1
|
Razenkova VA, Korzhevskii DE. Morphological Changes in GABAergic Structures of the Rat Brain during Postnatal Development. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971242201010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
2
|
Manto M, Triarhou LC. Part I: The Complex Spikes as One of the Cerebellar Secrets. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:327-329. [PMID: 33638793 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The olivocerebellar tract has unique morphological, physiological, and developmental properties. Olivocerebellar axons are the source of multiple climbing fibers (CFs). The synapse between CFs and the Purkinje neuron is one of the most powerful excitatory in the central nervous system. Complex spikes are composed of an initial large amplitude spike followed by spikelets. The spatiotemporal patterns of complex/simple spikes complement the rate coding to enhance the accuracy of motor and cognitive processing, and to improve predictions related to internal models. Understanding the role of complex spikes is essential in clarifying how the cerebellar cortex contributes to learning, motor control, cognitive tasks, and the processing of emotions. This Cerebellar Classic is devoted to the pioneering work of Eccles, Llinás, and Sasaki on complex spikes using intracellular recordings from Purkinje neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, CHU-Charleroi, Lodelinsart, Charleroi, Belgium.
- Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
| | - Lazaros C Triarhou
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Neuroscience, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Früh S, Tyagarajan SK, Campbell B, Bosshard G, Fritschy JM. The catalytic function of the gephyrin-binding protein IQSEC3 regulates neurotransmitter-specific matching of pre- and post-synaptic structures in primary hippocampal cultures. J Neurochem 2018; 147:477-494. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Früh
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Shiva K. Tyagarajan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Campbell
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Bosshard
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Fritschy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoxha E, Lippiello P, Scelfo B, Tempia F, Ghirardi M, Miniaci MC. Maturation, Refinement, and Serotonergic Modulation of Cerebellar Cortical Circuits in Normal Development and in Murine Models of Autism. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6595740. [PMID: 28894610 PMCID: PMC5574313 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6595740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the complex cerebellar cortical circuits follows different phases, with initial synaptogenesis and subsequent processes of refinement guided by a variety of mechanisms. The regularity of the cellular and synaptic organization of the cerebellar cortex allowed detailed studies of the structural plasticity mechanisms underlying the formation of new synapses and retraction of redundant ones. For the attainment of the monoinnervation of the Purkinje cell by a single climbing fiber, several signals are involved, including electrical activity, contact signals, homosynaptic and heterosynaptic interaction, calcium transients, postsynaptic receptors, and transduction pathways. An important role in this developmental program is played by serotonergic projections that, acting on temporally and spatially regulated postsynaptic receptors, induce and modulate the phases of synaptic formation and maturation. In the adult cerebellar cortex, many developmental mechanisms persist but play different roles, such as supporting synaptic plasticity during learning and formation of cerebellar memory traces. A dysfunction at any stage of this process can lead to disorders of cerebellar origin, which include autism spectrum disorders but are not limited to motor deficits. Recent evidence in animal models links impairment of Purkinje cell function with autism-like symptoms including sociability deficits, stereotyped movements, and interspecific communication by vocalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Bibiana Scelfo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Torino, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dulcis D, Spitzer NC. Reserve pool neuron transmitter respecification: Novel neuroplasticity. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:465-74. [PMID: 21595049 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The identity of the neurotransmitters expressed by neurons has been thought to be fixed and immutable, but recent studies demonstrate that changes in electrical activity can rapidly and reversibly reconfigure the transmitters and corresponding transmitter receptors that neurons express. Induction of transmitter expression can be achieved by selective activation of afferents recruited by a physiological range of sensory input. Strikingly, neurons acquiring an additional transmitter project to appropriate targets prior to transmitter respecification in some cases, indicating the presence of reserve pools of neurons that can boost circuit function. We discuss the evidence for such reserve pools, their likely locations and ways to test for their existence, and the potential clinical value of such circuit-specific neurotransmitter respecification for treatments of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Dulcis
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
For many years it has been assumed that the identity of the transmitters expressed by neurons is stable and unchanging. Recent work, however, shows that electrical activity can respecify neurotransmitter expression during development and in the mature nervous system, and an understanding is emerging of the molecular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent transmitter respecification. Changes in postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor expression accompany and match changes in transmitter specification, thus enabling synaptic transmission. The functional roles of neurotransmitter respecification are beginning to be understood and appear to involve homeostatic synaptic regulation, which in turn influences behaviour. Activation of this novel form of plasticity by sensorimotor stimuli may provide clinical benefits.
Collapse
|
7
|
Developmental switching of perisomatic innervation from climbing fibers to basket cell fibers in cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurosci 2012; 31:16916-27. [PMID: 22114262 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2396-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In early postnatal development, perisomatic innervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) switches from glutamatergic climbing fibers (CFs) to GABAergic basket cell fibers (BFs). Here we examined the switching process in C57BL/6 mice. At postnatal day 7 (P7), most perisomatic synapses were formed by CFs on to somatic spines. The density of CF-spine synapses peaked at P9, when pericellular nest around PCs by CFs was most developed, and CF-spine synapses constituted 88% of the total perisomatic synapses. Thereafter, CF-spine synapses dropped to 63% at P12, 6% at P15, and <1% at P20, whereas BF synapses increased reciprocally. During the switching period, a substantial number of BF synapses existed as BF-spine synapses (37% of the total perisomatic synapses at P15), and free spines surrounded by BFs or Bergmann glia also emerged. By P20, BF-spine synapses and free spines virtually disappeared, and BF-soma synapses became predominant (88%), thus attaining the adult pattern of perisomatic innervation. Parallel with the presynaptic switching, postsynaptic receptor phenotype also switched from glutamatergic to GABAergic. In the active switching period, particularly at P12, fragmental clusters of AMPA-type glutamate receptor were juxtaposed with those of GABA(A) receptor. When examined with serial ultrathin sections, immunogold labeling for glutamate and GABA(A) receptors was often clustered beneath single BF terminals. These results suggest that a considerable fraction of somatic spines is succeeded from CFs to BFs and Bergmann glia in the early postnatal period, and that the switching of postsynaptic receptor phenotypes mainly proceeds under the coverage of BF terminals.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mandolesi G, Autuori E, Cesa R, Premoselli F, Cesare P, Strata P. GluRdelta2 expression in the mature cerebellum of hotfoot mice promotes parallel fiber synaptogenesis and axonal competition. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5243. [PMID: 19370152 PMCID: PMC2666267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor delta 2 (GluRdelta2) is selectively expressed in the cerebellum, exclusively in the spines of the Purkinje cells (PCs) that are in contact with parallel fibers (PFs). Although its structure is similar to ionotropic glutamate receptors, it has no channel function and its ligand is unknown. The GluRdelta2-null mice, such as knockout and hotfoot have profoundly altered cerebellar circuitry, which causes ataxia and impaired motor learning. Notably, GluRdelta2 in PC-PF synapses regulates their maturation and strengthening and induces long term depression (LTD). In addition, GluRdelta2 participates in the highly territorial competition between the two excitatory inputs to the PC; the climbing fiber (CF), which innervates the proximal dendritic compartment, and the PF, which is connected to spiny distal branchlets. Recently, studies have suggested that GluRdelta2 acts as an adhesion molecule in PF synaptogenesis. Here, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence that supports this hypothesis. Through lentiviral rescue in hotfoot mice, we noted a recovery of PC-PF contacts in the distal dendritic domain. In the proximal domain, we observed the formation of new spines that were innervated by PFs and a reduction in contact with the CF; ie, the pattern of innervation in the PC shifted to favor the PF input. Moreover, ectopic expression of GluRdelta2 in HEK293 cells that were cocultured with granule cells or in cerebellar Golgi cells in the mature brain induced the formation of new PF contacts. Collectively, our observations show that GluRdelta2 is an adhesion molecule that induces the formation of PF contacts independently of its cellular localization and promotes heterosynaptic competition in the PC proximal dendritic domain.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cesa R, Strata P. Axonal competition in the synaptic wiring of the cerebellar cortex during development and in the mature cerebellum. Neuroscience 2009; 162:624-32. [PMID: 19272433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purkinje cell (PC) dendrites are made by a proximal dendritic domain, which is provided with scattered clusters of spines innervated by a single climbing fiber (CF) and by a distal domain with a high density of spines innervated by parallel fibers (PFs). Following block of electrical activity a spine increase occurs in the proximal domain and the new spines are innervated by the PFs while the number of synaptic contacts formed by the CF is reduced. Also the GABAergic input expands its territory of innervation on the proximal domain, which undergoes a profound restructuring of the glutamate and GABA receptors. Excitatory-like postsynaptic assemblies appear not only on the new spines, but also on the smooth region of the dendrite and both of them may be innervated by GABAergic terminals. In this case GABA receptors coexist with the glutamate receptors leading to the formation of hybrid synapses. In contrast, PF synapses contain solely glutamate receptors. Thus, the expression of glutamate receptors appears to be an intrinsic property of the PC, while the expression of the GABA receptors is induced by the presence of GABAergic terminals. The data highlight an important feature of the CF input; its electrical activity, in addition to inducing a powerful phasic excitation and a tonic inhibition, controls the finer architecture of the cerebellar cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Cesa
- Department of Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|