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Monsalvo-Maraver LA, Ovalle-Noguez EA, Nava-Osorio J, Maya-López M, Rangel-López E, Túnez I, Tinkov AA, Tizabi Y, Aschner M, Santamaría A. Interactions Between the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System, Nrf2, and the Cannabinoidome as Protective Strategies to Combat Neurodegeneration: Review on Experimental Evidence. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:18. [PMID: 38393521 PMCID: PMC10891226 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are chronic brain diseases that affect humans worldwide. Although many different factors are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders, alterations in several key elements such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, and the endocannabinoid system (ECS or endocannabinoidome) have been implicated in their etiology. Impairment of these elements has been linked to the origin and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, while their potentiation is thought to promote neuronal survival and overall neuroprotection, as proved with several experimental models. These key neuroprotective pathways can interact and indirectly activate each other. In this review, we summarize the neuroprotective potential of the UPS, ECS, and Nrf2 signaling, both separately and combined, pinpointing their role as a potential therapeutic approach against several hallmarks of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Angel Monsalvo-Maraver
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.U. Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Enid A Ovalle-Noguez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.U. Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jade Nava-Osorio
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.U. Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisol Maya-López
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.U. Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Maimonides de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Córdoba, Red Española de Excelencia en Estimulación Cerebral (REDESTIM), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.U. Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Crews ST. Drosophila Embryonic CNS Development: Neurogenesis, Gliogenesis, Cell Fate, and Differentiation. Genetics 2019; 213:1111-1144. [PMID: 31796551 PMCID: PMC6893389 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila embryonic central nervous system (CNS) is a complex organ consisting of ∼15,000 neurons and glia that is generated in ∼1 day of development. For the past 40 years, Drosophila developmental neuroscientists have described each step of CNS development in precise molecular genetic detail. This has led to an understanding of how an intricate nervous system emerges from a single cell. These studies have also provided important, new concepts in developmental biology, and provided an essential model for understanding similar processes in other organisms. In this article, the key genes that guide Drosophila CNS development and how they function is reviewed. Features of CNS development covered in this review are neurogenesis, gliogenesis, cell fate specification, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Crews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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3
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Gcm1 is involved in cell proliferation and fibrosis during kidney regeneration after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7883. [PMID: 31133638 PMCID: PMC6536531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute kidney injury (AKI), the S3 segment of the proximal tubule is particularly damaged, as it is most vulnerable to ischemia. However, this region is also involved in renal tubular regeneration. To deeply understand the mechanism of the repair process after ischemic injury in AKI, we focused on glial cells missing 1 (Gcm1), which is one of the genes expressed in the S3 segment. Gcm1 is essential for the development of the placenta, and Gcm1 knockout (KO) is embryonically lethal. Thus, the function of Gcm1 in the kidney has not been analyzed yet. We analyzed the function of Gcm1 in the kidney by specifically knocking out Gcm1 in the kidney. We created an ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) model to observe the repair process after AKI. We found that Gcm1 expression was transiently increased during the recovery phase of IRI. In Gcm1 conditional KO mice, during the recovery phase of IRI, tubular cell proliferation reduced and transforming growth factor-β1 expression was downregulated resulting in a reduction in fibrosis. In vitro, Gcm1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and upregulated TGF-β1 expression. These findings indicate that Gcm1 is involved in the mechanisms of fibrosis and cell proliferation after ischemic injury of the kidney.
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4
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Yildirim K, Petri J, Kottmeier R, Klämbt C. Drosophila glia: Few cell types and many conserved functions. Glia 2018; 67:5-26. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Yildirim
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Johanna Petri
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
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5
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Foo LC, Song S, Cohen SM. miR-31 mutants reveal continuous glial homeostasis in the adult Drosophila brain. EMBO J 2017; 36:1215-1226. [PMID: 28320737 PMCID: PMC5412881 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of adult neural cell production has concentrated on neurogenesis. The mechanisms controlling adult gliogenesis are still poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence for a homeostatic process that maintains the population of glial cells in the Drosophila adult brain. Flies lacking microRNA miR‐31a start adult life with a normal complement of glia, but transiently lose glia due to apoptosis. miR‐31a expression identifies a subset of predominantly gliogenic adult neural progenitor cells. Failure to limit expression of the predicted E3 ubiquitin ligase, Rchy1, in these cells results in glial loss. After an initial decline in young adults, glial numbers recovered due to compensatory overproduction of new glia by adult progenitor cells, indicating an unexpected plasticity of the Drosophila nervous system. Experimentally induced ablation of glia was also followed by recovery of glia over time. These studies provide evidence for a homeostatic mechanism that maintains the number of glia in the adult fly brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shilin Song
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore City, Singapore
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6
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Xi X, Lu L, Zhuge CC, Chen X, Zhai Y, Cheng J, Mao H, Yang CC, Tan BCM, Lee YN, Chien CT, Ho MS. The hypoparathyroidism-associated mutation in Drosophila Gcm compromises protein stability and glial cell formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39856. [PMID: 28051179 PMCID: PMC5209662 DOI: 10.1038/srep39856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated neurons and glia are acquired from immature precursors via transcriptional controls exerted by factors such as proteins in the family of Glial Cells Missing (Gcm). Mammalian Gcm proteins mediate neural stem cell induction, placenta and parathyroid development, whereas Drosophila Gcm proteins act as a key switch to determine neuronal and glial cell fates and regulate hemocyte development. The present study reports a hypoparathyroidism-associated mutation R59L that alters Drosophila Gcm (Gcm) protein stability, rendering it unstable, and hyperubiquitinated via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). GcmR59L interacts with the Slimb-based SCF complex and Protein Kinase C (PKC), which possibly plays a role in its phosphorylation, hence altering ubiquitination. Additionally, R59L causes reduced Gcm protein levels in a manner independent of the PEST domain signaling protein turnover. GcmR59L proteins bind DNA, functionally activate transcription, and induce glial cells, yet at a less efficient level. Finally, overexpression of either wild-type human Gcmb (hGcmb) or hGcmb carrying the conserved hypoparathyroidism mutation only slightly affects gliogenesis, indicating differential regulatory mechanisms in human and flies. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the significance of this disease-associated mutation in controlling Gcm protein stability via UPS, hence advance our understanding on how glial formation is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xi
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1239 Siping Road, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1239 Siping Road, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chun-Chun Zhuge
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1239 Siping Road, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuebing Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1239 Siping Road, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuanfen Zhai
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1239 Siping Road, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jingjing Cheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1239 Siping Road, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Haian Mao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1239 Siping Road, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chang-Ching Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Bertrand Chin-Ming Tan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Nan Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Margaret S Ho
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1239 Siping Road, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
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7
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Altenhein B, Cattenoz PB, Giangrande A. The early life of a fly glial cell. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Giangrande
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer; IGBMC; Illkirch France
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8
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Cattenoz PB, Giangrande A. New insights in the clockwork mechanism regulating lineage specification: Lessons from the Drosophila nervous system. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:332-41. [PMID: 25399853 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powerful transcription factors called fate determinants induce robust differentiation programs in multipotent cells and trigger lineage specification. These factors guarantee the differentiation of specific tissues/organs/cells at the right place and the right moment to form a fully functional organism. Fate determinants are activated by temporal, positional, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional cues, hence integrating complex and dynamic developmental networks. In turn, they activate specific transcriptional/epigenetic programs that secure novel molecular landscapes. RESULTS In this review, we use the Drosophila Gcm glial determinant as a model to discuss the mechanisms that allow lineage specification in the nervous system. The dynamic regulation of Gcm via interlocked loops has recently emerged as a key event in the establishment of stable identity. Gcm induces gliogenesis while triggering its own extinction, thus preventing the appearance of metastable states and neoplastic processes. CONCLUSIONS Using simple animal models that allow in vivo manipulations provides a key tool to disentangle the complex regulation of cell fate determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre B Cattenoz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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9
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Interlocked loops trigger lineage specification and stable fates in the Drosophila nervous system. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4484. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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10
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Cattenoz PB, Giangrande A. Lineage specification in the fly nervous system and evolutionary implications. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2753-9. [PMID: 23966161 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, it has become clear that glia are multifunctional and plastic cells endowed with key regulatory roles. They control the response to developmental and/or pathological signals, thereby affecting neural proliferation, remodeling, survival, and regeneration. It is, therefore, important to understand the biology of these cells and the molecular mechanisms controlling their development/activity. The fly community has made major breakthroughs by characterizing the bases of gliogenesis and function. Here we describe the regulation and the role of the fly glial determinant. Then, we discuss the impact of the determinant in cell plasticity and differentiation. Finally, we address the conservation of this pathway across evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre B Cattenoz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; IGBMC/CNRS/INSERM/UDS; Strasbourg, France
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11
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Laneve P, Delaporte C, Trebuchet G, Komonyi O, Flici H, Popkova A, D'Agostino G, Taglini F, Kerekes I, Giangrande A. The Gcm/Glide molecular and cellular pathway: new actors and new lineages. Dev Biol 2012; 375:65-78. [PMID: 23276603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, the transcription factor Gcm/Glide plays a key role in cell fate determination and cellular differentiation. In light of its crucial biological impact, major efforts have been put for analyzing its properties as master regulator, from both structural and functional points of view. However, the lack of efficient antibodies specific to the Gcm/Glide protein precluded thorough analyses of its regulation and activity in vivo. In order to relieve such restraints, we designed an epitope-tagging approach to "FLAG"-recognize and analyze the functional protein both in vitro (exogenous Gcm/Glide) and in vivo (endogenous protein). We here (i) reveal a tight interconnection between the small RNA and the Gcm/Glide pathways. AGO1 and miR-1 are Gcm/Glide targets whereas miR-279 negatively controls Gcm/Glide expression (ii) identify a novel cell population, peritracheal cells, expressing and requiring Gcm/Glide. Peritracheal cells are non-neuronal neurosecretory cells that are essential in ecdysis. In addition to emphasizing the importance of following the distribution and the activity of endogenous proteins in vivo, this study provides new insights and a novel frame to understand the Gcm/Glide biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Laneve
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
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12
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Popkova A, Bernardoni R, Diebold C, Van de Bor V, Schuettengruber B, González I, Busturia A, Cavalli G, Giangrande A. Polycomb controls gliogenesis by regulating the transient expression of the Gcm/Glide fate determinant. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003159. [PMID: 23300465 PMCID: PMC3531469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gcm/Glide transcription factor is transiently expressed and required in the Drosophila nervous system. Threshold Gcm/Glide levels control the glial versus neuronal fate choice, and its perdurance triggers excessive gliogenesis, showing that its tight and dynamic regulation ensures the proper balance between neurons and glia. Here, we present a genetic screen for potential gcm/glide interactors and identify genes encoding chromatin factors of the Trithorax and of the Polycomb groups. These proteins maintain the heritable epigenetic state, among others, of HOX genes throughout development, but their regulatory role on transiently expressed genes remains elusive. Here we show that Polycomb negatively affects Gcm/Glide autoregulation, a positive feedback loop that allows timely accumulation of Gcm/Glide threshold levels. Such temporal fine-tuning of gene expression tightly controls gliogenesis. This work performed at the levels of individual cells reveals an undescribed mode of Polycomb action in the modulation of transiently expressed fate determinants and hence in the acquisition of specific cell identity in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Popkova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, Illkirch, France
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13
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Mao H, Lv Z, Ho MS. Gcm proteins function in the developing nervous system. Dev Biol 2012; 370:63-70. [PMID: 22842100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental issue during nervous system development is how individual cells are formed from the undefined precursors. Differentiated neurons and glia, two major cell types mediating neuronal function, are acquired from immature precursors via a series of explicit controls exerted by transcription factors such as proteins in the family of Glial cells missing (Gcm). In mammals, Gcm proteins are involved in placenta and parathyroid gland development, whereas in the invertebrate organism Drosophila, Gcm proteins act as fate determinants for glial cell fate, regulate neural stem cell (NSC) induction and conversion, and promote glial proliferation. In particular, Gcm protein levels are carefully tuned for Drosophila gliogenesis and their stability is under precise control via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here we summarize recent advances on Gcm proteins function. In addition to describe various features of Gcm protein family, the significance of their functions in the developing nervous system is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haian Mao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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14
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Wu JT, Lin WH, Chen WY, Huang YC, Tang CY, Ho MS, Pi H, Chien CT. CSN-mediated deneddylation differentially modulates Ci(155) proteolysis to promote Hedgehog signalling responses. Nat Commun 2011; 2:182. [PMID: 21304511 PMCID: PMC3105314 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) morphogen directs distinct cell responses according to its distinct signalling levels. Hh signalling stabilizes transcription factor cubitus interruptus (Ci) by prohibiting SCFSlimb-dependent ubiquitylation and proteolysis of Ci. How graded Hh signalling confers differential SCFSlimb-mediated Ci proteolysis in responding cells remains unclear. Here, we show that in COP9 signalosome (CSN) mutants, in which deneddylation of SCFSlimb is inactivated, Ci is destabilized in low-to-intermediate Hh signalling cells. As a consequence, expression of the low-threshold Hh target gene dpp is disrupted, highlighting the critical role of CSN deneddylation on low-to-intermediate Hh signalling response. The status of Ci phosphorylation and the level of E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme are tightly coupled to this CSN regulation. We propose that the affinity of substrate–E3 interaction, ligase activity and E1 activity are three major determinants for substrate ubiquitylation and thereby substrate degradation in vivo. Hedgehog signalling gradients are required for proper wing formation in Drosophila, and Hedgehog is known to regulate the cubitus interruptus transcription factor. Here, the authors show that the COP9 signalosome has a critical role in translating a Hedgehog gradient into a cubitus interruptus gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Tai Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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15
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Schmidt I, Franzdóttir SR, Edenfeld G, Rodrigues F, Zierau A, Klämbt C. Transcriptional regulation of peripheral glial cell differentiation in the embryonic nervous system of drosophila. Glia 2011; 59:1264-72. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Nicholson SC, Nicolay BN, Frolov MV, Moberg KH. Notch-dependent expression of the archipelago ubiquitin ligase subunit in the Drosophila eye. Development 2010; 138:251-60. [PMID: 21148181 DOI: 10.1242/dev.054429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
archipelago (ago)/Fbw7 encodes a conserved protein that functions as the substrate-receptor component of a polyubiquitin ligase that suppresses tissue growth in flies and tumorigenesis in vertebrates. Ago/Fbw7 targets multiple proteins for degradation, including the G1-S regulator Cyclin E and the oncoprotein dMyc/c-Myc. Despite prominent roles in growth control, little is known about the signals that regulate Ago/Fbw7 abundance in developing tissues. Here we use the Drosophila eye as a model to identify developmental signals that regulate ago expression. We find that expression of ago mRNA and protein is induced by passage of the morphogenetic furrow (MF) and identify the hedgehog (hh) and Notch (N) pathways as elements of this inductive mechanism. Cells mutant for N pathway components, or hh-defective cells that express reduced levels of the Notch ligand Delta, fail to upregulate ago transcription in the region of the MF; reciprocally, ectopic N activation in eye discs induces expression of ago mRNA. A fragment of the ago promoter that contains consensus binding sites for the N pathway transcription factor Su(H) is bound by Su(H) and confers N-inducibility in cultured cells. The failure to upregulate ago in N pathway mutant cells correlates with accumulation of the SCF-Ago target Cyclin E in the area of the MF, and this is rescued by re-expression of ago. These data suggest a model in which N acts through ago to restrict levels of the pro-mitotic factor Cyclin E. This N-Ago-Cyclin E link represents a significant new cell cycle regulatory mechanism in the developing eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Nicholson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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