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Gallisà-Suñé N, Sànchez-Fernàndez-de-Landa P, Zimmermann F, Serna M, Regué L, Paz J, Llorca O, Lüders J, Roig J. BICD2 phosphorylation regulates dynein function and centrosome separation in G2 and M. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2434. [PMID: 37105961 PMCID: PMC10140047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of dynein is regulated by a number of adaptors that mediate its interaction with dynactin, effectively activating the motor complex while also connecting it to different cargos. The regulation of adaptors is consequently central to dynein physiology but remains largely unexplored. We now describe that one of the best-known dynein adaptors, BICD2, is effectively activated through phosphorylation. In G2, phosphorylation of BICD2 by CDK1 promotes its interaction with PLK1. In turn, PLK1 phosphorylation of a single residue in the N-terminus of BICD2 results in a structural change that facilitates the interaction with dynein and dynactin, allowing the formation of active motor complexes. Moreover, modified BICD2 preferentially interacts with the nucleoporin RanBP2 once RanBP2 has been phosphorylated by CDK1. BICD2 phosphorylation is central for dynein recruitment to the nuclear envelope, centrosome tethering to the nucleus and centrosome separation in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. This work reveals adaptor activation through phosphorylation as crucial for the spatiotemporal regulation of dynein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Gallisà-Suñé
- Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Sànchez-Fernàndez-de-Landa
- Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Aging and Metabolism Programme, IRB Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabian Zimmermann
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Serna
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Regué
- Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Paz
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Roig
- Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Stafford JM, Wyatt MD, McInnes C. Inhibitors of the PLK1 polo-box domain: drug design strategies and therapeutic opportunities in cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:65-81. [PMID: 36524399 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2159942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polo Like Kinase 1 (PLK1) is a key regulator of mitosis and its overexpression is frequently observed in a wide variety of human cancers, while often being associated with poor survival rates. Therefore, it is considered a potential and attractive target for cancer therapeutic development. The Polo like kinase family is characterized by the presence of a unique C terminal polobox domain (PBD) involved in regulating kinase activity and subcellular localization. Among the two functionally essential, druggable sites with distinct properties that PLK1 offers, targeting the PBD presents an alternative approach for therapeutic development. AREAS COVERED Significant progress has been made in progressing from the peptidic PBD inhibitors first identified, to peptidomimetic and recently drug-like small molecules. In this review, the rationale for targeting the PBD over the ATP binding site is discussed, along with recent progress, challenges, and outlook. EXPERT OPINION The PBD has emerged as a viable alternative target for the inhibition of PLK1, and progress has been made in using compounds to elucidate mechanistic aspects of activity regulation and in determining roles of the PBD. Studies have resulted in proof of concept of in vivo efficacy suggesting promise for PBD binders in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy M Stafford
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Campbell McInnes
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Borah S, Dhanasekaran K, Kumar S. The LEM-ESCRT toolkit: Repair and maintenance of the nucleus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:989217. [PMID: 36172278 PMCID: PMC9512039 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.989217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome is enclosed in a nuclear envelope that protects it from potentially damaging cellular activities and physically segregates transcription and translation.Transport across the NE is highly regulated and occurs primarily via the macromolecular nuclear pore complexes.Loss of nuclear compartmentalization due to defects in NPC function and NE integrity are tied to neurological and ageing disorders like Alzheimer’s, viral pathogenesis, immune disorders, and cancer progression.Recent work implicates inner-nuclear membrane proteins of the conserved LEM domain family and the ESCRT machinery in NE reformation during cell division and NE repair upon rupture in migrating cancer cells, and generating seals over defective NPCs. In this review, we discuss the recent in-roads made into defining the molecular mechanisms and biochemical networks engaged by LEM and many other integral inner nuclear membrane proteins to preserve the nuclear barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapan Borah
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- *Correspondence: Sapan Borah, ; Karthigeyan Dhanasekaran, ; Santosh Kumar,
| | - Karthigeyan Dhanasekaran
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- *Correspondence: Sapan Borah, ; Karthigeyan Dhanasekaran, ; Santosh Kumar,
| | - Santosh Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- *Correspondence: Sapan Borah, ; Karthigeyan Dhanasekaran, ; Santosh Kumar,
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Mao F, Kong Y, Liu J, Rao X, Li C, Donahue K, Zhang Y, Jones K, Zhang Q, Xu W, Liu X. Diptoindonesin G antagonizes AR signaling and enhances the efficacy of antiandrogen therapy in prostate cancer. Prostate 2022; 82:917-932. [PMID: 35322879 PMCID: PMC9035130 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway has been well demonstrated to play a crucial role in the development, progression, and drug resistance of prostate cancer. Although the current anti-androgen therapy could significantly benefit prostate cancer patients initially, the efficacy of the single drug usually lasts for a relatively short period, as drug resistance quickly emerges. METHODS We have performed an unbiased bioinformatics analysis using the RNA-seq results in 22Rv1 cells to identify the cell response toward Dip G treatment. The RNA-seq results were validated by qRT-PCR. Protein levels were detected by western blot or staining. Cell viability was measured by Aquabluer and colony formation assay. RESULTS Here, we identified that Diptoindonesin G (Dip G), a natural extracted compound, could promote the proteasome degradation of AR and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) through modulating the activation of CHIP E3 ligase. Administration of Dip G has shown a profound efficiency in the suppression of AR and PLK1, not only in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells but also in castration-resistant and enzalutamide-resistant cells in a CHIP-dependent manner. Through co-targeting the AR signaling, Dip G robustly improved the efficacy of HSP90 inhibitors and enzalutamide in both human prostate cancer cells and in vivo xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that Dip G-mediated AR degradation would be a promising and valuable therapeutic strategy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Mao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Yifan Kong
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jinghui Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Xiongjian Rao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chaohao Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Kristine Donahue
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yanquan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Katelyn Jones
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Qiongsi Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. Tel: (859) 562-2006;
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, DeSantis ME. Nde1 and Ndel1: Outstanding Mysteries in Dynein-Mediated Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871935. [PMID: 35493069 PMCID: PMC9041303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is the primary microtubule minus-end directed molecular motor in most eukaryotes. As such, dynein has a broad array of functions that range from driving retrograde-directed cargo trafficking to forming and focusing the mitotic spindle. Dynein does not function in isolation. Instead, a network of regulatory proteins mediate dynein’s interaction with cargo and modulate dynein’s ability to engage with and move on the microtubule track. A flurry of research over the past decade has revealed the function and mechanism of many of dynein’s regulators, including Lis1, dynactin, and a family of proteins called activating adaptors. However, the mechanistic details of two of dynein’s important binding partners, the paralogs Nde1 and Ndel1, have remained elusive. While genetic studies have firmly established Nde1/Ndel1 as players in the dynein transport pathway, the nature of how they regulate dynein activity is unknown. In this review, we will compare Ndel1 and Nde1 with a focus on discerning if the proteins are functionally redundant, outline the data that places Nde1/Ndel1 in the dynein transport pathway, and explore the literature supporting and opposing the predominant hypothesis about Nde1/Ndel1’s molecular effect on dynein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Garrott
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John P. Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Morgan E. DeSantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Morgan E. DeSantis,
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Shakeel I, Basheer N, Hasan GM, Afzal M, Hassan MI. Polo-like Kinase 1 as an emerging drug target: structure, function and therapeutic implications. J Drug Target 2021; 29:168-184. [PMID: 32886539 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1818760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a conserved mitotic serine-threonine protein kinase, functions as a regulatory protein, and is involved in the progression of the mitotic cycle. It plays important roles in the regulation of cell division, maintenance of genome stability, in spindle assembly, mitosis, and DNA-damage response. PLK1 is consist of a N-terminal serine-threonine kinase domain, and a C-terminal Polo-box domain (regulatory site). The expression of PLK1 is controlled by transcription repressor in the G1 stage and transcription activators in the G2 stage of the cell cycle. Overexpression of PLK1 results in undermining of checkpoints causes excessive cellular division resulting in abnormal cell growth, leading to the development of cancer. Blocking the expression of PLK1 by an antibody, RNA interference, or kinase inhibitors, causes a subsequent reduction in the proliferation of tumour cells and induction of apoptosis in tumour cells without affecting the healthy cells, suggesting an attractive target for drug development. In this review, we discuss detailed information on expression, gene and protein structures, role in different diseases, and progress in the design and development of PLK1 inhibitors. We have performed an in-depth analysis of the PLK1 inhibitors and their therapeutic implications with special focus to the cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Neha Basheer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Republic Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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7
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Raab CA, Raab M, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Non-mitotic functions of polo-like kinases in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188467. [PMID: 33171265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of mitotic protein kinases are currently being developed as non-neurotoxic alternatives of microtubule-targeting agents (taxanes, vinca alkaloids) which provide a substantial survival benefit for patients afflicted with different types of solid tumors. Among the mitotic kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases, the Aurora kinases, the kinesin spindle protein and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) have emerged as attractive targets of cancer therapeutics. The functions of mammalian PLK1-5 are traditionally linked to the regulation of the cell cycle and to the stress response. Especially the key role of PLK1 and PLK4 in cellular growth and proliferation, their overexpression in multiple types of human cancer and their druggability, make them appealing targets for cancer therapy. Inhibitors for PLK1 and PLK4 are currently being tested in multiple cancer trials. The clinical success of microtubule-targeting agents is attributed not solely to the induction of a mitotic arrest in cancer cells, but also to non-mitotic effects like targeting intracellular trafficking on microtubules. This raises the question whether new cancer targets like PLK1 and PLK4 regulate critical non-mitotic functions in tumor cells. In this article we summarize the important roles of PLK1-5 for the regulation of non-mitotic signaling. Due to these functions it is conceivable that inhibitors for PLK1 or PLK4 can target interphase cells, which underscores their attractive potential as cancer drug targets. Moreover, we also describe the contribution of the tumor-suppressors PLK2, PLK3 and PLK5 to cancer cell signaling outside of mitosis. These observations highlight the urgent need to develop highly specific ATP-competitive inhibitors for PLK4 and for PLK1 like the 3rd generation PLK-inhibitor Onvansertib to prevent the inhibition of tumor-suppressor PLKs in- and outside of mitosis. The remarkable feature of PLKs to encompass a unique druggable domain, the polo-box-domain (PBD) that can be found only in PLKs offers the opportunity for the development of inhibitors that target PLKs exclusively. Beyond the development of mono-specific ATP-competitive PLK inhibitors, the PBD as drug target will support the design of new drugs that eradicate cancer cells based on the mitotic and non-mitotic function of PLK1 and PLK4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
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8
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Tian WT, Liu LH, Zhou HY, Zhang C, Zhan FX, Zhu ZY, Chen SD, Luan XH, Cao L. New phenotype of DCTN1-related spectrum: early-onset dHMN plus congenital foot deformity. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:200-209. [PMID: 32023010 PMCID: PMC7034498 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and genetic features of two patients with different phenotypes due to various Dynactin 1 (DCTN1) gene mutations and further explore the phenotype-genotype relationship. METHODS Patient 1 is a 23-year-old man with congenital foot deformity and life-long distal muscle weakness and atrophy. Patient 2 is a 48-year-old woman with adult-onset progressive weakness, lower limbs atrophy, and pyramid bundle signs. Electrophysiology test showed normal nerve conduction velocity of both patients and neurogenic changes in needle electromyography. Open sural nerve biopsy for Patient 1 showed slight loss of myelinated nerve fibers. Both patients were performed with whole-exome sequencing followed by functional study of identified variants. RESULTS Two mutations in DCTN1 gene were identified in Patient 1 (c.626dupC) and Patient 2 (c.3823C>T), respectively. In vitro, the wild type mostly located in cytoplasm and colocalized with α-tubulin. However, c.626dupC tended to be trapped into nuclear and the c.3823C>T formed cytoplasmic aggregates, both losing colocalization with α-tubulin. Western blotting showed a truncated mutant with less molecular weight of c.626dupC was expressed. INTERPRETATION We identify two novel DCTN1 mutations causing different phenotypes: (1) early-onset distal hereditary motor neuropathy plus congenital foot malformation and (2) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, respectively. We provide the initial evidence that foot developmental deficiency probably arises from subcellular localizing abnormality of Dynactin 1, revealing DCTN1-related spectrum is still expanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wo-Tu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jurong Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Jurong People's Hospital, Jurong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Xia Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Hua Luan
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Abstract
Cell division is a highly regulated and carefully orchestrated process. Understanding the mechanisms that promote proper cell division is an important step toward unraveling important questions in cell biology and human health. Early studies seeking to dissect the mechanisms of cell division used classical genetics approaches to identify genes involved in mitosis and deployed biochemical approaches to isolate and identify proteins critical for cell division. These studies underscored that post-translational modifications and cyclin-kinase complexes play roles at the heart of the cell division program. Modern approaches for examining the mechanisms of cell division, including the use of high-throughput methods to study the effects of RNAi, cDNA, and chemical libraries, have evolved to encompass a larger biological and chemical space. Here, we outline some of the classical studies that established a foundation for the field and provide an overview of recent approaches that have advanced the study of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 .,The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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10
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van Lith SAM, Roodink I, Verhoeff JJC, Mäkinen PI, Lappalainen JP, Ylä-Herttuala S, Raats J, van Wijk E, Roepman R, Letteboer SJ, Verrijp K, Leenders WPJ. In vivo phage display screening for tumor vascular targets in glioblastoma identifies a llama nanobody against dynactin-1-p150Glued. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71594-71607. [PMID: 27689404 PMCID: PMC5342104 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are primary brain cancers that are characterised by infiltrative growth. Whereas high-grade glioma characteristically presents with perinecrotic neovascularisation, large tumor areas thrive on pre-existent vasculature as well. Clinical studies have revealed that pharmacological inhibition of the angiogenic process does not improve survival of glioblastoma patients. Direct targeting of tumor vessels may however still be an interesting therapeutic approach as it allows pinching off the blood supply to tumor cells. Such tumor vessel targeting requires the identification of tumor-specific vascular targeting agents (TVTAs). Here we describe a novel TVTA, C-C7, which we identified via in vivo biopanning of a llama nanobody phage display library in an orthotopic mouse model of diffuse glioma. We show that C-C7 recognizes a subpopulation of tumor blood vessels in glioma xenografts and clinical glioma samples. Additionally, C-C7 recognizes macrophages and activated endothelial cells in atherosclerotic lesions. By using C-C7 as bait in yeast-2-hybrid (Y2H) screens we identified dynactin-1-p150Glued as its binding partner. The interaction was confirmed by co-immunostainings with C-C7 and a commercial anti-dynactin-1-p150Glued antibody, and via co-immunoprecipitation/western blot studies. Normal brain vessels do not express dynactin-1-p150Glued and its expression is reduced under anti-VEGF therapy, suggesting that dynactin-1-p150Glued is a marker for activated endothelial cells. In conclusion, we show that in vivo phage display combined with Y2H screenings provides a powerful approach to identify tumor-targeting nanobodies and their binding partners. Using this combination of methods we identify dynactin-1-p150Glued as a novel targetable protein on activated endothelial cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilse Roodink
- Department of Pathology, RadboudUMC, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Modiquest BV, LSP, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Petri I Mäkinen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari P Lappalainen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Science Service Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jos Raats
- Modiquest BV, LSP, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, RadboudUMC, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Genetics, RadboudUMC, 6500 HB, Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - Stef J Letteboer
- Department of Genetics, RadboudUMC, 6500 HB, Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - Kiek Verrijp
- Department of Pathology, RadboudUMC, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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CDK1 and PLK1 coordinate the disassembly and reassembly of the nuclear envelope in vertebrate mitosis. Oncotarget 2017; 9:7763-7773. [PMID: 29487689 PMCID: PMC5814256 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN) arise from chromosomes or fragments that fail to be incorporated into the primary nucleus after cell division. These structures are a major source of genetic instability caused by DNA repair and replication defects coupled to aberrant Nuclear Envelope (NE). These problems ultimately lead to a spectrum of chromosome rearrangements called chromothripsis, a phenomenon that is a hallmark of several cancers. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanism at the origin of this instability is still not understood. Here we show that lagging chromatin, although it can efficiently assemble Lamin A/C, always fails to recruit Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs) proteins and that Polo-Like Kinase (PLK1) negatively regulates NPC assembly. We also provide evidence for the requirement of PLK1 activity for the disassembly of NPCs, but not Lamina A/C, at mitotic entry. Altogether this study reveals the existence of independent regulatory pathways for Lamin A/C and NPC reorganization during mitosis where Lamin A/C targeting to the chromatin is controlled by CDK1 activity (a clock-based model) while the NPC loading is also spatially monitored by PLK1.
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12
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Martino L, Morchoisne-Bolhy S, Cheerambathur DK, Van Hove L, Dumont J, Joly N, Desai A, Doye V, Pintard L. Channel Nucleoporins Recruit PLK-1 to Nuclear Pore Complexes to Direct Nuclear Envelope Breakdown in C. elegans. Dev Cell 2017; 43:157-171.e7. [PMID: 29065307 PMCID: PMC8184135 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In animal cells, nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) is required for proper chromosome segregation. Whereas mitotic kinases have been implicated in NEBD, how they coordinate their activity to trigger this event is unclear. Here, we show that both in human cells and Caenorhabditis elegans, the Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) is recruited to the nuclear pore complexes, just prior to NEBD, through its Polo-box domain (PBD). We provide evidence that PLK-1 localization to the nuclear envelope (NE) is required for efficient NEBD. We identify the central channel nucleoporins NPP-1/Nup58, NPP-4/Nup54, and NPP-11/Nup62 as the critical factors anchoring PLK-1 to the NE in C. elegans. In particular, NPP-1, NPP-4, and NPP-11 primed at multiple Polo-docking sites by Cdk1 and PLK-1 itself physically interact with the PLK-1 PBD. We conclude that nucleoporins play an unanticipated regulatory role in NEBD, by recruiting PLK-1 to the NE thereby facilitating phosphorylation of critical downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Martino
- Cell Cycle and Development, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Morchoisne-Bolhy
- Non-conventional Functions of Nuclear Pore, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lucie Van Hove
- Cell Cycle and Development, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dumont
- Cell Division and Reproduction, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Joly
- Cell Cycle and Development, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Valérie Doye
- Non-conventional Functions of Nuclear Pore, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Pintard
- Cell Cycle and Development, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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13
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Linder MI, Köhler M, Boersema P, Weberruss M, Wandke C, Marino J, Ashiono C, Picotti P, Antonin W, Kutay U. Mitotic Disassembly of Nuclear Pore Complexes Involves CDK1- and PLK1-Mediated Phosphorylation of Key Interconnecting Nucleoporins. Dev Cell 2017; 43:141-156.e7. [PMID: 29065306 PMCID: PMC5654724 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During interphase, the nuclear envelope (NE) serves as a selective barrier between cytosol and nucleoplasm. When vertebrate cells enter mitosis, the NE is dismantled in the process of nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD). Disassembly of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is a key aspect of NEBD, required for NE permeabilization and formation of a cytoplasmic mitotic spindle. Here, we show that both CDK1 and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) support mitotic NPC disintegration by hyperphosphorylation of Nup98, the gatekeeper nucleoporin, and Nup53, a central nucleoporin linking the inner NPC scaffold to the pore membrane. Multisite phosphorylation of Nup53 critically contributes to its liberation from its partner nucleoporins, including the pore membrane protein NDC1. Initial steps of NPC disassembly in semi-permeabilized cells can be reconstituted by a cocktail of mitotic kinases including cyclinB-CDK1, NIMA, and PLK1, suggesting that the unzipping of nucleoporin interactions by protein phosphorylation is an important principle underlying mitotic NE permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika I Linder
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Köhler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Boersema
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marion Weberruss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wandke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Marino
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Ashiono
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kutay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Kumar S, Sharma G, Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Kim J. Regulatory functional territory of PLK-1 and their substrates beyond mitosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:37942-37962. [PMID: 28415805 PMCID: PMC5514964 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) is a well-known (Ser/Thr) mitotic protein kinase and is considered as a proto-oncogene. As hyper-activation of PLK-1 is broadly associated with poor prognosis and cancer progression, it is one of the most extensively studied mitotic kinases. During mitosis, PLK-1 regulates various cell cycle events, such as spindle pole maturation, chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. However, studies have demonstrated that the role of PLK-1 is not only restricted to mitosis, but PLK-1 can also regulate other vital events beyond mitosis, including transcription, translation, ciliogenesis, checkpoint adaptation and recovery, apoptosis, chromosomes dynamics etc. Recent reviews have tried to define the regulatory role of PLK-1 during mitosis progression and tumorigenesis, but its' functional role beyond mitosis is still largely unexplored. PLK-1 can regulate the activity of many proteins that work outside of its conventional territory. The dysregulation of these proteins can cause diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, tumorigenesis etc. and may also lead to drug resistance. Thus, in this review, we discussed the versatile role of PLK-1 and tried to collect data to validate its' functional role in cell cycle regulation apart from mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chucheonsi, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Institute For Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chucheonsi, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Bio-informatics, School of Computer and Information Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute For Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chucheonsi, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chucheonsi, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
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15
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Gutteridge REA, Ndiaye MA, Liu X, Ahmad N. Plk1 Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: From Laboratory to Clinics. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1427-35. [PMID: 27330107 PMCID: PMC4936921 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) overexpression has been shown to occur in a wide range of tumors, prompting research and development of Plk1 inhibitors as a means of cancer treatment. This review discusses recent advances in the development of Plk1 inhibitors for cancer management. Plk1 inhibition has been shown to cause mitotic block and apoptosis of cells with higher mitotic index and therefore higher Plk1 expression. The potential of Plk1 inhibitors as cancer therapeutics has been widely investigated. However, a complete understanding of Plk1 biology/mechanism is yet to be fully achieved. Resistance to certain chemotherapeutic drugs has been linked to Plk1 overexpression, and Plk1-mediated mitotic events such as microtubule rearrangement have been found to reduce the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. The Plk1 inhibitor volasertib has shown considerable promise in clinical studies, having reached phase III trials. However, preclinical success with Plk1 inhibitors has not translated well into clinical success. In our view, combined therapies targeting other relevant pathways together with Plk1 may be vital to combat issues observed with monotherapy, especially resistance. In addition, research should also be directed toward understanding the mechanisms of Plk1 and designing additional next generations of specific, potent Plk1 inhibitors to target cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1427-35. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Ann Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.
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16
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Li J, Karki A, Hodges KB, Ahmad N, Zoubeidi A, Strebhardt K, Ratliff TL, Konieczny SF, Liu X. Cotargeting Polo-Like Kinase 1 and the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:4185-98. [PMID: 26438599 PMCID: PMC4648817 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00825-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been identified as one of the predominantly upregulated pathways in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, whether targeting the β-catenin pathway will prove effective as a CRPC treatment remains unknown. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a critical regulator in many cell cycle events, and its level is significantly elevated upon castration of mice carrying xenograft prostate tumors. Indeed, inhibition of Plk1 has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in several in vivo studies. Here, we show that Plk1 is a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Plk1 inhibition or depletion enhances the level of cytosolic and nuclear β-catenin in human prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling significantly potentiates the antineoplastic activity of the Plk1 inhibitor BI2536 in both cultured prostate cancer cells and CRPC xenograft tumors. Mechanistically, axin2, a negative regulator of the β-catenin pathway, serves as a substrate of Plk1, and Plk1 phosphorylation of axin2 facilitates the degradation of β-catenin by enhancing binding between glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and β-catenin. Plk1-phosphorylated axin2 also exhibits resistance to Cdc20-mediated degradation. Overall, this study identifies a novel Plk1-Wnt signaling axis in prostate cancer, offering a promising new therapeutic option to treat CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Anju Karki
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kurt B Hodges
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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17
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Rahman MM, Munzig M, Kaneshiro K, Lee B, Strome S, Müller-Reichert T, Cohen-Fix O. Caenorhabditis elegans polo-like kinase PLK-1 is required for merging parental genomes into a single nucleus. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4718-35. [PMID: 26490119 PMCID: PMC4678026 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-04-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the first zygotic division, the nuclear envelopes of the maternal and paternal pronuclei disassemble, allowing both sets of chromosomes to be incorporated into a single nucleus in daughter cells after mitosis. We found that in Caenorhabditis elegans, partial inactivation of the polo-like kinase PLK-1 causes the formation of two nuclei, containing either the maternal or paternal chromosomes, in each daughter cell. These two nuclei gave rise to paired nuclei in all subsequent cell divisions. The paired-nuclei phenotype was caused by a defect in forming a gap in the nuclear envelopes at the interface between the two pronuclei during the first mitotic division. This was accompanied by defects in chromosome congression and alignment of the maternal and paternal metaphase plates relative to each other. Perturbing chromosome congression by other means also resulted in failure to disassemble the nuclear envelope between the two pronuclei. Our data further show that PLK-1 is needed for nuclear envelope breakdown during early embryogenesis. We propose that during the first zygotic division, PLK-1-dependent chromosome congression and metaphase plate alignment are necessary for the disassembly of the nuclear envelope between the two pronuclei, ultimately allowing intermingling of the maternal and paternal chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Rahman
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mandy Munzig
- Structural Cell Biology Group, Experimental Center, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kiyomi Kaneshiro
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Brandon Lee
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Strome
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Structural Cell Biology Group, Experimental Center, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Orna Cohen-Fix
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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18
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Baffet AD, Hu DJ, Vallee RB. Cdk1 Activates Pre-mitotic Nuclear Envelope Dynein Recruitment and Apical Nuclear Migration in Neural Stem Cells. Dev Cell 2015; 33:703-16. [PMID: 26051540 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dynein recruitment to the nuclear envelope is required for pre-mitotic nucleus-centrosome interactions in nonneuronal cells and for apical nuclear migration in neural stem cells. In each case, dynein is recruited to the nuclear envelope (NE) specifically during G2 via two nuclear pore-mediated mechanisms involving RanBP2-BicD2 and Nup133-CENP-F. The mechanisms responsible for cell-cycle control of this behavior are unknown. We now find that Cdk1 serves as a direct master controller for NE dynein recruitment in neural stem cells and HeLa cells. Cdk1 phosphorylates conserved sites within RanBP2 and activates BicD2 binding and early dynein recruitment. Late recruitment is triggered by a Cdk1-induced export of CENP-F from the nucleus. Forced NE targeting of BicD2 overrides Cdk1 inhibition, fully rescuing dynein recruitment and nuclear migration in neural stem cells. These results reveal how NE dynein recruitment is cell-cycle regulated and identify the trigger mechanism for apical nuclear migration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre D Baffet
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Daniel J Hu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard B Vallee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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19
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Zhang H, Diab A, Fan H, Mani SKK, Hullinger R, Merle P, Andrisani O. PLK1 and HOTAIR Accelerate Proteasomal Degradation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 during Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Liver Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2363-74. [PMID: 25855382 PMCID: PMC4452430 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating mechanisms of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is needed to gain insights into the etiology and treatment of liver cancer. Cells where HBV is replicating exhibit increased expression of Plk1 kinase and reduced levels of two transcription repression factors, SUZ12 and ZNF198. SUZ12 is an essential subunit of the transcription repressive complex PRC2. ZNF198 stabilizes the transcription repressive complex composed of LSD1, Co-REST, and HDAC1. These two transcription repressive complexes are held together by binding the long noncoding RNA HOTAIR. In this study, we linked these regulatory events mechanistically by showing that Plk1 induces proteasomal degradation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 by site-specific phosphorylation. Plk1-dependent ubiquitination of SUZ12 and ZNF198 was enhanced by expression of HOTAIR, significantly reducing SUZ12 and ZNF198 stability. In cells expressing the HBV X protein (HBx), downregulation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 mediated global changes in histone modifications. In turn, HBx-expressing cells propagated an altered chromatin landscape after cell division, as exemplified by changes in histone modifications of the EpCAM promoter, a target of PRC2 and LSD1/Co-REST/HDAC1 complexes. Notably, liver tumors from X/c-myc bitransgenic mice exhibited downregulation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 along with elevated expression of Plk1, HOTAIR, and EpCAM. Clinically, similar effects were documented in a set of HBV-related liver tumors consistent with the likelihood that downregulation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 leads to epigenetic reprogramming of infected hepatocytes. Because both Plk1 and HOTAIR are elevated in many human cancers, we propose that their combined effects are involved in epigenetic reprogramming associated broadly with oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Ahmed Diab
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Huitao Fan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Saravana Kumar Kailasam Mani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Ronald Hullinger
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Philippe Merle
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Ourania Andrisani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University,West Lafayette IN 47907, USA, and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286 , Lyon Cedex 03, France
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20
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Liu X. Targeting Polo-Like Kinases: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Cancer Treatment. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:185-95. [PMID: 26055176 PMCID: PMC4486469 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are a family of serine-threonine kinases that regulate multiple intracellular processes including DNA replication, mitosis, and stress response. Plk1, the most well understood family member, regulates numerous stages of mitosis and is overexpressed in many cancers. Plk inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation, including phase III trials of volasertib, a Plk inhibitor, in acute myeloid leukemia and rigosertib, a dual inhibitor of Plk1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways, in myelodysplastic syndrome. Other Plk inhibitors, including the Plk1 inhibitors GSK461364A, TKM-080301, GW843682, purpurogallin, and poloxin and the Plk4 inhibitor CFI-400945 fumarate, are in earlier clinical development. This review discusses the biologic roles of Plks in cell cycle progression and cancer, and the mechanisms of action of Plk inhibitors currently in development as cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Liu
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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21
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Solc P, Kitajima TS, Yoshida S, Brzakova A, Kaido M, Baran V, Mayer A, Samalova P, Motlik J, Ellenberg J. Multiple requirements of PLK1 during mouse oocyte maturation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116783. [PMID: 25658810 PMCID: PMC4319955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) orchestrates multiple events of cell division. Although PLK1 function has been intensively studied in centriole-containing and rapidly cycling somatic cells, much less is known about its function in the meiotic divisions of mammalian oocytes, which arrest for a long period of time in prophase before meiotic resumption and lack centrioles for spindle assembly. Here, using specific small molecule inhibition combined with live mouse oocyte imaging, we comprehensively characterize meiotic PLK1's functions. We show that PLK1 becomes activated at meiotic resumption on microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) and later at kinetochores. PLK1 is required for efficient meiotic resumption by promoting nuclear envelope breakdown. PLK1 is also needed to recruit centrosomal proteins to acentriolar MTOCs to promote normal spindle formation, as well as for stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Consequently, PLK1 inhibition leads to metaphase I arrest with misaligned chromosomes activating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Unlike in mitosis, the metaphase I arrest is not bypassed by the inactivation of the SAC. We show that PLK1 is required for the full activation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) by promoting the degradation of the APC/C inhibitor EMI1 and is therefore essential for entry into anaphase I. Moreover, our data suggest that PLK1 is required for proper chromosome segregation and the maintenance of chromosome condensation during the meiosis I-II transition, independently of the APC/C. Thus, our results define the meiotic roles of PLK1 in oocytes and reveal interesting differential requirements of PLK1 between mitosis and oocyte meiosis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Solc
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Tomoya S. Kitajima
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Adela Brzakova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Masako Kaido
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Alexandra Mayer
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Samalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Motlik
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Li Z, Lu Y, Ahmad N, Strebhardt K, Liu X. Low-dose arsenic-mediated metabolic shift is associated with activation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Cell Cycle 2015; 14:3030-9. [PMID: 26292025 PMCID: PMC4825546 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-established human carcinogen associated with cancers of the skin, liver, lung, kidney, and bladder. Although numerous carcinogenic pathways have been proposed, the molecular mechanisms underlying arsenic-associated cancer etiology are still elusive. The cellular responses to arsenic exposure are dose dependent. It was recently shown that low-dose arsenic leads to a metabolic shift from mitochondrial respiration to aerobic glycolysis via inactivation of tumor suppressor p53 and activation of NF-κB. However, how inactivation of p53, activation of NF-κB, and metabolic change are coordinated in response to low-dose arsenic exposure is still not completely understood. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a well- documented regulator in many cell cycle-related events. Herein, we showed that low-dose arsenic leads to elevation of Plk1 in an NF-κB-dependent manner and that elevation of Plk1 contributes to the metabolic change from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis via activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, we showed that inhibition/depletion of Plk1 reverses low-dose arsenic-associated phenotypes, including enhanced cell proliferation, activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and increased glycolysis. Finally, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway also antagonizes the enhanced glycolytic influx due to low-dose arsenic exposure. Our studies support the notion that Plk1 likely plays a critical role in cellular responses to low-dose arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
- School of Public Health; Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison, WI USA
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; J.W. Goethe University; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
- Center for Cancer Research; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
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23
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Walters AD, May CK, Dauster ES, Cinquin BP, Smith EA, Robellet X, D'Amours D, Larabell CA, Cohen-Fix O. The yeast polo kinase Cdc5 regulates the shape of the mitotic nucleus. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2861-7. [PMID: 25454593 PMCID: PMC4255140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal nuclear size and shape are hallmarks of aging and cancer. However, the mechanisms regulating nuclear morphology and nuclear envelope (NE) expansion are poorly understood. In metazoans, the NE disassembles prior to chromosome segregation and reassembles at the end of mitosis. In budding yeast, the NE remains intact. The nucleus elongates as chromosomes segregate and then divides at the end of mitosis to form two daughter nuclei without NE disassembly. The budding yeast nucleus also undergoes remodeling during a mitotic arrest; the NE continues to expand despite the pause in chromosome segregation, forming a nuclear extension, or "flare," that encompasses the nucleolus. The distinct nucleolar localization of the mitotic flare indicates that the NE is compartmentalized and that there is a mechanism by which NE expansion is confined to the region adjacent to the nucleolus. Here we show that mitotic flare formation is dependent on the yeast polo kinase Cdc5. This function of Cdc5 is independent of its known mitotic roles, including rDNA condensation. High-resolution imaging revealed that following Cdc5 inactivation, nuclei expand isometrically rather than forming a flare, indicating that Cdc5 is needed for NE compartmentalization. Even in an uninterrupted cell cycle, a small NE expansion occurs adjacent to the nucleolus prior to anaphase in a Cdc5-dependent manner. Our data provide the first evidence that polo kinase, a key regulator of mitosis, plays a role in regulating nuclear morphology and NE expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D Walters
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher K May
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emma S Dauster
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bertrand P Cinquin
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Smith
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xavier Robellet
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer and Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Damien D'Amours
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer and Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Larabell
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Orna Cohen-Fix
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Zhang Z, Hou X, Shao C, Li J, Cheng JX, Kuang S, Ahmad N, Ratliff T, Liu X. Plk1 inhibition enhances the efficacy of androgen signaling blockade in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6635-47. [PMID: 25252916 PMCID: PMC4233180 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is thought to be driven by oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, androgen receptor (AR) signaling, and activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, but it is uncertain how they may become coordinated during progression to castration-resistant disease that remains incurable. The mitotic kinase polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is elevated in prostate cancer, where its expression is linked to tumor grade. Notably, Plk1 signaling and lipid metabolism were identified recently as two of the top five most upregulated pathways in a mouse xenograft model of human prostate cancer. Herein, we show that oxidative stress activates both the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and AR signaling in a Plk1-dependent manner in prostate cells. Inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway prevented oxidative stress-induced activation of AR signaling. Plk1 modulation also affected cholesteryl ester accumulation in prostate cancer via the SREBP pathway. Finally, Plk1 inhibition enhanced cellular responses to androgen signaling inhibitors (ASI) and overcame ASI resistance in both cultured prostate cancer cells and patient-derived tumor xenografts. Given that activation of AR signaling and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is sufficient to elevate SREBP-dependent expression of key lipid biosynthesis enzymes in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), our findings argued that Plk1 activation was responsible for coordinating and driving these processes to promote and sustain the development of this advanced stage of disease. Overall, our results offer a strong mechanistic rationale to evaluate Plk1 inhibitors in combination drug trials to enhance the efficacy of ASIs in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianzeng Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Department of Neurosurgery, Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy Ratliff
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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25
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Schmucker S, Sumara I. Molecular dynamics of PLK1 during mitosis. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e954507. [PMID: 27308323 PMCID: PMC4905186 DOI: 10.1080/23723548.2014.954507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a key regulator of eukaryotic cell division. During mitosis, dynamic regulation of PLK1 is crucial for its roles in centrosome maturation, spindle assembly, microtubule–kinetochore attachment, and cytokinesis. Similar to other members of the PLK family, the molecular architecture of PLK1 protein is characterized by 2 domains—the kinase domain and the regulatory substrate-binding domain (polo-box domain)—that cooperate and control PLK1 function during mitosis. Mitotic cells employ many layers of regulation to activate and target PLK1 to different cellular structures in a timely manner. During the last decade, numerous studies have shed light on the precise molecular mechanisms orchestrating the mitotic activity of PLK1 in time and space. This review aims to discuss available data and concepts related to regulation of the molecular dynamics of human PLK1 during mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Schmucker
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) ; Illkirch, France
| | - Izabela Sumara
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) ; Illkirch, France
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26
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Plk1-targeted therapies in TP53- or RAS-mutated cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 761:31-39. [PMID: 24630986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment, prognosis for many types of carcinoma remains poor. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) has been explored as a target for the development of anticancer drugs. As a mitotic master Ser/Thr kinase, Plk1 is involved in centrosomal maturation, microtubule nucleation, chromosomal segregation, and cytokinesis. Additional functions in interphase and in response to DNA damage have been revealed. The multiple locations of Plk1 correspond to distinct functions, mediated by phosphorylation of multiple substrates. Since it is highly expressed in several carcinomas, and expression of Plk1 is inversely correlated with the survival rate of patients in non-small cell lung, head and neck, and esophageal cancer, Plk1 is recognized as a valid prognostic marker. Connections between Plk1 and p53 or KRAS in carcinoma provide a rationale and several possible routes to the development of therapies. Tumors with both p53-deficiency and high Plk1 expression may be particularly sensitive to Plk1 inhibitors, although some controversial data exist. In KRAS-mutant cancers, on the other hand, Plk1 may be essential for tumor cell survival, but detailed studies as to whether Plk1 inhibitors are more effective in KRAS-mutant cancers must be performed in order to determine whether this is the case. Here, we present evidence for Plk1 as a prognostic marker and potentially effective target for the treatment of patients with carcinoma, to demonstrate the value of Plk1 as a target for the development of cancer treatment, especially for patients with solid tumors. In addition, the effects of Plk1 inhibition in p53- or KRAS-mutated cancer are discussed with respect to clinical implications. Structural specifics of Plk1 are presented, as well as current strategies for discovering new Plk1 inhibitors by targeting the conserved ATP binding site or polo-box domain of Plk1, in order to develop Plk1-specific anticancer drugs.
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27
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Abstract
Current anti-cancer therapies have a great deal of undesirable side effects; therefore, there is a need to develop efficient and cancer cell-specific new drugs without strong dose-limiting side effects. In my opinion, mechanisms of nuclear assembly and organization represent a novel platform for drug targets, which might fulfill these criteria. The nuclear stiffness and organization of some cancer types are often compromised, making them more vulnerable for further targeting the mechanisms of nuclear integrity than their normal counterparts. Here I will discuss the nuclear organization of normal cells and cancer cells, the molecular mechanisms that govern nuclear assembly with emphasis on those that, in my view, might be considered as targets for future anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mátyás Gorjánácz
- Bayer Pharma AG; Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals; Global Drug Discovery; Therapeutic Research Group Oncology; Berlin, Germany
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28
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Hou X, Li Z, Huang W, Li J, Staiger C, Kuang S, Ratliff T, Liu X. Plk1-dependent microtubule dynamics promotes androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:1352-63. [PMID: 23661607 PMCID: PMC3720713 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) signaling continues to be essential in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Taxel-based chemotherapy is the current standard treatment for CRPC patients. Unfortunately, almost all patients eventually develop resistance toward this chemotherapy. Significantly, it was recently found that the anti-tumor effect of paclitaxel in CRPC is due to its inhibition of AR activity via its inhibition of microtubule dynamics. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a critical regulator in many cell cycle events, is elevated in prostate cancer (PCa) and linked to tumor grades. Of note, we have previously shown that Plk1 phosphorylates CLIP-170 and p150(Glued) , two important regulators of microtubule dynamics. METHODS We compared paclitaxel-mediated phenotypes (inhibition of the AR signaling, decrease of microtubule dynamics and cell death) of PCa cells expressing different forms of CLIP-170 and p150(Glued) with different Plk1 phosphorylation states. RESULTS We show that Plk1 phosphorylation of CLIP-170 and p150(Glued) affects cellular responses to paclitaxel. Expression of Plk1-unphosphorylatable mutants of CLIP-170 and p150(Glued) results in increased paclitaxel-induced apoptosis, increased protein degradation of the AR, and decreased nuclear accumulation of the AR in response to androgen in prostate cancer cells. Finally, we show that cells expressing unphosphorylatable mutants of CLIP-170 have defective microtubule dynamics, thus providing a new mechanism to understand how Plk1-associated kinase activity promotes constitutive activation of AR signaling in CRPC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a combination of inhibition of Plk1 and paclitaxel might be a novel avenue for treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzeng Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China 250021
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Weize Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Christopher Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Tim Ratliff
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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29
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Zhapparova ON, Fokin AI, Vorobyeva NE, Bryantseva SA, Nadezhdina ES. Ste20-like protein kinase SLK (LOSK) regulates microtubule organization by targeting dynactin to the centrosome. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3205-14. [PMID: 23985322 PMCID: PMC3806656 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-03-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase SLK (LOSK) phosphorylates the 1A isoform of the p150Glued subunit of dynactin and targets it to the centrosome, where it maintains microtubule radial organization. In addition, dynactin phosphorylation is involved in Golgi reorientation in polarized cells. The microtubule- and centrosome-associated Ste20-like kinase (SLK; long Ste20-like kinase [LOSK]) regulates cytoskeleton organization and cell polarization and spreading. Its inhibition causes microtubule disorganization and release of centrosomal dynactin. The major function of dynactin is minus end–directed transport along microtubules in a complex with dynein motor. In addition, dynactin is required for maintenance of the microtubule radial array in interphase cells, and depletion of its centrosomal pool entails microtubule disorganization. Here we demonstrate that SLK (LOSK) phosphorylates the p150Glued subunit of dynactin and thus targets it to the centrosome, where it maintains microtubule radial organization. We show that phosphorylation is required only for centrosomal localization of p150Glued and does not affect its microtubule-organizing properties: artificial targeting of nonphosphorylatable p150Glued to the centrosome restores microtubule radial array in cells with inhibited SLK (LOSK). The phosphorylation site is located in a microtubule-binding region that is variable for two isoforms (1A and 1B) of p150Glued expressed in cultured fibroblast-like cells (isoform 1B lacks 20 amino acids in the basic microtubule-binding domain). The fact that SLK (LOSK) phosphorylates only a minor isoform 1A of p150Glued suggests that transport and microtubule-organizing functions of dynactin are distinctly divided between the two isoforms. We also show that dynactin phosphorylation is involved in Golgi reorientation in polarized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Zhapparova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117334, Russia
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30
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Lazarus JE, Moughamian AJ, Tokito MK, Holzbaur ELF. Dynactin subunit p150(Glued) is a neuron-specific anti-catastrophe factor. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001611. [PMID: 23874158 PMCID: PMC3712912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynein partner dynactin not only binds to microtubules, but is found to potently influence microtubule dynamics in neurons. Regulation of microtubule dynamics in neurons is critical, as defects in the microtubule-based transport of axonal organelles lead to neurodegenerative disease. The microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein and its partner complex dynactin drive retrograde transport from the distal axon. We have recently shown that the p150Glued subunit of dynactin promotes the initiation of dynein-driven cargo motility from the microtubule plus-end. Because plus end-localized microtubule-associated proteins like p150Glued may also modulate the dynamics of microtubules, we hypothesized that p150Glued might promote cargo initiation by stabilizing the microtubule track. Here, we demonstrate in vitro using assembly assays and TIRF microscopy, and in primary neurons using live-cell imaging, that p150Glued is a potent anti-catastrophe factor for microtubules. p150Glued alters microtubule dynamics by binding both to microtubules and to tubulin dimers; both the N-terminal CAP-Gly and basic domains of p150Glued are required in tandem for this activity. p150Glued is alternatively spliced in vivo, with the full-length isoform including these two domains expressed primarily in neurons. Accordingly, we find that RNAi of p150Glued in nonpolarized cells does not alter microtubule dynamics, while depletion of p150Glued in neurons leads to a dramatic increase in microtubule catastrophe. Strikingly, a mutation in p150Glued causal for the lethal neurodegenerative disorder Perry syndrome abrogates this anti-catastrophe activity. Thus, we find that dynactin has multiple functions in neurons, both activating dynein-mediated retrograde axonal transport and enhancing microtubule stability through a novel anti-catastrophe mechanism regulated by tissue-specific isoform expression; disruption of either or both of these functions may contribute to neurodegenerative disease. Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that undergo successive cycles of growth and shrinkage so that the cell can maintain a stable yet adaptable cytoskeleton. In neurons, the microtubule motor protein dynein and its partner complex dynactin drive retrograde transport along microtubules from the distal axon towards the cell body. In addition to binding to dynein, the p150Glued subunit of dynactin independently binds directly to microtubules. We hypothesized that by binding to microtubules, p150Glued might also alter microtubule dynamics. We demonstrate using biochemistry and microscopy in vitro and in cells that p150Glued stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting the transition from growth to shrinkage. We show that specific domains of p150Glued encoded by neuronally enriched splice-forms are necessary for this activity. Although depletion of p150Glued in nonpolarized cells does not alter microtubule dynamics, depletion of endogenous p150Glued in neurons leads to dramatic microtubule instability. Strikingly, a mutation in p150Glued known to cause the neurodegenerative disorder Perry syndrome abolishes this activity. In summary, we identified a previously unappreciated function of dynactin in direct regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton. This activity may enhance generic microtubule stability in the cell, but could be especially important in specific areas of the cell where dynactin and dynein are loaded onto microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Lazarus
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Armen J. Moughamian
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mariko K. Tokito
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erika L. F. Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Yeh TY, Kowalska AK, Scipioni BR, Cheong FKY, Zheng M, Derewenda U, Derewenda ZS, Schroer TA. Dynactin helps target Polo-like kinase 1 to kinetochores via its left-handed beta-helical p27 subunit. EMBO J 2013; 32:1023-35. [PMID: 23455152 PMCID: PMC3616283 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynactin is a protein complex required for the in vivo function of cytoplasmic dynein, a microtubule (MT)-based motor. Dynactin binds both dynein and MTs via its p150(Glued) subunit, but little is known about the 'pointed-end complex' that includes the protein subunits Arp11, p62 and the p27/p25 heterodimer. Here, we show that the p27/p25 heterodimer undergoes mitotic phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) at a single site, p27 Thr186, to generate an anchoring site for polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) at kinetochores. Removal of p27/p25 from dynactin results in reduced levels of Plk1 and its phosphorylated substrates at kinetochores in prometaphase, which correlates with aberrant kinetochore-MT interactions, improper chromosome alignment and abbreviated mitosis. To investigate the structural implications of p27 phosphorylation, we determined the structure of human p27. This revealed an unusual left-handed β-helix domain, with the phosphorylation site located within a disordered, C-terminal segment. We conclude that dynactin plays a previously undescribed regulatory role in the spindle assembly checkpoint by recruiting Plk1 to kinetochores and facilitating phosphorylation of important downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Yeh
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna K Kowalska
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brett R Scipioni
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Meiying Zheng
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Urszula Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zygmunt S Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Trina A Schroer
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Bruinsma W, Raaijmakers JA, Medema RH. Switching Polo-like kinase-1 on and off in time and space. Trends Biochem Sci 2012; 37:534-42. [PMID: 23141205 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase (Plk)1 executes several essential functions to promote cell division. These functions range from centrosome maturation in late G2 phase to the regulation of cytokinesis, which necessitates precise separation of Plk1-dependent substrate phosphorylation over time. Multiple levels of control are in place to ensure that Plk1-dependent phosphorylation of its various substrates is properly coordinated in time and space. Here, we review the current knowledge on the mechanisms that enforce the temporal and spatial control of Plk1 activity, and how this results in coordinated phosphorylation of its many different substrates. We also review a number of newly discovered functions of Plk1 that provide more insights into the spatiotemporal control of Plk1-dependent substrate phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wytse Bruinsma
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Luo J, Liu X. Polo-like kinase 1, on the rise from cell cycle regulation to prostate cancer development. Protein Cell 2012; 3:182-97. [PMID: 22447658 PMCID: PMC4875424 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a well-characterized member of serine/threonine kinases Plk family, has been shown to play pivotal roles in mitosis and cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies suggest that Plk1 not only controls the process of mitosis and cytokinesis, but also, going beyond those previously described functions, plays critical roles in DNA replication and Pten null prostate cancer initiation. In this review, we briefly summarize the functions of Plk1 in mitosis and cytokinesis, and then mainly focus on newly discovered functions of Plk1 in DNA replication and in Pten-null prostate cancer initiation. Furthermore, we briefly introduce the architectures of human and mouse prostate glands and the possible roles of Plk1 in human prostate cancer development. And finally, the newly chemotherapeutic development of small-molecule Plk1 inhibitors to target Plk1 in cancer treatment and their translational studies are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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34
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Song B, Liu XS, Liu X. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1): an Unexpected Player in DNA Replication. Cell Div 2012; 7:3. [PMID: 22309699 PMCID: PMC3359159 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell cycle progression is important for the maintenance of genome integrity, and Polo-like kinases (Plks) have been identified as key regulators of this process. It is well established that Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) plays critical roles in mitosis but little is known about its functions at other stages of the cell cycle. Here we summarize the functions of Plk1 during DNA replication, focusing on the molecular events related to Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), the complex that is essential for the initiation of DNA replication. Within the context of Plk1 phosphorylation of Orc2, we also emphasize regulation of Orc2 in different organisms. This review is intended to provide some insight into how Plk1 coordinates DNA replication in S phase with chromosome segregation in mitosis, and orchestrates the cell cycle as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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35
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Jang MS, Lee SJ, Kang NS, Kim E. Cooperative phosphorylation of FADD by Aur-A and Plk1 in response to taxol triggers both apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7207-15. [PMID: 21978935 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Administration of the antimitotic chemotherapeutic taxol is known to cause accumulation of the mitotic kinase Aurora-A (Aur-A). Here, we report that Aur-A phosphorylates S203 of the Fas associated with death domain protein (FADD) in response to taxol treatment. In addition, polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) failed to phosphorylate the Aur-A-unphosphorylatable FADD substitution mutant S203A, indicating that phosphorylation of S203 by Aur-A serves to prime FADD for Plk1-mediated phosphorylation at S194. The double-phosphorylation-mimicking mutant form of FADD, FADD-S194D/S203D (FADD-DD), recruited caspase-8, activating the caspase-dependent cell death pathway. FADD-DD also dissociated the cell death protein RIP1 from FADD, resulting in activation of RIP1 and triggering of caspase-independent cell death. Consistent with its death-promoting potential, FADD-DD showed robust tumor suppressor activity. However, single-phosphorylation-mimicking mutant forms of FADD, FADD-S194D/S203A (FADD-DA) and FADD-S194A/S203D (FADD-AD), were incapable of carrying out such functions, indicating that double phosphorylation of FADD is critical for the execution of cell death and tumor suppression. Collectively, our data show the existence of cooperative actions between Aur-A and Plk1 mitotic kinases in response to taxol, providing a molecular explanation for the action mechanism of taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Sun Jang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Song B, Davis K, Liu XS, Lee HG, Smith M, Liu X. Inhibition of Polo-like kinase 1 reduces beta-amyloid-induced neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:846-51. [PMID: 21931181 PMCID: PMC3227450 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal brain disease, but the pathogenesis of AD is still not understood. Aberrant cell-cycle re-entry of neuronal cells is emerging as a potential pathological mechanism in AD. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an established regulator of many cell cycle-related events. Interestingly, Plk1 is present in susceptible hippocampal and cortical neurons of AD patients but not age-matched controls. However, whether Plk1 is involved in the pathogenesis of AD remains elusive. In this study, we showed that Plk1 activity is elevated in AD patient brain as indicated by the increased phosphorylation signal of p150Glued, a Plk1-specific substrate. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Plk1 is elevated during the cell-cycle re-entry of neuronal cells in an in vitro cell-culture model. Significantly, inhibition of Plk1 kinase activity or depletion of Plk1 by RNAi reduces β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neuronal cell death. These results validate Plk1 as a possible target for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Korbin Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - X. Shawn Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyoung-gon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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PP2A-twins is antagonized by greatwall and collaborates with polo for cell cycle progression and centrosome attachment to nuclei in drosophila embryos. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002227. [PMID: 21852958 PMCID: PMC3154958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division and development are regulated by networks of kinases and phosphatases. In early Drosophila embryogenesis, 13 rapid nuclear divisions take place in a syncytium, requiring fine coordination between cell cycle regulators. The Polo kinase is a conserved, crucial regulator of M-phase. We have recently reported an antagonism between Polo and Greatwall (Gwl), another mitotic kinase, in Drosophila embryos. However, the nature of the pathways linking them remained elusive. We have conducted a comprehensive screen for additional genes functioning with polo and gwl. We uncovered a strong interdependence between Polo and Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) with its B-type subunit Twins (Tws). Reducing the maternal contribution of Polo and PP2A-Tws together is embryonic lethal. We found that Polo and PP2A-Tws collaborate to ensure centrosome attachment to nuclei. While a reduction in Polo activity leads to centrosome detachments observable mostly around prophase, a reduction in PP2A-Tws activity leads to centrosome detachments at mitotic exit, and a reduction in both Polo and PP2A-Tws enhances the frequency of detachments at all stages. Moreover, we show that Gwl antagonizes PP2A-Tws function in both meiosis and mitosis. Our study highlights how proper coordination of mitotic entry and exit is required during embryonic cell cycles and defines important roles for Polo and the Gwl-PP2A-Tws pathway in this process. The development and survival of all living organisms relies on the fine regulation of cell division at the molecular level. This coordination depends on kinases and phosphatases, enzymes that catalyze the addition and removal of phosphate groups on specific target proteins. The genes encoding these enzymes have been largely conserved between species during evolution. In a previous paper published in PLoS Genetics, we found an antagonism between the Polo and Greatwall mitotic kinases in the fruit fly model. In this study, we have used fly genetics to identify additional genes that function with polo and greatwall during early embryogenesis. We have found a specific form of the Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A-Tws) that collaborates with the Polo kinase at a stage when multiple nuclei rapidly divide in a large, single-cell early embryo. We found that Polo and PP2A-Tws are both required for the proper cohesion between nuclei and the centrosomes, which are essential structures for mitosis and embryonic development. We also found that the Greatwall kinase antagonizes the PP2A-Tws phosphatase to promote mitosis and meiosis. Our genetic study sheds new light on cell cycle regulation and is consistent with recent results from biochemical studies using frog cell extracts.
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Bolhy S, Bouhlel I, Dultz E, Nayak T, Zuccolo M, Gatti X, Vallee R, Ellenberg J, Doye V. A Nup133-dependent NPC-anchored network tethers centrosomes to the nuclear envelope in prophase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 192:855-71. [PMID: 21383080 PMCID: PMC3051818 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201007118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes are closely associated with the nuclear envelope (NE) throughout the cell cycle and this association is maintained in prophase when they separate to establish the future mitotic spindle. At this stage, the kinetochore constituents CENP-F, NudE, NudEL, dynein, and dynactin accumulate at the NE. We demonstrate here that the N-terminal domain of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) protein Nup133, although largely dispensable for NPC assembly, is required for efficient anchoring of the dynein/dynactin complex to the NE in prophase. Nup133 exerts this function through an interaction network via CENP-F and NudE/EL. We show that this molecular chain is critical for maintaining centrosome association with the NE at mitotic entry and contributes to this process without interfering with the previously described RanBP2-BICD2-dependent pathway of centrosome anchoring. Finally, our study reveals that tethering of centrosomes to the nuclear surface at the G2/M transition contributes, along with other cellular mechanisms, to early stages of bipolar spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bolhy
- Cell Biology Program, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Phosphorylation of Nup98 by multiple kinases is crucial for NPC disassembly during mitotic entry. Cell 2011; 144:539-50. [PMID: 21335236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disassembly of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is a decisive event during mitotic entry in cells undergoing open mitosis, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying NPC disassembly are unknown. Using chemical inhibition and depletion experiments we show that NPC disassembly is a phosphorylation-driven process, dependent on CDK1 activity and supported by members of the NIMA-related kinase (Nek) family. We identify phosphorylation of the GLFG-repeat nucleoporin Nup98 as an important step in mitotic NPC disassembly. Mitotic hyperphosphorylation of Nup98 is accomplished by multiple kinases, including CDK1 and Neks. Nuclei carrying a phosphodeficient mutant of Nup98 undergo nuclear envelope breakdown slowly, such that both the dissociation of Nup98 from NPCs and the permeabilization of the nuclear envelope are delayed. Together, our data provide evidence for a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism underlying disintegration of NPCs during prophase. Moreover, we identify mitotic phosphorylation of Nup98 as a rate-limiting step in mitotic NPC disassembly.
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Liu XS, Song B, Liu X. The substrates of Plk1, beyond the functions in mitosis. Protein Cell 2010; 1:999-1010. [PMID: 21153517 PMCID: PMC4875153 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a key regulator of cell division in eukaryotic cells. In this short review, we briefly summarized the well-established functions modulated by Plk1 during mitosis. Beyond mitosis, we focused mainly on the unexpected processes in which Plk1 emerges as a critical player, including microtubule dynamics, DNA replication, chromosome dynamics, p53 regulation, and recovery from the G2 DNA-damage checkpoint. Our discussion is mainly based on the critical substrates targeted by Plk1 during these cellular events and the functional significance associated with each phosphorylation event.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Shawn Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 USA
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