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Abstract
Materials are continuously accumulating in the human-built environment since massive amounts of materials are required for building, developing, and maintaining cities. At the end of their life cycles, these materials are considered valuable sources of secondary materials. The increasing construction and demolition waste released from aging stock each year make up the heaviest, most voluminous waste outflow, presenting challenges and opportunities. These material stocks should be utilized and exploited since the reuse and recycling of construction materials would positively impact the natural environment and resource efficiency, leading to sustainable cities within a grander scheme of a circular economy. The exploitation of material stock is known as urban mining. In order to make these materials accessible for future mining, material quantities need to be estimated and extrapolated to regional levels. This demanding task requires a vast knowledge of the existing building stock, which can only be obtained through labor-intensive, time-consuming methodologies or new technologies, such as building information modeling (BIM), geographic information systems (GISs), artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning. This review paper gives a general overview of the literature body and tracks the evolution of this research field.
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Haberl H, Wiedenhofer D, Schug F, Frantz D, Virág D, Plutzar C, Gruhler K, Lederer J, Schiller G, Fishman T, Lanau M, Gattringer A, Kemper T, Liu G, Tanikawa H, van der Linden S, Hostert P. High-Resolution Maps of Material Stocks in Buildings and Infrastructures in Austria and Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3368-3379. [PMID: 33600720 PMCID: PMC7931449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of societal material stocks such as buildings and infrastructures and their spatial patterns drive surging resource use and emissions. Two main types of data are currently used to map stocks, night-time lights (NTL) from Earth-observing (EO) satellites and cadastral information. We present an alternative approach for broad-scale material stock mapping based on freely available high-resolution EO imagery and OpenStreetMap data. Maps of built-up surface area, building height, and building types were derived from optical Sentinel-2 and radar Sentinel-1 satellite data to map patterns of material stocks for Austria and Germany. Using material intensity factors, we calculated the mass of different types of buildings and infrastructures, distinguishing eight types of materials, at 10 m spatial resolution. The total mass of buildings and infrastructures in 2018 amounted to ∼5 Gt in Austria and ∼38 Gt in Germany (AT: ∼540 t/cap, DE: ∼450 t/cap). Cross-checks with independent data sources at various scales suggested that the method may yield more complete results than other data sources but could not rule out possible overestimations. The method yields thematic differentiations not possible with NTL, avoids the use of costly cadastral data, and is suitable for mapping larger areas and tracing trends over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Haberl
- Institute
of Social Ecology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Wiedenhofer
- Institute
of Social Ecology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Schug
- Geography
Department, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Integrative
Research Institute on Transformations
of Human-Environment Systems, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den
Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Frantz
- Geography
Department, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Virág
- Institute
of Social Ecology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Plutzar
- Institute
of Social Ecology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University
of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Karin Gruhler
- Leibniz
Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Weberplatz 1, D-01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Lederer
- Institute
for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226.2, A-1040 Wien, Austria
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Georg Schiller
- Leibniz
Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Weberplatz 1, D-01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomer Fishman
- School
of Sustainability, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Hauniversita 8, 4610101 Herzliya, Israel
| | - Maud Lanau
- SDU
Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Department
of Civil and Structural Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, S1 3JD Sheffield, U.K.
| | - Andreas Gattringer
- Department
of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University
of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Kemper
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Gang Liu
- SDU
Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hiroki Tanikawa
- Department
of Environmental Engineering and Architecture in the Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sebastian van der Linden
- Institut
für Geographie und Geologie, Universität
Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 16, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patrick Hostert
- Geography
Department, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Integrative
Research Institute on Transformations
of Human-Environment Systems, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Unter den
Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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Flint IP, Cabrera Serrenho A, Lupton RC, Allwood JM. Material Flow Analysis with Multiple Material Characteristics to Assess the Potential for Flat Steel Prompt Scrap Prevention and Diversion without Remelting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2459-2466. [PMID: 31961662 PMCID: PMC7145351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-two percent of the liquid metal used to make flat steel products in Europe does not end up in a final product. Sixty percent of this material is instead scrapped during manufacturing and the remainder during fabrication of finished steel products. Although this scrap is collected and recycled, remelting this scrap requires approximately 2 MWh/t, but some of this material could instead be diverted for use in other applications without remelting. However, this diversion depends not just on the mass of scrapped steel but also on its material characteristics. To enhance our understanding of the potential for such scrap diversion, this paper presents a novel material flow analysis of flat steel produced in Europe in 2013. This analysis considers the flow of steel characterized not only by mass but, for the first time, also by grade, thickness, and coating. The results show that thin-gauge galvanized drawing steel is the most commonly demanded steel grade across the industry, and most scrap of this grade is generated by the automotive industry. There are thus potential opportunities for preventing and diverting scrap of this grade. We discuss the role of the geometric compatibility of parts and propose tessellating blanks for various car manufacturers in the same coil of steel to increase the utilization rates of steel.
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Vidal O, Rostom FZ, François C, Giraud G. Prey-Predator Long-Term Modeling of Copper Reserves, Production, Recycling, Price, and Cost of Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11323-11336. [PMID: 31432667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of copper production is modeled with a prey-predator approach linking the evolution of reserves to that of industrial wealth. Our model differs from earlier approaches in that it does not require a priori knowledge of the initial stock of resources. The model variables and a long-term reference price are estimated from historical data, taking into account the combined effects on price and reserve of technological improvements and changes in ore grade. The business-as-usual scenarios invariably lead to a peak of primary production by the middle of the century. The peak of production is not the result of the complete exhaustion of exploitable copper but of the combination of (1) the deviation of growth of reserves from the exponential historical trend and (2) the incapacity of technological improvements to offset the increase in production costs. In the leveled-off-demand scenario for which future demand is simulated based on assumed evolutions of world population and gross domestic product per capita, no collapse of primary production is observed within the century for optimistic regeneration of reserves and a collection-recycling rate reaching 70% by 2100, at constant energy prices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Vidal
- ISTerre , Université Grenoble Alpes , 38400 Gières , France
- CNRS , 75016 Paris , France
| | - Fatma Zahra Rostom
- Université Paris 1-Panthéon Sorbonne , 75013 Paris , France
- Chaire Energie et Prospérité , 75002 Paris , France
| | - Cyril François
- ISTerre , Université Grenoble Alpes , 38400 Gières , France
| | - Gaël Giraud
- CNRS , 75016 Paris , France
- Chaire Energie et Prospérité , 75002 Paris , France
- Agence Française du Développement , 75012 Paris , France
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Lanau M, Liu G, Kral U, Wiedenhofer D, Keijzer E, Yu C, Ehlert C. Taking Stock of Built Environment Stock Studies: Progress and Prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8499-8515. [PMID: 31246441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Built environment stocks (buildings and infrastructures) play multiple roles in our socio-economic metabolism: they serve as the backbone of modern societies and human well-being, drive the material cycles throughout the economy, entail temporal and spatial lock-ins on energy use and emissions, and represent an extensive reservoir of secondary materials. This review aims at providing a comprehensive and critical review of the state of the art, progress, and prospects of built environment stocks research which has boomed in the past decades. We included 249 publications published from 1985 to 2018, conducted a bibliometric analysis, and assessed the studies by key characteristics including typology of stocks (status of stock and end-use category), type of measurement (object and unit), spatial boundary and level of resolution, and temporal scope. We also highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of different estimation approaches. A comparability analysis of existing studies shows a clearly higher level of stocks per capita and per area in developed countries and cities, confirming the role of urbanization and industrialization in built environment stock growth. However, more spatially refined case studies (e.g., on developing cities and nonresidential buildings) and standardization and improvement of methodology (e.g., with geographic information system and architectural knowledge) and data (e.g., on material intensity and lifetime) would be urgently needed to reveal more robust conclusions on the patterns, drivers, and implications of built environment stocks. Such advanced knowledge on built environment stocks could foster societal and policy agendas such as urban sustainability, circular economy, climate change, and United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Lanau
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense , Denmark
| | - Gang Liu
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense , Denmark
| | - Ulrich Kral
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management , Technische Universität Wien , 1040 Vienna , Austria
| | - Dominik Wiedenhofer
- Institute of Social Ecology, Department for Economics and Social Sciences , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , 1090 , Austria
| | - Elisabeth Keijzer
- TNO Climate, Air and Sustainability , 3584 CB Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Chang Yu
- School of Economics and Management , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Christina Ehlert
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 4422 Belvaux , Luxembourg
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6
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Yu B, Deng S, Liu G, Yang C, Chen Z, Hill CJ, Wu J. Nighttime Light Images Reveal Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Global Anthropogenic Resources Accumulation above Ground. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11520-11527. [PMID: 30207716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and industrialization represent largely a process of transforming materials from biosphere and lithosphere to anthroposphere. Understanding the patterns of such anthropogenic material stock accumulation is thus a fundamental prerequisite to assess and sustain how humans alter the biophysical movements of resources around Earth. Previous studies on these anthropogenic stocks, however, are often limited to the global and national scales, due to data gaps at higher spatial resolutions. Here, based on a new set of national materials stock data and nighttime light images, we developed a regression model to map the global anthropogenic stocks of three fundamental construction materials (steel, concrete, and aluminum) at a 1 × 1 km level from 1992 to 2008. We revealed an unevenly distributed pattern, with over 40% found in three belts: from England across the Channel to Western Europe; from eastern coast China to South Korea and Japan; and from Great Lakes along eastern coast of United States to Florida. The spatial-temporal dynamics of global anthropogenic stocks at smaller spatial scales reflect a combined effect of physical geography, architectural and construction specifications, and socioeconomic development. Our results provide useful data that can potentially support policy-makers and industry on resource efficiency, waste management, urban mining, spatial planning, and environmental sustainability at regional and urban scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
- School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Shunqiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
- School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Gang Liu
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense , Denmark
| | - Chengshu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
- School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Zuoqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
- School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Catherine Jane Hill
- SDU Life Cycle Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense , Denmark
| | - Jianping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
- School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
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Guha A, Veettil Vineesh T, Sekar A, Narayanaru S, Sahoo M, Nayak S, Chakraborty S, Narayanan TN. Mechanistic Insight into Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity of Ultrathin Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Modified Pt Electrodes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anku Guha
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanapally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Thazhe Veettil Vineesh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanapally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Archana Sekar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanapally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Sreekanth Narayanaru
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanapally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Mihir Sahoo
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Saroj Nayak
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| | - Tharangattu N. Narayanan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanapally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500107, India
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Zeng X, Mathews JA, Li J. Urban Mining of E-Waste is Becoming More Cost-Effective Than Virgin Mining. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4835-4841. [PMID: 29616548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stocks of virgin-mined materials utilized in linear economic flows continue to present enormous challenges. E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams, and threatens to grow into a global problem of unmanageable proportions. An effective form of management of resource recycling and environmental improvement is available, in the form of extraction and purification of precious metals taken from waste streams, in a process known as urban mining. In this work, we demonstrate utilizing real cost data from e-waste processors in China that ingots of pure copper and gold could be recovered from e-waste streams at costs that are comparable to those encountered in virgin mining of ores. Our results are confined to the cases of copper and gold extracted and processed from e-waste streams made up of recycled TV sets, but these results indicate a trend and potential if applied across a broader range of e-waste sources and metals extracted. If these results can be extended to other metals and countries, they promise to have positive impact on waste disposal and mining activities globally, as the circular economy comes to displace linear economic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - John A Mathews
- Macquarie Graduate School of Management , Macquarie University , Sydney New South Wales 2109 , Australia
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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Nuss P, Blengini GA. Towards better monitoring of technology critical elements in Europe: Coupling of natural and anthropogenic cycles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:569-578. [PMID: 28926811 PMCID: PMC5681708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of elemental cycles has a rich history in biogeochemistry. Well known examples include the global carbon cycle, or the cycles of the 'grand nutrients' nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. More recently, efforts have increased to better understand the natural cycling of technology critical elements (TCEs), i.e. elements with a high supply risk and economic importance in the EU. On the other hand, tools such as material-flow analysis (MFA) can help to understand how substances and goods are transported and accumulated in man-made technological systems ('anthroposphere'). However, to date both biogeochemical cycles and MFA studies suffer from narrow system boundaries, failing to fully illustrate relative anthropogenic and natural flow magnitude and the degree to which human activity has perturbed the natural cycling of elements. We discuss important interconnections between natural and anthropogenic cycles and relevant EU raw material dossiers. Increased integration of both cycles could help to better capture the transport and fate of elements in nature including their environmental/human health impacts, highlight potential future material stocks in the anthroposphere (in-use stocks) and in nature (e.g., in soils, tailings, or mining wastes), and estimate anticipated emissions of TCEs to nature in the future (based on dynamic stock modeling). A preliminary assessment of natural versus anthropogenic element fluxes indicates that anthropogenic fluxes induced by the EU-28 of palladium, platinum, and antimony (as a result of materials uses) might be greater than the respective global natural fluxes. Increased combination of MFA and natural cycle data at EU level could help to derive more complete material cycles and initiate a discussion between the research communities of biogeochemists and material flow analysts to more holistically address the issues of sustainable resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Nuss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D - Sustainable Resources, Ispra 21027, Italy.
| | - Gian Andrea Blengini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D - Sustainable Resources, Ispra 21027, Italy; Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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10
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The Material Stock–Flow–Service Nexus: A New Approach for Tackling the Decoupling Conundrum. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9071049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental changes in the societal use of biophysical resources are required for a sustainability transformation. Current socioeconomic metabolism research traces flows of energy, materials or substances to capture resource use: input of raw materials or energy, their fate in production and consumption, and the discharge of wastes and emissions. This approach has yielded important insights into eco-efficiency and long-term drivers of resource use. But socio-metabolic research has not yet fully incorporated material stocks or their services, hence not completely exploiting the analytic power of the metabolism concept. This commentary argues for a material stock–flow–service nexus approach focused on the analysis of interrelations between material and energy flows, socioeconomic material stocks (“in-use stocks of materials”) and the services provided by specific stock/flow combinations. Analyzing the interrelations between stocks, flows and services will allow researchers to develop highly innovative indicators of eco-efficiency and open new research directions that will help to better understand biophysical foundations of transformations towards sustainability.
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11
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Analysis of Aluminum Resource Supply Structure and Guarantee Degree in China Based on Sustainable Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Chen WQ, Graedel TE. Improved alternatives for estimating in-use material stocks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3048-3055. [PMID: 25636045 DOI: 10.1021/es504353s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Determinations of in-use material stocks are useful for exploring past patterns and future scenarios of materials use, for estimating end-of-life flows of materials, and thereby for guiding policies on recycling and sustainable management of materials. This is especially true when those determinations are conducted for individual products or product groups such as "automobiles" rather than general (and sometimes nebulous) sectors such as "transportation". We propose four alternatives to the existing top-down and bottom-up methods for estimating in-use material stocks, with the choice depending on the focus of the study and on the available data. We illustrate with aluminum use in automobiles the robustness of and consistencies and differences among these four alternatives and demonstrate that a suitable combination of the four methods permits estimation of the in-use stock of a material contained in all products employing that material, or in-use stocks of different materials contained in a particular product. Therefore, we anticipate the estimation in the future of in-use stocks for many materials in many products or product groups, for many regions, and for longer time periods, by taking advantage of methodologies that fully employ the detailed data sets now becoming available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qiang Chen
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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13
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Modeling In-Use Steel Stock in China’s Buildings and Civil Engineering Infrastructure Using Time-Series of DMSP/OLS Nighttime Lights. REMOTE SENSING 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/rs6064780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Müller E, Hilty LM, Widmer R, Schluep M, Faulstich M. Modeling metal stocks and flows: a review of dynamic material flow analysis methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2102-13. [PMID: 24494583 DOI: 10.1021/es403506a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) is a frequently used method to assess past, present, and future stocks and flows of metals in the anthroposphere. Over the past fifteen years, dynamic MFA has contributed to increased knowledge about the quantities, qualities, and locations of metal-containing goods. This article presents a literature review of the methodologies applied in 60 dynamic MFAs of metals. The review is based on a standardized model description format, the ODD (overview, design concepts, details) protocol. We focus on giving a comprehensive overview of modeling approaches and structure them according to essential aspects, such as their treatment of material dissipation, spatial dimension of flows, or data uncertainty. The reviewed literature features similar basic modeling principles but very diverse extrapolation methods. Basic principles include the calculation of outflows of the in-use stock based on inflow or stock data and a lifetime distribution function. For extrapolating stocks and flows, authors apply constant, linear, exponential, and logistic models or approaches based on socioeconomic variables, such as regression models or the intensity-of-use hypothesis. The consideration and treatment of further aspects, such as dissipation, spatial distribution, and data uncertainty, vary significantly and highly depends on the objectives of each study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Müller
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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15
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Liu G, Müller DB. Centennial evolution of aluminum in-use stocks on our aluminized planet. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4882-4888. [PMID: 23480626 DOI: 10.1021/es305108p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic material flow model was developed to simulate the evolution of global aluminum stocks in geological reserve and anthropogenic reservoir from 1900 to 2010 on a country level. The contemporary global aluminum stock in use (0.6 Gt or 90 kg/capita) has reached about 10% of that in known bauxite reserves and represents an embodied energy amount that is equivalent to three-quarters of the present global annual electricity consumption. The largest proportions of in-use stock are located in the U.S. (28%), China (15%), Japan (7%), and Germany (6%) and in sectors of building and construction (40%) and transportation (27%). Industrialized countries have shown similar patterns of aluminum in-use stock growth: once the per-capita stocks have reached a threshold level of 50 kg, they kept a near linear annual growth of 5-10 kg/capita; no clear signs of saturation can yet be observed. The present aluminum in-use stocks vary widely across countries: approximately 100-600 kg/capita in industrialized countries and below 100 kg/capita in developing countries. The growing global aluminum in-use stock has significant implications on future aluminum demand and provides important recycling opportunities that will be critical for greenhouse gas emissions mitigation in the aluminum industry in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, S.P. Andersens vei 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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16
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Chen WQ, Graedel TE. Anthropogenic cycles of the elements: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8574-8586. [PMID: 22803614 DOI: 10.1021/es3010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A cycle is the quantitative characterization of the flows of a specific material into, within, and from a given system. An anthropogenic elemental cycle can be static (for a point in time) or dynamic (over a time interval). The about 350 publications collected for this review contain a total of 1074 individual cycle determinations, 989 static and 85 dynamic, for 59 elements; more than 90% of the publications have appeared since 2000. The cycles are of varying quality and completeness, with about 80% at country- or territory-level, addressing 45 elements, and 5% at global-level, addressing 30 elements. Despite their limitations, cycles have often been successful in revealing otherwise unknown information. Most of the elements for which no cycles exist are radioactively unstable or are used rarely and in small amounts. For a variety of reasons, the anthropogenic cycles of only perhaps a dozen elements are well characterized. For all the others, with cycles limited or nonexistent, our knowledge of types of uses, lifetimes in those uses, international trade, losses to the environment, and rates of recycling is quite limited, thereby making attempts to evaluate resource sustainability particularly problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qiang Chen
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.
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Turkez H, Geyikoglu F. The efficiacy of bismuth subnitrate against genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by aluminum sulphate. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 27:133-42. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710381894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is commonly used in industrial processes and drugs and is thought to induce erythrocytes damage via activation of oxidative stress. Recently, bismuth (Bi)-containing drugs are used in the treatment of various diseases. However, uncertain effects of Bi in blood tissue may participate in the therapeutic efficacy of Bi compounds as related to metals. Hence, this study aimed to determine the roles on human blood cells of the various concentrations of aluminum sulphate (Al2 (SO4)3) and bismuth subnitrate (BSN), separate and together. With this aim, oxidative status was assessed on erythrocytes by measuring following oxidative stress markers: reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and catalase (CAT). Two chemicals were tested for their ability to induce cytogenetic change in human lymphocytes using assays for chromosome aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). Our results showed that high dose of Al2(SO4)3 (20 µg/mL) caused oxidative stress and increased CA and SCE frequencies. Whereas, BSN doses did not change CA and SCE rates. Moreover, it led to changes of antioxidant capacity at different concentrations. After concomitant treatment with Al2(SO 4)3 and BSN, the effects of BSN doses were different on enzyme activities and decreased the genotoxic damage. However, the high dose of BSN and Al2(SO4)3 was shown to enhance the frequencies of CAs and SCEs in a synergistic manner. In conclusion, BSN could be effective in the protection against the blood toxicity of Al 2(SO4)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatime Geyikoglu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
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