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Bogomiakova ME, Bogomazova AN, Lagarkova MA. Dysregulation of Immune Tolerance to Autologous iPSCs and Their Differentiated Derivatives. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:799-816. [PMID: 38880643 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924050031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), capable of differentiating into any cell type, are a promising tool for solving the problem of donor organ shortage. In addition, reprogramming technology makes it possible to obtain a personalized, i.e., patient-specific, cell product transplantation of which should not cause problems related to histocompatibility of the transplanted tissues and organs. At the same time, inconsistent information about the main advantage of autologous iPSC-derivatives - lack of immunogenicity - still casts doubt on the possibility of using such cells beyond immunosuppressive therapy protocols. This review is devoted to immunogenic properties of the syngeneic and autologous iPSCs and their derivatives, as well as to the reasons for dysregulation of their immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita E Bogomiakova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Alexandra N Bogomazova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Maria A Lagarkova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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2
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Rossbach B, Hariharan K, Mah N, Oh SJ, Volk HD, Reinke P, Kurtz A. Human iPSC-Derived Renal Cells Change Their Immunogenic Properties during Maturation: Implications for Regenerative Therapies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081328. [PMID: 35456007 PMCID: PMC9032821 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based therapy critically depends on understanding and controlling the immunological effects of the hiPSC-derived transplant. While hiPSC-derived cells used for cell therapy are often immature with post-grafting maturation, immunological properties may change, with adverse effects on graft tolerance and control. In the present study, the allogeneic and autologous cellular immunity of hiPSC-derived progenitor and terminally differentiated cells were investigated in vitro. In contrast to allogeneic primary cells, hiPSC-derived early renal progenitors and mature renal epithelial cells are both tolerated not only by autologous but also by allogeneic T cells. These immune-privileged properties result from active immunomodulation and low immune visibility, which decrease during the process of cell maturation. However, autologous and allogeneic natural killer (NK) cell responses are not suppressed by hiPSC-derived renal cells and effectively change NK cell activation status. These findings clearly show a dynamic stage-specific dependency of autologous and allogeneic T and NK cell responses, with consequences for effective cell therapies. The study suggests that hiPSC-derived early progenitors may provide advantageous immune-suppressive properties when applied in cell therapy. The data furthermore indicate a need to suppress NK cell activation in allogeneic as well as autologous settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella Rossbach
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.H.); (S.-J.O.); (H.-D.V.); (P.R.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Fraunhofer-Forum Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Krithika Hariharan
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.H.); (S.-J.O.); (H.-D.V.); (P.R.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Processing, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nancy Mah
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Fraunhofer-Forum Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Su-Jun Oh
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.H.); (S.-J.O.); (H.-D.V.); (P.R.)
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.H.); (S.-J.O.); (H.-D.V.); (P.R.)
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.H.); (S.-J.O.); (H.-D.V.); (P.R.)
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCat), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kurtz
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.H.); (S.-J.O.); (H.-D.V.); (P.R.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Fraunhofer-Forum Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (A.K.)
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3
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Ishigaki H, Pham VL, Terai J, Sasamura T, Nguyen CT, Ishida H, Okahara J, Kaneko S, Shiina T, Nakayama M, Itoh Y, Ogasawara K. No Tumorigenicity of Allogeneic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Major Histocompatibility Complex-matched Cynomolgus Macaques. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689721992066. [PMID: 33588604 PMCID: PMC7894586 DOI: 10.1177/0963689721992066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is anticipated when cells derived from iPSCs are transplanted. It has been reported that iPSCs formed a teratoma in vivo in autologous transplantation in a nonhuman primate model without immunosuppression. However, there has been no study on tumorigenicity in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched allogeneic iPSC transplantation with immune-competent hosts. To examine the tumorigenicity of allogeneic iPSCs, we generated four iPSC clones carrying a homozygous haplotype of the MHC. Two clones were derived from female fibroblasts by using a retrovirus and the other two clones were derived from male peripheral blood mononuclear cells by using Sendai virus (episomal approach). The iPSC clones were transplanted into allogenic MHC-matched immune-competent cynomolgus macaques. After transplantation of the iPSCs into subcutaneous tissue of an MHC-matched female macaque and into four testes of two MHC-matched male macaques, histological analysis showed no tumor, inflammation, or regenerative change in the excised tissues 3 months after transplantation, despite the results that iPSCs formed teratomas in immune-deficient mice and in autologous transplantation as previously reported. The results in the present study suggest that there is no tumorigenicity of iPSCs in MHC-matched allogeneic transplantation in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Ishigaki
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Van Loi Pham
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Biomolecular and Genetic Unit, Department of Hematology, Choray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jun Terai
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takako Sasamura
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Cong Thanh Nguyen
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ishida
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Junko Okahara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Misako Nakayama
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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4
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Strategies for Cancer Immunotherapy Using Induced Pluripotency Stem Cells-Based Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123581. [PMID: 33266109 PMCID: PMC7760556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in cancer therapy, metastatic solid tumors remain largely incurable. Immunotherapy has emerged as a pioneering and promising approach for cancer therapy and management, and in particular intended for advanced tumors unresponsive to current therapeutics. In cancer immunotherapy, components of the immune system are exploited to eliminate cancer cells and treat patients. The recent clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies represent a turning point in cancer treatment. Despite their potential success, current approaches depend on efficient tumor antigen presentation which are often inaccessible, and most tumors turn refractory to current immunotherapy. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been shown to share several characteristics with cancer (stem) cells (CSCs), eliciting a specific anti-tumoral response when injected in rodent cancer models. Indeed, artificial cellular reprogramming has been widely compared to the biogenesis of CSCs. Here, we will discuss the state-of-the-art on the potential implication of cellular reprogramming and iPSCs for the design of patient-specific immunotherapeutic strategies, debating the similarities between iPSCs and cancer cells and introducing potential strategies that could enhance the efficiency and therapeutic potential of iPSCs-based cancer vaccines.
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5
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Robinson MH, Vasquez J, Kaushal A, MacDonald TJ, Velázquez Vega JE, Schniederjan M, Dhodapkar K. Subtype and grade-dependent spatial heterogeneity of T-cell infiltration in pediatric glioma. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001066. [PMID: 32788236 PMCID: PMC7422651 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in children and have distinct genomic and molecular features compared with adult glioma. However, the properties of immune cells in these tumors has been vastly understudied compared with their adult counterparts. We combined multiplex immunofluorescence immunohistochemistry coupled with machine learning and single-cell mass cytometry to evaluate T-cells infiltrating pediatric glial tumors. We show that low-grade tumors are characterized by greater T-cell density compared with high-grade glioma (HGG). However, even among low-grade tumors, T-cell infiltration can be highly variable and subtype-dependent, with greater T-cell density in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma and ganglioglioma. CD3+ T-cell infiltration correlates inversely with the expression of SOX2, an embryonal stem cell marker commonly expressed by glial tumors. T-cells within both HGG and low-grade glioma (LGG) exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity and tissue-resident memory T-cells consist of distinct subsets of CD103+ and TCF1+ cells that exhibit distinct spatial localization patterns. TCF1+ T-cells are located closer to the vessels while CD103+ resident T-cells reside within the tumor further away from the vasculature. Recurrent tumors are characterized by a decline in CD103+ tumor-infiltrating T-cells. BRAFV600E mutation is immunogenic in children with LGG and may serve as a target for immune therapy. These data provide several novel insights into the subtype-dependent and grade-dependent changes in immune architecture in pediatric gliomas and suggest that harnessing tumor-resident T-cells may be essential to improve immune control in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hope Robinson
- Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juan Vasquez
- Pediatric Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kaushal
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Kavita Dhodapkar
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Ovarian Cancer, Cancer Stem Cells and Current Treatment Strategies: A Potential Role of Magmas in the Current Treatment Methods. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030719. [PMID: 32183385 PMCID: PMC7140629 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) constitutes 90% of ovarian cancers (OC) and is the eighth most common cause of cancer-related death in women. The cancer histologically and genetically is very complex having a high degree of tumour heterogeneity. The pathogenic variability in OC causes significant impediments in effectively treating patients, resulting in a dismal prognosis. Disease progression is predominantly influenced by the peritoneal tumour microenvironment rather than properties of the tumor and is the major contributor to prognosis. Standard treatment of OC patients consists of debulking surgery, followed by chemotherapy, which in most cases end in recurrent chemoresistant disease. This review discusses the different origins of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), the major sub-type of EOC. Tumour heterogeneity, genetic/epigenetic changes, and cancer stem cells (CSC) in facilitating HGSOC progression and their contribution in the circumvention of therapy treatments are included. Several new treatment strategies are discussed including our preliminary proof of concept study describing the role of mitochondria-associated granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling protein (Magmas) in HGSOC and its unique potential role in chemotherapy-resistant disease.
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7
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Bogomiakova ME, Eremeev AV, Lagarkova MA. At Home among Strangers: Is It Possible to Create Hypoimmunogenic Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines? Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319050042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Dhodapkar MV, Dhodapkar KM. Moving Immunoprevention Beyond Virally Mediated Malignancies: Do We Need to Link It to Early Detection? Front Immunol 2019; 10:2385. [PMID: 31649683 PMCID: PMC6795703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines can successfully prevent viral infections and have emerged as an effective strategy for preventing some virally mediated malignancies. They also represent our major hope for cost-effective reduction of the cancer burden. The concept that the immune system mediates surveillance and editing roles against tumors is now well-established in murine models. However, harnessing the immune system to prevent human cancers that do not have a known viral etiology has not yet been realized. Most human cancers originate in a premalignant phase that is more common than the cancer itself. Many of the genetic changes that underlie carcinogenesis originate at this stage when the malignant phenotype is not manifest. Studies evaluating host response in human premalignancy have documented that these lesions are immunogenic, setting the stage for immune-based approaches for targeted prevention of human cancer. However, recent studies suggest that the hierarchy of T cell exhaustion and immune-suppressive factors have already begun to emerge in many preneoplastic states. These considerations underscore the need to link immune prevention to earlier detection of such lesions and to personalize such approaches based on the status of the pre-existing immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav V. Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kavita M. Dhodapkar
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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9
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Abstract
The worldwide increase in the number of patients with end-stage renal disease leads to a growing waiting list for kidney transplantation resulting from the scarcity of kidney donors. Therefore, alternative treatment options for patients with end-stage renal disease are being sought. In vitro differentiation of stem cells into renal tissue is a promising approach to repair nonfunctional kidney tissue. Impressive headway has been made in the use of stem cells with the use of adult renal progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells for the development toward primitive kidney structures. Currently, efforts are directed at improving long-term maintenance and stability of the cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the cell sources used for the generation of kidney cells and strategies used for transplantation in in vivo models. Furthermore, it provides a perspective on stability and safety during future clinical application of in vitro generated kidney cells.
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Khandekar D, Amara S, Tiriveedhi V. Immunogenicity of Tumor Initiating Stem Cells: Potential Applications in Novel Anticancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:315. [PMID: 31106150 PMCID: PMC6494937 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor initiating stem cells (TISCs) are a subset of tumor cells, which are implicated in cancer relapse and resistance to chemotherapy. The metabolic programs that drive TISC functions are exquisitely unique and finely-tuned by various oncogene-driven transcription factors to facilitate pro-cancerous adaptive challenges. While this change in TISC metabolic machinery allows for the identification of associated molecular targets with diagnostic and prognostic value, these molecules also have a potential immunological application. Recent studies have shown that these TISC-associated molecules have strong antigenic properties enabling naïve CD8+T lymphocytes to differentiate into cytotoxic effector phenotype with anticancer potential. In spite of the current challenges, a detailed understanding in this direction offers an immense immunotherapeutic opportunity. In this review, we highlight the molecular targets that characterize TISCs, the metabolic landscape of TISCs, potential antitumor immune cell activation, and the opportunities and challenges they present in the development of new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Khandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Suneetha Amara
- Department of Medicine, St. Thomas Hospital-Midtown, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Venkataswarup Tiriveedhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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11
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Abstract
The retina is a very fine and layered neural tissue, which vitally depends on the preservation of cells, structure, connectivity and vasculature to maintain vision. There is an urgent need to find technical and biological solutions to major challenges associated with functional replacement of retinal cells. The major unmet challenges include generating sufficient numbers of specific cell types, achieving functional integration of transplanted cells, especially photoreceptors, and surgical delivery of retinal cells or tissue without triggering immune responses, inflammation and/or remodeling. The advances of regenerative medicine enabled generation of three-dimensional tissues (organoids), partially recreating the anatomical structure, biological complexity and physiology of several tissues, which are important targets for stem cell replacement therapies. Derivation of retinal tissue in a dish creates new opportunities for cell replacement therapies of blindness and addresses the need to preserve retinal architecture to restore vision. Retinal cell therapies aimed at preserving and improving vision have achieved many improvements in the past ten years. Retinal organoid technologies provide a number of solutions to technical and biological challenges associated with functional replacement of retinal cells to achieve long-term vision restoration. Our review summarizes the progress in cell therapies of retina, with focus on human pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal tissue, and critically evaluates the potential of retinal organoid approaches to solve a major unmet clinical need—retinal repair and vision restoration in conditions caused by retinal degeneration and traumatic ocular injuries. We also analyze obstacles in commercialization of retinal organoid technology for clinical application.
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12
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Tumour microenvironment and metabolic plasticity in cancer and cancer stem cells: Perspectives on metabolic and immune regulatory signatures in chemoresistant ovarian cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:265-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Wefers C, Schreibelt G, Massuger LFAG, de Vries IJM, Torensma R. Immune Curbing of Cancer Stem Cells by CTLs Directed to NANOG. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1412. [PMID: 29971070 PMCID: PMC6018198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified as the source of tumor growth and disease recurrence. Eradication of CSCs is thus essential to achieve durable responses, but CSCs are resistant to current anti-tumor therapies. Novel therapeutic approaches that specifically target CSCs will, therefore, be crucial to improve patient outcome. Immunotherapies, which boost the body's own immune system to eliminate cancerous cells, could be an alternative approach to target CSCs. Vaccines of dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with tumor antigens can evoke highly specific anti-tumor T cell responses. Importantly, DC vaccination also promotes immunological memory formation, paving the way for long-term cancer control. Here, we propose a DC vaccination that specifically targets CSCs. DCs loaded with NANOG peptides, a protein required for maintaining stem cell properties, could evoke a potent anti-tumor immune response against CSCs. We hypothesize that the resulting immunological memory will also control newly formed CSCs, thereby preventing disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wefers
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ruurd Torensma
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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14
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Bialkowski L, Van der Jeught K, Bevers S, Tjok Joe P, Renmans D, Heirman C, Aerts JL, Thielemans K. Immune checkpoint blockade combined with IL-6 and TGF-β inhibition improves the therapeutic outcome of mRNA-based immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:686-698. [PMID: 29464699 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Improved understanding of cancer immunology has provided insight into the phenomenon of frequent tumor recurrence after initially successful immunotherapy. A delicate balance exists between the capacity of the immune system to control tumor growth and various resistance mechanisms that arise to avoid or even counteract the host's immune system. These resistance mechanisms include but are not limited to (i) adaptive expression of inhibitory checkpoint molecules in response to the proinflammatory environment and (ii) amplification of cancer stem cells, a small fraction of tumor cells possessing the capacity for self-renewal and mediating treatment resistance and formation of metastases after long periods of clinical remission. Several individual therapeutic agents have so far been developed to revert T-cell exhaustion or disrupt the cross-talk between cancer stem cells and the tumor-promoting microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate that a three-arm combination therapy-consisting of an mRNA-based vaccine to induce antigen-specific T-cell responses, monoclonal antibodies blocking inhibitory checkpoint molecules (PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3), and antibodies targeting IL-6 and TGF-β-improves the therapeutic outcome in subcutaneous TC-1 tumors and significantly prolongs survival of treated mice. Our findings point to a need for a rational development of multidimensional anticancer therapies, aiming at the induction of tumor-specific immunity and simultaneously targeting multiple resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bialkowski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Kevin Van der Jeught
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Sanne Bevers
- eTheRNA Immunotherapies, Galileilaan 19, Niel, 2845, Belgium
| | - Patrick Tjok Joe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Dries Renmans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Carlo Heirman
- eTheRNA Immunotherapies, Galileilaan 19, Niel, 2845, Belgium
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, Brussels, 1090, Belgium.,eTheRNA Immunotherapies, Galileilaan 19, Niel, 2845, Belgium
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15
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Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising approach to the treatment of ischemic heart disease via replenishing cell loss after myocardial infarction. Both preclinical studies and clinical trials have indicated that cardiac function improved consistently, but very modestly after cell-based therapy. This mainly attributed to low cell survival rate, engraftment and functional integration, which became the major challenges to regenerative medicine. In recent years, several new cell types have been developed to regenerate cardiomyocytes and novel delivery approaches helped to increase local cell retention. New strategies, such as cell pretreatment, gene-based therapy, tissue engineering, extracellular vesicles application and immunologic regulation, have surged and brought about improved cell survival and functional integration leading to better therapeutic effects after cell transplantation. In this review, we summarize these new strategies targeting at challenges of cardiac regenerative medicine and discuss recent evidences that may hint their effectiveness in the future clinical settings.
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16
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Poursani EM, Mehravar M, Soltani BM, Mowla SJ. OCT4B2, a novel alternative spliced variant of OCT4, is significantly upregulated under heat-stress condition and downregulated in differentiated cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317724280. [PMID: 29022482 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317724280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OCT4 is a crucial transcription factor that maintains self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem and embryonic carcinoma cells. The human OCT4 gene can generate at least three variants (OCT4A, OCT4B, and OCTB1) via alternative splicing and alternative promoters. It has been previously reported that OCT4A is the main isoform, retaining stemness state in embryonic stem and embryonic carcinoma cells. There are several reports on the expression of OCT4A, OCT4B, and OCT4B1 in some cancers and tumor cells. The expression of OCT4 in cancer tissues and cell lines appeared to be highly controversial since it was believed that OCT4 is exclusively expressed in embryonic stem/embryonic carcinoma cells. Here, we are reporting the detection of a novel alternatively spliced variant of OCT4, OCT4B2, in several pluripotent and tumor cell lines. Moreover, the expression pattern of OCT4B2 in the course of neural differentiation of NT2 and NCCIT, embryonic carcinoma cells, was similar to that of OCT4A. OCT4B2 was highly expressed in undifferentiated cells; however, its expression was sharply downregulated upon induction of differentiation. Overexpression of OCT4B2 did not affect the distribution of cells in different cell-cycle phases of transfected cells, compared to the mock transfected cells. Interestingly, the expression of OCT4B2 transcript was elevated under the heat-shock induction. In conclusion, we are reporting a new variant of OCT4, which is expressed under different physiological conditions. The finding shed more light on complexity of OCT4 expression and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh M Poursani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Mehravar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Vasquez JC, Huttner A, Zhang L, Marks A, Chan A, Baehring JM, Kahle KT, Dhodapkar KM. SOX2 immunity and tissue resident memory in children and young adults with glioma. J Neurooncol 2017. [PMID: 28620836 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapies targeting immune checkpoints are effective in tumors with a high mutation burden that express multiple neo-antigens. However, glial tumors including those seen in children carry fewer mutations and there is an unmet need to identify new antigenic targets of anti-tumor immunity. SOX2 is an embryonal stem cell antigen implicated in the biology of glioma initiating cells. Expression of SOX2 by pediatric glial tumors and the capacity of the immune system in these patients to recognize SOX2 has not been previously studied. We examined the expression of SOX2 on archived paraffin-embedded tissue from pediatric glial tumors. The presence of T-cell immunity to SOX2 was examined in both blood and tumor-infiltrating T-cells in children and young adults with glioma. The nature of tumor-infiltrating immune cells was analyzed with a 37-marker panel using single-cell mass cytometry. SOX2 is expressed by tumor cells but not surrounding normal tissue in pediatric gliomas of all grades. T-cells against this antigen can be detected in blood and tumor tissue in glioma patients. Glial tumors are enriched for CD8/CD4 T-cells with tissue resident memory (TRM; CD45RO+, CD69+, CCR7-) phenotype, which co-express multiple inhibitory checkpoints including PD-1, PD-L1 and TIGIT. Tumors also contain natural killer cells with reduced expression of lytic granzyme. Our data demonstrate immunogenicity of SOX2, which is specifically overexpressed on pediatric glial tumor cells. Harnessing tumor immunity in glioma will likely require the combined targeting of multiple inhibitory checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Vasquez
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 2073, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Anita Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Asher Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 2073, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Amy Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Kavita M Dhodapkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 2073, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can undergo unlimited self-renewal and differentiate into all cell types in human body, and therefore hold great potential for cell therapy of currently incurable diseases including neural degenerative diseases, heart failure, and macular degeneration. This potential is further underscored by the promising safety and efficacy data from the ongoing clinical trials of hESC-based therapy of macular degeneration. However, one main challenge for the clinical application of hESC-based therapy is the allogeneic immune rejection of hESC-derived cells by the recipient. The breakthrough of the technology to generate autologous-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by nuclear reprogramming of patient’s somatic cells raised the possibility that autologous iPSC-derived cells can be transplanted into the patients without the concern of immune rejection. However, accumulating data indicate that certain iPSC-derived cells can be immunogenic. In addition, the genomic instability associated with iPSCs raises additional safety concern to use iPSC-derived cells in human cell therapy. In this review, we will discuss the mechanism underlying the immunogenicity of the pluripotent stem cells and recent progress in developing immune tolerance strategies of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived allografts. The successful development of safe and effective immune tolerance strategy will greatly facilitate the clinical development of hPSC-based cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Fu
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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19
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Liu J, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang W, Cao Y. Phenotypic characterization and anticancer capacity of CD8+ cytokine-induced killer cells after antigen-induced expansion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175704. [PMID: 28426690 PMCID: PMC5398541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) have been used in clinic for adoptive immunotherapy in a variety of malignant tumors and have improved the prognosis of cancer patients. However, there are individual differences in the CIK cell preparations including the obvious differences in the ratio of effector CIK cells among different cancer patients. Infusion of such heterogeneous immune cell preparation is an important factor that would affect the therapeutic efficacy. We report here the enrichment and expansion of CD8+ cells from CIK cells cultured for one week using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). These enriched CD8+ CIK cells expressed T cell marker CD3 and antigen recognition receptor NKG2D. Phenotypic analysis showed that CD8+ CIK cells contained 32.4% of CD3+ CD56+ natural killer (NK)-like T cells, 23.6% of CD45RO+ CD28+, and 50.5% of CD45RA+ CD27+ memory T cells. In vitro cytotoxic activity assay demonstrated that the enriched CD8+ CIK cells had significant cytotoxic activity against K562 cells and five ovarian cancer cell lines. Intriguingly, CD8+ CIK cells had strong cytotoxic activity against OVCAR3 cells that has weak binding capability to NKG2D. Flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that OVCAR3 cells expressed HLA-I and OCT4 and Sox2, suggesting that CD8+ CIK cells recognize surface antigen via specific T cell receptor and effectively kill the target cells. The results suggest that transplantation of such in vitro enriched and expanded OCT4-specific CD8+ CIK cells may improve the specific immune defense mechanism against cancer stem cells, providing a novel avenue of cancer stem cell targeted immunotherapy for clinical treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoling Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (WZ)
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (WZ)
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20
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Abstract
Cancer is one of the major leading death causes of diseases. Prevention and treatment of cancer is an important way to decrease the incidence of tumorigenesis and prolong patients' lives. Subversive achievements on cancer immunotherapy have recently been paid much attention after many failures in basic and clinical researches. Based on deep analysis of genomics and proteomics of tumor antigens, a variety of cancer vaccines targeting tumor antigens have been tested in preclinical and human clinical trials. Many therapeutic cancer vaccines alone or combination with other conventional treatments for cancer obtained spectacular efficacy, indicating the tremendously potential application in clinic. With the illustration of underlying mechanisms of cancer immune regulation, valid, controllable, and persistent cancer vaccines will play important roles in cancer treatment, survival extension and relapse and cancer prevention. This chapter mainly summarizes the recent progresses and developments on cancer vaccine research and clinical application, thus exploring the existing obstacles in cancer vaccine research and promoting the efficacy of cancer vaccine.
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21
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Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4010002. [PMID: 28536370 PMCID: PMC5344247 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is an emerging form of treatment for several liver diseases, but is limited by the availability of donor livers. Stem cells hold promise as an alternative to the use of primary hepatocytes. We performed an exhaustive review of the literature, with a focus on the latest studies involving the use of stem cells for the treatment of liver disease. Stem cells can be harvested from a number of sources, or can be generated from somatic cells to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Different cell lines have been used experimentally to support liver function and treat inherited metabolic disorders, acute liver failure, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and small-for-size liver transplantations. Cell-based therapeutics may involve gene therapy, cell transplantation, bioartificial liver devices, or bioengineered organs. Research in this field is still very active. Stem cell therapy may, in the future, be used as a bridge to either liver transplantation or endogenous liver regeneration, but efficient differentiation and production protocols must be developed and safety must be demonstrated before it can be applied to clinical practice.
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22
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Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Tsukahara T, Kanaseki T, Kochin V, Sato N. Immune responses to human cancer stem-like cells/cancer-initiating cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 107:12-7. [PMID: 26440127 PMCID: PMC4724814 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem‐like cells (CSC)/cancer‐initiating cells (CIC) are defined as minor subpopulations of cancer cells that are endowed with properties of higher tumor‐initiating ability, self‐renewal ability and differentiation ability. Accumulating results of recent studies have revealed that CSC/CIC are resistant to standard cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and molecular targeting therapy, and eradiation of CSC/CIC is, thus, critical to cure cancer. Cancer immunotherapy is expected to become the “fourth” cancer therapy. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play an essential role in immune responses to cancers, and CTL can recognize CSC/CIC in an antigen‐specific manner. CSC/CIC express several tumor‐associated antigens (TAA), and cancer testis (CT) antigens are reasonable sources for CSC/CIC‐targeting immunotherapy. In this review article, we discuss CSC/CIC recognition by CTL, regulation of immune systems by CSC/CIC, TAA expression in CSC/CIC, and the advantages of CSC/CIC‐targeting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tsukahara
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Vitaly Kochin
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
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23
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Al-Daccak R, Charron D. Allogenic benefit in stem cell therapy: cardiac repair and regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Al-Daccak
- Laboratoire “Jean Dausset” Hôpital Saint Louis - AP-HP; INSERM U976, Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
| | - D. Charron
- Laboratoire “Jean Dausset” Hôpital Saint Louis - AP-HP; INSERM U976, Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
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24
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Chevaleyre C, Benhamouda N, Favry E, Fabre E, Mhoumadi A, Nozach H, Marcon E, Cosler G, Vinatier E, Oudard S, Hans S, Le Pimpec-Barthes F, Bats AS, Castelli FA, Tartour E, Maillère B. The Tumor Antigen Cyclin B1 Hosts Multiple CD4 T Cell Epitopes Differently Recognized by Pre-Existing Naive and Memory Cells in Both Healthy and Cancer Donors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1891-901. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Chudickova M, Bruza P, Zajicova A, Trosan P, Svobodova L, Javorkova E, Kubinova S, Holan V. Targeted neural differentiation of murine mesenchymal stem cells by a protocol simulating the inflammatory site of neural injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1588-1597. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milada Chudickova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bruza
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering; Czech Technical University in Prague; Kladno Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zajicova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Peter Trosan
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Svobodova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Javorkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Kubinova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Holan
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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26
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Lin G, Wang X, Yi W, Zhang C, Xu G, Zhu X, Cai Z, Liu Y, Diao Y, Lin MCM, Jin G. A conjugate of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 and toll-like receptor 7 agonist prevents the growth and metastasis of testis embryonic carcinoma. J Transl Med 2015; 13:166. [PMID: 25990580 PMCID: PMC4455914 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune non-recognition is often the underlying cause of failure in tumor immunotherapeutic. This is because most tumor-related antigens are poorly immunogenic, and fail to arouse an efficient immune response against cancers. Here we synthesized a novel TLR7 agonist, and developed a safe and effective immunotherapeutic vaccine by conjugating this TLR7 agonist with the pluripotency antigen OCT4. Methods Purified recombinant OCT4 protein was covalently linked with a novel TLR7 agonist to form a TLR7-OCT4 conjugate (T7-OCT4). After conjugation, the in vitro release of IL-12 and IFN-γ was observed in spleen lymphocytes. Mice were immunized with TLR7-OCT4, and the release of IFN-γ, the percentages of CD3+/CD8+ T cells and the OCT4-specific cytotoxicity rates were measured. The immunized mice were challenged with mouse embryonic carcinoma (EC), and the tumor volume and tumor weight were determined. Blood routine examination was performed to evaluate the biosafety of TLR7 agonist and TLR7-OCT4 conjugate in mice. Results T7-OCT4 conjugate significantly increased the in vitro release of IL-12 and IFN-γ by mouse spleen lymphocytes. In addition, the release of IFN-γ, the percentages of CD3+/CD8+ T cells and the tumor-specific cytotoxicity rates in immunized mice were significantly higher. Importantly, in EC xenografted mice, immunization with T7-OCT4 conjugate decreased the growth of the tumor dramatically up to 90 %, as compared to mice immunized with OCT4 protein or TLR7 agonist alone. Furthermore, blood routine examination demonstrated that no abnormalities of the blood cells and components in the blood fluids were detected by T7-OCT4 and TLR7 agonist injections. Conclusions Our results showed that conjugating OCT4 protein to the novel TLR7 agonist produced a vaccine which is effective and safe in preventing tumor growth in mice. Our results suggest that this type of vaccine formulation has great potentiality in preventive vaccines against OCT4 expressing tumors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0524-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimiao Lin
- The Institute of Urinary and Reproductive, the Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- The Institute of Urinary and Reproductive, the Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Wanxian Yi
- The Institute of Urinary and Reproductive, the Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Chuanxia Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Gaixia Xu
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaomei Zhu
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiming Cai
- The Institute of Urinary and Reproductive, the Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yuwen Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Marie Chia-Mi Lin
- The Institute of Urinary and Reproductive, the Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Guangyi Jin
- The Institute of Urinary and Reproductive, the Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Vasaturo A, Verdoes M, de Vries J, Torensma R, Figdor CG. Restoring immunosurveillance by dendritic cell vaccines and manipulation of the tumor microenvironment. Immunobiology 2014; 220:243-8. [PMID: 25466585 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells evolve from normal cells throughout life and are usually recognized by our immune system and destroyed, a process called immunosurveillance. Unfortunately, in some instances cancer cells paralyze our immune system, resulting in outgrowth and spreading of the tumor. Understanding the complexity of immunomodulation by tumors is important for the development of therapeutical strategies. Nowadays, various approaches have been developed to enhance anti-tumor immune responses and abrogate the immune dampening effect of the tumor and its surrounding environment, including dendritic cell-based vaccines, therapies to counteract myeloid derived suppressor cell function within the tumor and antagonists of inhibitory signaling pathways to overcome 'immune checkpoints'. The challenge is now to find the right combination of immune based therapies to fully restore immune function and provide a more efficacious and enduring anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Vasaturo
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda de Vries
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurd Torensma
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Prowse AB, Timmins NE, Yau TM, Li RK, Weisel RD, Keller G, Zandstra PW. Transforming the Promise of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes to a Therapy: Challenges and Solutions for Clinical Trials. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1335-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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29
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Lee S, Yoon YS. Revisiting cardiovascular regeneration with bone marrow-derived angiogenic and vasculogenic cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:290-303. [PMID: 22250888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy has emerged as a promising therapy for cardiovascular disease. Particularly, bone marrow (BM)-derived cells have been most extensively investigated and have shown encouraging results in preclinical studies. Clinical trials, however, have demonstrated split results in post-myocardial infarction cardiac repair. Mechanistically, transdifferentiation of BM-derived cells into cardiovascular tissue demonstrated by earlier studies is now known to play a minor role in functional recovery, and humoral and paracrine effects turned out to be main mechanisms responsible for tissue regeneration and functional recovery. With this advancement in the mechanistic insight of BM-derived cells, new efforts have been made to identify cell population, which can be readily isolated and obtained in sufficient quantity without mobilization and have higher therapeutic potential. Recently, haematopoietic CD31(+) cells, which are more prevalent in bone marrow and peripheral blood, have been revealed to have angiogenic and vasculogenic activities and strong potential for therapeutic neovascularization in ischaemic tissues. This article will cover the recent advances in BM-derived cell-based therapy and implication of CD31(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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30
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Tan Y, Ooi S, Wang L. Immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives: genetic and epigenetic perspectives. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 9:63-72. [PMID: 24160683 PMCID: PMC3873036 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x113086660068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One aim of stem cell-based therapy is to utilize pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as a supplementary source of cells
to repair or replace tissues or organs that have ceased to function due to severe tissue damage. However, PSC-based therapy
requires extensive research to ascertain if PSC derivatives are functional without the risk of tumorigenicity, and also
do not engender severe immune rejection that threatens graft survival and function. Recently, the suitability of induced
pluripotent stem cells applied for patient-tailored cell therapy has been questioned since the discovery of several genetic
and epigenetic aberrations during the reprogramming process. Hence, it is crucial to understand the effect of these abnormalities
on the immunogenicity and survival of PSC grafts. As induced PSC-based therapy represents a hallmark for the
potential solution to prevent and arrest immune rejection, this review also summarizes several up-to-date key findings in
the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H8M5, Canada.
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MHC-matched induced pluripotent stem cells can attenuate cellular and humoral immune responses but are still susceptible to innate immunity in pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98319. [PMID: 24927426 PMCID: PMC4057111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed negligible immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in syngeneic mice and in autologous monkeys. Therefore, human iPS cells would not elicit immune responses in the autologous setting. However, given that human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched allogeneic iPS cells would likely be used for medical applications, a more faithful model system is needed to reflect HLA-matched allogeneic settings. Here we examined whether iPS cells induce immune responses in the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)-matched setting. iPS cells were generated from the SLA-defined C1 strain of Clawn miniature swine, which were confirmed to develop teratomas in mice, and transplanted into the testes (n = 4) and ovary (n = 1) of C1 pigs. No teratomas were found in pigs on 47 to 125 days after transplantation. A Mixed lymphocyte reaction revealed that T-cell responses to the transplanted MHC-matched (C1) iPS cells were significantly lower compared to allogeneic cells. The humoral immune responses were also attenuated in the C1-to-C1 setting. More importantly, even MHC-matched iPS cells were susceptible to innate immunity, NK cells and serum complement. iPS cells lacked the expression of SLA class I and sialic acids. The in vitro cytotoxic assay showed that C1 iPS cells were targeted by NK cells and serum complement of C1. In vivo, the C1 iPS cells developed larger teratomas in NK-deficient NOG (T-B-NK-) mice (n = 10) than in NK-competent NOD/SCID (T-B-NK+) mice (n = 8) (p<0.01). In addition, C1 iPS cell failed to form teratomas after incubation with the porcine complement-active serum. Taken together, MHC-matched iPS cells can attenuate cellular and humoral immune responses, but still susceptible to innate immunity in pigs.
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Qi SD, Smith PD, Choong PF. Nuclear reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells: a review for surgeons. ANZ J Surg 2014; 84:417-23. [DOI: 10.1111/ans.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara D. Qi
- Department of Surgery; St. Vincent's Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Paul D. Smith
- Department of Surgery; St. Vincent's Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Peter F. Choong
- Department of Surgery; St. Vincent's Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics; St. Vincent's Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Influence of immune responses in gene/stem cell therapies for muscular dystrophies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:818107. [PMID: 24959590 PMCID: PMC4052166 DOI: 10.1155/2014/818107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases, caused by mutations in different components of sarcolemma, extracellular matrix, or enzymes. Inflammation and innate or adaptive immune response activation are prominent features of MDs. Various therapies under development are directed toward rescuing the dystrophic muscle damage using gene transfer or cell therapy. Here we discussed current knowledge about involvement of immune system responses to experimental therapies in MDs.
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Hong SG, Winkler T, Wu C, Guo V, Pittaluga S, Nicolae A, Donahue RE, Metzger ME, Price SD, Uchida N, Kuznetsov SA, Kilts T, Li L, Robey PG, Dunbar CE. Path to the clinic: assessment of iPSC-based cell therapies in vivo in a nonhuman primate model. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1298-1309. [PMID: 24835994 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based cell therapies have great potential for regenerative medicine but are also potentially associated with tumorigenic risks. Current rodent models are not optimal predictors of efficiency and safety for clinical application. Therefore, we developed a clinically relevant nonhuman primate model to assess the tumorigenic potential and in vivo efficacy of both undifferentiated and differentiated iPSCs in autologous settings without immunosuppression. Undifferentiated autologous iPSCs indeed form mature teratomas in a dose-dependent manner. However, tumor formation is accompanied by an inflammatory reaction. On the other hand, iPSC-derived mesodermal stromal-like cells form new bone in vivo without any evidence of teratoma formation. We therefore show in a large animal model that closely resembles human physiology that undifferentiated autologous iPSCs form teratomas, and that iPSC-derived progenitor cells can give rise to a functional tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Gun Hong
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chuanfeng Wu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vicky Guo
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alina Nicolae
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert E Donahue
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark E Metzger
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sandra D Price
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Naoya Uchida
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sergei A Kuznetsov
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tina Kilts
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Li Li
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia E Dunbar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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35
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Induced pluripotent stem cells in hematology: current and future applications. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e211. [PMID: 24813079 PMCID: PMC4042300 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is nowadays approaching effectiveness and clinical grade. Potential uses of this technology include predictive toxicology, drug screening, pathogenetic studies and transplantation. Here, we review the basis of current iPS cell technology and potential applications in hematology, ranging from disease modeling of congenital and acquired hemopathies to hematopoietic stem and other blood cell transplantation.
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36
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Guo C, Manjili MH, Subjeck JR, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, Wang XY. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: past, present, and future. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 119:421-75. [PMID: 23870514 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines represent a viable option for active immunotherapy of cancers that aim to treat late stage disease by using a patient's own immune system. The promising results from clinical trials recently led to the approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This major breakthrough not only provides a new treatment modality for cancer management but also paves the way for rationally designing and optimizing future vaccines with improved anticancer efficacy. Numerous vaccine strategies are currently being evaluated both preclinically and clinically. This review discusses therapeutic cancer vaccines from diverse platforms or targets as well as the preclinical and clinical studies employing these therapeutic vaccines. We also consider tumor-induced immune suppression that hinders the potency of therapeutic vaccines, and potential strategies to counteract these mechanisms for generating more robust and durable antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Efficient reprogramming of naïve-like induced pluripotent stem cells from porcine adipose-derived stem cells with a feeder-independent and serum-free system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85089. [PMID: 24465482 PMCID: PMC3896366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells reprogrammed by ectopic expression of transcription factors or small molecule treatment, which resemble embryonic stem cells (ESCs). They hold great promise for improving the generation of genetically modified large animals. However, few porcine iPSCs (piPSCs) lines obtained currently can support development of cloned embryos. Here, we generated iPSCs from porcine adipose-derived stem cells (pADSCs), using drug-inducible expression of defined human factors (Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4). Reprogramming of iPSCs from pADSCs was more efficient than from fibroblasts, regardless of using feeder-independent or feeder-dependent manners. By addition of Lif-2i medium containing mouse Lif, CHIR99021 and PD0325901 (Lif-2i), naïve-like piPSCs were obtained under feeder-independent and serum-free conditions. These successfully reprogrammed piPSCs were characterized by short cell cycle intervals, alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining, expression of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, SSEA3 and SSEA4, and normal karyotypes. The resemblance of piPSCs to naïve ESCs was confirmed by their packed dome morphology, growth after single-cell dissociation, Lif-dependency, up-regulation of Stella and Eras, low expression levels of TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 and MHC I and activation of both X chromosomes. Full reprogramming of naïve-like piPSCs was evaluated by the significant up-regulation of Lin28, Esrrb, Utf1 and Dppa5, differentiating into cell types of all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, nuclear transfer embryos from naïve-like piPSCs could develop to blastocysts with improved quality. Thus, we provided an efficient protocol for generating naïve-like piPSCs from pADSCs in a feeder-independent and serum-free system with controlled regulation of exogenous genes, which may facilitate optimization of culture media and the production of transgenic pigs.
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Saijo H, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Kochin V, Takahashi H, Sato N. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes: the future of cancer stem cell eradication? Immunotherapy 2014; 5:549-51. [PMID: 23725275 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Schlom J, Hodge JW, Palena C, Tsang KY, Jochems C, Greiner JW, Farsaci B, Madan RA, Heery CR, Gulley JL. Therapeutic cancer vaccines. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 121:67-124. [PMID: 24889529 PMCID: PMC6324585 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have the potential of being integrated in the therapy of numerous cancer types and stages. The wide spectrum of vaccine platforms and vaccine targets is reviewed along with the potential for development of vaccines to target cancer cell "stemness," the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, and drug-resistant populations. Preclinical and recent clinical studies are now revealing how vaccines can optimally be used with other immune-based therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors, and so-called nonimmune-based therapeutics, radiation, hormonal therapy, and certain small molecule targeted therapies; it is now being revealed that many of these traditional therapies can lyse tumor cells in a manner as to further potentiate the host immune response, alter the phenotype of nonlysed tumor cells to render them more susceptible to T-cell lysis, and/or shift the balance of effector:regulatory cells in a manner to enhance vaccine efficacy. The importance of the tumor microenvironment, the appropriate patient population, and clinical trial endpoints is also discussed in the context of optimizing patient benefit from vaccine-mediated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kwong-Yok Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John W Greiner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benedetto Farsaci
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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40
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Di J, Duiveman-de Boer T, Figdor CG, Torensma R. Aiming to immune elimination of ovarian cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2013; 5:149-162. [PMID: 24179603 PMCID: PMC3812519 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v5.i4.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer accounts for only 3% of all cancers in women, but it causes more deaths than any other gynecologic cancer. Treatment with chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery shows a good response to the therapy. However, in a large proportion of the patients the tumor grows back within a few years. Cancer stem cells, that are less responsive to these treatments, are blamed for this recurrence of disease. Immune therapy either cellular or humoral is a novel concept to treat cancer. It is based on the notice that immune cells invade the tumor. However, the tumor invest heavily to escape from immune elimination by recruiting several immune suppressive mechanisms. These processes are normally in place to limit excessive immune activation and prevent autoimmune phenomena. Here, we discuss current knowledge about the immune (suppressive) status in ovarian cancer. Moreover, we discuss the immunological targets of ovarian cancer stem cells.
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41
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Abstract
The unexpected finding that autologous induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived teratomas are immunogenic in syngeneic hosts sparked pessimism over their therapeutic potential; however, two recent reports (Guha et al., 2013 and Araki et al., 2013; the latter in this issue of Cell stem cell) contradict previous findings, showing no immunogenicity of in vitro differentiated syngeneic iPS-derived cells and supporting their safety.
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42
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The stem cell markers Oct4A, Nanog and c-Myc are expressed in ascites cells and tumor tissue of ovarian cancer patients. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 36:363-74. [PMID: 23928726 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the expression of established stem cell markers in ascites and tumor tissue obtained from ovarian cancer patients. METHODS Mononuclear cells present in ascites were collected by density gradient centrifugation. Intracellular flowcytometry was used to assess the putative presence of stem cell markers. RT-PCR was used to detect full length Oct4A, a splice variant Oct4B, implicated in glioma and breast cancer, Oct4 pseudogenes and c-Myc. Genes were cloned and sequenced to determine putative mutations. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed to localize the markers in ascites cells as well as in tumor tissue. Material from carcinomas other than epithelial ovarian carcinoma served as control. RESULTS A small quantity of cells in ascites and in tumor tissue of ovarian cancer patients was detected that expresses c-Myc, Oct4A and Nanog. Besides Oct4A, present in the nucleus, also the cytoplasmic resident Oct4B splice variant was detected. Remarkably, c-Myc was found partially in the cytoplasm. Since no mutations in c-Myc were found that could explain the cytoplasmic localization, we hypothesize that this is due an IL-6 induced c-Myc shuttle factor. CONCLUSIONS The expression of stem cell genes was detected in a small proportion of tumor cells present in ascites as well as in tumor tissue. IL-6 plays an important role in the induction of c-Myc.
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43
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Kim WS, Lee S, Yoon YS. Cardiovascular repair with bone marrow-derived cells. Blood Res 2013; 48:76-86. [PMID: 23826576 PMCID: PMC3698412 DOI: 10.5045/br.2013.48.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While bone marrow (BM)-derived cells have been comprehensively studied for their propitious pre-clinical results, clinical trials have shown controversial outcomes. Unlike previously acknowledged, more recent studies have now confirmed that humoral and paracrine effects are the key mechanisms for tissue regeneration and functional recovery, instead of transdifferentiation of BM-derived cells into cardiovascular tissues. The progression of the understanding of BM-derived cells has further led to exploring efficient methods to isolate and obtain, without mobilization, sufficient number of cell populations that would eventually have a higher therapeutic potential. As such, hematopoietic CD31+ cells, prevalent in both bone marrow and peripheral blood, have been discovered, in recent studies, to have angiogenic and vasculogenic activities and to show strong potential for therapeutic neovascularization in ischemic tissues. This article will discuss recent advancement on BM-derived cell therapy and the implication of newly discovered CD31+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Sang Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, GA, USA
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44
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English K, Wood KJ. Immunogenicity of embryonic stem cell-derived progenitors after transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 16:90-5. [PMID: 21150615 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283424faa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the immunogenicity of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived progenitors and the impact of the immune response on applications of cell replacement therapy (CRT). Possible strategies to induce immunological tolerance to ESC-derived progenitor cells will also be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence for the differential epigenetic control of major histocompatibility (MHC) and antigen processing molecules in ESCs and differentiated ESCs has recently been described. The presence of T cells recognizing the pluripotency-associated transcription factor octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) in healthy patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells adds further complexity to the immune response against ESCs and ESC-derived progenitors. SUMMARY Although ESCs and ESC-derived progenitors appear to exert some level of immune privilege in specific circumstances, these allogeneic cells are indeed recognized by the immune system and can be subject to mechanisms of rejection. Herein, we discuss the importance of the recent reports describing an immunosuppressive capacity of ESCs, and the epigenetic control of MHC in ESCs and how these characteristics may be harnessed in the development of strategies to induce immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen English
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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45
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Dhodapkar KM, Gettinger SN, Das R, Zebroski H, Dhodapkar MV. SOX2-specific adaptive immunity and response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25205. [PMID: 24073380 PMCID: PMC3782159 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies including the blockade of programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptors hold promise for the treatment of various cancers including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Preclinical data suggest that pre-existing tumor immunity is important for disease regression upon checkpoint blockade-based therapies. However, the nature of antigen-specific T-cell responses that correlate with the clinical response to immunotherapy in NSCLC patients is not known. The embryonic stem cell gene SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) has recently emerged as a major oncogenic driver in NSCLC. Here, we show that nearly 50% of a cohort of NSCLC patients mounted both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses against SOX2, which could be readily detected among peripheral blood mononuclear cells. T-cell responses against SOX2 were associated with NSCLC regression upon immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, whereas none of the patients lacking SOX2-specific T cells experienced disease regression following immune checkpoint blockade. Conversely, cellular and humoral responses against viral antigens or another tumor-associated antigen (NY-ESO-1) failed to correlate with the clinical response of NSCLC patients to immunotherapy. Of note, the administration of PD-1-blocking antibodies was associated with intramolecular epitope spread as well as with the amplification of SOX2-specific immune responses in vivo. These findings identify SOX2 as an important tumor-associated antigen in NSCLC and link the presence of SOX2-specific T cells with the clinical response of lung cancer patients to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita M Dhodapkar
- Department of Pediatrics; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA ; Yale Cancer Center; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
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46
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Human iPS cell-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells induce T-cell anergy in in vitro-generated alloreactive CD8(+) T cells. Blood 2013; 121:5167-75. [PMID: 23687092 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-467753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as an alternative source of pluripotent stem cells that can be used for tissue regeneration in place of the controversial human embryonic stem cells. However, immunologic knowledge about iPSC derivatives remains enigmatic. Here, we characterized human iPS-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). These HPCs poorly express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I antigens and are MHC-II negative. Interestingly, they moderately express nonclassical HLA-G and HLA-E molecules. Consequently, alloreactive HLA-A2-specific cytotoxic T cells failed to recognize HLA-A2-expressing HPCs but became anergic. Subsequent upregulation of MHC-I using interferon-γ stimulation and provision of CD28 cosignaling led to T-cell activation, confirming that poor delivery of signals 1 and 2 by the HPCs mediated T-cell anergy. These data indicate for the first time that HPCs induce T-cell anergy, a unique characteristic of iPSC-derived cells that confers immunologic advantage for allogenic transplantation. Although iPSCs are ideal for patient-tailored treatments with the anticipation that no immunosuppression will be required, in cases of gene defects, their derivatives could be used to treat diseases in nonhistocompatible recipients.
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47
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Guha P, Morgan J, Mostoslavsky G, Rodrigues N, Boyd A. Lack of Immune Response to Differentiated Cells Derived from Syngeneic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:407-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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48
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Di J, Massuger LFAG, Duiveman-de Boer T, Zusterzeel PLM, Figdor CG, Torensma R. Functional OCT4-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in healthy controls and ovarian cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24271. [PMID: 23762805 PMCID: PMC3667911 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of growth and differentiation pathways that are responsible for the proliferation and survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has opened avenues for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. In the initial phase of an anticancer immune response, T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens develop in patients and, at least under selected circumstances, are able to eliminate malignant cells. However, it remains unknown whether CSC-specific T cells are also operational. We found naturally occurring multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for the stem cell marker OCT4 among the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of both healthy individuals and ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, lymphocytes isolated from the ascites of patients affected by ovarian malignancies also contained OCT4-specific T cells. OCT4-reactive CD4+ T cells did not produce interferon γ (IFNγ) and IFNγ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) but were capable of proliferation upon stimulation with dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with an OCT4-derived peptide or OCT4 mRNA. OCT4-reactive CD8+ cells did not proliferate in response to a similar challenge, yet produced IP-10 as well as sufficient amounts of IFNγ to induce IP-10 . Furthermore, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells were able to release their lysosomal components, as indicated by the mobilization of CD107a. These results demonstrate the existence of anti-CSC specific T cells in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabo Di
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Forrester JV, Steptoe RJ, Klaska IP, Martin-Granados C, Dua HS, Degli-Esposti MA, Wikstrom ME. Cell-based therapies for ocular inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 35:82-101. [PMID: 23542232 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the plasticity and the potential for re-programming cells has become widely accepted, there has been great interest in cell-based therapies. These are being applied to a range of diseases, not least ocular diseases, where it is assumed that there is a reduced risk of immune rejection although this may be more perceived than real. There are two broad classes of cell-based therapies: those aimed at restoring structure and function of specific tissues and cells; and those directed towards restoring immunological homeostasis by controlling the damaging effects of inflammatory disease. Stem cells of all types represent the first group and prototypically have been used with the aim of regenerating failing cells. In contrast, immune cells have been suggested as potential modulators of inflammation. However, there is functional overlap in these two applications, with some types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, demonstrating a potent immunomodulatory effect. This review summarises recent information on cell based therapies for ocular disease, with special emphasis on ocular inflammatory disease, and explores current uses, potential and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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de Almeida PE, Ransohoff JD, Nahid A, Wu JC. Immunogenicity of pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. Circ Res 2013; 112:549-61. [PMID: 23371903 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.249243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all somatic cell types brings great prospects to regenerative medicine and human health. However, before clinical applications, much translational research is necessary to ensure that their therapeutic progenies are functional and nontumorigenic, that they are stable and do not dedifferentiate, and that they do not elicit immune responses that could threaten their survival in vivo. For this, an in-depth understanding of their biology, genetic, and epigenetic make-up and of their antigenic repertoire is critical for predicting their immunogenicity and for developing strategies needed to assure successful long-term engraftment. Recently, the expectation that reprogrammed somatic cells would provide an autologous cell therapy for personalized medicine has been questioned. Induced pluripotent stem cells display several genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that could promote tumorigenicity and immunogenicity in vivo. Understanding the persistence and effects of these abnormalities in induced pluripotent stem cell derivatives is critical to allow clinicians to predict graft fate after transplantation, and to take requisite measures to prevent immune rejection. With clinical trials of pluripotent stem cell therapy on the horizon, the importance of understanding immunologic barriers and devising safe, effective strategies to bypass them is further underscored. This approach to overcome immunologic barriers to stem cell therapy can take advantage of the validated knowledge acquired from decades of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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