1
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DeNicola GM, Shackelford DB. Metabolic Phenotypes, Dependencies, and Adaptation in Lung Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a037838. [PMID: 34127512 PMCID: PMC8559540 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is subdivided into histopathological subtypes with distinct behaviors. Each subtype is characterized by distinct features and molecular alterations that influence tumor metabolism. Alterations in tumor metabolism can be exploited by imaging modalities that use metabolite tracers for the detection and characterization of tumors. Microenvironmental factors, including nutrient and oxygen availability and the presence of stromal cells, are a critical influence on tumor metabolism. Recent technological advances facilitate the direct evaluation of metabolic alterations in patient tumors in this complex microenvironment. In addition, molecular alterations directly influence tumor cell metabolism and metabolic dependencies that influence response to therapy. Current therapeutic approaches to target tumor metabolism are currently being developed and translated into the clinic for patient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - David B Shackelford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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2
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Russell J, Grkovski M, O'Donoghue IJ, Kalidindi TM, Pillarsetty N, Burnazi EM, Kulick A, Bahr A, Chang Q, LeKaye HC, de Stanchina E, Yu KH, Humm JL. Predicting Gemcitabine Delivery by 18F-FAC PET in Murine Models of Pancreatic Cancer. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:195-200. [PMID: 32646874 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.246926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
18F-FAC (2'-deoxy-2'-18F-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine) has close structural similarity to gemcitabine and thus offers the potential to image drug delivery to tumors. We compared tumor 18F-FAC PET images with 14C-gemcitabine levels, established ex vivo, in 3 mouse models of pancreatic cancer. We further modified tumor gemcitabine levels with injectable PEGylated recombinant human hyaluronidase (PEGPH20) to test whether changes in gemcitabine would be tracked by 18F-FAC. Methods: 18F-FAC was synthesized as described previously. Three patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were grown in the flanks of NSG mice. Mice were given PEGPH20 or vehicle intravenously 24 h before coinjection of 18F-FAC and 14C-gemcitabine. Animals were euthanized and imaged 1 h after tracer administration. Tumor and muscle uptake of both 18F-FAC and 14C-gemcitabine was obtained ex vivo. The efficacy of PEPGPH20 was validated through staining with hyaluronic acid binding protein. Additionally, an organoid culture, initiated from a KPC (Pdx-1 Cre LSL-KrasG12D LSL-p53R172H) tumor, was used to generate orthotopically growing tumors in C57BL/6J mice, and these tumors were then serially transplanted. Animals were injected with PEGPH20 and 14C-gemcitabine as described above to validate increased drug uptake by ex vivo assay. PET/MR images were obtained using a PET insert on a 7-T MR scanner. Animals were imaged immediately before injection with PEGPH20 and again 24 h later. Results: Tumor-to-muscle ratios of 14C-gemcitabine and 18F-FAC correlated well across all PDX models and treatments (R 2 = 0.78). There was a significant increase in the tumor PET signal in PEGPH20-treated PDX animals, and this signal was matched in ex vivo counts for 2 of 3 models. In KPC-derived tumors, PEGPH20 raised 14C-gemcitabine levels (tumor-to-muscle ratio of 1.9 vs. 2.4, control vs. treated, P = 0.013). PET/MR 18F-FAC images showed a 12% increase in tumor 18F-FAC uptake after PEGPH20 treatment (P = 0.023). PEGPH20-treated animals uniformly displayed clear reductions in hyaluronic acid staining. Conclusion: 18F-FAC PET was shown to be a good surrogate for gemcitabine uptake and, when combined with MR, to successfully determine drug uptake in tumors growing in the pancreas. PEGPH20 had moderate effects on tumor uptake of gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Russell
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Milan Grkovski
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Isabella J O'Donoghue
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Teja M Kalidindi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Eva M Burnazi
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probe Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Amanda Kulick
- Anti-Tumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Amber Bahr
- Anti-Tumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Qing Chang
- Anti-Tumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - H Carl LeKaye
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Anti-Tumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Kenneth H Yu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John L Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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3
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Menzel F, Klein T, Ziegler T, Neumaier JM. 3D-printed PEEK reactors and development of a complete continuous flow system for chemical synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of milli- and microfluidic reactors made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and 3D-printed equipment for a complete continuous flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Ziegler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Jochen M. Neumaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
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4
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Han Z, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Chen C, van Zijl PC, Liu G. Molecular Imaging of Deoxycytidine Kinase Activity Using Deoxycytidine-Enhanced CEST MRI. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2775-2783. [PMID: 30940660 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) is a key enzyme for the activation of a broad spectrum of nucleoside-based chemotherapy drugs (e.g., gemcitabine); low DCK activity is one of the most important causes of cancer drug-resistance. Noninvasive imaging methods that can quantify DCK activity are invaluable for assessing tumor resistance and predicting treatment efficacy. Here we developed a "natural" MRI approach to detect DCK activity using its natural substrate deoxycytidine (dC) as the imaging probe, which can be detected directly by chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI without any synthetic labeling. CEST MRI contrast of dC and its phosphorylated form, dCTP, successfully discriminated DCK activity in two mouse leukemia cell lines with different DCK expression. This dC-enhanced CEST MRI in xenograft leukemic cancer mouse models demonstrated that DCK(+) tumors have a distinctive dynamic CEST contrast enhancement and a significantly higher CEST contrast than DCK(-) tumors (AUC0-60 min = 0.47 ± 0.25 and 0.20 ± 0.13, respectively; P = 0.026, paired Student t test, n = 4) at 1 hour after the injection of dC. dC-enhanced CEST contrast also correlated well with tumor responses to gemcitabine treatment. This study demonstrates a novel MR molecular imaging approach for predicting cancer resistance using natural, nonradioactive, nonmetallic, and clinically available agents. This method has great potential for pursuing personalized chemotherapy by stratifying patients with different DCK activity. SIGNIFICANCE: A new molecular MRI method that detects deoxycytidine kinase activity using its natural substrate deoxycytidine has great translational potential for clinical assessment of tumor resistance and prediction of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Han
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Radiology College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Chuheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter C van Zijl
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guanshu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
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5
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Cornelissen B, Knight JC, Mukherjee S, Evangelista L, Xavier C, Caobelli F, Del Vecchio S, Rbah-Vidal L, Barbet J, de Jong M, van Leeuwen FWB. Translational molecular imaging in exocrine pancreatic cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:2442-2455. [PMID: 30225616 PMCID: PMC6208802 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment for pancreatic cancer remains challenging, particularly the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which makes up more than 95% of all pancreatic cancers. Late diagnosis and failure of chemotherapy and radiotherapy are all too common, and many patients die soon after diagnosis. Here, we make the case for the increased use of molecular imaging in PDAC preclinical research and in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Cornelissen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - James C Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Federico Caobelli
- Department of Radiology, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Latifa Rbah-Vidal
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Barbet
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Pulido J, de Cabrera M, Sobczak AJ, Amor-Coarasa A, McGoron AJ, Wnuk SF. 4-N-Alkanoyl and 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues with NOTA chelators for 68-gallium labelling. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5624-5630. [PMID: 30342865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of 4-N-(3-aminopropanyl)-2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine with 2-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (SCN-Bn-NOTA) ligand in 0.1 M Na2CO3 buffer (pH 11) at ambient temperature provided 4-N-alkylgemcitabine-NOTA chelator. Incubation of latter with excess of gallium(III) chloride (GaCl3) (0.6 N AcONa/H2O, pH = 9.3) over 15 min gave gallium 4-N-alkylgemcitabine-NOTA complex which was characterized by HRMS. Analogous [68Ga]-complexation of 4-N-alkylgemcitabine-NOTA conjugate proceeded with high labeling efficiency (94%-96%) with the radioligand almost exclusively found in the aqueous layer (∼95%). The high polarity of the gallium 4-N-alkylgemctiabine-NOTA complex resulted in rapid renal clearance of the 68Ga-labelled radioligand in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Pulido
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Maria de Cabrera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Adam J Sobczak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Alejandro Amor-Coarasa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Anthony J McGoron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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7
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Russell J, Pillarsetty N, Kramer RM, Romesser PB, Desai P, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Lowery MA, Humm JL. In Vitro and In Vivo Comparison of Gemcitabine and the Gemcitabine Analog 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinofuranosyl) Cytosine (FAC) in Human Orthotopic and Genetically Modified Mouse Pancreatic Cancer Models. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:885-892. [PMID: 28349292 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although gemcitabine is a mainstay of pancreatic cancer therapy, it is only moderately effective, and it would be desirable to measure drug uptake in patients. 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinofuranosyl) cytosine (FAC), is an analog of gemcitabine, and when labeled with F-18, it may be a potential surrogate PET tracer for the drug. PROCEDURES [18F]FAC was synthesized to a radiochemical purity of >96 %. The human tumor lines AsPC1, BxPC3, Capan-1, Panc1, and MiaPaca2 were grown orthotopically in nude mice. KPC mice that conditionally express oncogenic K-ras and p53 mutations in pancreatic tissue were also used. The intra-tumoral distributions of [14C]gemcitabine and [18F]FAC were mapped with autoradiography. The inter-tumor correlation between [14C]gemcitabine and [18F]FAC was established in the orthotopic tumors. Expression of the equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters (ENT, CNT) in vitro was detected by western blotting. Drug uptake was characterized in vitro using [3H]gemcitabine and the effect of transporter inhibition on gemcitabine and FAC uptake was investigated. The relative affinity of cells for gemcitabine and FAC was tested in competition assays. The cell lines differed in sensitivity to transport inhibitors and in competition studies. There was a good in vivo correlation between the total uptake of [18F]FAC and [14C]gemcitabine, measured across all orthotopic tumors. Using the KPC and BxPC3 models, we found that [14C]gemcitabine and [18F]FAC were largely co-localized. CONCLUSIONS In the lines examined here, [18F]FAC uptake correlates well with gemcitabine in vivo, supporting the notion that [18F]FAC can serve as a PET radiotracer surrogate to determine the uptake and distribution of gemcitabine within pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Russell
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Robin M Kramer
- Research Animal Resource Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul B Romesser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Desai
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Maeve A Lowery
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John L Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Gonzalez C, de Cabrera M, Wnuk SF. Gemcitabine analogues with 4-N-alkyl chain modified with fluoromethyl ketone group. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:248-260. [PMID: 29750577 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1465186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine analogues with a lipophilic 4-N-alkyl chain bearing a terminal β-keto sulfonate moiety suitable for fluorination compatible with 18F-radiolabeling have been explored. Displacement of p-toluenesulfonylamino in protected 4-N-tosylgemcitabine with 1-amino-10-undecene gave 4-N-(10-undecenyl)-3',5'-di-O-benzoyl-2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine. Oxidation of the terminal double bond in the latter with OsO4/NMO afforded 4-N-(10,11-dihydroxyundecanyl) derivative. Regioselective sulfonation of primary hydroxyl followed by oxidation of secondary hydroxyl with Collin's reagent yielded desired β-keto sulfonate analogues 8 or 9. Subsequent displacement of the mesylate or tosylate group with KF in the presence of Kryptofix 2.2.2. or 18-crown-6 ether followed by deprotection with NH3/MeOH gave 4-N-(11-fluoro-10-oxoundecanyl)-2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Gonzalez
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida , United States
| | | | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida , United States
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9
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Gangangari KK, Humm JL, Larson SM, Pillarsetty NVK. TMSOTf assisted synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-[18F]fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine ([18F]FAC). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196784. [PMID: 29715301 PMCID: PMC5929562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
[18F]FAC (2’-deoxy-2’-[18F]fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, 1) is a versatile probe for imaging deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) expression levels in vivo. dCK is responsible for phosphorylation of deoxycytidine (dC, 2) and other nucleoside analogs, plays a key role in immune activation and has demonstrated to be one of the key enzymes in activating nucleoside based drugs including gemcitabine. Reported synthesis of [18F]FAC is high yielding but is quite challenging requiring bromination using HBr and careful drying of excess HBr which is critical for successful synthesis. Here in we report a simplified trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) assisted synthesis of [18F]FAC eliminating the need of bromination and drying. [18F]FAC (β-anomer) was synthesized with average isolated decay corrected yield of 10.59 + 4.2% (n = 6) with radiochemical purity of >98% and total synthesis time of 158 + 19 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore K. Gangangari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - John L. Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Larson
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Naga Vara Kishore Pillarsetty
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Meng H, Nel AE. Use of nano engineered approaches to overcome the stromal barrier in pancreatic cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 130:50-57. [PMID: 29958925 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While chemotherapy is the only approved non-surgical option for the majority of pancreatic cancer patients, it rarely results in a cure. The failure to respond to chemotherapy is due to the presence of an abundant dysplastic stroma that interferes in drug delivery and as a result of drug resistance. It is appropriate, therefore, to consider the stromal contribution to the resistance to chemotherapy and sidestepping this barrier with nanocarriers that improve survival outcome. In this paper, we provide a short overview of the role of the stroma in chemotherapy resistance, including the use of nanocarriers to negate this barrier. We provide a perspective and guidance towards the implementation of nanotherapeutic approaches to improve therapeutic delivery and efficacy of PDAC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Meng
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America.
| | - Andre E Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America.
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11
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Gonzalez C, Sanchez A, Collins J, Lisova K, Lee JT, Michael van Dam R, Alejandro Barbieri M, Ramachandran C, Wnuk SF. The 4-N-acyl and 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues with silicon-fluoride-acceptor: Application to 18F-Radiolabeling. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:314-324. [PMID: 29471120 PMCID: PMC5841594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of gemcitabine with functionalized carboxylic acids using peptide coupling conditions afforded 4-N-alkanoyl analogues with a terminal alkyne or azido moiety. Reaction of 4-N-tosylgemcitabine with azidoalkyl amine provided 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine with a terminal azido group. Click reaction with silane building blocks afforded 4-N-alkanoyl or 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues suitable for fluorination. RP-HPLC analysis indicated better chemical stability of 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues versus 4-N-alkanoyl analogues in acidic aqueous conditions. The 4-N-alkanoyl gemcitabine analogues showed potent cytostatic activity against L1210 cell line, but cytotoxicity of the 4-N-alkylgemcitabine analogues was low. However, 4-N-alkanoyl and 4-N-alkyl analogues had comparable antiproliferative activities in the HEK293 cells. The 4-N-alkyl analogue with a terminal azide group was shown to be localized inside HEK293 cells by fluorescence microscopy after labelling with Fluor 488-alkyne. The [18F]4-N-alkyl or alkanoyl silane gemcitabine analogues were successfully synthesized using microscale and conventional silane-labeling radiochemical protocols. Preliminary positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging in mice showed the biodistribution of [18F]4-N-alkyl to have initial concentration in the liver, kidneys and GI tract followed by increasing signal in the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Andersson Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | - Jeffrey Collins
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Ksenia Lisova
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Jason T Lee
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Physics & Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - M Alejandro Barbieri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States
| | | | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States.
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12
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Momcilovic M, Shackelford DB. Imaging Cancer Metabolism. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:81-92. [PMID: 29212309 PMCID: PMC5746040 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that altered metabolism contributes to cancer growth and has been described as a hallmark of cancer. Our view and understanding of cancer metabolism has expanded at a rapid pace, however, there remains a need to study metabolic dependencies of human cancer in vivo. Recent studies have sought to utilize multi-modality imaging (MMI) techniques in order to build a more detailed and comprehensive understanding of cancer metabolism. MMI combines several in vivo techniques that can provide complementary information related to cancer metabolism. We describe several non-invasive imaging techniques that provide both anatomical and functional information related to tumor metabolism. These imaging modalities include: positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) that uses hyperpolarized probes and optical imaging utilizing bioluminescence and quantification of light emitted. We describe how these imaging modalities can be combined with mass spectrometry and quantitative immunochemistry to obtain more complete picture of cancer metabolism. In vivo studies of tumor metabolism are emerging in the field and represent an important component to our understanding of how metabolism shapes and defines cancer initiation, progression and response to treatment. In this review we describe in vivo based studies of cancer metabolism that have taken advantage of MMI in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. MMI promises to advance our understanding of cancer metabolism in both basic research and clinical settings with the ultimate goal of improving detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Momcilovic
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David B Shackelford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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13
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Detection of immune responses after immunotherapy in glioblastoma using PET and MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10220-10225. [PMID: 28874539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706689114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced MRI is typically used to follow treatment response and progression in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). However, differentiating tumor progression from pseudoprogression remains a clinical dilemma largely unmitigated by current advances in imaging techniques. Noninvasive imaging techniques capable of distinguishing these two conditions could play an important role in the clinical management of patients with GBM and other brain malignancies. We hypothesized that PET probes for deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) could be used to differentiate immune inflammatory responses from other sources of contrast-enhancement on MRI. Orthotopic malignant gliomas were established in syngeneic immunocompetent mice and then treated with dendritic cell (DC) vaccination and/or PD-1 mAb blockade. Mice were then imaged with [18F]-FAC PET/CT and MRI with i.v. contrast. The ratio of contrast enhancement on MRI to normalized PET probe uptake, which we term the immunotherapeutic response index, delineated specific regions of immune inflammatory activity. On postmortem examination, FACS-based enumeration of intracranial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes directly correlated with quantitative [18F]-FAC PET probe uptake. Three patients with GBM undergoing treatment with tumor lysate-pulsed DC vaccination and PD-1 mAb blockade were also imaged before and after therapy using MRI and a clinical PET probe for dCK. Unlike in mice, [18F]-FAC is rapidly catabolized in humans; thus, we used another dCK PET probe, [18F]-clofarabine ([18F]-CFA), that may be more clinically relevant. Enhanced [18F]-CFA PET probe accumulation was identified in tumor and secondary lymphoid organs after immunotherapy. Our findings identify a noninvasive modality capable of imaging the host antitumor immune response against intracranial tumors.
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Clark PM, Ebiana VA, Gosa L, Cloughesy TF, Nathanson DA. Harnessing Preclinical Molecular Imaging to Inform Advances in Personalized Cancer Medicine. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:689-696. [PMID: 28385796 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.181693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive molecular analysis of individual tumors provides great potential for personalized cancer therapy. However, the presence of a particular genetic alteration is often insufficient to predict therapeutic efficacy. Drugs with distinct mechanisms of action can affect the biology of tumors in specific and unique ways. Therefore, assays that can measure drug-induced perturbations of defined functional tumor properties can be highly complementary to genomic analysis. PET provides the capacity to noninvasively measure the dynamics of various tumor biologic processes in vivo. Here, we review the underlying biochemical and biologic basis for a variety of PET tracers and how they may be used to better optimize cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Clark
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Victoria A Ebiana
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Laura Gosa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Knezevic CE, Wright G, Rix LLR, Kim W, Kuenzi BM, Luo Y, Watters JM, Koomen JM, Haura EB, Monteiro AN, Radu C, Lawrence HR, Rix U. Proteome-wide Profiling of Clinical PARP Inhibitors Reveals Compound-Specific Secondary Targets. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1490-1503. [PMID: 27866910 PMCID: PMC5182133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) are a promising class of targeted cancer drugs, but their individual target profiles beyond the PARP family, which could result in differential clinical use or toxicity, are unknown. Using an unbiased, mass spectrometry-based chemical proteomics approach, we generated a comparative proteome-wide target map of the four clinical PARPi, olaparib, veliparib, niraparib, and rucaparib. PARPi as a class displayed high target selectivity. However, in addition to the canonical targets PARP1, PARP2, and several of their binding partners, we also identified hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) and deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) as previously unrecognized targets of rucaparib and niraparib, respectively. Subsequent functional validation suggested that inhibition of DCK by niraparib could have detrimental effects when combined with nucleoside analog pro-drugs. H6PD silencing can cause apoptosis and further sensitize cells to PARPi, suggesting that H6PD may be, in addition to its established role in metabolic disorders, a new anticancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Knezevic
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gabriela Wright
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lily L Remsing Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brent M Kuenzi
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yunting Luo
- Chemical Biology Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - January M Watters
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alvaro N Monteiro
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Caius Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harshani R Lawrence
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Chemical Biology Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Kobashi N, Matsumoto H, Zhao S, Meike S, Okumura Y, Abe T, Akizawa H, Ohkura K, Nishijima KI, Tamaki N, Kuge Y. The Thymidine Phosphorylase Imaging Agent 123I-IIMU Predicts the Efficacy of Capecitabine. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1276-81. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.165811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful noninvasive imaging technique able to measure distinct biological processes in vivo by administration of a radiolabeled probe. Whole-body measurements track the probe accumulation providing a means to measure biological changes such as metabolism, cell location, or tumor burden. PET can also be applied to both preclinical and clinical studies providing three-dimensional information. For immunotherapies (in particular understanding T cell responses), PET can be utilized for spatial and longitudinal tracking of T lymphocytes. Although PET has been utilized clinically for over 30 years, the recent development of additional PET radiotracers have dramatically expanded the use of PET to detect endogenous or adoptively transferred T cells in vivo. Novel probes have identified changes in T cell quantity, location, and function. This has enabled investigators to track T cells outside of the circulation and in hematopoietic organs such as spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, or within tumors. In this review, we cover advances in PET detection of the antitumor T cell response and areas of focus for future studies.
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[18F]CFA as a clinically translatable probe for PET imaging of deoxycytidine kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4027-32. [PMID: 27035974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524212113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), a rate-limiting enzyme in the cytosolic deoxyribonucleoside (dN) salvage pathway, is an important therapeutic and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging target in cancer. PET probes for dCK have been developed and are effective in mice but have suboptimal specificity and sensitivity in humans. To identify a more suitable probe for clinical dCK PET imaging, we compared the selectivity of two candidate compounds-[(18)F]Clofarabine; 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-9-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-adenine ([(18)F]CFA) and 2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-9-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-guanine ([(18)F]F-AraG)-for dCK and deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK), a dCK-related mitochondrial enzyme. We demonstrate that, in the tracer concentration range used for PET imaging, [(18)F]CFA is primarily a substrate for dCK, with minimal cross-reactivity. In contrast, [(18)F]F-AraG is a better substrate for dGK than for dCK. [(18)F]CFA accumulation in leukemia cells correlated with dCK expression and was abrogated by treatment with a dCK inhibitor. Although [(18)F]CFA uptake was reduced by deoxycytidine (dC) competition, this inhibition required high dC concentrations present in murine, but not human, plasma. Expression of cytidine deaminase, a dC-catabolizing enzyme, in leukemia cells both in cell culture and in mice reduced the competition between dC and [(18)F]CFA, leading to increased dCK-dependent probe accumulation. First-in-human, to our knowledge, [(18)F]CFA PET/CT studies showed probe accumulation in tissues with high dCK expression: e.g., hematopoietic bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs. The selectivity of [(18)F]CFA for dCK and its favorable biodistribution in humans justify further studies to validate [(18)F]CFA PET as a new cancer biomarker for treatment stratification and monitoring.
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Knight JC, Topping C, Mosley M, Kersemans V, Falzone N, Fernández-Varea JM, Cornelissen B. PET imaging of DNA damage using (89)Zr-labelled anti-γH2AX-TAT immunoconjugates. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42:1707-1717. [PMID: 26031435 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of most anticancer treatments, including radiotherapy, depends on an ability to cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Very early during the DNA damage signalling process, the histone isoform H2AX is phosphorylated to form γH2AX. With the aim of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of DSBs, we synthesized a (89)Zr-labelled anti-γH2AX antibody, modified with the cell-penetrating peptide, TAT, which includes a nuclear localization sequence. METHODS (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was synthesized using EDC/NHS chemistry for TAT peptide linkage. Desferrioxamine conjugation allowed labelling with (89)Zr. Uptake and retention of (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was evaluated in the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-468 in vitro or as xenografts in athymic mice. External beam irradiation was used to induce DSBs and expression of γH2AX. Since (89)Zr emits ionizing radiation, detailed radiobiological measurements were included to ensure (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT itself does not cause any additional DSBs. RESULTS Uptake of (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was similar to previous results using (111)In-anti-γH2AX-TAT. Retention of (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was eightfold higher at 1 h post irradiation, in cells expressing γH2AX, compared to non-irradiated cells or to non-specific IgG control. PET imaging of mice showed higher uptake of (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT in irradiated xenografts, compared to non-irradiated or non-specific controls (12.1 ± 1.6 vs 5.2 ± 1.9 and 5.1 ± 0.8%ID/g, respectively; p < 0.0001). The mean absorbed dose to the nucleus of cells taking up (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was twofold lower compared to (111)In-anti-γH2AX-TAT. Additional exposure of neither irradiated nor non-irradiated cells nor tissues to (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT resulted in any significant changes in the number of observable DNA DSBs, γH2AX foci or clonogenic survival. CONCLUSION (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT allows PET imaging of DNA DSBs in a tumour xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Caitríona Topping
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Michael Mosley
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Veerle Kersemans
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Nadia Falzone
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Bart Cornelissen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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20
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Bertolini R, Goepfert C, Andrieu T, Nichols S, Walter MA, Frey FJ, McCammon JA, Frey BM. 18F-RB390: innovative ligand for imaging the T877A androgen receptor mutant in prostate cancer via positron emission tomography (PET). Prostate 2015; 75:348-59. [PMID: 25358634 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting prostate cancer before spreading or predicting a favorable therapy are challenging issues for impacting patient's survival. Presently, 2-[(18) F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18) F-FDG) and/or (18) F-fluorocholine ((18) F-FCH) are the generally used PET-tracers in oncology yet do not emphasize the T877A androgen receptor (AR) mutation being exclusively present in cancerous tissue and escaping androgen deprivation treatment. METHODS We designed and synthesized fluorinated 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) derivatives to target T877A-AR. We performed binding assays to select suitable candidates using COS-7 cells transfected with wild-type or T877A AR (WT-AR, T877A-AR) expressing plasmids and investigated cellular uptake of candidate (18) F-RB390. Stability, biodistribution analyses and PET-Imaging were assessed by injecting (18) F-RB390 (10MBq), with and without co-injection of an excess of unlabeled DHT in C4-2 and PC-3 tumor bearing male SCID mice (n = 12). RESULTS RB390 presented a higher relative binding affinity (RBA) (28.1%, IC50 = 32 nM) for T877A-AR than for WT-AR (1.7%, IC50 = 357 nM) related to DHT (RBA = 100%). A small fraction of (18) F-RB390 was metabolized when incubated with murine liver homogenate or human blood for 3 hr. The metabolite of RB390, 3-hydroxysteroid RB448, presented similar binding characteristics as RB390. (18) F-RB390 but not (18) F-FDG or (18) F-FCH accumulated 2.5× more in COS-7 cells transfected with pSG5AR-T877A than with control plasmid. Accumulation was reduced with an excess of DHT. PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies revealed a significantly higher uptake of (18) F-RB390 in T877A mutation positive xenografts compared to PC-3 control tumors. This effect was blunted with DHT. CONCLUSION Given the differential binding capacity and the favorable radioactivity pattern, (18) F-RB390 represents the portrayal of the first imaging ligand with predictive potential for mutant T877A-AR in prostate cancer for guiding therapy. Prostate 75:348-359, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Bertolini
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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21
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Meyer JP, Probst KC, Trist IML, McGuigan C, Westwell AD. A novel radiochemical approach to 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-[(18) F]fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine ((18) F-FAC). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:637-44. [PMID: 25257474 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
(18) F-FAC (1-(2'-deoxy-2'-[(18) F]fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-cytosine) is an important 2'-fluoro-nucleoside-based positron emission tomography (PET) tracer that has been used for in vivo prediction of response to the widely used cancer chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. Previously reported synthetic routes to (18) F-FAC have relied on early introduction of the (18) F radiolabel prior to attachment to protected cytosine base. Considering the (18) F radiochemical half-life (110 min) and the technical challenges of multi-step syntheses on PET radiochemistry modular systems, late-stage radiofluorination is preferred for reproducible and reliable radiosynthesis with in vivo applications. Herein, we report the first late-stage radiosynthesis of (18) F-FAC. Cytidine derivatives with leaving groups at the 2'-position are particularly prone to undergo anhydro side-product formation upon heating because of their electron density at the 2-carbonyl pyrimidone oxygen. Our rationally developed fluorination precursor showed an improved reactivity-to-stability ratio at elevated temperatures. (18) F-FAC was obtained in radiochemical yields of 4.3-5.5% (n = 8, decay-corrected from end of bombardment), with purities ≥98% and specific activities ≥63 GBq/µmol. The synthesis time was 168 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philip Meyer
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK; Wales Research & Diagnostic PET Imaging Centre (PETIC), Institute for Translation, Innovation, Methodology & Engagement (TIME), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
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22
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Bunimovich YL, Nair-Gill E, Riedinger M, McCracken MN, Cheng D, McLaughlin J, Radu CG, Witte ON. Deoxycytidine kinase augments ATM-Mediated DNA repair and contributes to radiation resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104125. [PMID: 25101980 PMCID: PMC4125169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and adequate generation of deoxyribonucleotides is critical to successful DNA repair. We show that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) integrates the DNA damage response with DNA metabolism by regulating the salvage of deoxyribonucleosides. Specifically, ATM phosphorylates and activates deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) at serine 74 in response to ionizing radiation (IR). Activation of dCK shifts its substrate specificity toward deoxycytidine, increases intracellular dCTP pools post IR, and enhances the rate of DNA repair. Mutation of a single serine 74 residue has profound effects on murine T and B lymphocyte development, suggesting that post-translational regulation of dCK may be important in maintaining genomic stability during hematopoiesis. Using [(18)F]-FAC, a dCK-specific positron emission tomography (PET) probe, we visualized and quantified dCK activation in tumor xenografts after IR, indicating that dCK activation could serve as a biomarker for ATM function and DNA damage response in vivo. In addition, dCK-deficient leukemia cell lines and murine embryonic fibroblasts exhibited increased sensitivity to IR, indicating that pharmacologic inhibition of dCK may be an effective radiosensitization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Bunimovich
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Evan Nair-Gill
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mireille Riedinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa N. McCracken
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Donghui Cheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jami McLaughlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Owen N. Witte
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Mosessian S, Duarte-Vogel SM, Stout DB, Roos KP, Lawson GW, Jordan MC, Ogden A, Matter C, Sadeghi S, Mills GQ, Schelbert HR, Radu CG, Czernin J, Couto M, Phelps ME. INDs for PET molecular imaging probes-approach by an academic institution. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:441-8. [PMID: 24733693 PMCID: PMC4097325 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient, streamlined, cost-effective approach to obtain Investigational New Drug (IND) approvals from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probes (while the FDA uses the terminology PET drugs, we are using "PET imaging probes," "PET probes," or "probes" as the descriptive terms). The required application and supporting data for the INDs were collected in a collaborative effort involving appropriate scientific disciplines. This path to INDs was successfully used to translate three [(18) F]fluoro-arabinofuranosylcytosine (FAC) analog PET probes to phase 1 clinical trials. In doing this, a mechanism has been established to fulfill the FDA regulatory requirements for translating promising PET imaging probes from preclinical research into human clinical trials in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Mosessian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, CHS 23-148, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA,
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24
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Meyer JP, Probst KC, Westwell AD. Radiochemical synthesis of 2'-[18F]-labelled and 3'-[18F]-labelled nucleosides for positron emission tomography imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:333-7. [PMID: 24692121 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review article considers 2'-labelled and 3'-labelled nucleosides, which are of great importance as positron emission tomography (PET) probes in clinical diagnostics and PET research. Although the radiochemical preparation of several [(18)F]-labelled nucleosides such as [(18)F]fluorothymidine or [(18)F](fluoroarabinofuranosyl)cytosine has been accomplished within the last two decades, a number of potentially interesting nucleoside-based biomarkers are not yet available for automated good manufacturing practice production due to the lack of fast and efficient synthetic methods for late-stage [(18)F]-introduction. In order to meet recent demands for new PET-based biomarkers in various clinical applications, appropriate precursors that can easily be fluorinated and deprotected need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philip Meyer
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK; Wales Research & Diagnostic PET Imaging Centre (PETIC), Institute for Translation, Innovation, Methodology & Engagement (TIME), School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
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25
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Ma X, Tseng WY, Eddings M, Keng PY, van Dam RM. A microreactor with phase-change microvalves for batch chemical synthesis at high temperatures and pressures. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:280-285. [PMID: 24253219 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50939g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple microreactor with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) phase-change valves suitable for performing batch organic chemistry under high temperature and pressure conditions. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate a radiofluorination reaction important in the synthesis of [(18)F]FAC, a new positron emission tomography biomarker for immune system monitoring and prediction of chemotherapy response. We achieved high radioactivity recovery (97 ± 1%, n = 3) and conversion efficiency (83 ± 1%, n = 3), comparable to that achieved with macroscale systems, but with a volume 30× smaller. This platform overcomes the limitations of previously reported phase-change valves in terms of compatibility with organic chemistry, and extends the range of reaction conditions for carrying out harsh batch chemistry at the microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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26
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Pulido J, Sobczak AJ, Balzarini J, Wnuk SF. Synthesis and cytostatic evaluation of 4-N-alkanoyl and 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues. J Med Chem 2013; 57:191-203. [PMID: 24341356 DOI: 10.1021/jm401586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of gemcitabine with functionalized carboxylic acids (C9-C13) or reactions of 4-N-tosylgemcitabine with the corresponding alkyl amines afforded 4-N-alkanoyl and 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine derivatives. The analogues with a terminal hydroxyl group on the alkyl chain were efficiently fluorinated under conditions that are compatible with protocols for (18)F labeling. The 4-N-alkanoylgemcitabines showed potent cytostatic activities in the low nanomolar range against a panel of tumor cell lines, whereas cytotoxicity of the 4-N-alkylgemcitabines were in the low micromolar range. The cytotoxicity for the 4-N-alkanoylgemcitabine analogues was reduced approximately by 2 orders of magnitude in the 2'-deoxycytidine kinase (dCK)-deficient CEM/dCK(-) cell line, whereas cytotoxicity of the 4-N-alkylgemcitabines was only 2-5 times lower. None of the compounds acted as efficient substrates for cytosolic dCK; therefore, the 4-N-alkanoyl analogues need to be converted first to gemcitabine to display a significant cytostatic potential, whereas 4-N-alkyl derivatives attain modest activity without measurable conversion to gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Pulido
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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Wang J, Hwang K, Braas D, Dooraghi A, Nathanson D, Campbell DO, Gu Y, Sandberg T, Mischel P, Radu C, Chatziioannou AF, Phelps ME, Christofk H, Heath JR. Fast metabolic response to drug intervention through analysis on a miniaturized, highly integrated molecular imaging system. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1820-4. [PMID: 23978446 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.118497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report on a radiopharmaceutical imaging platform designed to capture the kinetics of cellular responses to drugs. METHODS A portable in vitro molecular imaging system comprising a microchip and a β-particle imaging camera permitted routine cell-based radioassays of small numbers of either suspended or adherent cells. We investigated the kinetics of responses of model lymphoma and glioblastoma cancer cell lines to (18)F-FDG uptake after drug exposure. Those responses were correlated with kinetic changes in the cell cycle or with changes in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. RESULTS The platform enabled direct radioassays of multiple cell types and yielded results comparable to those from conventional approaches; however, the platform used smaller sample sizes, permitted a higher level of quantitation, and did not require cell lysis. CONCLUSION The kinetic analysis enabled by the platform provided a rapid (≈ 1 h) drug screening assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- NSB Cancer Center, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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Murphy JM, Armijo AL, Nomme J, Lee CH, Smith QA, Li Z, Campbell DO, Liao HI, Nathanson DA, Austin WR, Lee JT, Darvish R, Wei L, Wang J, Su Y, Damoiseaux R, Sadeghi S, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Czernin J, Alexandrova AN, Jung ME, Lavie A, Radu CG. Development of new deoxycytidine kinase inhibitors and noninvasive in vivo evaluation using positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6696-708. [PMID: 23947754 DOI: 10.1021/jm400457y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Combined inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) in multiple cancer cell lines depletes deoxycytidine triphosphate pools leading to DNA replication stress, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Evidence implicating dCK in cancer cell proliferation and survival stimulated our interest in developing small molecule dCK inhibitors. Following a high throughput screen of a diverse chemical library, a structure-activity relationship study was carried out. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) using (18)F-L-1-(2'-deoxy-2'-FluoroArabinofuranosyl) Cytosine ((18)F-L-FAC), a dCK-specific substrate, was used to rapidly rank lead compounds based on their ability to inhibit dCK activity in vivo. Evaluation of a subset of the most potent compounds in cell culture (IC50 = ∼1-12 nM) using the (18)F-L-FAC PET pharmacodynamic assay identified compounds demonstrating superior in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, §Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, ⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, #California NanoSystems Institute, △Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 650 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Braas D, Ahler E, Tam B, Nathanson D, Riedinger M, Benz MR, Smith KB, Eilber FC, Witte ON, Tap WD, Wu H, Christofk HR. Metabolomics strategy reveals subpopulation of liposarcomas sensitive to gemcitabine treatment. Cancer Discov 2013; 2:1109-17. [PMID: 23230188 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Unlike many cancers that exhibit glycolytic metabolism, high-grade liposarcomas often exhibit low 2[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake by positron emission tomography (PET), despite rapid tumor growth. Here, we used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to identify carbon sources taken up by liposarcoma cell lines derived from xenograft tumors in patients. Interestingly, we found that liposarcoma cell lines consume nucleosides from culture media, suggesting nucleoside salvage pathway activity. The nucleoside salvage pathway is dependent on deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and can be imaged in vivo by PET with 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-[18F]fluoroarabinofuranosyl) cytosine (FAC). We found that liposarcoma cell lines and xenograft tumors exhibit dCK activity and dCK-dependent FAC uptake in vitro and in vivo. In addition, liposarcoma cell lines and xenograft tumors are sensitive to treatment with the nucleoside analogue prodrug gemcitabine, and gemcitabine sensitivity is dependent on dCK expression. Elevated dCK activity is evident in 7 of 68 clinical liposarcoma samples analyzed. These data suggest that a subpopulation of liposarcoma patients have tumors with nucleoside salvage pathway activity that can be identified noninvasively using [18F]-FAC-PET and targeted using gemcitabine. SIGNIFICANCE Patients with high-grade liposarcoma have poor prognoses and often fail to respond to chemotherapy. This report identifies elevated nucleoside salvage activity in a subset of liposarcomas that are identifiable using noninvasive PET imaging with FAC and that are sensitive to gemcitabine. Thus, we suggest a new treatment paradigm for liposarcoma patients that uses [18F]-FAC-PET in the clinic to delineate gemcitabine responders from nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Braas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Lazari M, Quinn KM, Claggett SB, Collins J, Shah GJ, Herman HE, Maraglia B, Phelps ME, Moore MD, van Dam RM. ELIXYS - a fully automated, three-reactor high-pressure radiosynthesizer for development and routine production of diverse PET tracers. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:52. [PMID: 23849185 PMCID: PMC3717127 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automated radiosynthesizers are vital for routine production of positron-emission tomography tracers to minimize radiation exposure to operators and to ensure reproducible synthesis yields. The recent trend in the synthesizer industry towards the use of disposable kits aims to simplify setup and operation for the user, but often introduces several limitations related to temperature and chemical compatibility, thus requiring reoptimization of protocols developed on non-cassette-based systems. Radiochemists would benefit from a single hybrid system that provides tremendous flexibility for development and optimization of reaction conditions while also providing a pathway to simple, cassette-based production of diverse tracers. METHODS We have designed, built, and tested an automated three-reactor radiosynthesizer (ELIXYS) to provide a flexible radiosynthesis platform suitable for both tracer development and routine production. The synthesizer is capable of performing high-pressure and high-temperature reactions by eliminating permanent tubing and valve connections to the reaction vessel. Each of the three movable reactors can seal against different locations on disposable cassettes to carry out different functions such as sealed reactions, evaporations, and reagent addition. A reagent and gas handling robot moves sealed reagent vials from storage locations in the cassette to addition positions and also dynamically provides vacuum and inert gas to ports on the cassette. The software integrates these automated features into chemistry unit operations (e.g., React, Evaporate, Add) to intuitively create synthesis protocols. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-5-methyl-β-l-arabinofuranosyluracil (l-[18F]FMAU) and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (d-[18F]FAC) were synthesized to validate the system. RESULTS l-[18F]FMAU and d-[18F]FAC were successfully synthesized in 165 and 170 min, respectively, with decay-corrected radiochemical yields of 46% ± 1% (n = 6) and 31% ± 5% (n = 6), respectively. The yield, repeatability, and synthesis time are comparable to, or better than, other reports. d-[18F]FAC produced by ELIXYS and another manually operated apparatus exhibited similar biodistribution in wild-type mice. CONCLUSION The ELIXYS automated radiosynthesizer is capable of performing radiosyntheses requiring demanding conditions: up to three reaction vessels, high temperatures, high pressures, and sensitive reagents. Such flexibility facilitates tracer development and the ability to synthesize multiple tracers on the same system without customization or replumbing. The disposable cassette approach simplifies the transition from development to production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lazari
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Amaraesekera B, Marchis PD, Bobinski KP, Radu CG, Czernin J, Barrio JR, Michael van Dam R. High-pressure, compact, modular radiosynthesizer for production of positron emitting biomarkers. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 78:88-101. [PMID: 23702794 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A robust, modular, semi-automated synthesis unit useful for conducting radiochemical reactions under pressurized conditions (up to ∼200psi [1.4MPa]) for the production of PET biomarkers has been developed. This compact unit (7.6cm×33.0cm×58.4cm) is capable of performing any single step reaction that is generally encountered in radiochemical syntheses, and multiple units can be combined for more complex syntheses. The versatility of a 3-unit system is exemplified by reliably conducting the multi-step syntheses of 2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-1-β-arabinofuranosyl-uracil and -cytosine derivatives, which involve corrosive and moisture sensitive reagents under pressurized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Amaraesekera
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Plug-and-play modules for flexible radiosynthesis. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 78:113-24. [PMID: 23702795 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a plug-and-play radiosynthesis platform and accompanying computer software based on modular subunits that can easily and flexibly be configured to implement a diverse range of radiosynthesis protocols. Modules were developed that perform: (i) reagent storage and delivery, (ii) evaporations and sealed reactions, and (iii) cartridge-based purifications. The reaction module incorporates a simple robotic mechanism that removes tubing from the vessel and replaces it with a stopper prior to sealed reactions, enabling the system to withstand high pressures and thus provide tremendous flexibility in choice of solvents and temperatures. Any number of modules can rapidly be connected together using only a few fluidic connections to implement a particular synthesis, and the resulting system is controlled in a semi-automated fashion by a single software interface. Radiosyntheses of 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([(18)F]FDG), 1-[(18)F]fluoro-4-nitrobenzene ([(18)F]FNB), and 2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-1-β-d-arabinofuranosyl cytosine (d-[(18)F]FAC) were performed to validate the system and demonstrate its versatility.
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Herrmann K, Dahlbom M, Nathanson D, Wei L, Radu C, Chatziioannou A, Czernin J. Evaluation of the Genisys4, a bench-top preclinical PET scanner. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1162-7. [PMID: 23628700 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Genisys4 is a small bench-top preclinical PET scanner designed to enable imaging in biology, biochemistry, and pharmacology laboratories and imaging centers. Here, we compare its performance with that of a well-established preclinical PET scanner. METHODS Subcutaneous and lung tumor xenografts were used to compare lesion detectability and treatment responses to chemotherapy (gemcitabine) using (18)F-FDG PET. The size of subcutaneous xenografts (L1210 and L1210-10K leukemia cells) and lung metastases (B-16 melanoma cells) was measured on small-animal CT images. Tumor (18)F-FDG uptake was expressed as percentage injected dose per gram. Using list-mode data, serial images of the left ventricular blood pool were used to generate time-activity curves. RESULTS Subcutaneous xenografts (range, 4-12 mm; mean ± SD, 6.1 ± 1.7 mm) and lung metastases (range, 1-5 mm; mean, 2.1 ± 1.2 mm) were detected equally well with both scanners. Tumor (18)F-FDG uptake measured with both scanners was highly correlated for subcutaneous xenografts (r(2) = 0.93) and lung metastases (r(2) = 0.83). The new Genisys4 scanner and the established scanner provided comparable treatment response information (r(2) = 0.93). Dynamic imaging sequences permitted the generation of left ventricular blood-pool time-activity curves with both scanners. CONCLUSION Using subcutaneous and lung xenografts, a novel and an established preclinical PET scanner provided equivalent information with regard to lesion detection, tumor (18)F-FDG uptake, tumor response to treatment, and generation of time-activity curves. Thus, the Genisys4 provides a small, efficient bench-top preclinical PET alternative for quantitatively studying murine tumor models in biology, biochemistry, and pharmacology laboratories and preclinical imaging centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Herrmann
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1782, USA
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Lee JT, Campbell DO, Satyamurthy N, Czernin J, Radu CG. Stratification of nucleoside analog chemotherapy using 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-18F-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine and 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-18F-fluoro-β-L-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine PET. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:275-80. [PMID: 22302964 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.090407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability to measure tumor determinants of response to nucleoside analog (NA) chemotherapy agents such as gemcitabine and related compounds could significantly affect the management of several types of cancer. Previously we showed that the accumulation in tumors of the new PET tracer 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-(18)F-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine ((18)F-FAC) is predictive of responses to gemcitabine. (18)F-FAC retention in cells requires deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), a rate-limiting enzyme in the deoxyribonucleoside salvage metabolism and in gemcitabine conversion from an inactive prodrug to a cytotoxic compound. The objectives of the current study were to determine whether (18)F-FAC tumor uptake is also influenced by cytidine deaminase (CDA), a determinant of resistance to gemcitabine; to develop a new PET assay using (18)F-FAC and the related probe 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-(18)F-fluoro-β-l-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine (l-(18)F-FMAC) to profile tumor lesions for both dCK and CDA enzymatic activities; and to determine whether this PET assay can identify the most effective NA chemotherapy against tumors with differential expression of dCK and CDA. METHODS Isogenic murine leukemic cell lines with defined dCK and CDA activities were generated by retroviral transduction. A cell viability assay was used to determine the sensitivity of the isogenic cell lines to the dCK-dependent NA prodrugs gemcitabine and clofarabine. In vitro enzymatic and cell-based tracer uptake assays and in vivo PET with (18)F-FAC and l-(18)F-FMAC were used to predict tumor responses to gemcitabine and clofarabine. RESULTS dCK and CDA activities measured by kinase and tracer uptake assays correlated with the sensitivity of isogenic cell lines to gemcitabine and clofarabine. Coexpression of CDA decreased the sensitivity of dCK-positive cells to gemcitabine treatment in vitro by 15-fold but did not affect responses to clofarabine. Coexpression of CDA decreased (18)F-FAC but not l-(18)F-FMAC, phosphorylation, and uptake by dCK-positive cells. (18)F-FAC and l-(18)F-FMAC PET estimates of the enzymatic activities of dCK and CDA in tumor implants in mice were predictive of responses to gemcitabine and clofarabine treatment in vivo. CONCLUSION These findings support the utility of PET-based phenotyping of tumor nucleoside metabolism for guiding the selection of NA prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Lee
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Chan PC, Wu CY, Chang WY, Chang WT, Alauddin M, Liu RS, Lin WJ, Chen FD, Chen CL, Wang HE. Evaluation of F-18-labeled 5-iodocytidine (18F-FIAC) as a new potential positron emission tomography probe for herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:987-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Human biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of novel PET probes targeting the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 38:711-21. [PMID: 21127859 PMCID: PMC3053458 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a rate-limiting enzyme in deoxyribonucleoside salvage, a metabolic pathway involved in the production and maintenance of a balanced pool of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) for DNA synthesis. dCK phosphorylates and therefore activates nucleoside analogs such as cytarabine, gemcitabine, decitabine, cladribine, and clofarabine that are used routinely in cancer therapy. Imaging probes that target dCK might allow stratifying patients into likely responders and nonresponders with dCK-dependent prodrugs. Here we present the biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of three fluorinated dCK substrates, (18)F-FAC, L: -(18)F-FAC, and L: -(18)F-FMAC, developed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of dCK activity in vivo. METHODS PET studies were performed in nine healthy human volunteers, three for each probe. After a transmission scan, the radiopharmaceutical was injected intravenously and three sequential emission scans acquired from the base of the skull to mid-thigh. Regions of interest encompassing visible organs were drawn on the first PET scan and copied to the subsequent scans. Activity in target organs was determined and absorbed dose estimated with OLINDA/EXM. The standardized uptake value was calculated for various organs at different times. RESULTS Renal excretion was common to all three probes. Bone marrow had higher uptake for L: -(18)F-FAC and L: -(18)F-FMAC than (18)F-FAC. Prominent liver uptake was seen in L: -(18)F-FMAC and L: -(18)F-FAC, whereas splenic activity was highest for (18)F-FAC. Muscle uptake was also highest for (18)F-FAC. The critical organ was the bladder wall for all three probes. The effective dose was 0.00524, 0.00755, and 0.00910 mSv/MBq for (18)F-FAC, L: -(18)F-FAC, and L: -(18)F-FMAC, respectively. CONCLUSION The biodistribution of (18)F-FAC, L: -(18)F-FAC, and L: -(18)F-FMAC in humans reveals similarities and differences. Differences may be explained by different probe affinities for nucleoside transporters, dCK, and catabolic enzymes such as cytidine deaminase (CDA). Dosimetry demonstrates that all three probes can be used safely to image the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway in humans.
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Shu CJ, Campbell DO, Lee JT, Tran AQ, Wengrod JC, Witte ON, Phelps ME, Satyamurthy N, Czernin J, Radu CG. Novel PET probes specific for deoxycytidine kinase. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:1092-8. [PMID: 20554721 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.073361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway and a critical determinant of therapeutic activity for several nucleoside analog prodrugs. We have previously reported the development of 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-(18)F-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine ((18)F-FAC), a new probe for PET of dCK activity in immune disorders and certain cancers. The objective of the current study was to develop PET probes with improved metabolic stability and specificity for dCK. Toward this goal, several candidate PET probes were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to analyze the metabolic stability of (18)F-FAC and several newly synthesized analogs with the natural D-enantiomeric sugar configuration or the corresponding unnatural L-configuration. In vitro kinase and uptake assays were used to determine the affinity of the (18)F-FAC L-nucleoside analogs for dCK. The biodistribution of selected L-analogs in mice was determined by small-animal PET/CT. RESULTS Candidate PET probes were selected using the following criteria: low susceptibility to deamination, high affinity for purified recombinant dCK, high uptake in dCK-expressing cell lines, and biodistribution in mice reflective of the tissue-expression pattern of dCK. Among the 10 newly developed candidate probes, 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-(18)F-fluoro-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (L-(18)F-FAC) and 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-(18)F-fluoro-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine (L-(18)F-FMAC) most closely matched the selection criteria. The selection of L-(18)F-FAC and L-(18)F-FMAC was validated by showing that these two PET probes could be used to image animal models of leukemia and autoimmunity. CONCLUSION Promising in vitro and in vivo data warrant biodistribution and dosimetry studies of L-(18)F-FAC and L-(18)F-FMAC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi J Shu
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ptak K, Farrell D, Panaro NJ, Grodzinski P, Barker AD. The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer: achievement and path forward. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:450-60. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ptak
- Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorothy Farrell
- Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Panaro
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC‐Frederick Inc., NCI‐Frederick, Frederick, 31 Center Dr, MD 20892, USA
| | - Piotr Grodzinski
- Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna D. Barker
- Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Office of Director, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Laing RE, Nair-Gill E, Witte ON, Radu CG. Visualizing cancer and immune cell function with metabolic positron emission tomography. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:100-5. [PMID: 19931447 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells and immune cells modulate their metabolism according to specific needs during cancer progression and immune responses. The ability to measure cellular metabolic function in vivo would enable the evaluation of tumors and their response to therapy and also the effectiveness of cellular immune responses to cancer. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive clinical imaging modality that enables whole-body, quantitative measurements of tissue biochemical function. Here, we review work using PET probes for specific metabolic pathways to measure cell function in cancer and immunity. We focus on the use of probes for glycolysis and nucleoside salvage and then discuss the development of new metabolic probes that visualize distinct parameters of cell function during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Laing
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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Nair-Gill E, Wiltzius SM, Wei XX, Cheng D, Riedinger M, Radu CG, Witte ON. PET probes for distinct metabolic pathways have different cell specificities during immune responses in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2005-15. [PMID: 20484820 DOI: 10.1172/jci41250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical tools that measure changes in immune cell metabolism would improve the diagnosis and treatment of immune dysfunction. PET, utilizing probes for specific metabolic processes, detects regions of immune activation in vivo. In this study we investigated the immune cell specificity of PET probes for two different metabolic pathways: [18F]-2-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) for glycolysis and [18F]-2-fluoro-D-(arabinofuranosyl)cytosine ([18F]-FAC) for deoxycytidine salvage. We isolated innate and adaptive immune cells from tissues of mice challenged with a retrovirus-induced sarcoma and measured their ability to accumulate FDG and FAC. We determined that the two probes had distinct patterns of accumulation: FDG accumulated to the highest levels in innate immune cells, while FAC accumulated predominantly in CD8+ T cells in a manner that correlated with cellular proliferation. This study demonstrates that innate and adaptive cell types differ in glycolytic and deoxycytidine salvage demands during an immune response and that these differential metabolic requirements can be detected with specific PET probes. Our findings have implications for the interpretation of clinical PET scans that use [18F]-FDG or [18F]-FAC to assess immune function in vivo and suggest potential applications of metabolic PET to monitor the effects of targeted immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Nair-Gill
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Paproski RJ, Young JD, Cass CE. Predicting gemcitabine transport and toxicity in human pancreatic cancer cell lines with the positron emission tomography tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:587-95. [PMID: 19788890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) has recently been shown to be a predictive marker of benefit from gemcitabine therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer. Since hENT1 is also important for the uptake of positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) in various cultured human cell lines, this study was undertaken to determine if FLT uptake predicts gemcitabine uptake and/or toxicity in a panel of human pancreatic cancer cell lines (Capan-2, AsPC-1, BxPC-3, PL45, MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1). Capan-2 cells displayed the lowest levels of (1) extracellular nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR) binding, which represents cell-surface hENT1, (2) FLT and gemcitabine uptake during short (1-45s) and prolonged (1h) periods, and (3) gemcitabine sensitivity. Exposure to NBMPR (inhibits only hENT1) or dilazep (inhibits hENT1 and hENT2) reduced FLT and gemcitabine uptake and gemcitabine sensitivity, with dilazep having greater effects than NBMPR. Gemcitabine permeation was almost completely mediated, primarily by hENT1 and to a lesser extent by hENT2, whereas FLT permeation included a substantial component of passive diffusion. In five of six cell lines, correlations were observed between (1) FLT and gemcitabine initial rates of uptake, (2) gemcitabine uptake and gemcitabine toxicity, (3) FLT uptake and gemcitabine toxicity, and (4) ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 expression and gemcitabine toxicity. FLT and gemcitabine uptake were comparable for predicting gemcitabine toxicity in the tested pancreatic cancer cell lines suggesting that FLT PET may provide clinically useful information about tumor gemcitabine transport capacity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Paproski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Requirement for deoxycytidine kinase in T and B lymphocyte development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:5551-6. [PMID: 20080663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a rate-limiting enzyme in deoxyribonucleoside salvage, a metabolic pathway that recycles products of DNA degradation. dCK phosphorylates and therefore activates nucleoside analog prodrugs frequently used in cancer, autoimmunity, and viral infections. In contrast to its well established therapeutic relevance, the biological function of dCK remains enigmatic. Highest levels of dCK expression are found in thymus and bone marrow, indicating a possible role in lymphopoiesis. To test this hypothesis we generated and analyzed dCK knockout (KO) mice. dCK inactivation selectively and profoundly affected T and B cell development. A 90-fold decrease in thymic cellularity was observed in the dCK KO mice relative to wild-type littermates. Lymphocyte numbers in the dCK KO mice were 5- to 13-fold below normal values. The severe impact of dCK inactivation on lymphopoiesis was unexpected given that nucleoside salvage has been thought to play a limited, "fine-tuning" role in regulating deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate pools produced by the de novo pathway. The dCK KO phenotype challenges this view and indicates that, in contrast to the great majority of other somatic cells, normal lymphocyte development critically requires the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway.
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