and RNAseq were employed to define how ANP32B regulated PC pathways. Immunohistochemical measures were used to detect the expression levels of relevant proteins in xenografts and PC tissues. ANP32B expression increased in PC tissues; ANP32B knockdown inhibited cell growth but this was rescued by c-Myc signaling. ANP32B is thus a PC oncogene and may serve as a valuable therapeutic target when seeking to treat PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Hangbin Ma
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Wandong Yu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yinghao Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xuehu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yibo Meng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Chenchen Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Guowei Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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5
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Jha RK, Kouzine F, Levens D. MYC function and regulation in physiological perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1268275. [PMID: 37941901 PMCID: PMC10627926 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1268275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC, a key member of the Myc-proto-oncogene family, is a universal transcription amplifier that regulates almost every physiological process in a cell including cell cycle, proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis. MYC interacts with several cofactors, chromatin modifiers, and regulators to direct gene expression. MYC levels are tightly regulated, and deregulation of MYC has been associated with numerous diseases including cancer. Understanding the comprehensive biology of MYC under physiological conditions is an utmost necessity to demark biological functions of MYC from its pathological functions. Here we review the recent advances in biological mechanisms, functions, and regulation of MYC. We also emphasize the role of MYC as a global transcription amplifier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Levens
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, United States
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6
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Blaeschke F, Chen YY, Apathy R, Daniel B, Chen AY, Chen PA, Sandor K, Zhang W, Li Z, Mowery CT, Yamamoto TN, Nyberg WA, To A, Yu R, Bueno R, Kim MC, Schmidt R, Goodman DB, Feuchtinger T, Eyquem J, Jimmie Ye C, Carnevale J, Satpathy AT, Shifrut E, Roth TL, Marson A. Modular pooled discovery of synthetic knockin sequences to program durable cell therapies. Cell 2023; 186:4216-4234.e33. [PMID: 37714135 PMCID: PMC10508323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stimulation can cause T cell dysfunction and limit the efficacy of cellular immunotherapies. Improved methods are required to compare large numbers of synthetic knockin (KI) sequences to reprogram cell functions. Here, we developed modular pooled KI screening (ModPoKI), an adaptable platform for modular construction of DNA KI libraries using barcoded multicistronic adaptors. We built two ModPoKI libraries of 100 transcription factors (TFs) and 129 natural and synthetic surface receptors (SRs). Over 30 ModPoKI screens across human TCR- and CAR-T cells in diverse conditions identified a transcription factor AP4 (TFAP4) construct that enhanced fitness of chronically stimulated CAR-T cells and anti-cancer function in vitro and in vivo. ModPoKI's modularity allowed us to generate an ∼10,000-member library of TF combinations. Non-viral KI of a combined BATF-TFAP4 polycistronic construct enhanced fitness. Overexpressed BATF and TFAP4 co-occupy and regulate key gene targets to reprogram T cell function. ModPoKI facilitates the discovery of complex gene constructs to program cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Blaeschke
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yan Yi Chen
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ryan Apathy
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andy Y Chen
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peixin Amy Chen
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wenxi Zhang
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhongmei Li
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cody T Mowery
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tori N Yamamoto
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - William A Nyberg
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Angela To
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ruby Yu
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Raymund Bueno
- Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Min Cheol Kim
- Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel B Goodman
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
| | - Tobias Feuchtinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80337, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich 80336, Germany; National Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julia Carnevale
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Shifrut
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Alexander Marson
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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7
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Du Y, Rokavec M, Hermeking H. Squalene epoxidase/SQLE is a candidate target for treatment of colorectal cancers with p53 mutation and elevated c- MYC expression. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4103-4122. [PMID: 37705742 PMCID: PMC10496509 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of c-MYC and inactivation of p53 represent two of the most common alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, c-MYC and defective p53 are difficult to target therapeutically. Therefore, effectors downstream of both c-MYC and p53 may represent attractive, alternative targets for cancer treatment. In a bioinformatics screen we identified Squalene epoxidase/SQLE as a candidate therapeutic target that appeared to be especially relevant for cell survival in CRCs, which display elevated c-MYC expression and loss of p53 function. SQLE is a rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis. Here, we show that p53 supresses SQLE expression, cholesterol levels, and cell viability via the induction of miR-205, which directly targets SQLE. Furthermore, c-MYC induced SQLE expression directly and via its target gene AP4. The transcription factor AP4/TFAP4 directly induced SQLE expression and cholesterol levels, whereas inactivation of AP4 resulted in decreased SQLE expression and caused resistance to Terbinafine, an inhibitor of SQLE. Inhibition of SQLE decreased viability of CRC cells. This effect was enhanced in CRCs cells with p53 inactivation and/or enhanced c-MYC/AP4 expression. Altogether, our results demonstrate that SQLE represents a vulnerability for CRCs with p53 inactivation and elevated c-MYC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Du
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Matjaz Rokavec
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Hermeking
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80337 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Yang K, Zhang W, Zhong L, Xiao Y, Sahoo S, Fassan M, Zeng K, Magee P, Garofalo M, Shi L. Long non-coding RNA HIF1A-As2 and MYC form a double-positive feedback loop to promote cell proliferation and metastasis in KRAS-driven non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Differ 2023:10.1038/s41418-023-01160-x. [PMID: 37041291 PMCID: PMC10089381 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. KRAS is the main oncogenic driver in lung cancer that can be activated by gene mutation or amplification, but whether long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate its activation remains unknown. Through gain and loss of function approaches, we identified that lncRNA HIF1A-As2, a KRAS-induced lncRNA, is required for cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor propagation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro and in vivo. Integrative analysis of HIF1A-As2 transcriptomic profiling reveals that HIF1A-As2 modulates gene expression in trans, particularly regulating transcriptional factor genes including MYC. Mechanistically, HIF1A-As2 epigenetically activates MYC by recruiting DHX9 on MYC promoter, consequently stimulating the transcription of MYC and its target genes. In addition, KRAS promotes HIF1A-As2 expression via the induction of MYC, suggesting HIF1A-As2 and MYC form a double-regulatory loop to strengthen cell proliferation and tumor metastasis in lung cancer. Inhibition of HIF1A-As2 by LNA GapmeR antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) significantly improves sensitization to 10058-F4 (a MYC-specific inhibitor) and cisplatin treatment in PDX and KRASLSLG12D-driven lung tumors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Yang
- RNA Oncology Group, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyang Zhang
- RNA Oncology Group, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghui Zhong
- RNA Oncology Group, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Xiao
- RNA Oncology Group, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sudhakar Sahoo
- Computational Biology Support, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Manchester, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, 35100, Italy
| | - Kang Zeng
- Imaging & Cytometry Facility, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Manchester, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Peter Magee
- Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Manchester, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michela Garofalo
- Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Manchester, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- RNA Oncology Group, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Manchester, SK10 4TG, UK.
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9
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Potts MA, Mizutani S, Garnham AL, Li Wai Suen CSN, Kueh AJ, Tai L, Pal M, Strasser A, Herold MJ. Deletion of the transcriptional regulator TFAP4 accelerates c-MYC-driven lymphomagenesis. Cell Death Differ 2023:10.1038/s41418-023-01145-w. [PMID: 36894688 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many lymphoid malignancies arise from deregulated c-MYC expression in cooperation with additional genetic lesions. While many of these cooperative genetic lesions have been discovered and their functions characterised, DNA sequence data of primary patient samples suggest that many more do exist. However, the nature of their contributions to c-MYC driven lymphomagenesis have not yet been investigated. We identified TFAP4 as a potent suppressor of c-MYC driven lymphoma development in a previous genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in primary cells in vivo [1]. CRISPR deletion of TFAP4 in Eµ-MYC transgenic haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and transplantation of these manipulated HSPCs into lethally irradiated animals significantly accelerated c-MYC-driven lymphoma development. Interestingly, TFAP4 deficient Eµ-MYC lymphomas all arose at the pre-B cell stage of B cell development. This observation prompted us to characterise the transcriptional profile of pre-B cells from pre-leukaemic mice transplanted with Eµ-MYC/Cas9 HSPCs that had been transduced with sgRNAs targeting TFAP4. This analysis revealed that TFAP4 deletion reduced expression of several master regulators of B cell differentiation, such as Spi1, SpiB and Pax5, which are direct target genes of both TFAP4 and MYC. We therefore conclude that loss of TFAP4 leads to a block in differentiation during early B cell development, thereby accelerating c-MYC-driven lymphoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Potts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shinsuke Mizutani
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Garnham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Connie S N Li Wai Suen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin Tai
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin Pal
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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10
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Kaller M, Shi W, Hermeking H. c-MYC-Induced AP4 Attenuates DREAM-Mediated Repression by p53. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041162. [PMID: 36831504 PMCID: PMC9954515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deregulated expression of the c-MYC oncogene activates p53, which is presumably mediated by ARF/INK4, as well as replication-stress-induced DNA damage. Here, we aimed to determine whether the c-MYC-inducible AP4 transcription factor plays a role in this context using a genetic approach. METHODS We used a CRISPR/Cas9 approach to generate AP4- and/or p53-deficient derivatives of MCF-7 breast cancer cells harboring an ectopic, inducible c-MYC allele. Cell proliferation, senescence, DNA damage, and comprehensive RNA expression profiles were determined after activation of c-MYC. In addition, we analyzed the expression data from primary breast cancer samples. RESULTS Loss of AP4 resulted in elevated levels of both spontaneous and c-MYC-induced DNA damage, senescence, and diminished cell proliferation. Deletion of p53 in AP4-deficient cells reverted senescence and proliferation defects without affecting DNA damage levels. RNA-Seq analyses showed that loss of AP4 enhanced repression of DREAM and E2F target genes after p53 activation by c-MYC. Depletion of p21 or the DREAM complex component LIN37 abrogated this effect. These p53-dependent effects were conserved on the level of clinical and gene expression associations found in primary breast cancer tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our results establish AP4 as a pivotal factor at the crossroads of c-MYC, E2F, and p53 target gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kaller
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Hermeking
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-80337 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-2180-73685; Fax: +49-89-2180-73697
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11
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Qattan MY, Khan MI, Alharbi SH, Verma AK, Al-Saeed FA, Abduallah AM, Al Areefy AA. Therapeutic Importance of Kaempferol in the Treatment of Cancer through the Modulation of Cell Signalling Pathways. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248864. [PMID: 36557997 PMCID: PMC9788613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived flavonoids are considered natural nontoxic chemo-preventers and have been widely studied for cancer treatment in recent decades. Mostly all flavonoid compounds show significant anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties. Kaempferol (Kmp) is a well-studied compound and exhibits remarkable anticancer and antioxidant potential. Kmp can regulate various cancer-related processes and activities such as cell cycle, oxidative stress, apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The anti-cancer properties of Kmp primarily occur via modulation of apoptosis, MAPK/ERK1/2, P13K/Akt/mTOR, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling pathways. The anti-cancer property of Kmp has been recognized in several in-vivo and in-vitro studies which also includes numerous cell lines and animal models. This flavonoid possesses toxic activities against only cancer cells and have restricted toxicity on healthy cells. In this review, we present extensive research investigations about the therapeutic potential of Kmp in the management of different types of cancers. The anti-cancer properties of Kmp are discussed by concentration on its capability to target molecular-signalling pathway such as VEGF, STAT, p53, NF-κB and PI3K-AKT signalling pathways. The anti-cancer property of Kmf has gained a lot of attention, but the accurate action mechanism remains unclear. However, this natural compound has a great pharmacological capability and is now considered to be an alternative cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Yahia Qattan
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, KSA- 4545, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Idreesh Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shudayyed Hasham Alharbi
- Pharmacy Department, Maternity and Children Hospital (MCH), Qassim Cluster, Ministry of Health, Buraydah 52384, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110025, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Fatimah A. Al-Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alduwish Manal Abduallah
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza A. Al Areefy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Nutrition & Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11795, Cairo 11281, Egypt
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12
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Schaefer M, Nabih A, Spies D, Hermes V, Bodak M, Wischnewski H, Stalder P, Ngondo RP, Liechti LA, Sajic T, Aebersold R, Gatfield D, Ciaudo C. Global and precise identification of functional
miRNA
targets in
mESCs
by integrative analysis. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54762. [PMID: 35899551 PMCID: PMC9442311 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) loaded Argonaute (AGO) complexes regulate gene expression via direct base pairing with their mRNA targets. Previous works suggest that up to 60% of mammalian transcripts might be subject to miRNA‐mediated regulation, but it remains largely unknown which fraction of these interactions are functional in a specific cellular context. Here, we integrate transcriptome data from a set of miRNA‐depleted mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines with published miRNA interaction predictions and AGO‐binding profiles. Using this integrative approach, combined with molecular validation data, we present evidence that < 10% of expressed genes are functionally and directly regulated by miRNAs in mESCs. In addition, analyses of the stem cell‐specific miR‐290‐295 cluster target genes identify TFAP4 as an important transcription factor for early development. The extensive datasets developed in this study will support the development of improved predictive models for miRNA‐mRNA functional interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schaefer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich IMHS, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity Zurich Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School University of Zürich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Amena Nabih
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich IMHS, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity Zurich Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School University of Zürich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Daniel Spies
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich IMHS, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity Zurich Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School University of Zürich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Victoria Hermes
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich IMHS, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity Zurich Switzerland
| | - Maxime Bodak
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich IMHS, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity Zurich Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School University of Zürich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Harry Wischnewski
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich IMHS, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrick Stalder
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich IMHS, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity Zurich Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School University of Zürich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Richard Patryk Ngondo
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich IMHS, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity Zurich Switzerland
| | - Luz Angelica Liechti
- Center for Integrative Genomics (CIG) University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Sajic
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, IMSB Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, IMSB Zürich Switzerland
| | - David Gatfield
- Center for Integrative Genomics (CIG) University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Constance Ciaudo
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich IMHS, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity Zurich Switzerland
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13
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Chou J, Kaller M, Jaeckel S, Rokavec M, Hermeking H. AP4 suppresses DNA damage, chromosomal instability and senescence via inducing MDC1/Mediator of DNA damage Checkpoint 1 and repressing MIR22HG/miR-22-3p. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:120. [PMID: 35624466 PMCID: PMC9137087 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background AP4 (TFAP4) encodes a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factor and is a direct target gene of the oncogenic transcription factor c-MYC. Here, we set out to determine the relevance of AP4 in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Methods A CRISPR/Cas9 approach was employed to generate AP4-deficient CRC cell lines with inducible expression of c-MYC. Colony formation, β-gal staining, immunofluorescence, comet and homologous recombination (HR) assays and RNA-Seq analysis were used to determine the effects of AP4 inactivation. qPCR and qChIP analyses was performed to validate differentially expressed AP4 targets. Expression data from CRC cohorts was subjected to bioinformatics analyses. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate AP4 targets in vivo. Ap4-deficient APCmin/+ mice were analyzed to determine conservation. Immunofluorescence, chromosome and micronuclei enumeration, MTT and colony formation assays were used to determine the effects of AP4 inactivation and target gene regulation on chromosomal instability (CIN) and drug sensitivity. Results Inactivation of AP4 in CRC cell lines resulted in increased spontaneous and c-MYC-induced DNA damage, chromosomal instability (CIN) and cellular senescence. AP4-deficient cells displayed increased expression of the long non-coding RNA MIR22HG, which encodes miR-22-3p and was directly repressed by AP4. Furthermore, Mediator of DNA damage Checkpoint 1 (MDC1), a central component of the DNA damage response and a known target of miR-22-3p, displayed decreased expression in AP4-deficient cells. Accordingly, MDC1 was directly induced by AP4 and indirectly by AP4-mediated repression of miR-22-3p. Adenomas and organoids from Ap4-deficient APCmin/+ mice displayed conservation of these regulations. Inhibition of miR-22-3p or ectopic MDC1 expression reversed the increased senescence, DNA damage, CIN and defective HR observed in AP4-deficient CRC cells. AP4-deficiency also sensitized CRC cells to 5-FU treatment, whereas ectopic AP4 conferred resistance to 5-FU in a miR-22-3p and MDC1-dependent manner. Conclusions In summary, AP4, miR-22-3p and MDC1 form a conserved and coherent, regulatory feed-forward loop to promote DNA repair, which suppresses DNA damage, senescence and CIN, and contributes to 5-FU resistance. These findings explain how elevated AP4 expression contributes to development and chemo-resistance of colorectal cancer after c-MYC activation. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01581-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Chou
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Kaller
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Jaeckel
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Matjaz Rokavec
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Hermeking
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, 80337, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Tonc E, Takeuchi Y, Chou C, Xia Y, Holmgren M, Fujii C, Raju S, Chang GS, Iwamoto M, Egawa T. Unexpected suppression of tumorigenesis by c-MYC via TFAP4-dependent restriction of stemness in B lymphocytes. Blood 2021; 138:2526-2538. [PMID: 34283887 PMCID: PMC8678995 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferative burst of B lymphocytes is essential for antigen receptor repertoire diversification during the development and selective expansion of antigen-specific clones during immune responses. High proliferative activity inevitably promotes oncogenesis, the risk of which is further elevated in B lymphocytes by endogenous gene rearrangement and somatic mutations. However, B-cell-derived cancers are rare, perhaps owing to putative intrinsic tumor-suppressive mechanisms. We show that c-MYC facilitates B-cell proliferation as a protumorigenic driver and unexpectedly coengages counteracting tumor suppression through its downstream factor TFAP4. TFAP4 is mutated in human lymphoid malignancies, particularly in >10% of Burkitt lymphomas, and reduced TFAP4 expression was associated with poor survival of patients with MYC-high B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In mice, insufficient TFAP4 expression accelerated c-MYC-driven transformation of B cells. Mechanistically, c-MYC suppresses the stemness of developing B cells by inducing TFAP4 and restricting self-renewal of proliferating B cells. Thus, the pursuant transcription factor cascade functions as a tumor suppressor module that safeguards against the transformation of developing B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tonc
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and
| | | | - Chun Chou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and
| | | | | | | | - Gue Su Chang
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; and
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
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15
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Oridonin Dose-Dependently Modulates the Cell Senescence and Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5023536. [PMID: 34795783 PMCID: PMC8595004 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5023536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most lethal cancer. Effective treatments are lacking, and our knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms in play is poor. Oridonin from the Chinese herb Rabdosia rubescens exerts various anticancer activities. However, the dose-dependent effects of oridonin on human GC remain unclear. Here, we found that oridonin inhibited GC cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Low-dose oridonin induced GC cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and cell senescence by suppressing the c-Myc-AP4 pathway and enhancing p53-p21 signaling. AP4 overexpression partly abrogated the oridonin-induced senescence of GC cells. High-dose oridonin induced apoptosis and autophagy, with the autophagy inhibitor BafA1 attenuating oridonin-induced apoptosis. Together, the findings indicate that oridonin at different doses modulates GC cell senescence and apoptosis; oridonin may thus usefully treat GC.
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16
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Zhang S, Wang R, Huang C, Zhang L, Sun L. Modulation of Global Gene Expression by Aneuploidy and CNV of Dosage Sensitive Regulatory Genes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101606. [PMID: 34681000 PMCID: PMC8535535 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy, which disrupts the genetic balance due to partial genome dosage changes, is usually more detrimental than euploidy variation. To investigate the modulation of gene expression in aneuploidy, we analyzed the transcriptome sequencing data of autosomal and sex chromosome trisomy in Drosophila. The results showed that most genes on the varied chromosome (cis) present dosage compensation, while the remainder of the genome (trans) produce widespread inverse dosage effects. Some altered functions and pathways were identified as the common characteristics of aneuploidy, and several possible regulatory genes were screened for an inverse dosage effect. Furthermore, we demonstrated that dosage changes of inverse regulator Inr-a/pcf11 can produce a genome-wide inverse dosage effect. All these findings suggest that the mechanism of genomic imbalance is related to the changes in the stoichiometric relationships of macromolecular complex members that affect the overall function. These studies may deepen the understanding of gene expression regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.Z.); (R.W.); (C.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.Z.); (R.W.); (C.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Cheng Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.Z.); (R.W.); (C.H.); (L.Z.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ludan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.Z.); (R.W.); (C.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.Z.); (R.W.); (C.H.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Ahmadi SE, Rahimi S, Zarandi B, Chegeni R, Safa M. MYC: a multipurpose oncogene with prognostic and therapeutic implications in blood malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:121. [PMID: 34372899 PMCID: PMC8351444 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC oncogene is a transcription factor with a wide array of functions affecting cellular activities such as cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and hematopoiesis. Due to the multi-functionality of MYC, its expression is regulated at multiple levels. Deregulation of this oncogene can give rise to a variety of cancers. In this review, MYC regulation and the mechanisms by which MYC adjusts cellular functions and its implication in hematologic malignancies are summarized. Further, we also discuss potential inhibitors of MYC that could be beneficial for treating hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rahimi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zarandi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouzbeh Chegeni
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Pérez-Cremades D, Paes AB, Vidal-Gómez X, Mompeón A, Hermenegildo C, Novella S. Regulatory Network Analysis in Estradiol-Treated Human Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158193. [PMID: 34360960 PMCID: PMC8348965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Estrogen has been reported to have beneficial effects on vascular biology through direct actions on endothelium. Together with transcription factors, miRNAs are the major drivers of gene expression and signaling networks. The objective of this study was to identify a comprehensive regulatory network (miRNA–transcription factor–downstream genes) that controls the transcriptomic changes observed in endothelial cells exposed to estradiol. Methods: miRNA/mRNA interactions were assembled using our previous microarray data of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) (1 nmol/L, 24 h). miRNA–mRNA pairings and their associated canonical pathways were determined using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Transcription factors were identified among the miRNA-regulated genes. Transcription factor downstream target genes were predicted by consensus transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region of E2-regulated genes by using JASPAR and TRANSFAC tools in Enrichr software. Results: miRNA–target pairings were filtered by using differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs characterized by a regulatory relationship according to miRNA target prediction databases. The analysis identified 588 miRNA–target interactions between 102 miRNAs and 588 targets. Specifically, 63 upregulated miRNAs interacted with 295 downregulated targets, while 39 downregulated miRNAs were paired with 293 upregulated mRNA targets. Functional characterization of miRNA/mRNA association analysis highlighted hypoxia signaling, integrin, ephrin receptor signaling and regulation of actin-based motility by Rho among the canonical pathways regulated by E2 in HUVEC. Transcription factors and downstream genes analysis revealed eight networks, including those mediated by JUN and REPIN1, which are associated with cadherin binding and cell adhesion molecule binding pathways. Conclusion: This study identifies regulatory networks obtained by integrative microarray analysis and provides additional insights into the way estradiol could regulate endothelial function in human endothelial cells.
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19
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Dissecting Murine Muscle Stem Cell Aging through Regeneration Using Integrative Genomic Analysis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107964. [PMID: 32726628 PMCID: PMC8025697 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During aging, there is a progressive loss of volume and function in skeletal muscle that impacts mobility and quality of life. The repair of skeletal muscle is regulated by tissue-resident stem cells called satellite cells (or muscle stem cells [MuSCs]), but in aging, MuSCs decrease in numbers and regenerative capacity. The transcriptional networks and epigenetic changes that confer diminished regenerative function in MuSCs as a result of natural aging are only partially understood. Herein, we use an integrative genomics approach to profile MuSCs from young and aged animals before and after injury. Integration of these datasets reveals aging impacts multiple regulatory changes through significant differences in gene expression, metabolic flux, chromatin accessibility, and patterns of transcription factor (TF) binding activities. Collectively, these datasets facilitate a deeper understanding of the regulation tissue-resident stem cells use during aging and healing.
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20
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Impairments of Photoreceptor Outer Segments Renewal and Phototransduction Due to a Peripherin Rare Haplotype Variant: Insights from Molecular Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073484. [PMID: 33801777 PMCID: PMC8036374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinitis pigmentosa punctata albescens (RPA) is a particular form of retinitis pigmentosa characterized by childhood onset night blindness and areas of peripheral retinal atrophy. We investigated the genetic cause of RPA in a family consisting of two affected Egyptian brothers with healthy consanguineous parents. METHODS Mutational analysis of four RPA causative genes was realized by Sanger sequencing on both probands, and detected variants were subsequently genotyped in their parents. Afterwards, found variants were deeply, statistically, and in silico characterized to determine their possible effects and association with RPA. RESULTS Both brothers carry three missense PRPH2 variants in a homozygous condition (c.910C > A, c.929G > A, and c.1013A > C) and two promoter variants in RHO (c.-26A > G) and RLBP1 (c.-70G > A) genes, respectively. Haplotype analyses highlighted a PRPH2 rare haplotype variant (GAG), determining a possible alteration of PRPH2 binding with melanoregulin and other outer segment proteins, followed by photoreceptor outer segment instability. Furthermore, an altered balance of transcription factor binding sites, due to the presence of RHO and RLBP1 promoter variants, might determine a comprehensive downregulation of both genes, possibly altering the PRPH2 shared visual-related pathway. CONCLUSIONS Despite several limitations, the study might be a relevant step towards detection of novel scenarios in RPA etiopathogenesis.
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Transcription Factor AP4 Mediates Cell Fate Decisions: To Divide, Age, or Die. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040676. [PMID: 33567514 PMCID: PMC7914591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Here, we review the literature on Activating Enhancer-Binding Protein 4 (AP4)/transcription factor AP4 (TFAP4) function and regulation and its role in cancer. Elevated expression of AP4 was detected in tumors of various organs and is associated with poor patient survival. AP4 is encoded by a Myc target gene and mediates cell fate decisions by regulating multiple processes, such as cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. Thereby, AP4 may be critical for tumor initiation and progression. In this review article, we summarize published evidence showing how AP4 functions as a transcriptional activator and repressor of a plethora of direct target genes in various physiological and pathological conditions. We also highlight the complex interactions of AP4 with c-Myc, N-Myc, p53, lncRNAs, and miRNAs in feed-back loops, which control AP4 levels and mediate AP4 functions. In the future, a better understanding of AP4 may contribute to improved prognosis and therapy of cancer. Abstract Activating Enhancer-Binding Protein 4 (AP4)/transcription factor AP4 (TFAP4) is a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine-zipper transcription factor that was first identified as a protein bound to SV40 promoters more than 30 years ago. Almost 15 years later, AP4 was characterized as a target of the c-Myc transcription factor, which is the product of a prototypic oncogene that is activated in the majority of tumors. Interestingly, AP4 seems to represent a central hub downstream of c-Myc and N-Myc that mediates some of their functions, such as proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Elevated AP4 expression is associated with progression of cancer and poor patient prognosis in multiple tumor types. Deletion of AP4 in mice points to roles of AP4 in the control of stemness, tumor initiation and adaptive immunity. Interestingly, ex vivo AP4 inactivation results in increased DNA damage, senescence, and apoptosis, which may be caused by defective cell cycle progression. Here, we will summarize the roles of AP4 as a transcriptional repressor and activator of target genes and the contribution of protein and non-coding RNAs encoded by these genes, in regulating the above mentioned processes. In addition, proteins interacting with or regulating AP4 and the cellular signaling pathways altered after AP4 dysregulation in tumor cells will be discussed.
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Li Y, Ding W, Li CY, Liu Y. HLH-11 modulates lipid metabolism in response to nutrient availability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5959. [PMID: 33235199 PMCID: PMC7686365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of organisms to sense nutrient availability and tailor their metabolic states to withstand nutrient deficiency is critical for survival. To identify previously unknown regulators that couple nutrient deficiency to body fat utilization, we performed a cherry-picked RNAi screen in C. elegans and found that the transcription factor HLH-11 regulates lipid metabolism in response to food availability. In well-fed worms, HLH-11 suppresses transcription of lipid catabolism genes. Upon fasting, the HLH-11 protein level is reduced through lysosome- and proteasome-mediated degradation, thus alleviating the inhibitory effect of HLH-11, activating the transcription of lipid catabolism genes, and utilizing fat. Additionally, lipid profiling revealed that reduction in the HLH-11 protein level remodels the lipid landscape in C. elegans. Moreover, TFAP4, the mammalian homolog of HLH-11, plays an evolutionarily conserved role in regulating lipid metabolism in response to starvation. Thus, TFAP4 may represent a potential therapeutic target for lipid storage disorders. Organismal metabolism fluctuates depending on nutritional conditions. Here, the authors show that, in C. elegans, HLH-11 negatively regulates lipid metabolism genes in the presence of nutrients and that its abundance decreased in response to starvation, thereby promoting fat utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqiu Ding
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Yun Li
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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Baghy K, Reszegi A, Tátrai P, Kovalszky I. Decorin in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:17-38. [PMID: 32845500 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a determining role in cancer development through a plethora of interactions between the extracellular matrix and tumor cells. Decorin is a prototype member of the SLRP family found in a variety of tissues and is expressed in the stroma of various forms of cancer. Decorin has gained recognition for its essential roles in inflammation, fibrotic disorders, and cancer, and due to its antitumor properties, it has been proposed to act as a "guardian from the matrix." Initially identified as a natural inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β, soluble decorin is emerging as a pan-RTK inhibitor targeting a multitude of RTKs, including EGFR, Met, IGF-IR, VEGFR2, and PDGFR. Besides initiating signaling, decorin/RTK interaction can induce caveosomal internalization and receptor degradation. Decorin also triggers cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and evokes antimetastatic and antiangiogenic processes. In addition, as a novel regulatory mechanism, decorin was shown to induce conserved catabolic processes, such as endothelial cell autophagy and tumor cell mitophagy. Therefore, decorin is a promising candidate for combatting cancer, especially the cancer types heavily dependent on RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Baghy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Reszegi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Propranolol suppresses infantile hemangioma cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis by upregulating miR-125b expression. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 30:501-507. [PMID: 30986805 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Propranolol could repress infantile hemangioma cell growth and induce apoptosis. miR-125b could inhibit cell proliferation in some tumors. However, whether propranolol exerts its proliferation inhibition and apoptosis-promoting effect by regulating the expression of miR-125b needs to be further investigated. In tumor tissue and endothelial cells isolated from infantile hemangioma patients, we found that the expression levels of miR-125b were significantly decreased. In-vitro analysis revealed that propranolol increased the expression of miR-125b in hemangioma cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, it was observed that regression of miR-125b expression by its inhibitor could abrogate the effect of propranolol on hemangioma cell growth and apoptosis. In addition, our data further identified TFAP4 as a direct target of miR-125b. Collectively, our data provided evidence that propranolol may repress infantile hemangioma cell growth and promote apoptosis through upregulating the miR-125b expression, which exerted its suppression of tumor development by targeting TFAP4.
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25
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Hoseinbeyki M, Taha MF, Javeri A. miR-16 enhances miR-302/367-induced reprogramming and tumor suppression in breast cancer cells. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1075-1086. [PMID: 32057163 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of either miR-302 or miR-302/367 cluster induces reprogramming of cancer cells and exerts tumor-suppressive effects by induction of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, apoptosis and a less proliferative capacity. Several reports have described miR-16 as a tumor suppressor microRNA (miRNA). Here, we studied the impact of exogenous induction of miR-16 in MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells following overexpression of miR-302/367 cluster and investigated whether transfection of these cells by a mature miR-16 mimic could affect the reprogramming state of the cells and their tumorigenicity. miR-16 enhanced the expression levels of OCT4A, SOX2, and NANOG, generally known as transcription or pluripotency factors, and suppressed proliferation and invasiveness of these cells. Meanwhile, inhibition of miR-16 counteracted both the reprogramming effect and the antitumor function of miR-302/367 in the breast cancer cells. Current results indicate that miR-16 can work as an adjuvant to improve both cancer cell reprogramming and tumor-suppressive function of miR-302/367 cluster in MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 cells, while its inhibition counteracts all of these effects. Combined application of miRNAs that share some common targets in cancer cell signaling pathways may provide new approaches for repression of multiple hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Hoseinbeyki
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh F Taha
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Javeri
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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26
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Park S, Brugiolo M, Akerman M, Das S, Urbanski L, Geier A, Kesarwani AK, Fan M, Leclair N, Lin KT, Hu L, Hua I, George J, Muthuswamy SK, Krainer AR, Anczuków O. Differential Functions of Splicing Factors in Mammary Transformation and Breast Cancer Metastasis. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2672-2688.e7. [PMID: 31775037 PMCID: PMC6936330 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Misregulation of alternative splicing is a hallmark of human tumors, yet to what extent and how it contributes to malignancy are only beginning to be unraveled. Here, we define which members of the splicing factor SR and SR-like families contribute to breast cancer and uncover differences and redundancies in their targets and biological functions. We identify splicing factors frequently altered in human breast tumors and assay their oncogenic functions using breast organoid models. We demonstrate that not all splicing factors affect mammary tumorigenesis in MCF-10A cells. Specifically, the upregulation of SRSF4, SRSF6, or TRA2β disrupts acinar morphogenesis and promotes cell proliferation and invasion in MCF-10A cells. By characterizing the targets of these oncogenic splicing factors, we identify shared spliced isoforms associated with well-established cancer hallmarks. Finally, we demonstrate that TRA2β is regulated by the MYC oncogene, plays a role in metastasis maintenance in vivo, and its levels correlate with breast cancer patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungHee Park
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Mattia Brugiolo
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Martin Akerman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA,Envisagenics Inc., New York, NY, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Shipra Das
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Laura Urbanski
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA,Graduate Program in Genetics and Development, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Fan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Nathan Leclair
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA,Graduate Program in Genetics and Development, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kuan-Ting Lin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Leo Hu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Ian Hua
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Joshy George
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA,Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Senthil K. Muthuswamy
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrian R. Krainer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA,Correspondence: (O.A.), (A.R.K.)
| | - Olga Anczuków
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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27
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Al Bitar S, Gali-Muhtasib H. The Role of the Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 cip1/waf1 in Targeting Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101475. [PMID: 31575057 PMCID: PMC6826572 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
p21cip1/waf1 mediates various biological activities by sensing and responding to multiple stimuli, via p53-dependent and independent pathways. p21 is known to act as a tumor suppressor mainly by inhibiting cell cycle progression and allowing DNA repair. Significant advances have been made in elucidating the potential role of p21 in promoting tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss the involvement of p21 in multiple signaling pathways, its dual role in cancer, and the importance of understanding its paradoxical functions for effectively designing therapeutic strategies that could selectively inhibit its oncogenic activities, override resistance to therapy and yet preserve its tumor suppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Al Bitar
- Department of Biology, and Center for Drug Discovery, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1103, Lebanon.
| | - Hala Gali-Muhtasib
- Department of Biology, and Center for Drug Discovery, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1103, Lebanon.
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28
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Iyer DN, Sin WY, Ng L. Linking stemness with colorectal cancer initiation, progression, and therapy. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:519-534. [PMID: 31523371 PMCID: PMC6716088 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i8.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cancer stem cells caused a paradigm shift in the concepts of origin and development of colorectal cancer. Several unresolved questions remain in this field though. Are colorectal cancer stem cells the cause or an effect of the disease? How do cancer stem cells assist in colorectal tumor dissemination to distant organs? What are the molecular or environmental factors affecting the roles of these cells in colorectal cancer? Through this review, we investigate the key findings until now and attempt to elucidate the origins, physical properties, microenvironmental niches, as well as the molecular signaling network that support the existence, self-renewal, plasticity, quiescence, and the overall maintenance of cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer. Increasing data show that the cancer stem cells play a crucial role not only in the establishment of the primary colorectal tumor but also in the distant spread of the disease. Hence, we will also look at the mechanisms adopted by cancer stem cells to influence the development of metastasis and evade therapeutic targeting and its role in the overall disease prognosis. Finally, we will illustrate the importance of understanding the biology of these cells to develop improved clinical strategies to tackle colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Narayanan Iyer
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Yan Sin
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lui Ng
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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29
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Brandl L, Zhang Y, Kirstein N, Sendelhofert A, Boos SL, Jung P, Greten F, Rad R, Menssen A. Targeting c-MYC through Interference with NAMPT and SIRT1 and Their Association to Oncogenic Drivers in Murine Serrated Intestinal Tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2019; 21:974-988. [PMID: 31442917 PMCID: PMC6710297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a positive feedback loop connecting c-MYC, NAMPT, DBC1 and SIRT1 that contributes to unrestricted cancer cell proliferation. Here we determine the relevance of the loop for serrated route intestinal tumorigenesis using genetically well-defined BrafV600E and K-rasG12D mouse models. In both models we show that c-MYC and SIRT1 protein expression increased through progression from hyperplasia to invasive carcinomas and metastases. It correlated with high NAMPT expression and was directly associated to activation of the oncogenic drivers. Assessing functional and molecular consequences of pharmacological interference with factors of the loop, we found that inhibition of NAMPT resulted in apoptosis and reduced clonogenic growth in human BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumoroids. Blocking SIRT1 activity was only effective when combined with a PI3K inhibitor, whereas the latter antagonized the effects of NAMPT inhibition. Interfering with the positive feedback loop was associated with down-regulation of c-MYC and temporary de-repression of TP53, explaining the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. In conclusion we show that the c-MYC-NAMPT-DBC1-SIRT1 positive feedback loop contributes to murine serrated tumor progression. Targeting the feedback loop exerted a unique, dual therapeutic effect of oncoprotein inhibition and tumor suppressor activation. It may therefore represent a promissing target for serrated colorectal cancer, and presumably for other cancer types with deregulated c-MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Brandl
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Thalkirchnerstraße 36, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Yina Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Thalkirchnerstraße 36, 80337 Munich, Germany; Research group "Signaling pathways in colorectal cancer"; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), and German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nina Kirstein
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Thalkirchnerstraße 36, 80337 Munich, Germany; Research group "Signaling pathways in colorectal cancer".
| | - Andrea Sendelhofert
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Thalkirchnerstraße 36, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sophie Luise Boos
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Thalkirchnerstraße 36, 80337 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), and German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Jung
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Thalkirchnerstraße 36, 80337 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), and German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Florian Greten
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany;and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Menssen
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Thalkirchnerstraße 36, 80337 Munich, Germany; Research group "Signaling pathways in colorectal cancer"; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), and German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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30
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Manu KA, Cao PHA, Chai TF, Casey PJ, Wang M. p21cip1/waf1 Coordinate Autophagy, Proliferation and Apoptosis in Response to Metabolic Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081112. [PMID: 31382612 PMCID: PMC6721591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells possess metabolic properties that are different from benign cells. These unique characteristics have become attractive targets that are being actively investigated for cancer therapy. p21cip1/waf1, also known as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase inhibitor 1A, is encoded by the CDKN1A gene. It is a major p53 target gene involved in cell cycle progression that has been extensively evaluated. To date, p21 has been reported to regulate various cell functions, both dependent and independent of p53. Besides regulating the cell cycle, p21 also modulates apoptosis, induces senescence, and maintains cellular quiescence in response to various stimuli. p21 transcription is induced in response to stresses, including those from oxidative and chemotherapeutic treatment. A recent study has shown that in response to metabolic stresses such as nutrient and energy depletion, p21 expression is induced to regulate various cell functions. Despite the biological significance, the mechanism of p21 regulation in cancer adaptation to metabolic stress is underexplored and thus represents an exciting field. This review focuses on the recent development of p21 regulation in response to metabolic stress and its impact in inducing cell cycle arrest and death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjoormana Aryan Manu
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pham Hong Anh Cao
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tin Fan Chai
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
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31
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Field MG, Kuznetsov JN, Bussies PL, Cai LZ, Alawa KA, Decatur CL, Kurtenbach S, Harbour JW. BAP1 Loss Is Associated with DNA Methylomic Repatterning in Highly Aggressive Class 2 Uveal Melanomas. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5663-5673. [PMID: 31285370 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The strong association between BAP1 mutations and metastasizing Class 2 uveal melanoma (UM) suggests that epigenetic alterations may play a significant role in tumor progression. Thus, we characterized the impact of BAP1 loss on the DNA methylome in UM.Experimental Design: Global DNA methylation was analyzed in 47 Class 1 and 45 Class 2 primary UMs and in UM cells engineered to inducibly deplete BAP1. RNA-Seq was analyzed in 80 UM samples and engineered UM cells. RESULTS Hypermethylation on chromosome 3 correlated with downregulated gene expression at several loci, including 3p21, where BAP1 is located. Gene set analysis of hypermethylated and downregulated genes identified axon guidance and melanogenesis as deregulated pathways, with several of these genes located on chromosome 3. A novel hypermethylated site within the BAP1 locus was found in all Class 2 tumors, suggesting that BAP1 itself is epigenetically regulated. Highly differentially methylated probes were orthogonally validated using bisulfite sequencing, and they successfully distinguished Class 1 and Class 2 tumors in 100% of cases. In functional validation experiments, BAP1 knockdown in UM cells induced methylomic repatterning similar to UM tumors, enriched for genes involved in axon guidance, melanogenesis, and development. CONCLUSIONS This study, coupled with previous work, suggests that the initial event in the divergence of Class 2 UM from Class 1 UM is loss of one copy of chromosome 3, followed by mutation of BAP1 on the remaining copy of chromosome 3, leading to the methylomic repatterning profile characteristic of Class 2 UMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Field
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jeffim N Kuznetsov
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Parker L Bussies
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Louie Z Cai
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Karam A Alawa
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Christina L Decatur
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Stefan Kurtenbach
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - J William Harbour
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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TFAP4 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Invasion and Metastasis via Activating the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:7129214. [PMID: 31281549 PMCID: PMC6590577 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7129214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor activating enhancer binding protein 4 (TFAP4) is established as a regulator of human cancer genesis and progression. Overexpression of TFAP4 indicates poor prognosis in various malignancies. The current study was performed to quantify TFAP4 expression as well as to further determine its potential prognostic value and functional role in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We identified that the expression of TFAP4 mRNA in 369 tumor tissues was higher than that in 160 normal liver tissues. Upregulated TFAP4 expressions were discovered in HCC cell lines compared to the healthy liver cell line, and similarly, the levels of TFAP4 were higher in tumor tissues than its expression in paratumor tissues. High mRNA and protein expression of TFAP4 was associated with worse overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Additionally, TFAP4 expression emerged as a risk factor independently affecting both OS and DFS of HCC patients. Functional studies demonstrated that TFAP4 increased HCC cell migration and invasion. Further investigations found that TFAP4 promotes invasion and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and regulating MMP-9 expression via activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HCC. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TFAP4 is a valuable prognostic biomarker in determining the likelihood of tumor metastasis and recurrence, as well as the long-term survival rates of HCC patients. Exploring the regulatory mechanism of TFAP4 will also contribute to the development of new prevention and treatment strategies for HCC.
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Mushtaq F, Zhang J, Li J. miR-144 suppresses cell proliferation and invasion in gastric cancer through downregulation of activating enhancer-binding protein 4. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:5686-5692. [PMID: 31186793 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common malignant disease and its incidence rate is increasing rapidly worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying GC tumorigenesis require further investigation. The expression and physiological roles of microRNA-144 (miR-144) have been investigated in numerous types of tumor. However, its biological function in GC remains largely unknown. The reverse transcription- quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of miR-144 in GC cells and normal gastric epithelial cells. An miR-144 mimic was transfected into HGC-27 cells. In addition, bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify the potential targets of miR-144. Protein expression, luciferase and rescue assays were used to confirm the target of miR-144. It was identified that the expression of miR-144 was significantly downregulated in GC cells compared with in normal gastric epithelial cells. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-144 suppressed HGC-27 cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis suggested that the activating enhancer-binding protein 4 (AP4) is a target gene of miR-144. In addition, it was determined that miR-144 suppresses the expression of AP4 by binding directly to its 3'-untranslated regions. Furthermore, restoration of AP4 partially attenuated miR-144-induced inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that miR-144 serves an important role in GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheim Mushtaq
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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García-Gutiérrez L, Delgado MD, León J. MYC Oncogene Contributions to Release of Cell Cycle Brakes. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E244. [PMID: 30909496 PMCID: PMC6470592 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Promotion of the cell cycle is a major oncogenic mechanism of the oncogene c-MYC (MYC). MYC promotes the cell cycle by not only activating or inducing cyclins and CDKs but also through the downregulation or the impairment of the activity of a set of proteins that act as cell-cycle brakes. This review is focused on the role of MYC as a cell-cycle brake releaser i.e., how MYC stimulates the cell cycle mainly through the functional inactivation of cell cycle inhibitors. MYC antagonizes the activities and/or the expression levels of p15, ARF, p21, and p27. The mechanism involved differs for each protein. p15 (encoded by CDKN2B) and p21 (CDKN1A) are repressed by MYC at the transcriptional level. In contrast, MYC activates ARF, which contributes to the apoptosis induced by high MYC levels. At least in some cells types, MYC inhibits the transcription of the p27 gene (CDKN1B) but also enhances p27's degradation through the upregulation of components of ubiquitin ligases complexes. The effect of MYC on cell-cycle brakes also opens the possibility of antitumoral therapies based on synthetic lethal interactions involving MYC and CDKs, for which a series of inhibitors are being developed and tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC) CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria and Department of Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
- Current address: Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - María Dolores Delgado
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC) CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria and Department of Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
| | - Javier León
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC) CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria and Department of Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
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Moussa RS, Park KC, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Ironing out the role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 in cancer: Novel iron chelating agents to target p21 expression and activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:276-294. [PMID: 29572098 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) has become an important target for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics with a number of Fe chelators entering human clinical trials for advanced and resistant cancer. An important aspect of the activity of these compounds is their multiple molecular targets, including those that play roles in arresting the cell cycle, such as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. At present, the exact mechanism by which Fe chelators regulate p21 expression remains unclear. However, recent studies indicate the ability of chelators to up-regulate p21 at the mRNA level was dependent on the chelator and cell-type investigated. Analysis of the p21 promoter identified that the Sp1-3-binding site played a significant role in the activation of p21 transcription by Fe chelators. Furthermore, there was increased Sp1/ER-α and Sp1/c-Jun complex formation in melanoma cells, suggesting these complexes were involved in p21 promoter activation. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in the regulation of p21 expression in response to Fe chelator treatment in neoplastic cells will further clarify how these agents achieve their anti-tumor activity. It will also enhance our understanding of the complex roles p21 may play in neoplastic cells and lead to the development of more effective and specific anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan S Moussa
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Nagaprashantha LD, Singhal J, Chikara S, Gugiu G, Horne D, Awasthi S, Salgia R, Singhal SS. 2′-Hydroxyflavanone induced changes in the proteomic profile of breast cancer cells. J Proteomics 2019; 192:233-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Discovery of gene regulatory elements through a new bioinformatics analysis of haploid genetic screens. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0198463. [PMID: 30695034 PMCID: PMC6350973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic identification of regulatory elements that control gene expression remains a challenge. Genetic screens that use untargeted mutagenesis have the potential to identify protein-coding genes, non-coding RNAs and regulatory elements, but their analysis has mainly focused on identifying the former two. To identify regulatory elements, we conducted a new bioinformatics analysis of insertional mutagenesis screens interrogating WNT signaling in haploid human cells. We searched for specific patterns of retroviral gene trap integrations (used as mutagens in haploid screens) in short genomic intervals overlapping with introns and regions upstream of genes. We uncovered atypical patterns of gene trap insertions that were not predicted to disrupt coding sequences, but caused changes in the expression of two key regulators of WNT signaling, suggesting the presence of cis-regulatory elements. Our methodology extends the scope of haploid genetic screens by enabling the identification of regulatory elements that control gene expression.
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Hou Z, Guo K, Sun X, Hu F, Chen Q, Luo X, Wang G, Hu J, Sun L. TRIB2 functions as novel oncogene in colorectal cancer by blocking cellular senescence through AP4/p21 signaling. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:172. [PMID: 30541550 PMCID: PMC6291992 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible cell growth arrest and senescence cells permanently lose proliferation potential. Induction of cellular senescence might be a novel therapy for cancer cells. TRIB2 has been reported to participate in regulating proliferation and drug resistance of various cancer cells. However, the role of TRIB2 in cellular senescence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Methods The expression of TRIB2 in colorectal cancer tissues and adjacent tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The growth, cell cycle distribution and cellular senescence of colorectal cancer cells were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, flow cytometry detection and senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, respectively. Western blot, RT-PCR and luciferase assay were performed to determine how TRIB2 regulates p21. Immunoprecipitation (IP) and chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms. Results We found that TRIB2 expression was elevated in CRC tissues compared to normal adjacent tissues and high TRIB2 expression indicated poor prognosis of CRC patients. Functionally, depletion of TRIB2 inhibited cancer cells proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest and promoted cellular senescence, whereas overexpression of TRIB2 accelerated cell growth, cell cycle progression and blocked cellular senescence. Further studies showed that TRIB2 physically interacted with AP4 and inhibited p21 expression through enhancing transcription activities of AP4. The rescue experiments indicated that silencing of AP4 abrogated the inhibition of cellular senescence induced by TRIB2 overexpression. Conclusion These data demonstrate that TRIB2 suppresses cellular senescence through interaction with AP4 to down-regulate p21 expression. Therefore, TRIB2 could be a potential target for CRC treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-018-0922-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Hou
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixuan Guo
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuling Sun
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqing Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianzhi Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuelai Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbo Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Av, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Ap4 is rate limiting for intestinal tumor formation by controlling the homeostasis of intestinal stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3573. [PMID: 30177706 PMCID: PMC6120921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the transcription factor TFAP4/AP4 represents a direct target of the c-MYC oncoprotein. Here, we deleted Ap4 in ApcMin mice, a preclinical model of inherited colorectal cancer. Ap4 deficiency extends their average survival by 110 days and decreases the formation of intestinal adenomas and tumor-derived organoids. The effects of Ap4 deletion are presumably due to the reduced number of functional intestinal stem cells (ISCs) amenable to adenoma-initiating mutational events. Deletion of Ap4 also decreases the number of colonic stem cells and increases the number of Paneth cells. Expression profiling revealed that ISC signatures, as well as the Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways are downregulated in Ap4-deficient adenomas and intestinal organoids. AP4-associated signatures are conserved between murine adenomas and human colorectal cancer samples. Our results establish Ap4 as rate-limiting mediator of adenoma initiation, as well as regulator of intestinal and colonic stem cell and Paneth cell homeostasis.
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Transcription factor activating protein 4 is synthetically lethal and a master regulator of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2018; 37:5451-5465. [PMID: 29880876 PMCID: PMC6172192 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the identification of MYCN amplification as an adverse prognostic marker in neuroblastoma, MYCN inhibitors have yet to be developed. Here, by integrating evidence from a whole-genome shRNA library screen and the computational inference of master regulator proteins, we identify transcription factor activating protein 4 (TFAP4) as a critical effector of MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma, providing a novel synthetic lethal target. We demonstrate that TFAP4 is a direct target of MYCN in neuroblastoma cells, and that its expression and activity strongly negatively correlate with neuroblastoma patient survival. Silencing TFAP4 selectively inhibits MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, in xenograft mouse models. Mechanistically, silencing TFAP4 induces neuroblastoma differentiation, as evidenced by increased neurite outgrowth and upregulation of neuronal markers. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TFAP4 is a key regulator of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma and may represent a valuable novel therapeutic target.
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Song J, Xie C, Jiang L, Wu G, Zhu J, Zhang S, Tang M, Song L, Li J. Transcription factor AP-4 promotes tumorigenic capability and activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:3571-3583. [PMID: 30026867 PMCID: PMC6037031 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that the transcription factor activating enhancer-binding protein 4 (TFAP4) is upregulated and associated with an aggressive phenotype in several cancers. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the oncogenic role of TFAP4 remain largely unknown. Methods: TFAP4 expression levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and tissues were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to investigate the oncogenic function of TFAP4 in the tumor-initiating cell (TIC)-like phenotype and the tumorigenic capability of HCC cells. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR assays were performed to determine the underlying mechanism of TFAP4-mediated HCC aggressiveness. Results: TFAP4 was markedly upregulated in human HCC, and was associated with significantly poorer overall and relapse-free survival in patients with HCC. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of TFAP4 significantly enhanced, whereas silencing TFAP4 inhibited, the tumor sphere formation ability and proportion of side-population cells in HCC cells in vitro, and ectopic TFAP4 enhanced the tumorigenicity of HCC cells in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TFAP4 played an important role in activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling by directly binding to the promoters of DVL1 (dishevelled segment polarity protein 1) and LEF1 (lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1). Conclusions: Our results provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying hyperactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in HCC, as well the oncogenic ability of TFAP4 to enhance the tumor-forming ability of HCC cells.
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Yang J, Ma JP, Xiao S, Zhang XH, Xu JB, Chen CQ, Cai SR, He YL. Evaluating the prognostic value and functional roles of transcription factor AP4 in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7545-7554. [PMID: 29725460 PMCID: PMC5920486 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor AP4 (TFAP4) gene serves an important function in the genesis and progression of tumors. However, few studies to date have defined the role of this gene in colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of TFAP4 in CRC and its impact on the prognosis of patients with CRC. In the present study, the expression of TFAP4 was detected in 30 matched pairs of fresh CRC tissues, 187 cases of clinical paraffin-embedded CRC tissues and CRC cell lines using the reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry or western blot analysis. Survival analysis was based on TFAP4 expression. The effects of TFAP4 on CRC cell function were investigated by ectopic expression or knockdown of TFAP4 in vitro. TFAP4 expression was revealed to be increased in human CRC tissues and cell lines. The overall survival (OS) time of patients with high TFAP4 expression was significantly decreased compared with patients with low TFAP4 expression (P<0.001). In addition, TFAP4 was revealed to be an independent prognostic factor for the OS time of patients with CRC (hazard ratio, 2.607; 95% confidence interval, 1.469-4.627; P=0.001). Ectopic TFAP4 expression promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, and the silencing of TFAP4 expression resulted in the inhibition of these events. These results demonstrated that TFAP4, which was overexpressed in CRC tissues and cell lines, increased the malignant potential of CRC cells and may serve as an indicator for poor prognosis in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ping Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chuang-Qi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Rong Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Long He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Chen C, Zhai S, Zhang L, Chen J, Long X, Qin J, Li J, Huo R, Wang X. Uhrf1 regulates germinal center B cell expansion and affinity maturation to control viral infection. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1437-1448. [PMID: 29618490 PMCID: PMC5940267 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of high-affinity antibody is essential for pathogen clearance. Antibody affinity is increased through germinal center (GC) affinity maturation, which relies on BCR somatic hypermutation (SHM) followed by antigen-based selection. GC B cell proliferation is essentially involved in these processes; it provides enough templates for SHM and also serves as a critical mechanism of positive selection. In this study, we show that expression of epigenetic regulator ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (Uhrf1) was markedly up-regulated by c-Myc-AP4 in GC B cells, and it was required for GC response. Uhrf1 regulates cell proliferation-associated genes including cdkn1a, slfn1, and slfn2 by DNA methylation, and its deficiency inhibited the GC B cell cycle at G1-S phase. Subsequently, GC B cell SHM and affinity maturation were impaired, and Uhrf1 GC B knockout mice were unable to control chronic virus infection. Collectively, our data suggest that Uhrf1 regulates GC B cell proliferation and affinity maturation, and its expression in GC B cells is required for virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sulan Zhai
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehui Long
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Information Thermodynamics Derives the Entropy Current of Cell Signal Transduction as a Model of a Binary Coding System. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20020145. [PMID: 33265236 PMCID: PMC7512639 DOI: 10.3390/e20020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of cellular signaling cascades based on information thermodynamics has recently developed considerably. A signaling cascade may be considered a binary code system consisting of two types of signaling molecules that carry biological information, phosphorylated active, and non-phosphorylated inactive forms. This study aims to evaluate the signal transduction step in cascades from the viewpoint of changes in mixing entropy. An increase in active forms may induce biological signal transduction through a mixing entropy change, which induces a chemical potential current in the signaling cascade. We applied the fluctuation theorem to calculate the chemical potential current and found that the average entropy production current is independent of the step in the whole cascade. As a result, the entropy current carrying signal transduction is defined by the entropy current mobility.
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Meng Y, Wang L, Xu J, Zhang Q. AP4 positively regulates LAPTM4B to promote hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis, while reducing chemotherapy sensitivity. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:373-390. [PMID: 29337428 PMCID: PMC5830630 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms of the lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane-4 beta (LAPTM4B) gene are related to various forms of tumour susceptibility, which led us to hypothesize that some unique transcription factors targeting this polymorphism region may affect the biological function of LAPTM4B in tumour progression. In this study, we found that the transcription factor AP4 directly binds to the polymorphism region of the LAPTM4B gene promoter and induces its transcription. In addition, we demonstrated that AP4 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation and metastasis and depresses chemotherapy sensitivity via LAPTM4B by activating the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway and caspase-dependent pathway. Interestingly, we found that AP4 could not only regulate LAPTM4B by directly binding to the promoter, but also be regulated via a positive feedback mechanism involving LAPTM4B acting on c-myc. Finally, we showed that AP4 and LAPTM4B are highly coexpressed in HCC tissues, and their coexpression may be a marker of poor prognosis. These findings provide evidence of the expression and functional coupling between AP4 and LAPTM4B and shed light on the regulation of LAPTM4B and its function in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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Wang L, Meng Y, Xu JJ, Zhang QY. The Transcription Factor AP4 Promotes Oncogenic Phenotypes and Cisplatin Resistance by Regulating LAPTM4B Expression. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:857-868. [PMID: 29378908 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane-4 beta (LAPTM4B) is a novel oncogene, whose overexpression is involved in cancer occurrence and progression. However, the mechanism of LAPTM4B transcriptional regulation remains unclear. In this study, the results of transcription factor (TF) profiling plate arrays indicated that AP4 was a potential transcription factor regulating LAPTM4B expression. LAPTM4B was positively correlated with AP4 and they were both associated with poor overall and disease-free survival. Luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assay assays confirmed that AP4 directly bound to the polymorphism region of LAPTM4B promoter and modulated its transcription. Functionally, AP4 promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and assisted drug resistance in part through upregulation of LAPTM4B. Taken together, these findings identify LAPTM4B as a direct AP4 target gene and the interaction of AP4 and LAPTM4B plays an important role in breast cancer progression.Implications: This study demonstrates that AP4 promotes cell growth, migration, invasion, and cisplatin resistance through upregulation of LAPTM4B expression, thus representing an attractive therapeutic target for breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 16(5); 857-68. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
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Xue C, Yu DMT, Gherardi S, Koach J, Milazzo G, Gamble L, Liu B, Valli E, Russell AJ, London WB, Liu T, Cheung BB, Marshall GM, Perini G, Haber M, Norris MD. MYCN promotes neuroblastoma malignancy by establishing a regulatory circuit with transcription factor AP4. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54937-54951. [PMID: 27448979 PMCID: PMC5342392 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplification of the MYCN oncogene, a member of the MYC family of transcriptional regulators, is one of the most powerful prognostic markers identified for poor outcome in neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid cancer in childhood. While MYCN has been established as a key driver of malignancy in neuroblastoma, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Transcription factor activating enhancer binding protein-4 (TFAP4) has been reported to be a direct transcriptional target of MYC. We show for the first time that high expression of TFAP4 in primary neuroblastoma patients is associated with poor clinical outcome. siRNA-mediated suppression of TFAP4 in MYCN-expressing neuroblastoma cells led to inhibition of cell proliferation and migration. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that TFAP4 expression is positively regulated by MYCN. Microarray analysis identified genes regulated by both MYCN and TFAP4 in neuroblastoma cells, including Phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase-2 (PRPS2) and Syndecan-1 (SDC1), which are involved in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Overall this study suggests a regulatory circuit in which MYCN by elevating TFAP4 expression, cooperates with it to control a specific set of genes involved in tumor progression. These findings highlight the existence of a MYCN-TFAP4 axis in MYCN-driven neuroblastoma as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for aggressive forms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Xue
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samuele Gherardi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Koach
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Giorgio Milazzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Gamble
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bing Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emanuele Valli
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda J Russell
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wendy B London
- Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Belamy B Cheung
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Giovanni Perini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,CIRI Health Sciences and Technologies University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Murray D Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, Sydney, Australia
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Differential cellular responses by oncogenic levels of c-Myc expression in long-term confluent retinal pigment epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 443:193-204. [PMID: 29188535 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
c-Myc is a highly pleiotropic transcription factor known to control cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cellular transformation. Normally, ectopic expression of c-Myc is associated with promoting cell proliferation or triggering cell death via activating p53. However, it is not clear how the levels of c-Myc lead to different cellular responses. Here, we generated a series of stable RPE cell clones expressing c-Myc at different levels, and found that consistent low level of c-Myc induced cellular senescence by activating AP4 in post-confluent RPE cells, while the cells underwent cell death at high level of c-Myc. In addition, high level of c-Myc could override the effect of AP4 on cellular senescence. Further knockdown of AP4 abrogated senescence-like phenotype in cells expressing low level of c-Myc, and accelerated cell death in cells with medium level of c-Myc, indicating that AP4 was required for cellular senescence induced by low level of c-Myc.
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Oduor CI, Kaymaz Y, Chelimo K, Otieno JA, Ong’echa JM, Moormann AM, Bailey JA. Integrative microRNA and mRNA deep-sequencing expression profiling in endemic Burkitt lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:761. [PMID: 29132323 PMCID: PMC5683570 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is characterized by overexpression of the c-myc oncogene, which in the vast majority of cases is a consequence of an IGH/MYC translocation. While myc is the seminal event, BL is a complex amalgam of genetic and epigenetic changes causing dysregulation of both coding and non-coding transcripts. Emerging evidence suggest that abnormal modulation of mRNA transcription via miRNAs might be a significant factor in lymphomagenesis. However, the alterations in these miRNAs and their correlations to their putative mRNA targets have not been extensively studied relative to normal germinal center (GC) B cells. METHODS Using more sensitive and specific transcriptome deep sequencing, we compared previously published small miRNA and long mRNA of a set of GC B cells and eBL tumors. MiRWalk2.0 was used to identify the validated target genes for the deregulated miRNAs, which would be important for understanding the regulatory networks associated with eBL development. RESULTS We found 211 differentially expressed (DE) genes (79 upregulated and 132 downregulated) and 49 DE miRNAs (22 up-regulated and 27 down-regulated). Gene Set enrichment analysis identified the enrichment of a set of MYC regulated genes. Network propagation-based method and correlated miRNA-mRNA expression analysis identified dysregulated miRNAs, including miR-17~95 cluster members and their target genes, which have diverse oncogenic properties to be critical to eBL lymphomagenesis. Central to all these findings, we observed the downregulation of ATM and NLK genes, which represent important regulators in response to DNA damage in eBL tumor cells. These tumor suppressors were targeted by multiple upregulated miRNAs (miR-19b-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-30b-5p, miR-92a-5p and miR-27b-3p) which could account for their aberrant expression in eBL. CONCLUSION Combined loss of p53 induction and function due to miRNA-mediated regulation of ATM and NLK, together with the upregulation of TFAP4, may be a central role for human miRNAs in eBL oncogenesis. This facilitates survival of eBL tumor cells with the IGH/MYC chromosomal translocation and promotes MYC-induced cell cycle progression, initiating eBL lymphomagenesis. This characterization of miRNA-mRNA interactions in eBL relative to GC B cells provides new insights on miRNA-mediated transcript regulation in eBL, which are potentially useful for new improved therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff I. Oduor
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Yasin Kaymaz
- Department of Bioinformatics & Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Kiprotich Chelimo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Juliana A. Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Ann M. Moormann
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Bailey
- Department of Bioinformatics & Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St. Albert Sherman Building 41077, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
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50
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Wei J, Yang P, Zhang T, Chen Z, Chen W, Wanglin L, He F, Wei F, Huang D, Zhong J, Yang Z, Chen H, Hu H, Zeng S, Sun Z, Cao J. Overexpression of transcription factor activating enhancer binding protein 4 (TFAP4) predicts poor prognosis for colorectal cancer patients. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3057-3061. [PMID: 28912857 PMCID: PMC5585722 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor activating enhancer binding protein 4 (TFAP4) is an important regulator in the genesis and progression of human cancers. Overexpression of TFAP4 has been found to be correlated with several malignancies. The present study assessed the clinical importance of TFAP4 in colorectal cancer (CRC). First, immunohistochemistry was used to analyze TFAP4 expression and the association of TFAP4 expression with clinicopathological features on a tissue microarray containing 208 CRC patients. The results revealed that TFAP4 protein expression was significantly upregulated in CRC tissues compared with that in normal colon tissues (P<0.001). Of note, statistical analysis revealed that TFAP4 expression was significantly correlated with a high pathological grade (P=0.034), advanced clinical stage (P=0.024), enhanced tumor invasion (P=0.002) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.041). In addition, the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset further validated that TFAP4 mRNA levels were increased in CRC with advanced clinical stage (P=0.026), lymph node metastasis (P=0.018) and vascular invasion (P=0.046). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that CRC patients with high TFAP4 expression had shorter overall survival compared with those with low TFAP4 expression (P=0.011). Importantly, overexpression of TFAP4 was a valuable independent prognostic factor for CRC patients (hazard ratio, 8.200; 95% confidence interval, 1.838-36.591; P=0.006). In summary, TFAP4 may have an important role in CRC progression and upregulation of TFAP4 may be a predictor of poor prognosis for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Zhuanpeng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Li Wanglin
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Feng He
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Junbin Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Huacui Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - He Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Shanqi Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
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