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Li T, Li L, Liu B, Xing S, Liu L, Li P, Li ZH. TPT disrupts early embryonic development and glucose metabolism of marine medaka in different salinites. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 287:110035. [PMID: 39251012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) is an organotin compound frequently detected in coastal estuaries, yet studies on TPT's effects in regions with significant salinity fluctuations, such as coastal estuaries, are currently limited. To investigate the toxic effects of TPT under different salinity conditions, this study focused on marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos. Through early morphological observations, RNA-seq analysis, biochemical marker assays, and qPCR detection, we explored the impact of TPT exposure on the early embryonic development of marine medaka under varying salinities. The study found that TPT exposure significantly increased embryo mortality at salinities of 0 ppt and 30 ppt. RNA-seq analysis revealed that TPT primarily affects glucose metabolism and glycogen synthesis processes in embryos. Under high salinity conditions, TPT may inhibit glucose metabolism by suppressing glycolysis and promoting gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, TPT exposure under different salinities led to the downregulation of genes associated with the insulin signaling pathway (ins, insra, irs2b, pik3ca, pdk1b, akt1, foxo1a), which may be linked to suppressed glucose metabolism and increased embryonic mortality. In summary, TPT exposure under different salinities affects the early development of marine medaka embryos and inhibits glucose metabolism. This study provides additional data to support research on organotin compounds in coastal estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengzhou Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Luoxin Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Shaoying Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
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2
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Deng Y, Águeda-Pinto A, Brune W. No Time to Die: How Cytomegaloviruses Suppress Apoptosis, Necroptosis, and Pyroptosis. Viruses 2024; 16:1272. [PMID: 39205246 PMCID: PMC11359067 DOI: 10.3390/v16081272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens as their replication depends on the metabolism of the host cell. The induction of cellular suicide, known as programmed cell death (PCD), has the potential to hinder viral replication and act as a first line of defense against viral pathogens. Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis are three important PCD modalities. Different signaling pathways are involved in their execution, and they also differ in their ability to cause inflammation. Cytomegaloviruses (CMV), beta-herpesviruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes, encode a great variety of immune evasion genes, including several cell death suppressors. While CMV inhibitors of apoptosis and necroptosis have been known and studied for years, the first pyroptosis inhibitor has been identified and characterized only recently. Here, we describe how human and murine CMV interfere with apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis signaling pathways. We also discuss the importance of the different PCD forms and their viral inhibitors for the containment of viral replication and spread in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.D.); (A.Á.-P.)
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3
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Kowalewski A, Borowczak J, Maniewski M, Gostomczyk K, Grzanka D, Szylberg Ł. Targeting apoptosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116805. [PMID: 38781868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent subtype of renal cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of all renal cell cancers. Due to its exceptional inter- and intratumor heterogeneity, it is highly resistant to conventional systemic therapies. Targeting the evasion of cell death, one of cancer's hallmarks, is currently emerging as an alternative strategy for ccRCC. In this article, we review the current state of apoptosis-inducing therapies against ccRCC, including antisense oligonucleotides, BH3 mimetics, histone deacetylase inhibitors, cyclin-kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of apoptosis protein antagonists, and monoclonal antibodies. Although preclinical studies have shown encouraging results, these compounds fail to improve patients' outcomes significantly. Current evidence suggests that inducing apoptosis in ccRCC may promote tumor progression through apoptosis-induced proliferation, anastasis, and apoptosis-induced nuclear expulsion. Therefore, re-evaluating this approach is expected to enable successful preclinical-to-clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kowalewski
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland; Center of Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland.
| | - Jędrzej Borowczak
- Clinical Department of Oncology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maniewski
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
| | - Karol Gostomczyk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland; Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
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4
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Liu R, Guo L, Zhao Y, Wu D, Yu J, Liu P. Study on multi-target effects of the novel HDAC6 inhibitor W5 on Aβ/Cu 2+-induced Alzheimer's disease model of rats. Brain Res 2024; 1832:148847. [PMID: 38442843 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a key therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been demonstrated to play an essential role in memory function and microtubule-associated tau physiology. In this study, W5 was used to treat AD model rats induced by Aβ/Cu2+ to study the improving effect of W5 on learning and memory impairment in AD rats and its related mechanism, to provide the basis for the subsequent development of W5 as an anti-AD drug. Results showed that W5 could decrease the expression of Aβ, Tau, and p-Tau proteins in the hippocampus of AD rats to inhibit the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, down-regulate the expression of Bax mRNA and Caspase-3 mRNA, and up-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA to reduce the apoptosis of neuron cells, reverse the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA to regulate neuroinflammatory response in AD rat brain. W5 also could regulate the oxidative stress state of AD rats, and balance the neurotransmitter disorder in AD rats' brain tissue. Overall, W5 could recover the morphology of hippocampal neurons and improve the learning and memory dysfunction in AD rats by regulating multiple targets in AD rats, providing a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Linli Guo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiasi Yu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Zhang Z, Hou L, Liu D, Luan S, Huang M, Zhao L. Directly targeting BAX for drug discovery: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2378-2401. [PMID: 38828138 PMCID: PMC11143528 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
For over two decades, the development of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family therapeutics has primarily focused on anti-apoptotic proteins, resulting in the first-in-class drugs called BH3 mimetics, especially for Bcl-2 inhibitor Venetoclax. The pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) plays a crucial role as the executioner protein of the mitochondrial regulated cell death, contributing to organismal development, tissue homeostasis, and immunity. The dysregulation of BAX is closely associated with the onset and progression of diseases characterized by pathologic cell survival or death, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and heart failure. In addition to conducting thorough investigations into the physiological modulation of BAX, research on the regulatory mechanisms of small molecules identified through biochemical screening approaches has prompted the identification of functional and potentially druggable binding sites on BAX, as well as diverse all-molecule BAX modulators. This review presents recent advancements in elucidating the physiological and pharmacological modulation of BAX and in identifying potentially druggable binding sites on BAX. Furthermore, it highlights the structural and mechanistic insights into small-molecule modulators targeting diverse binding surfaces or conformations of BAX, offering a promising avenue for developing next-generation apoptosis modulators to treat a wide range of diseases associated with dysregulated cell death by directly targeting BAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linghui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shenglin Luan
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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6
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Zhou Z, Arroum T, Luo X, Kang R, Lee YJ, Tang D, Hüttemann M, Song X. Diverse functions of cytochrome c in cell death and disease. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:387-404. [PMID: 38521844 PMCID: PMC11043370 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The redox-active protein cytochrome c is a highly positively charged hemoglobin that regulates cell fate decisions of life and death. Under normal physiological conditions, cytochrome c is localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, and its distribution can extend to the cytosol, nucleus, and extracellular space under specific pathological or stress-induced conditions. In the mitochondria, cytochrome c acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain, facilitating adenosine triphosphate synthesis, regulating cardiolipin peroxidation, and influencing reactive oxygen species dynamics. Upon cellular stress, it can be released into the cytosol, where it interacts with apoptotic peptidase activator 1 (APAF1) to form the apoptosome, initiating caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. Additionally, following exposure to pro-apoptotic compounds, cytochrome c contributes to the survival of drug-tolerant persister cells. When translocated to the nucleus, it can induce chromatin condensation and disrupt nucleosome assembly. Upon its release into the extracellular space, cytochrome c may act as an immune mediator during cell death processes, highlighting its multifaceted role in cellular biology. In this review, we explore the diverse structural and functional aspects of cytochrome c in physiological and pathological responses. We summarize how posttranslational modifications of cytochrome c (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, tyrosine nitration, and oxidation), binding proteins (e.g., HIGD1A, CHCHD2, ITPR1, and nucleophosmin), and mutations (e.g., G41S, Y48H, and A51V) affect its function. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the latest advanced technologies utilized for detecting cytochrome c, along with potential therapeutic approaches related to this protein. These strategies hold tremendous promise in personalized health care, presenting opportunities for targeted interventions in a wide range of conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Zhou
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tasnim Arroum
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yong J Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Xinxin Song
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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7
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Samandari-Bahraseman MR, Ismaili A, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Ebrahimie E, Loit E. Bunium persicum Seeds Extract in Combination with Vincristine Mediates Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells through Regulation of Involved Genes and Proteins Expression. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:213-223. [PMID: 38038013 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206277444231124051035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bunium persicum seeds, a member of the Apiaceae family, have historically been consumed as part of the Iranian diet. OBJECTIVE While many of this herb's biological properties have been fully investigated, there is currently no reliable information about its anticancer/cytotoxic properties. METHODS Herein, we first determined the major bioactive compounds of B. persicum seed extract (BPSE) via GC-Mass analysis. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of the extract alone as well as in combination with vincristine (VCR), a commonly used chemotherapy drug, using MTT assays on two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, as well as a normal breast cancer cell line, MCF-10A. Moreover, these compounds were evaluated in vitro for their anticancer activity using ROS assays, Real-Time PCR, Western blots, flow cytometry, and cell cycle assays. RESULTS As a result of our investigation, it was determined that the extract significantly reduced the viability of cancerous cells while remaining harmless to normal cells. The combination of BPSE and VCR also resulted in synergistic effects. BPSE and/or BPSE-VCR treatment increased the intracellular ROS of MCF-7 cells by over twofold. Moreover, the IC30 of BPSE (100 μg/ml) significantly increased the BAX/BCL-2 and P53 gene expression while reducing the expression of the MYC gene. Moreover, treated cells were arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The BPSE-VCR combination synergistically reduced the NF-κB and increased the Caspase-7 proteins' expression. The percent of apoptosis in the cells treated with the extract, VCR, and their combination was 27, 11, and 50, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the anticancer activity of the BPSE and its potential for application in combination therapy with VCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Ismaili
- Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- La Trobe Genomics Research Platform, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Evelin Loit
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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8
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Kjer-Hansen P, Weatheritt RJ. The function of alternative splicing in the proteome: rewiring protein interactomes to put old functions into new contexts. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1844-1856. [PMID: 38036695 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing affects more than 95% of multi-exon genes in the human genome. These changes affect the proteome in a myriad of ways. Here, we review our understanding of the breadth of these changes from their effect on protein structure to their influence on interactions. These changes encompass effects on nucleic acid binding in the nucleus to protein-carbohydrate interactions in the extracellular milieu, altering interactions involving all major classes of biological molecules. Protein isoforms have profound influences on cellular and tissue physiology, for example, by shaping neuronal connections, enhancing insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and allowing for alternative viral defense strategies in stem cells. More broadly, alternative splicing enables repurposing proteins from one context to another and thereby contributes to both the evolution of new traits as well as the creation of disease-specific interactomes that drive pathological phenotypes. In this Review, we highlight this universal character of alternative splicing as a central regulator of protein function with implications for almost every biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kjer-Hansen
- EMBL Australia, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- St. Vincent Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Robert J Weatheritt
- EMBL Australia, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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9
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Rodkin S, Nwosu C, Raevskaya M, Khanukaev M, Bekova K, Vasilieva I, Vishnyak D, Tolmacheva A, Efremova E, Gasanov M, Tyurin A. The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Localization and Expression of p53 and Cell Death in the Nervous Tissue in Traumatic Brain Injury and Axotomy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15708. [PMID: 37958692 PMCID: PMC10650615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. It is characterized by various molecular-cellular events, with the main ones being apoptosis and damage to axons. To date, there are no clinically effective neuroprotective drugs. In this study, we examined the role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the localization and expression of the key pro-apoptotic protein p53, as well as cell death in the nervous tissue in TBI and axotomy. We used a fast donor (sodium sulphide, Na2S) H2S and a classic inhibitor (aminooxyacetic acid, AOAA) of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), which is a key enzyme in H2S synthesis. These studies were carried out on three models of neurotrauma in vertebrates and invertebrates. As a result, it was found that Na2S exhibits a pronounced neuroprotective effect that reduces the number of TUNEL-positive neurons and glial cells in TBI and apoptotic glia in axotomy. This effect could be realized through the Na2S-dependent decrease in the level of p53 in the cells of the nervous tissue of vertebrates and invertebrates, which we observed in our study. We also observed the opposite effect when using AOAA, which indicates the important role of CBS in the regulation of p53 expression and death of neurons and glial cells in TBI and axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Rodkin
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Chizaram Nwosu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Margarita Raevskaya
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Maxim Khanukaev
- Department of Instrumentation and Biomedical Engineering, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Khava Bekova
- Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery, Rostov State Medical University, 344022 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Inna Vasilieva
- Department of Polyclinic Therapy, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Diana Vishnyak
- Department of Internal Diseases, Surgut State University, Lenina, 1, Nephrology Department, Surgut District Clinical Hospital, Energetikov, 24/3, 628400 Surgut, Russia
| | - Anastasia Tolmacheva
- Department of Faculty Therapy Named after Professor G.D. Zalessky, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Krasny Prospekt, 52, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Hospital of War Veterans No. 3, Demyan the Poor, 71, 630005 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Efremova
- Department of Therapy and Occupational Diseases, Ulyanovsk State University, Lev Tolstoy Street 42, 432017 Ulyanovsk, Russia;
| | - Mitkhat Gasanov
- Internal Medicine Department, Institute of Medical Education, The Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Derzhavina St. 6, 173020 Veliky Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anton Tyurin
- Internal Medicine Department, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia
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10
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Schroer J, Warm D, De Rosa F, Luhmann HJ, Sinning A. Activity-dependent regulation of the BAX/BCL-2 pathway protects cortical neurons from apoptotic death during early development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:175. [PMID: 37269320 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During early brain development, homeostatic removal of cortical neurons is crucial and requires multiple control mechanisms. We investigated in the cerebral cortex of mice whether the BAX/BCL-2 pathway, an important regulator of apoptosis, is part of this machinery and how electrical activity might serve as a set point of regulation. Activity is known to be a pro-survival factor; however, how this effect is translated into enhanced survival chances on a neuronal level is not fully understood. In this study, we show that caspase activity is highest at the neonatal stage, while developmental cell death peaks at the end of the first postnatal week. During the first postnatal week, upregulation of BAX is accompanied by downregulation of BCL-2 protein, resulting in a high BAX/BCL-2 ratio when neuronal death rates are high. In cultured neurons, pharmacological blockade of activity leads to an acute upregulation of Bax, while elevated activity results in a lasting increase of BCL-2 expression. Spontaneously active neurons not only exhibit lower Bax levels than inactive neurons but also show almost exclusively BCL-2 expression. Disinhibition of network activity prevents the death of neurons overexpressing activated CASP3. This neuroprotective effect is not the result of reduced caspase activity but is associated with a downregulation of the BAX/BCL-2 ratio. Notably, increasing neuronal activity has a similar, non-additive effect as the blockade of BAX. Conclusively, high electrical activity modulates BAX/BCL-2 expression and leads to higher tolerance to CASP3 activity, increases survival, and presumably promotes non-apoptotic CASP3 functions in developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schroer
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Davide Warm
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico De Rosa
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sinning
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Kim J, Seo S, Park JHY, Lee KW, Kim J, Kim JC. Ca 2+-Permeable TRPV1 Receptor Mediates Neuroprotective Effects in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease via BDNF/CREB Signaling Pathway. Mol Cells 2023; 46:319-328. [PMID: 37070458 PMCID: PMC10183797 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) protein is a Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channel known for its pain modulation pathway. In a previous study, it was discovered that a triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model (3xTg-AD+/+) has anti-AD effects. The expression of proteins in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) pathway in a 3xTg-AD/TRPV1 transgenic mice model was investigated to better understand the AD regulatory effect of TRPV1 deficiency. The results show that TRPV1 deficiency leads to CREB activation by increasing BDNF levels and promoting phosphorylation of tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), protein kinase B (Akt), and CREB in the hippocampus. Additionally, TRPV1 deficiency-induced CREB activation increases the antiapoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) gene, which consequently downregulates Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) expression and decreases cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which leads to the prevention of hippocampal apoptosis. In conclusion, TRPV1 deficiency exhibits neuroprotective effects by preventing apoptosis through the BDNF/CREB signal transduction pathway in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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12
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Sun R, Han R, McCornack C, Khan S, Tabor GT, Chen Y, Hou J, Jiang H, Schoch KM, Mao DD, Cleary R, Yang A, Liu Q, Luo J, Petti A, Miller TM, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM, Kim AH. TREM2 inhibition triggers antitumor cell activity of myeloid cells in glioblastoma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade3559. [PMID: 37172094 PMCID: PMC10181199 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays important roles in brain microglial function in neurodegenerative diseases, but the role of TREM2 in the GBM TME has not been examined. Here, we found that TREM2 is highly expressed in myeloid subsets, including macrophages and microglia in human and mouse GBM tumors and that high TREM2 expression correlates with poor prognosis in patients with GBM. TREM2 loss of function in human macrophages and mouse myeloid cells increased interferon-γ-induced immunoactivation, proinflammatory polarization, and tumoricidal capacity. In orthotopic mouse GBM models, mice with chronic and acute Trem2 loss of function exhibited decreased tumor growth and increased survival. Trem2 inhibition reprogrammed myeloid phenotypes and increased programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)+CD8+ T cells in the TME. Last, Trem2 deficiency enhanced the effectiveness of anti-PD-1 treatment, which may represent a therapeutic strategy for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rowland Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Colin McCornack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - G. Travis Tabor
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haowu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Schoch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Diane D. Mao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Cleary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alicia Yang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Allegra Petti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Brain Tumor Center, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy M. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason D. Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Albert H. Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Brain Tumor Center, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Ding C, Ni L, Liu Q, Zhou C, Wang G, Chu PK, Wu Z. Cold air plasma improving rheumatoid arthritis via mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10366. [PMID: 36684093 PMCID: PMC9842019 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has plagued physicians and patients for years due to the lack of targeted treatment. In this study, inspired by the commonality between rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) and cancer cells, the therapeutic effects of cold air plasma (CAP) on RA are studied systematically and thoroughly. In/ex vivo results show that CAP with the proper dosage significantly relieves symptoms including synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltration, and angiogenesis and eliminates the root cause by triggering the self-antioxidant capability of the surrounding tissue. The mechanism on the molecular and cellular level is also revealed that the spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade induces the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway on RA-FLS. This study reveals a new strategy for targeted treatment of RA and the mechanistic study provides the theoretical foundation for future development of plasma medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbiao Ding
- School of Nuclear Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineThe Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Leying Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineThe Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Nuclear Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Chenxu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineThe Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Guomin Wang
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongKowloon, Hong KongChina
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongKowloon, Hong KongChina
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCity University of Hong KongKowloon, Hong KongChina
| | - Paul K. Chu
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongKowloon, Hong KongChina
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongKowloon, Hong KongChina
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCity University of Hong KongKowloon, Hong KongChina
| | - Zhengwei Wu
- School of Nuclear Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace EnvironmentUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Institute of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
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14
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Flores‐Romero H, Hohorst L, John M, Albert M, King LE, Beckmann L, Szabo T, Hertlein V, Luo X, Villunger A, Frenzel LP, Kashkar H, Garcia‐Saez AJ. BCL-2-family protein tBID can act as a BAX-like effector of apoptosis. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108690. [PMID: 34931711 PMCID: PMC8762556 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis, the BCL-2-family protein tBID promotes mitochondrial permeabilization by activating BAX and BAK and by blocking anti-apoptotic BCL-2 members. Here, we report that tBID can also mediate mitochondrial permeabilization by itself, resulting in release of cytochrome c and mitochondrial DNA, caspase activation and apoptosis even in absence of BAX and BAK. This previously unrecognized activity of tBID depends on helix 6, homologous to the pore-forming regions of BAX and BAK, and can be blocked by pro-survival BCL-2 proteins. Importantly, tBID-mediated mitochondrial permeabilization independent of BAX and BAK is physiologically relevant for SMAC release in the immune response against Shigella infection. Furthermore, it can be exploited to kill leukaemia cells with acquired venetoclax resistance due to lack of active BAX and BAK. Our findings define tBID as an effector of mitochondrial permeabilization in apoptosis and provide a new paradigm for BCL-2 proteins, with implications for anti-bacterial immunity and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Flores‐Romero
- Institute for GeneticsUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)University of CologneCologneGermany
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard‐Karls‐Universität TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Lisa Hohorst
- Institute for GeneticsUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Malina John
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard‐Karls‐Universität TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Marie‐Christine Albert
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)Faculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Louise E King
- Institute for GeneticsUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Laura Beckmann
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)University of CologneCologneGermany
- Department I of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
- Center of Integrated Oncology ABCDUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Tamas Szabo
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Vanessa Hertlein
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard‐Karls‐Universität TübingenTübingenGermany
- Present address:
Children Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)ViennaAustria
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied DiseasesFred & Pamela Buffett Cancer CenterUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaMEUSA
- Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
| | - Lukas P Frenzel
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)University of CologneCologneGermany
- Department I of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
- Center of Integrated Oncology ABCDUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)Faculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital of CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Ana J Garcia‐Saez
- Institute for GeneticsUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)University of CologneCologneGermany
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard‐Karls‐Universität TübingenTübingenGermany
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15
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Wolf P, Schoeniger A, Edlich F. Pro-apoptotic complexes of BAX and BAK on the outer mitochondrial membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119317. [PMID: 35752202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms the regulated cell death apoptosis is critically important for both ontogeny and homeostasis. Mitochondria are indispensable for stress-induced apoptosis. The BCL-2 protein family controls mitochondrial apoptosis and initiates cell death through the pro-apoptotic activities of BAX and BAK at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Cellular survival is ensured by the retrotranslocation of mitochondrial BAX and BAK into the cytosol by anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins. BAX/BAK-dependent OMM permeabilization releases the mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c), which initiates activation of caspase-9. The caspase cascade leads to cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body formation. Although it is clear that ultimately complexes of active BAX and BAK commit the cell to apoptosis, the nature of these complexes is still enigmatic. Excessive research has described a range of complexes, varying from a few molecules to several 10,000, in different systems. BAX/BAK complexes potentially form ring-like structures that could expose the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has been suggested that these pores allow the efflux of small proteins and even mitochondrial DNA. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge for mitochondrial BAX/BAK complexes and the interactions between these proteins and the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Schoeniger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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16
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Rodkin S, Dzreyan V, Bibov M, Ermakov A, Derezina T, Kirichenko E. NO-Dependent Mechanisms of p53 Expression and Cell Death in Rat’s Dorsal Root Ganglia after Sciatic-Nerve Transection. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071664. [PMID: 35884967 PMCID: PMC9313305 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral-nerve injury is a frequent cause of disability. Presently, no clinically effective neuroprotectors have been found. We have studied the NO-dependent expression of p53 in the neurons and glial cells of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of a rat’s spinal cord, as well as the role of NO in the death of these cells under the conditions of axonal stress, using sciatic-nerve axotomy as a model. It was found out that axotomy led to the nuclear–cytoplasmic redistribution of p53 in neurons, 24 h after trauma. The NO donor led to a considerable increase in the level of p53 in nuclei and, to a smaller degree, in the cytoplasm of neurons and karyoplasm of glial cells 4 and 24 h after axotomy. Application of a selective inhibitor of inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) provided the opposite effect. Introduction of the NO donor resulted in a significant increase in cell death in the injured ipsilateral DRG, 24 h and 7 days after trauma. The selective inhibitor of iNOS demonstrated a neuroprotective effect. Axotomy was shown to upregulate the iNOS in nuclei and cytoplasm of DRG cells. The NO-dependent expression of p53, which is particularly achieved through iNOS activation, is believed to be a putative signaling mechanism of neural and glial-cell death after axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Rodkin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (A.E.); (T.D.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(918)-576-2390
| | - Valentina Dzreyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave., 194/1, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Bibov
- Department of General and Clinical Biochemistry No. 2, Rostov State Medical University, Nakhichevansky, 29, 344022 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Alexey Ermakov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (A.E.); (T.D.); (E.K.)
| | - Tatyana Derezina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (A.E.); (T.D.); (E.K.)
| | - Evgeniya Kirichenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (A.E.); (T.D.); (E.K.)
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17
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Wdowiak K, Walkowiak J, Pietrzak R, Bazan-Woźniak A, Cielecka-Piontek J. Bioavailability of Hesperidin and Its Aglycone Hesperetin—Compounds Found in Citrus Fruits as a Parameter Conditioning the Pro-Health Potential (Neuroprotective and Antidiabetic Activity)—Mini-Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132647. [PMID: 35807828 PMCID: PMC9268531 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hesperidin and hesperetin are polyphenols that can be found predominantly in citrus fruits. They possess a variety of pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective and antidiabetic activity. However, the bioavailability of these compounds is limited due to low solubility and restricts their use as pro-healthy agents. This paper described the limitations resulting from the low bioavailability of the presented compounds and gathered the methods aiming at its improvement. Moreover, this work reviewed studies providing pieces of evidence for neuroprotective and antidiabetic properties of hesperidin and hesperetin as well as providing a detailed look into the significance of reported modes of action in chronic diseases. On account of a well-documented pro-healthy activity, it is important to look for ways to overcome the problem of poor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wdowiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Robert Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.P.); (A.B.-W.)
| | - Aleksandra Bazan-Woźniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.P.); (A.B.-W.)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Ganapathy S, Liu J, Yu T, Xiong R, Zhang Q, Makriyannis A, Chen C. PKC is an indispensable factor in promoting environmental toxin chromium-mediated transformation and drug resistance. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1678-1690. [PMID: 35210368 PMCID: PMC8908929 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] pollution is a serious environmental problem, due to not only its toxicity but also carcinogenesis. Although studies reveal several features of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis, the underlying mechanisms of how Cr(VI) orchestrates multiple mitogenic pathways to promote tumor initiation and progression remain not fully understood. Src/Ras and other growth-related pathways are shown to be key players in Cr(VI)-initiated tumor prone actions. The role of protein kinase C (PKC, an important signal transducer) in Cr(VI)-mediated carcinogenesis has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, using human bronchial/lung epithelial cells and keratinocytes, we demonstrate that PKC activity is increased by transient or chronic Cr(VI) exposure, which plays no role in the activation of Src/Ras signaling and ROS upregulation by this metal toxin. PKC in chronic Cr(VI)-treated cells stabilizes Bcl-2 to mitigate doxorubicin (an anti-cancer drug)-mediated apoptosis. After the suppression of this kinase by GO6976 (a PKC inhibitor), the cells chronically exposed to Cr(VI) partially regain the sensitivity to doxorubicin. However, when co-suppressed PKC and Ras, the chronic Cr(VI)-treated cells become fully responsive to doxorubicin and are unable to be transformed. Taken together, our study provides a new insight into the mechanisms, in which PKC is an indispensable player and cooperates with other mitogenic pathways to achieve Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis as well as to establish drug resistance. The data also suggest that active PKC can serve as a potential biomarker for early detection of health damages by Cr(VI) and therapeutic target for developing new treatments for diseases caused by Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthakar Ganapathy
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- The Department of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Tianqi Yu
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- The Department of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- The Department of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | | | - Changyan Chen
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Xu J, Wang SJ, Bu SS, Guo XQ, Ge H. Theaflavin promoted apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma unexpectedly via inducing autophagy in vitro. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:68-74. [PMID: 35656444 PMCID: PMC9118283 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.59190.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the anticancer effect of theaflavin (TF) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Materials and Methods CNE2 cells were used to study the anticancer effect of TF. This study used Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay on proliferation and used flow cytometry to detect apoptosis. The protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9 was detected by Western blot, and autophagy-related proteins were also detected. Results TF inhibited proliferation of CNE2 cells, promoted apoptosis, and up-regulated the expression of caspase 3, caspase 9, and Bax, and decreased the level of Bcl-2. Unexpectedly, TF induced autophagy rather than inhibiting autophagy through up-regulating the levels of the autophagy marker light chain 3 (LC3) and Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and reducing levels of the autophagosome cargo protein p62, and the effect was via the mTOR pathway. Besides, autophagy inhibitor Chloroquine (CQ) suppressed the effect of TF on Bax, Bcl-2 and activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9. Conclusion TF promoted apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, the mechanism was unexpectedly involved in inducing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Shu-Juan Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Shan-Shan Bu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Hong Ge
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China,Corresponding author: Hong Ge. Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.
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20
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Saydam F, Nalkiran HS. Anticancer effects of a novel herbal combination as a potential therapeutic candidate against lung cancer. Eur J Integr Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Lee EF, Fairlie WD. Discovery, development and application of drugs targeting BCL-2 pro-survival proteins in cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2381-2395. [PMID: 34515749 PMCID: PMC8589430 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new class of small molecule compounds that target the BCL-2 family of anti-apoptotic proteins is one of the great success stories of basic science leading to translational outcomes in the last 30 years. The eponymous BCL-2 protein was identified over 30 years ago due to its association with cancer. However, it was the unveiling of the biochemistry and structural biology behind it and its close relatives' mechanism(s)-of-action that provided the inspiration for what are now known as 'BH3-mimetics', the first clinically approved drugs designed to specifically inhibit protein-protein interactions. Herein, we chart the history of how these drugs were discovered, their evolution and application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinna F. Lee
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Cell Death and Survival Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - W. Douglas Fairlie
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Cell Death and Survival Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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22
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Gambles MT, Li J, Wang J, Sborov D, Yang J, Kopeček J. Crosslinking of CD38 Receptors Triggers Apoptosis of Malignant B Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154658. [PMID: 34361811 PMCID: PMC8348492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we designed an inventive paradigm in nanomedicine—drug-free macromolecular therapeutics (DFMT). The ability of DFMT to induce apoptosis is based on biorecognition at cell surface, and crosslinking of receptors without the participation of low molecular weight drugs. The system is composed of two nanoconjugates: a bispecific engager, antibody or Fab’ fragment—morpholino oligonucleotide (MORF1) conjugate; the second nanoconjugate is a multivalent effector, human serum albumin (HSA) decorated with multiple copies of complementary MORF2. Here, we intend to demonstrate that DFMT is a platform that will be effective on other receptors than previously validated CD20. We appraised the impact of daratumumab (DARA)- and isatuximab (ISA)-based DFMT to crosslink CD38 receptors on CD38+ lymphoma (Raji, Daudi) and multiple myeloma cells (RPMI 8226, ANBL-6). The biological properties of DFMTs were determined by flow cytometry, confocal fluorescence microscopy, reactive oxygen species determination, lysosomal enlargement, homotypic cell adhesion, and the hybridization of nanoconjugates. The data revealed that the level of apoptosis induction correlated with CD38 expression, the nanoconjugates meet at the cell surface, mitochondrial signaling pathway is strongly involved, insertion of a flexible spacer in the structure of the macromolecular effector enhances apoptosis, and simultaneous crosslinking of CD38 and CD20 receptors increases apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiahui Li
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Douglas Sborov
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (M.T.G.); (J.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (J.K.)
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23
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Morris DL, Johnson S, Bleck CKE, Lee DY, Tjandra N. Humanin selectively prevents the activation of pro-apoptotic protein BID by sequestering it into fibers. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18226-18238. [PMID: 33106313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the B-cell lymphoma (BCL-2) protein family regulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), a phenomenon in which mitochondria become porous and release death-propagating complexes during the early stages of apoptosis. Pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins oligomerize at the mitochondrial outer membrane during MOMP, inducing pore formation. Of current interest are endogenous factors that can inhibit pro-apoptotic BCL-2 mitochondrial outer membrane translocation and oligomerization. A mitochondrial-derived peptide, Humanin (HN), was reported being expressed from an alternate ORF in the mitochondrial genome and inhibiting apoptosis through interactions with the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins. Specifically, it is known to complex with BAX and BID. We recently reported the fibrillation of HN and BAX into β-sheets. Here, we detail the fibrillation between HN and BID. These fibers were characterized using several spectroscopic techniques, protease fragmentation with mass analysis, and EM. Enhanced fibrillation rates were detected with rising temperatures or pH values and the presence of a detergent. BID fibers are similar to those produced using BAX; however, the structures differ in final conformations of the BCL-2 proteins. BID fibers display both types of secondary structure in the fiber, whereas BAX was converted entirely to β-sheets. The data show that two distinct segments of BID are incorporated into the fiber structure, whereas other portions of BID remain solvent-exposed and retain helical structure. Similar analyses show that anti-apoptotic BCL-xL does not form fibers with humanin. These results support a general mechanism of sequestration of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins into fibers by HN to inhibit MOMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Morris
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina Johnson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher K E Bleck
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core Facility, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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24
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The Mysteries around the BCL-2 Family Member BOK. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121638. [PMID: 33291826 PMCID: PMC7762061 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BOK is an evolutionarily conserved BCL-2 family member that resembles the apoptotic effectors BAK and BAX in sequence and structure. Based on these similarities, BOK has traditionally been classified as a BAX-like pro-apoptotic protein. However, the mechanism of action and cellular functions of BOK remains controversial. While some studies propose that BOK could replace BAK and BAX to elicit apoptosis, others attribute to this protein an indirect way of apoptosis regulation. Adding to the debate, BOK has been associated with a plethora of non-apoptotic functions that makes this protein unpredictable when dictating cell fate. Here, we compile the current knowledge and open questions about this paradoxical protein with a special focus on its structural features as the key aspect to understand BOK biological functions.
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25
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Reddy CN, Manzar N, Ateeq B, Sankararamakrishnan R. Computational Design of BH3-Mimetic Peptide Inhibitors That Can Bind Specifically to Mcl-1 or Bcl-X L: Role of Non-Hot Spot Residues. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4379-4394. [PMID: 33146015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins decide the fate of the cell. The BH3 domain of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins interacts with the exposed hydrophobic groove of their anti-apoptotic counterparts. Through their design and development, BH3 mimetics that target the hydrophobic groove of specific anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins have the potential to become anticancer drugs. We have developed a novel computational method for designing sequences with BH3 domain features that can bind specifically to anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 or Bcl-XL. In this method, we retained the four highly conserved hydrophobic and aspartic residues of wild-type BH3 sequences and randomly substituted all other positions to generate a large number of BH3-like sequences. We modeled 20000 complex structures with Mcl-1 or Bcl-XL using the BH3-like sequences derived from five wild-type pro-apoptotic BH3 peptides. Peptide-protein interaction energies calculated from these models for each set of BH3-like sequences resulted in negatively skewed extreme value distributions. The selected BH3-like sequences from the extreme negative tail regions have highly favorable interaction energies with Mcl-1 or Bcl-XL. They are enriched in acidic and basic residues when they bind to Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL, respectively. With the charged residues often away from the binding interface, the overall electric field generated by the charged residues results in strong long-range electrostatic interaction energies between the peptide and the protein giving rise to high specificity. Cell viability studies of representative BH3-like peptides further validated the predicted specificity. This study has revealed the importance of non-hot spot residues in BH3-mimetic peptides in providing specificity to a particular anti-apoptotic protein.
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26
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Shendge AK, Sarkar R, Mandal N. Potent anti-inflammatory Terminalia chebula fruit showed in vitro anticancer activity on lung and breast carcinoma cells through the regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-cascade pathways. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13521. [PMID: 33043490 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of Terminalia chebula fruit (TCME). The TCME was evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity on A549 and MCF-7 cells. TCME showed cytotoxicity toward A549 (IC50 - 359.06 ± 20.04 µg/ml), and MCF-7 (IC50 - 61.02 ± 5.55 µg/ml) cells. The flow-cytometer analysis revealed increase in sub G1 population and apoptotic population, which were observed through cell cycle analysis and annexin-V-FLUOS staining. Confocal microscopy showed DNA fragmentation in both the cell lines upon TCME treatment. Moreover, TCME treatment induces activation of apoptosis-related caspase-cascade pathways in both the cell lines. TCME treatment on RAW 264.7 cells revealed the anti-inflammatory properties by regulating nitrite and TNF-α production; iNOS, COX-2 levels, and translocation of NF-κB protein. Finally, HPLC analysis revealed the bioactive phytocompounds present in TCME. In conclusion, the combined results showed the potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of T. chebula fruit. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Lung cancer is a leading cause of death in men with 35.5% incidences and 30.8% mortality rate worldwide. On the contrary, breast cancer possesses 55.2% incidences and 16.6% mortality rate among the female worldwide. The present findings revealed the anti-lung and -breast cancer activity along with the potent anti-inflammatory potentials of Terminalia chebula fruit. These findings will helpful to isolate the active drug molecules from the Terminalia chebula fruit and mark them as an anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhitajit Sarkar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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27
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The BCL-2 selective inhibitor ABT-199 sensitizes soft tissue sarcomas to proteasome inhibition by a concerted mechanism requiring BAX and NOXA. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:701. [PMID: 32839432 PMCID: PMC7445285 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies predominantly affecting children and young adults. Despite improvements in multimodal therapies, 5-year survival rates are only 50% and new treatment options in STS are urgently needed. To develop a rational combination therapy for the treatment of STS we focused on ABT-199 (Venetoclax), a BCL-2 specific BH3-mimetic, in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BZB). Simultaneous inhibition of BCL-2 and the proteasome resulted in strongly synergistic apoptosis induction. Mechanistically, ABT-199 mainly affected the multidomain effector BAX by liberating it from BCL-2 inhibition. The combination with BZB additionally resulted in the accumulation of BOK, a BAX/BAK homologue, and of the BH3-only protein NOXA, which inhibits the anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1. Thus, the combination of ABT-199 and BZB sensitizes STS cells to apoptosis by simultaneously releasing several defined apoptotic restraints. This synergistic mechanism of action was verified by CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out, showing that both BAX and NOXA are crucial for ABT-199/BZB-induced apoptosis. Noteworthy, efficient induction of apoptosis by ABT-199/BZB was not affected by the p53 status and invariably detected in cell lines and patient-derived tumor cells of several sarcoma types, including rhabdomyo-, leiomyo-, lipo-, chondro-, osteo-, or synovial sarcomas. Hence, we propose the combination of ABT-199 and BZB as a promising strategy for the treatment of STS, which should warrant further clinical investigation.
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28
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Abstract
Bax and Bak, two functionally similar, pro-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, are known as the gateway to apoptosis because of their requisite roles as effectors of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), a major step during mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The mechanism of how cells turn Bax/Bak from inert molecules into fully active and lethal effectors had long been the focal point of a major debate centered around two competing, but not mutually exclusive, models: direct activation and indirect activation. After intensive research efforts for over two decades, it is now widely accepted that to initiate apoptosis, some of the BH3-only proteins, a subclass of the Bcl-2 family, directly engage Bax/Bak to trigger their conformational transformation and activation. However, a series of recent discoveries, using previously unavailable CRISPR-engineered cell systems, challenge the basic premise that undergirds the consensus and provide evidence for a novel and surprisingly simple model of Bax/Bak activation: the membrane (lipids)-mediated spontaneous model. This review will discuss the evidence, rationale, significance, and implications of this new model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Alaska Medical Center, Omaha, ME, 68198-7696, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Katelyn L O'Neill
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Alaska Medical Center, Omaha, ME, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Alaska Medical Center, Omaha, ME, 68198-7696, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
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29
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Robust autoactivation for apoptosis by BAK but not BAX highlights BAK as an important therapeutic target. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:268. [PMID: 32327636 PMCID: PMC7181796 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BAK and BAX, which drive commitment to apoptosis, are activated principally by certain BH3-only proteins that bind them and trigger major rearrangements. One crucial conformation change is exposure of their BH3 domain which allows BAK or BAX to form homodimers, and potentially to autoactivate other BAK and BAX molecules to ensure robust pore formation and cell death. Here, we test whether full-length BAK or mitochondrial BAX that are specifically activated by antibodies can then activate other BAK or BAX molecules. We found that antibody-activated BAK efficiently activated BAK as well as mitochondrial or cytosolic BAX, but antibody-activated BAX unexpectedly proved a poor activator. Notably, autoactivation by BAK involved transient interactions, as BAK and BAX molecules it activated could dissociate and homodimerize. The results suggest that BAK-driven autoactivation may play a substantial role in apoptosis, including recruitment of BAX to the mitochondria. Hence, directly targeting BAK rather than BAX may prove particularly effective in inhibiting unwanted apoptosis, or alternatively, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.
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30
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Moldoveanu T, Czabotar PE. BAX, BAK, and BOK: A Coming of Age for the BCL-2 Family Effector Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036319. [PMID: 31570337 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The BCL-2 family of proteins control a key checkpoint in apoptosis, that of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization or, simply, mitochondrial poration. The family consists of three subgroups: BH3-only initiators that respond to apoptotic stimuli; antiapoptotic guardians that protect against cell death; and the membrane permeabilizing effectors BAX, BAK, and BOK. On activation, effector proteins are converted from inert monomers into membrane permeabilizing oligomers. For many years, this process has been poorly understood at the molecular level, but a number of recent advances have provided important insights. We review the regulation of these effectors, their activation, subsequent conformational changes, and the ensuing oligomerization events that enable mitochondrial poration, which initiates apoptosis through release of key signaling factors such as cytochrome c We highlight the mysteries that remain in understanding these important proteins in an endeavor to provide a comprehensive picture of where the field currently sits and where it is moving toward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Moldoveanu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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31
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C. Diaconu C, Gurban P, Mambet C, Chivu-Economescu M, G. Necula L, Matei L, Dragu D, Nedeianu S, I. Neagu A, Tatic A, Cristodor D, Bleotu C. Programmed Cell Death Deregulation in BCR-ABL1-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
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32
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Morris DL, Kastner DW, Johnson S, Strub MP, He Y, Bleck CKE, Lee DY, Tjandra N. Humanin induces conformational changes in the apoptosis regulator BAX and sequesters it into fibers, preventing mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19055-19065. [PMID: 31690630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial, or intrinsic, apoptosis pathway is regulated mainly by members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein family. BCL-2-associated X apoptosis regulator (BAX) plays a pivotal role in the initiation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis as one of the factors causing mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Of current interest are endogenous BAX ligands that inhibit its MOMP activity. Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a recently identified class of mitochondrial retrograde signaling molecules and are reported to be potent apoptosis inhibitors. Among them, humanin (HN) has been shown to suppress apoptosis by inhibiting BAX translocation to the mitochondrial outer membrane, but the molecular mechanism of this interaction is unknown. Here, using recombinant protein expression, along with light-scattering, CD, and fluorescence spectroscopy, we report that HN and BAX can form fibers together in vitro Results from negative stain EM experiments suggest that BAX undergoes secondary and tertiary structural rearrangements and incorporates into the fibers, and that its membrane-associating C-terminal helix is important for the fibrillation process. Additionally, HN mutations known to alter its anti-apoptotic activity affect fiber morphology. Our findings reveal for the first time a potential mechanism by which BAX can be sequestered by fibril formation, which can prevent it from initiating MOMP and committing the cell to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Morris
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - David W Kastner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Sabrina Johnson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Marie-Paule Strub
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.,Protein Expression Facility, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Yi He
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.,Protein Expression Facility, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Christopher K E Bleck
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core Facility, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
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33
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Huang K, O'Neill KL, Li J, Zhou W, Han N, Pang X, Wu W, Struble L, Borgstahl G, Liu Z, Zhang L, Luo X. BH3-only proteins target BCL-xL/MCL-1, not BAX/BAK, to initiate apoptosis. Cell Res 2019; 29:942-952. [PMID: 31551537 PMCID: PMC6888900 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that mitochondria-dependent apoptosis initiates when select BH3-only proteins (BID, BIM, etc.) directly engage and allosterically activate effector proteins BAX/BAK. Here, through reconstitution of cells lacking all eight pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins, we demonstrate that all BH3-only proteins primarily target the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins BCL-xL/MCL-1, whose simultaneous suppression enables membrane-mediated spontaneous activation of BAX/BAK. BH3-only proteins' apoptotic activities correlate with affinities for BCL-xL/MCL-1 instead of abilities to directly activate BAX/BAK. Further, BID and BIM do not distinguish BAX from BAK or accelerate BAX/BAK activation following inactivation of BCL-xL/MCL-1. Remarkably, death ligand-induced apoptosis in cells lacking BH3-only proteins and MCL-1 is fully restored by BID mutants capable of neutralizing BCL-xL, but not direct activation of BAX/BAK. Taken together, our findings provide a "Membrane-mediated Permissive" model, in which the BH3-only proteins only indirectly activate BAX/BAK by neutralizing the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins, and thus allowing BAX/BAK to undergo unimpeded, spontaneous activation in the mitochondrial outer membrane milieu, leading to apoptosis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Katelyn L O'Neill
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Na Han
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450014, Henan, China
| | - Xiaming Pang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Lucas Struble
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Gloria Borgstahl
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7696, USA.
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34
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The Incomplete Puzzle of the BCL2 Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101176. [PMID: 31569576 PMCID: PMC6830314 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins of the BCL2 family are key players in multiple cellular processes, chief amongst them being the regulation of mitochondrial integrity and apoptotic cell death. These proteins establish an intricate interaction network that expands both the cytosol and the surface of organelles to dictate the cell fate. The complexity and unpredictability of the BCL2 interactome resides in the large number of family members and of interaction surfaces, as well as on their different behaviours in solution and in the membrane. Although our current structural knowledge of the BCL2 proteins has been proven therapeutically relevant, the precise structure of membrane-bound complexes and the regulatory effect that membrane lipids exert over these proteins remain key questions in the field. Here, we discuss the complexity of BCL2 interactome, the new insights, and the black matter in the field.
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35
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Park S, Ko W, Park S, Lee HS, Shin I. Evaluation of the Interaction between Bax and Hsp70 in Cells by Using a FRET System Consisting of a Fluorescent Amino Acid and YFP as a FRET Pair. Chembiochem 2019; 21:59-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong‐Hyun Park
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Wooseok Ko
- Department of ChemistrySogang University Seoul 04107 South Korea
| | - Sang‐Hyun Park
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of ChemistrySogang University Seoul 04107 South Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
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36
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Loss of Bcl-G, a Bcl-2 family member, augments the development of inflammation-associated colorectal cancer. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:742-757. [PMID: 31296963 PMCID: PMC7206067 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal epithelial cells provide a selective barrier that segregates the host immune system from luminal microorganisms, thereby contributing directly to the regulation of homeostasis. We have shown that from early embryonic development Bcl-G, a Bcl-2 protein family member with unknown function, was highly expressed in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. While Bcl-G was dispensable for normal growth and development in mice, the loss of Bcl-G resulted in accelerated progression of colitis-associated cancer. A label-free quantitative proteomics approach revealed that Bcl-G may contribute to the stability of a mucin network, which when disrupted, is linked to colon tumorigenesis. Consistent with this, we observed a significant reduction in Bcl-G expression in human colorectal tumors. Our study identifies an unappreciated role for Bcl-G in colon cancer.
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Lee EF, Harris TJ, Tran S, Evangelista M, Arulananda S, John T, Ramnac C, Hobbs C, Zhu H, Gunasingh G, Segal D, Behren A, Cebon J, Dobrovic A, Mariadason JM, Strasser A, Rohrbeck L, Haass NK, Herold MJ, Fairlie WD. BCL-XL and MCL-1 are the key BCL-2 family proteins in melanoma cell survival. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:342. [PMID: 31019203 PMCID: PMC6482196 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most difficult cancers to treat due to its resistance to chemotherapy. Despite recent successes with BRAF inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, many patients do not respond or become resistant to these drugs. Hence, alternative treatments are still required. Due to the importance of the BCL-2-regulated apoptosis pathway in cancer development and drug resistance, it is of interest to establish which proteins are most important for melanoma cell survival, though the outcomes of previous studies have been conflicting. To conclusively address this question, we tested a panel of established and early passage patient-derived cell lines against several BH3-mimetic drugs designed to target individual or subsets of pro-survival BCL-2 proteins, alone and in combination, in both 2D and 3D cell cultures. None of the drugs demonstrated significant activity as single agents, though combinations targeting MCL-1 plus BCL-XL, and to a lesser extent BCL-2, showed considerable synergistic killing activity that was elicited via both BAX and BAK. Genetic deletion of BFL-1 in cell lines that express it at relatively high levels only had minor impact on BH3-mimetic drug sensitivity, suggesting it is not a critical pro-survival protein in melanoma. Combinations of MCL-1 inhibitors with BRAF inhibitors also caused only minimal additional melanoma cell killing over each drug alone, whilst combinations with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib was more effective in multiple cell lines. Our data show for the first time that therapies targeting specific combinations of BCL-2 pro-survival proteins, namely MCL-1 plus BCL-XL and MCL-1 plus BCL-2, could have significant benefit for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinna F Lee
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia. .,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia. .,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Tiffany J Harris
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Sharon Tran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Marco Evangelista
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Surein Arulananda
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Thomas John
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Celeste Ramnac
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Chloe Hobbs
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Haoran Zhu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Gency Gunasingh
- The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - David Segal
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Leona Rohrbeck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolas K Haass
- The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - W Douglas Fairlie
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia. .,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia. .,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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38
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Wang L, Zhang L, Chow BKC. Secretin Prevents Apoptosis in the Developing Cerebellum Through Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:494-503. [PMID: 30874970 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Secretin (SCT) is involved in a variety of physiological processes and has been implicated in preventing apoptosis during brain development. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effects. The B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, determine the commitment of neurons to apoptosis. In SCT knockout mice, we found reduced transcript levels of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, but not of pro-apoptotic gene Bax, in the developing cerebellum. SCT treatment on ex vivo cultured cerebellar slices triggered a time-dependent increase of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression. This SCT-induced transcriptional regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL was dependent on the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB), which is a key survival factor at the convergence of multiple signaling cascades. We further demonstrated that activation of CREB by SCT was mediated by cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascades. These findings, collectively, provide an uncharacterized signaling cascade for SCT-mediated neuronal survival, in which SCT promotes the key anti-apoptotic elements Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in the intrinsic death pathway through PKA- and ERK-regulated CREB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- GHM Institute for CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong.
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Han J, Wang Y, Cai E, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Sun N, Zheng X, Wang S. Study of the Effects and Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K on Myelosuppression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1402-1408. [PMID: 30629411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is not a ginsenoside that naturally exists in Panax ginseng Meyer. However, CK is a major metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, or Rc in the intestine under the effects of bacteria. In this study, we first investigated the effects of CK on myelosuppression in mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). The respective quantities of white blood cells, blood platelets, and bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNCs) were determined to be 8.54 ± 0.91 (109/L), 850.90 ± 44.11 (109/L), and 1.45 ± 0.22 (109/L) in the CK-H group by detecting peripheral blood cells and BMNCs. CK-H and CK-L both increased the thymus index by up to 0.62 ± 0.06 (mg/g) and 0.52 ± 0.09 (mg/g), respectively, and significantly increased the yields of colony formation units-granulocyte monocyte and colony formation units-megakaryocytic. According to our study, CK could control apoptosis and promote cells to enter the normal cell cycle by the bcl-2/bax signaling pathway and MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Therefore, the BMNCs could proliferate and differentiate normally after entering the normal cell cycle. So the peripheral blood cells could show a trend of returning to normal. The recovery of peripheral blood cells resulting in the level of cytokines tended to normal. This process may be the mechanisms of CK on myelosuppression. This study provides a reference for ginseng in the treatment of myelosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Han
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Changchun Jilin Province , 130118, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Changchun Jilin Province , 130118, China
| | - Enbo Cai
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Changchun Jilin Province , 130118, China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Changchun Jilin Province , 130118, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Changchun Jilin Province , 130118, China
| | - Nian Sun
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Changchun Jilin Province , 130118, China
| | - Xiaoman Zheng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Changchun Jilin Province , 130118, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Changchun Jilin Province , 130118, China
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40
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Abstract
BCL-2 family proteins interact in a network that regulates apoptosis. The BH3 amino acid sequence motif serves to bind together this conglomerate protein family, both literally and figuratively. BH3 motifs are present in antiapoptotic and proapoptotic BCL-2 homologs, and in a separate group of unrelated BH3-only proteins often appended to the BCL-2 family. BH3-containing helices mediate many of their physical interactions to determine cell death versus survival, leading to the development of BH3 mimetics as therapeutics. Here we provide an overview of BCL-2 family interactions, their relevance in health and disease, and the progress toward regulating their interactions therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Huska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather M Lamb
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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41
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Deng J, Feng J, Liu T, Lu X, Wang W, Liu N, Lv Y, Liu Q, Guo C, Zhou Y. Beraprost sodium preconditioning prevents inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice via the P38 and JNK pathways. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:4067-4082. [PMID: 30568428 PMCID: PMC6276616 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s182292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the effects of beraprost sodium (BPS) preconditioning on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and its underlying mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were randomly divided into sham, IR, IR+BPS (50 µg/kg), and IR+BPS (100 µg/kg) groups. Saline or BPS was given to the mice by daily gavage for 1 week before the hepatic IR model was established. Liver tissues and orbital blood were collected at 2, 8, and 24 hours after reperfusion for the determination of liver enzymes, inflammatory mediators, apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins, key proteins in P38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascades, and evaluation of liver histopathology. RESULTS BPS preconditioning effectively reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, improved pathological damage, ameliorated production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and affected expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin-1, and P62. The protective effects of BPS preconditioning were associated with reduced P38 and JNK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION BPS preconditioning ameliorated hepatic IR injury by suppressing inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy, partially via inhibiting activation of the P38 and JNK cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfan Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, ;
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, ;
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, ;
| | - Xiya Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, ;
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, ;
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, ;
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, ;
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, ; ,Correspondence: Chuanyong Guo; Yingqun Zhou, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Number 301, Middle Yanchang Road, Jing’an, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 6630 2535; +86 21 3605 0414, Fax +86 21 6630 3983, Email ;
| | - Yingqun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, ; ,Correspondence: Chuanyong Guo; Yingqun Zhou, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Number 301, Middle Yanchang Road, Jing’an, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 6630 2535; +86 21 3605 0414, Fax +86 21 6630 3983, Email ;
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42
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Lin S, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Shao X, Li Y, Shi S, Tian T, Wei X, Lin Y. Tetrahedral DNA Nanomaterial Regulates the Biological Behaviors of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells via DNA Methylation on Dlg3. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32017-32025. [PMID: 30168311 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a simple and classical three-dimensional shape, tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) can provide robust properties for better stability and can serve as a versatile platform for biosensing and drug delivery. More in-depth, its safety should be assessed by sensitive detection methods. However, the effect of TDNs at the epigenetic level has not received much attention. Here, DNA methylation alteration in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) after exposure to TDNs was comprehensively evaluated. The results from reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, bisulfite-specific polymerase chain reaction, and further gene function analysis revealed that TDNs induced a few differentially methylated regions where negatively correlated gene expressions occur. Moreover, TDNs facilitated ASC proliferation and attenuated apoptosis via DNA hypermethylation of the Dlg3 gene promotor. This study may help pave the way for potential applications with the nanosafety of TDNs and offer deep insights into the proliferation promotion effect and antiapoptosis ability of TDNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou 646000 , P. R. China
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43
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Effect of optimal combination of Huangqi (Radix Astragali Mongolici) and Ezhu (Rhizoma Curcumae Phaeocaulis) on proliferation and apoptosis of A549 lung cancer cells. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(18)30625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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44
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Kourtis A, Adamopoulos PG, Papalois A, Iliopoulos DC, Babis GC, Scorilas A. Quantitative analysis and study of the mRNA expression levels of apoptotic genes BCL2, BAX and BCL2L12 in the articular cartilage of an animal model of osteoarthritis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:243. [PMID: 30069445 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.05.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Given that apoptosis of chondrocytes is one of the most important factors related to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), the recent research interest adds progress not only to the knowledge of the molecular signals that mediate apoptosis but also to find new therapeutic targets. This study attempts to investigate the differential expression of BCL2 family genes in the articular cartilage of an experimental animal model of OA. Methods In total, 26 New Zealand white rabbits underwent an anterior cruciate ligament transaction, 26 more were subjected to a placebo surgery and 18 specimens constituted the control non-operated group. Thirteen weeks later, samples of cartilage from the osteoarthritic and non-osteoarthritic knees were collected and subjected to analysis of the BCL2, BAX and BCL2L12 gene expression at the mRNA level. Results Installed osteoarthritic alterations of varied intensity and of grade 1 up to grade 5, were confirmed according to the OARSI system. Contrary to the physiologically healthy samples, in the osteoarthritic samples the mRNA expression levels of BAX and BCL2L12 genes were found significantly upregulated by signals which can activate apoptosis. However, the difference between BCL2 mRNA expression levels in healthy and osteoarthritic samples was not supported statistically. Conclusions Since apoptosis is the main feature of the cartilage degeneration in OA, the effective inhibition of apoptosis of chondrocytes can provide novel and interesting therapeutic strategies for the treatment of OA. Therefore, BAX and BCL2L12 are highlighted as potential therapeutic targets in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiotis G Adamopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - George C Babis
- Second Orthopaedic Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Konstantopouleio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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45
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Urfali-Mamatoglu C, Kazan HH, Gündüz U. Dual function of programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) in drug resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:129-136. [PMID: 29482058 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, a major challenge in cancer chemotherapy, is a result of several mechanistic alterations including resistance to apoptosis. Apoptosis is a well-controlled cell death mechanism which is regulated by several signaling pathways. Alterations in structure, function, and expression pattern of the proteins involved in the regulation of apoptosis have been linked to drug resistance. Programmed Cell Death 10 (PDCD10) protein is recently associated with the regulation of cell survival and apoptosis. However, the role of PDCD10 in drug resistance has not been clearly established. Here, we aimed to figure out the role of PDCD10 in resistance to anti-cancer agents in different cell lines. We found that PDCD10 expression was cell- and anti-cancer agent-specific; down-regulated in doxorubicin- and docetaxel-resistant MCF7 cells while up-regulated in doxorubicin-resistant HeLa cells. Down-regulation of PDCD10 expression by siRNA in parental MCF7 cells increased the resistance while it increased sensitivity in doxorubicin-resistant HeLa cells. Similarly, over-expression of PDCD10 in parental HeLa cells increased the resistance to doxorubicin while it re-sensitized doxorubicin-resistant MCF7 cells. Moreover, the alterations in PDCD10 expression led to changes in caspase 3/7 activity and the levels of apoptosis-related genes. Our results point out a possible dual role of PDCD10 in drug resistance for the first time in the literature and emphasize PDCD10 as a novel target for reversal of drug resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan Hüseyin Kazan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Gündüz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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46
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Hockings C, Alsop AE, Fennell SC, Lee EF, Fairlie WD, Dewson G, Kluck RM. Mcl-1 and Bcl-x L sequestration of Bak confers differential resistance to BH3-only proteins. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:721-734. [PMID: 29459767 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prosurvival Bcl-2 family proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL inhibit apoptosis by sequestering BH3-only proteins such as Bid and Bim (MODE 1) or the effector proteins Bak and Bax (MODE 2). To better understand the contributions of MODE 1 and MODE 2 in blocking cell death, and thus how to bypass resistance to cell death, we examined prescribed mixtures of Bcl-2 family proteins. In a Bim and Bak mixture, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 each sequestered not only Bim but also Bak as it became activated by Bim. In contrast, in a Bid and Bak mixture, Bcl-xL preferentially sequestered Bid while Mcl-1 preferentially sequestered Bak. Notably, Bcl-xL could sequester Bak in response to the BH3 mimetic ABT-737, despite this molecule targeting Bcl-xL. These findings highlight the importance of Bak sequestration in resistance to anti-cancer treatments, including BH3 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hockings
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Amber E Alsop
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie C Fennell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Erinna F Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - W Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ruth M Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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47
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Shi X, Reimers JR. Understanding non-linear effects from Hill-type dynamics with application to decoding of p53 signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2147. [PMID: 29391550 PMCID: PMC5795017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical equations are derived depicting four possible scenarios resulting from pulsed signaling of a system subject to Hill-type dynamics. Pulsed Hill-type dynamics involves the binding of multiple signal molecules to a receptor and occurs e.g., when transcription factor p53 orchestrates cancer prevention, during calcium signaling, and during circadian rhythms. The scenarios involve: (i) enhancement of high-affinity binders compared to low-affinity ones, (ii) slowing reactions involving high-affinity binders, (iii) transfer of the clocking of low-affinity binders from the signal molecule to the products, and (iv) a unique clocking process that produces incremental increases in the activity of high-affinity binders with each signal pulse. In principle, these mostly non-linear effects could control cellular outcomes. An applications to p53 signaling is developed, with binding to most gene promoters identified as category (iii) responses. However, currently unexplained enhancement of high-affinity promoters such as CDKN1a (p21) by pulsed signaling could be an example of (i). In general, provision for all possible scenarios is required in the design of mathematical models incorporating pulsed Hill-type signaling as some aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Shi
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures and Mathematics Department, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Jeffrey R Reimers
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures and Physics Department, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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48
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BH3 mimetics as anti-fibrotic therapy: Unleashing the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in myofibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:94-105. [PMID: 29408011 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organs and tissues in mammals can undergo self-repair following injury. However, chronic or severe tissue injury leads to the development of dense scar tissue or fibrosis at the expense of regeneration. The identification of novel therapeutic strategies aiming at reversing fibrosis is therefore a major clinical unmet need in regenerative medicine. Persistent activation of scar-forming myofibroblasts distinguishes non-resolving pathological fibrosis from self-limited physiological wound healing. Thus, therapeutic strategies selectively inducing myofibroblast apoptosis could prevent progression and potentially reverse established fibrosis in fibrotic diseases. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that have demonstrated that activated myofibroblasts, traditionally viewed as apoptosis-resistant cells, are actually "primed for death". In this state, mitochondria of activated myofibroblasts are loaded with proapoptotic BH3 proteins, which creates a cellular "addiction" to individual antiapoptotic proteins to block prodeath signaling and ensure survival. This creates a novel therapeutic opportunity to treat organ fibrosis by inducing myofibroblast apoptosis with the so-called BH3 mimetic drugs, which have recently shown potent antifibrotic activities in experimental models. Finally, we discuss the potential use of BH3 profiling as a functional tool to diagnose myofibroblast addiction to individual antiapoptotic proteins, which may serve to guide and assign the most effective BH3 mimetic drug for patients with fibrotic disease.
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Fitzsimmons L, Kelly GL. EBV and Apoptosis: The Viral Master Regulator of Cell Fate? Viruses 2017; 9:E339. [PMID: 29137176 PMCID: PMC5707546 DOI: 10.3390/v9110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered in cells from a patient with Burkitt lymphoma (BL), and is now known to be a contributory factor in 1-2% of all cancers, for which there are as yet, no EBV-targeted therapies available. Like other herpesviruses, EBV adopts a persistent latent infection in vivo and only rarely reactivates into replicative lytic cycle. Although latency is associated with restricted patterns of gene expression, genes are never expressed in isolation; always in groups. Here, we discuss (1) the ways in which the latent genes of EBV are known to modulate cell death, (2) how these mechanisms relate to growth transformation and lymphomagenesis, and (3) how EBV genes cooperate to coordinately regulate key cell death pathways in BL and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Since manipulation of the cell death machinery is critical in EBV pathogenesis, understanding the mechanisms that underpin EBV regulation of apoptosis therefore provides opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Fitzsimmons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Centre for Human Virology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Structural and Functional Insight into Canarypox Virus CNP058 Mediated Regulation of Apoptosis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100305. [PMID: 29053589 PMCID: PMC5691656 DOI: 10.3390/v9100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death or apoptosis is an important component of host defense systems against viral infection. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins family is the main arbiter of mitochondrially mediated apoptosis, and viruses have evolved sequence and structural mimics of Bcl-2 to subvert premature host cell apoptosis in response to viral infection. The sequencing of the canarypox virus genome identified a putative pro-survival Bcl-2 protein, CNP058. However, a role in apoptosis inhibition for CNP058 has not been identified to date. Here, we report that CNP058 is able to bind several host cell pro-death Bcl-2 proteins, including Bak and Bax, as well as several BH3 only-proteins including Bim, Bid, Bmf, Noxa, Puma, and Hrk with high to moderate affinities. We then defined the structural basis for CNP058 binding to pro-death Bcl-2 proteins by determining the crystal structure of CNP058 bound to Bim BH3. CNP058 adopts the conserved Bcl-2 like fold observed in cellular pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins, and utilizes the canonical ligand binding groove to bind Bim BH3. We then demonstrate that CNP058 is a potent inhibitor of ultraviolet (UV) induced apoptosis in a cell culture model. Our findings suggest that CNP058 is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis that is able to bind to BH3 domain peptides from a broad range of pro-death Bcl-2 proteins, and may play a key role in countering premature host apoptosis.
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