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Mizobuchi K, Hayashi T, Ueno S, Kondo M, Terasaki H, Aoki T, Nakano T. One-Year Outcomes of Oral Treatment With Alga Capsules Containing Low Levels of 9-cis-β-Carotene in RDH5-Related Fundus Albipunctatus. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 254:193-202. [PMID: 37343743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to clarify the effect of 1-year oral treatment with 9-cis-β-carotene-rich alga Dunaliella bardawil (Dunaliella supplementation) using full-field electroretinography (ERG) in patients with RDH5-related fundus albipunctatus (FAP). DESIGN Prospective, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS The study included 12 patients (23 eyes) with RDH5-related FAP. METHODS Twelve patients (23 eyes) with RDH5-related FAP received Dunaliella supplementation (total daily dose of β-carotene was 74.0 mg, comprising 28.4 mg 9-cis-β-carotene and 45.6 mg all-trans-β-carotene at a ratio of 1:1.6) for 1 year and underwent ophthalmic examinations, including full-field ERG at baseline, 3 months, and 1 year after the initial treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome was changes in the amplitudes of responses of full-field ERG before and after treatment. A linear mixed-effects model was used to evaluate the adjusted mean difference between the amplitude of each response pretreatment and posttreatment. RESULTS Prolonged dark adaptation (DA) responses at 3 months revealed a significant impairment in the b-wave of DA 0.01 (adjusted mean difference, -34.7, 95% CI, -66.8 to -2.73, P = .041) and a-wave of DA 3.0 (-29.0, 95% CI, -50.6 to -7.41, P = .013) and DA 10.0 (-40.4, 95% CI, -67.8 to -13.0, P = .007), which were also observed at 1 year. Additionally, prolonged DA and light adaptation (LA) responses revealed statistically significant impairment at 1 year in the b-wave of DA 3.0 (-43.8, 95% CI, -82.9 to -4.78, P = .035), DA 10.0 (-59.7, 95% CI, -101.8 to -17.61, P = .009), LA 3.0 (-7.31, 95% CI, -13.6 to -1.04, P = .029), and LA 3.0 flicker (-7.53, 95% CI, -12.7 to -2.34, P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Our study results suggest that Dunaliella supplementation comprising low levels of 9-cis-β-carotene compared with those reported in a previous study (1:1 ratio) adversely affects ERG amplitudes in patients with RDH5-related FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mizobuchi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., T.H., T.N.)
| | - Takaaki Hayashi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., T.H., T.N.); Department of Ophthalmology, Katsushika Medical Center, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.H.).
| | - Shinji Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan (S.U., H.T.); Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan (S.U.)
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan (S.U., H.T.)
| | - Takuya Aoki
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (T.A.)
| | - Tadashi Nakano
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., T.H., T.N.)
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Zhang D, Mihai DM, Washington I. Vitamin A cycle byproducts explain retinal damage and molecular changes thought to initiate retinal degeneration. Biol Open 2021; 10:273577. [PMID: 34842275 PMCID: PMC8649638 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the most prevalent retinal diseases, including Stargardt disease and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), byproducts of vitamin A form in the retina abnormally during the vitamin A cycle. Despite evidence of their toxicity, whether these vitamin A cycle byproducts contribute to retinal disease, are symptoms, beneficial, or benign has been debated. We delivered a representative vitamin A byproduct, A2E, to the rat's retina and monitored electrophysiological, histological, proteomic, and transcriptomic changes. We show that the vitamin A cycle byproduct is sufficient alone to damage the RPE, photoreceptor inner and outer segments, and the outer plexiform layer, cause the formation of sub-retinal debris, alter transcription and protein synthesis, and diminish retinal function. The presented data are consistent with the theory that the formation of vitamin A byproducts during the vitamin A cycle is neither benign nor beneficial but may be sufficient alone to cause the most prevalent forms of retinal disease. Retarding the formation of vitamin A byproducts could potentially address the root cause of several retinal diseases to eliminate the threat of irreversible blindness for millions of people. Summary: During the vitamin A cycle, byproducts of vitamin A form in the eye. Using a rat model, we show that the byproducts alone can explain several retinal derangements observed in the prodromal phase of human retinal disease. Retarding the formation of these byproducts may address the root cause of the most prevalent retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Columbia University Medical Center, Ophthalmology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Doina M Mihai
- Columbia University Medical Center, Ophthalmology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ilyas Washington
- Columbia University Medical Center, Ophthalmology, New York, NY 10032, USA.,biOOrg3.14, Buffalo, WY 82834, USA
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3
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Kiser PD. Retinal pigment epithelium 65 kDa protein (RPE65): An update. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 88:101013. [PMID: 34607013 PMCID: PMC8975950 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate vision critically depends on an 11-cis-retinoid renewal system known as the visual cycle. At the heart of this metabolic pathway is an enzyme known as retinal pigment epithelium 65 kDa protein (RPE65), which catalyzes an unusual, possibly biochemically unique, reaction consisting of a coupled all-trans-retinyl ester hydrolysis and alkene geometric isomerization to produce 11-cis-retinol. Early work on this isomerohydrolase demonstrated its membership to the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase superfamily and its essentiality for 11-cis-retinal production in the vertebrate retina. Three independent studies published in 2005 established RPE65 as the actual isomerohydrolase instead of a retinoid-binding protein as previously believed. Since the last devoted review of RPE65 enzymology appeared in this journal, major advances have been made in a number of areas including our understanding of the mechanistic details of RPE65 isomerohydrolase activity, its phylogenetic origins, the relationship of its membrane binding affinity to its catalytic activity, its role in visual chromophore production for rods and cones, its modulation by macromolecules and small molecules, and the involvement of RPE65 mutations in the development of retinal diseases. In this article, I will review these areas of progress with the goal of integrating results from the varied experimental approaches to provide a comprehensive picture of RPE65 biochemistry. Key outstanding questions that may prove to be fruitful future research pursuits will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Kiser
- Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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4
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Vitamin A cycle byproducts impede dark adaptation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101074. [PMID: 34391781 PMCID: PMC8427233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired dark adaptation (DA), a defect in the ability to adjust to dimly lit settings, is a universal hallmark of aging. However, the mechanisms responsible for impaired DA are poorly understood. Vitamin A byproducts, such as vitamin A dimers, are small molecules that form in the retina during the vitamin A cycle. We show that later in life, in the human eye, these byproducts reach levels commensurate with those of vitamin A. In mice, selectively inhibiting the formation of these byproducts, with the investigational drug C20D3-vitamin A, results in faster DA. In contrast, acutely increasing these ocular byproducts through exogenous delivery leads to slower DA, with otherwise preserved retinal function and morphology. Our findings reveal that vitamin A cycle byproducts alone are sufficient to cause delays in DA and suggest that they may contribute to universal age-related DA impairment. Our data further indicate that the age-related decline in DA may be tractable to pharmacological intervention by C20D3-vitamin A.
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Taveau N, Cubizolle A, Guillou L, Pinquier N, Moine E, Cia D, Kalatzis V, Vercauteren J, Durand T, Crauste C, Brabet P. Preclinical pharmacology of a lipophenol in a mouse model of light-induced retinopathy. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1090-1101. [PMID: 32641711 PMCID: PMC8080701 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental light has deleterious effects on the outer retina in human retinopathies, such as ABCA4-related Stargardt’s disease and dry age-related macular degeneration. These effects involve carbonyl and oxidative stress, which contribute to retinal cell death and vision loss. Here, we used an albino Abca4−/− mouse model, the outer retina of which shows susceptibility to acute photodamage, to test the protective efficacy of a new polyunsaturated fatty acid lipophenol derivative. Anatomical and functional analyses demonstrated that a single intravenous injection of isopropyl-phloroglucinol-DHA, termed IP-DHA, dose-dependently decreased light-induced photoreceptor degeneration and preserved visual sensitivity. This protective effect persisted for 3 months. IP-DHA did not affect the kinetics of the visual cycle in vivo or the activity of the RPE65 isomerase in vitro. Moreover, IP-DHA administered by oral gavage showed significant protection of photoreceptors against acute light damage. In conclusion, short-term tests in Abca4-deficient mice, following single-dose administration and light exposure, identify IP-DHA as a therapeutic agent for the prevention of retinal degeneration. Treating retinal damage in both aging and young patients might now be easier, thanks to treatment with a lipophenol, an omega-3 fatty acid linked to an antioxidant. The retina is the part of the eye that senses light, aided by light-sensitive pigments. However, these light-sensitive pigments can be converted by light to toxic byproducts, and in some individuals, these toxic byproducts can accumulate, damaging the retina and leading to vision loss. Philippe Brabet at the Montpellier Institute of Neuroscience in France and co-workers found that lipophenol treatment protected retinal cells from damage in a mouse model of retinal disease, and that a single dose has been effective in preserving vision. These results may help in finding new treatments for retinal diseases such as Stargardt disease and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Taveau
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, F-34091, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, F-34091, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Cubizolle
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, F-34091, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, F-34091, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Guillou
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, F-34091, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, F-34091, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Pinquier
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, F-34091, Montpellier, France
| | - Espérance Moine
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - David Cia
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Neurosensorielle, UMR INSERM 1107, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vasiliki Kalatzis
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, F-34091, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, F-34091, Montpellier, France
| | - Joseph Vercauteren
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Crauste
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Brabet
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, F-34091, Montpellier, France. .,Université de Montpellier, F-34091, Montpellier, France.
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6
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B. Domènech E, Marfany G. The Relevance of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Retinal Dystrophies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E347. [PMID: 32340220 PMCID: PMC7222416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal cell survival requires an equilibrium between oxygen, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidant molecules that counteract oxidative stress damage. Oxidative stress alters cell homeostasis and elicits a protective cell response, which is most relevant in photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, neurons with a high metabolic rate that are continuously subject to light/oxidative stress insults. We analyze how the alteration of cellular endogenous pathways for protection against oxidative stress leads to retinal dysfunction in prevalent (age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma) as well as in rare genetic visual disorders (Retinitis pigmentosa, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy). We also highlight some of the key molecular actors and discuss potential therapies using antioxidants agents, modulators of gene expression and inducers of cytoprotective signaling pathways to treat damaging oxidative stress effects and ameliorate severe phenotypic symptoms in multifactorial and rare retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B. Domènech
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB, IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Donato L, D’Angelo R, Alibrandi S, Rinaldi C, Sidoti A, Scimone C. Effects of A2E-Induced Oxidative Stress on Retinal Epithelial Cells: New Insights on Differential Gene Response and Retinal Dystrophies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E307. [PMID: 32290199 PMCID: PMC7222197 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress represents one of the principal inductors of lifestyle-related and genetic diseases. Among them, inherited retinal dystrophies, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, are well known to be susceptible to oxidative stress. To better understand how high reactive oxygen species levels may be involved in retinal dystrophies onset and progression, we performed a whole RNA-Seq experiment. It consisted of a comparison of transcriptomes' profiles among human retinal pigment epithelium cells exposed to the oxidant agent N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E), considering two time points (3h and 6h) after the basal one. The treatment with A2E determined relevant differences in gene expression and splicing events, involving several new pathways probably related to retinal degeneration. We found 10 different clusters of pathways involving differentially expressed and differentially alternative spliced genes and highlighted the sub- pathways which could depict a more detailed scenario determined by the oxidative-stress-induced condition. In particular, regulation and/or alterations of angiogenesis, extracellular matrix integrity, isoprenoid-mediated reactions, physiological or pathological autophagy, cell-death induction and retinal cell rescue represented the most dysregulated pathways. Our results could represent an important step towards discovery of unclear molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress and etiopathogenesis of retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
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8
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Age-related macular degeneration: A two-level model hypothesis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100825. [PMID: 31899290 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are of growing importance in a world where population ageing has become a dominant global trend. Although a wide variety of risk factors for AMD have been identified, age itself remains by far the most important risk factor, making it an urgent priority to understand the connections between underlying ageing mechanisms and pathophysiology of AMD. Ageing is both multicausal and variable, so that differences between individuals in biological ageing processes are the focus of a growing number of pathophysiological studies seeking to explain how ageing contributes to chronic, age-related conditions. The aim of this review is to integrate the available knowledge on the pathophysiology of AMD within the framework of the biology of ageing. One highly significant feature of biological ageing is systemic inflammation, which arises as a second-level response to a first level of molecular damage involving oxidative stress, mutations etc. Combining these insights, the various co-existing pathophysiological explanations in AMD arrange themselves according to a two-level hypothesis. Accordingly, we describe how AMD can be considered the consequence of age-related random accumulation of molecular damage at the ocular level and the subsequent systemic inflammatory host response thereof. We summarize evidence and provide original data to enlighten where evidence is lacking. Finally, we discuss how this two-level hypothesis provides a foundation for thoughts and future studies in prevention, prognosis, and intervention.
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9
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Lin CH, Wu MR, Huang WJ, Chow DSL, Hsiao G, Cheng YW. Low-Luminance Blue Light-Enhanced Phototoxicity in A2E-Laden RPE Cell Cultures and Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071799. [PMID: 30979028 PMCID: PMC6480556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) and other bisretinoids are components of lipofuscin and accumulate in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells—these adducts are recognized in the pathogenesis of retinal degeneration. Further, blue light-emitting diode (LED) light (BLL)-induced retinal toxicity plays an important role in retinal degeneration. Here, we demonstrate that low-luminance BLL enhances phototoxicity in A2E-laden RPE cells and rats. RPE cells were subjected to synthetic A2E, and the effects of BLL on activation of apoptotic biomarkers were examined by measuring the levels of cleaved caspase-3. BLL modulates the protein expression of zonula-occludens 1 (ZO-1) and paracellular permeability in A2E-laden RPE cells. Early inflammatory and angiogenic genes were also screened after short-term BLL exposure. In this study, we developed a rat model for A2E treatment with or without BLL exposure for 21 days. BLL exposure caused fundus damage, decreased total retinal thickness, and caused neuron transduction injury in the retina, which were consistent with the in vitro data. We suggest that the synergistic effects of BLL and A2E accumulation in the retina increase the risk of retinal degeneration. These outcomes help elucidate the associations between BLL/A2E and angiogenic/apoptotic mechanisms, as well as furthering therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hui Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Man-Ru Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Diana Shu-Lian Chow
- Institute of Drug Education and Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas 77004, USA.
| | - George Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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10
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Shin Y, Moiseyev G, Petrukhin K, Cioffi CL, Muthuraman P, Takahashi Y, Ma JX. A novel RPE65 inhibitor CU239 suppresses visual cycle and prevents retinal degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2420-2429. [PMID: 29684583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The retinoid visual cycle is an ocular retinoid metabolism specifically dedicated to support vertebrate vision. The visual cycle serves not only to generate light-sensitive visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal, but also to clear toxic byproducts of normal visual cycle (i.e. all-trans-retinal and its condensation products) from the retina, ensuring both the visual function and the retinal health. Unfortunately, various conditions including genetic predisposition, environment and aging may attribute to a functional decline of the all-trans-retinal clearance. To combat all-trans-retinal mediated retinal degeneration, we sought to slow down the retinoid influx from the RPE by inhibiting the visual cycle with a small molecule. The present study describes identification of CU239, a novel non-retinoid inhibitor of RPE65, a key enzyme in the visual cycle. Our data demonstrated that CU239 selectively inhibited isomerase activity of RPE65, with IC50 of 6 μM. Further, our results indicated that CU239 inhibited RPE65 via competition with its substrate all-trans-retinyl ester. Mice with systemic injection of CU239 exhibited delayed chromophore regeneration after light bleach, and conferred a partial protection of the retina against injury from high intensity light. Taken together, CU239 is a potent visual cycle modulator and may have a therapeutic potential for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwa Shin
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Gennadiy Moiseyev
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
| | - Konstantin Petrukhin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Christopher L Cioffi
- Departments of Basic & Clinical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Parthasarathy Muthuraman
- Departments of Basic & Clinical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United states
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
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11
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Parmar VM, Parmar T, Arai E, Perusek L, Maeda A. A2E-associated cell death and inflammation in retinal pigmented epithelial cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 27:95-104. [PMID: 29358124 PMCID: PMC5877810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) is observed in retinal degenerative diseases including Stargardt disease and age-related macular degeneration. Bis-retinoid N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E) is a major component of lipofuscin. A2E has been implicated in RPE atrophy and retinal inflammation; however, mice with A2E accumulation display only a mild retinal phenotype. In the current study, human iPSC-RPE (hiPSC-RPE) cells were generated from healthy individuals to examine effects of A2E in human RPE cells. hiPSC-RPE cells displayed RPE-specific features, which include expression of RPE-specific genes, tight junction formation and ability to carry out phagocytosis. hiPSC-RPE cells demonstrated cell death and increased VEGF-A production in a time-dependent manner when they were cocultured with 10 μM of A2E. PCR array analyses revealed upregulation of 26 and 12 pro-inflammatory cytokines upon A2E and H2O2 exposure respectively, indicating that A2E and H2O2 can cause inflammation in human retinas. Notably, identified gene profiles were different between A2E- and H2O2-treated hiPSC-RPE cells. A2E caused inflammatory changes observed in retinal degenerative diseases more closely as compared to H2O2. Collectively, these data obtained with hiPSC-RPE cells provide evidence that A2E plays an important role in pathogenesis of retinal degenerative diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul M Parmar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Tanu Parmar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Eisuke Arai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Lindsay Perusek
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Akiko Maeda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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12
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Kiser PD, Zhang J, Badiee M, Kinoshita J, Peachey NS, Tochtrop GP, Palczewski K. Rational Tuning of Visual Cycle Modulator Pharmacodynamics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:131-145. [PMID: 28476927 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulators of the visual cycle have been developed for treatment of various retinal disorders. These agents were designed to inhibit retinoid isomerase [retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein (RPE65)], the rate-limiting enzyme of the visual cycle, based on the idea that attenuation of visual pigment regeneration could reduce formation of toxic retinal conjugates. Of these agents, certain ones that contain primary amine groups can also reversibly form retinaldehyde Schiff base adducts, which contributes to their retinal protective activity. Direct inhibition of RPE65 as a therapeutic strategy is complicated by adverse effects resulting from slowed chromophore regeneration, whereas effective retinal sequestration can require high drug doses with potential off-target effects. We hypothesized that the RPE65-emixustat crystal structure could help guide the design of retinaldehyde-sequestering agents with varying degrees of RPE65 inhibitory activity. We found that addition of an isopropyl group to the central phenyl ring of emixustat and related compounds resulted in agents effectively lacking in vitro retinoid isomerase inhibitory activity, whereas substitution of the terminal 6-membered ring with branched moieties capable of stronger RPE65 interaction potentiated inhibition. The isopropyl derivative series produced discernible visual cycle suppression in vivo, albeit much less potently than compounds with a high affinity for the RPE65 active site. These agents were distributed into the retina and formed Schiff base adducts with retinaldehyde. Except for one compound [3-amino-1-(3-isopropyl-5-((2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)methoxy)phenyl)propan-1-ol (MB-007)], these agents conferred protection against retinal phototoxicity, suggesting that both direct RPE65 inhibition and retinal sequestration are mechanisms of potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Kiser
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (P.D.K., J.Z., K.P.), Department of Chemistry (M.B., G.P.T.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (P.D.K., N.S.P.); Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.K., N.S.P.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (N.S.P.)
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (P.D.K., J.Z., K.P.), Department of Chemistry (M.B., G.P.T.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (P.D.K., N.S.P.); Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.K., N.S.P.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (N.S.P.)
| | - Mohsen Badiee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (P.D.K., J.Z., K.P.), Department of Chemistry (M.B., G.P.T.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (P.D.K., N.S.P.); Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.K., N.S.P.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (N.S.P.)
| | - Junzo Kinoshita
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (P.D.K., J.Z., K.P.), Department of Chemistry (M.B., G.P.T.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (P.D.K., N.S.P.); Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.K., N.S.P.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (N.S.P.)
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (P.D.K., J.Z., K.P.), Department of Chemistry (M.B., G.P.T.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (P.D.K., N.S.P.); Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.K., N.S.P.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (N.S.P.)
| | - Gregory P Tochtrop
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (P.D.K., J.Z., K.P.), Department of Chemistry (M.B., G.P.T.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (P.D.K., N.S.P.); Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.K., N.S.P.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (N.S.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (P.D.K., J.Z., K.P.), Department of Chemistry (M.B., G.P.T.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (P.D.K., N.S.P.); Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (J.K., N.S.P.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (N.S.P.)
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Tinklepaugh J, Smith BM, Nie Y, Moody K, Grohn K, Bou-Abdallah F, Doyle RP. Saposin B Binds the Lipofuscin Bisretinoid A2E and Prevents its Enzymatic and Photooxidation. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017; 1:256-259. [PMID: 29057298 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A based bisretinoid accumulation is a major focus in the study of macular degeneration. Whether specific endogenous lysosomal proteins can bind A2E, a pronounced bisretinoid in lipofuscin granules in retinal pigment epithelial cells, and interfere with enzymatic or photoinduced oxidation of such, has not been explored. Herein, using fluorescence and electronic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that Saposin B, a critical protein in the degradation of sulfatides and "flushing" of lipids, can bind A2E, preventing its H2O2-dependent enzymatic oxidation by horseradish peroxidase and photooxidation by blue light (λ=450-460 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Tinklepaugh
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 (USA)
| | - Britannia M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676 (USA)
| | - Yan Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 (USA)
| | - Kelsey Moody
- ICHOR Therapeutics, 2521 US-11, Lafayette, NY 13084 (USA)
| | - Kris Grohn
- ICHOR Therapeutics, 2521 US-11, Lafayette, NY 13084 (USA)
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676 (USA)
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 (USA).,Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 (USA)
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14
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Balmer D, Bapst-Wicht L, Pyakurel A, Emery M, Nanchen N, Bochet CG, Roduit R. Bis-Retinoid A2E Induces an Increase of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor via Inhibition of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1/2 Pathway in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells and Facilitates Phagocytosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:43. [PMID: 28298893 PMCID: PMC5331064 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in developed countries. Hallmarks of the disease are well known; indeed, this pathology is characterized by lipofuscin accumulation, is principally composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. The N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E) retinoid which is thought to be a cytotoxic component for RPE is the best-characterized component of lipofuscin so far. Even if no direct correlation between A2E spatial distribution and lipofuscin fluorescence has been established in aged human RPE, modified forms or metabolites of A2E could be involved in ARMD pathology. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways have been involved in many pathologies, but not in ARMD. Therefore, we wanted to analyze the effects of A2E on MAPKs in polarized ARPE19 and isolated mouse RPE cells. We showed that long-term exposure of polarized ARPE19 cells to low A2E dose induces a strong decrease of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases' (ERK1/2) activity. In addition, we showed that A2E, via ERK1/2 decrease, induces a significant decrease of the retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein 65 kDa (RPE65) expression in ARPE19 cells and isolated mouse RPE. In the meantime, we showed that the decrease of ERK1/2 activity mediates an increase of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA expression and secretion that induces an increase in phagocytosis via a paracrine effect. We suggest that the accumulation of deposits coming from outer segments (OS) could be explained by both an increase of bFGF-induced phagocytosis and by the decrease of clearance by A2E. The bFGF angiogenic protein may therefore be an attractive target to treat ARMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aswin Pyakurel
- Institute for Research in OphthalmologySion, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Emery
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology Sion, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Raphael Roduit
- Institute for Research in OphthalmologySion, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Jin HL, Lee SC, Kwon YS, Choung SY, Jeong KW. A novel fluorescence-based assay for measuring A2E removal from human retinal pigment epithelial cells to screen for age-related macular degeneration inhibitors. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 117:560-7. [PMID: 26604166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common retinal disease that leads to irreversible central vision loss in the elderly population. Recent studies have identified many factors related to the development of dry AMD, such as aging, cigarette smoking, genetic predispositions, and oxidative stress, eventually inducing the accumulation of lipofuscin, which is one of the most critical risk factors. One of the major lipofuscins in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (also known as A2E), a pyridinium bis-retinoid. Currently there is a lack of effective therapy to prevent or restore vision loss caused by dry AMD. Recent studies have shown that 430 nm blue light induces the oxidation of A2E and the activation of caspase-3 to subsequently cause the death of RPE cells, suggesting that removal of A2E from retinal pigment cells might be critical for preventing AMD. Here, we developed a fluorescence-labeled A2E analog (A2E-BDP) that functions similar to A2E in RPE cells, but is more sensitive to detection than A2E. A2E-BDP-based tracing of intracellular A2E will be helpful, not only for studying the accumulation and removal of A2E in human RPE cells but also for identifying possible inhibitors of AMD.
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16
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Washington I, Saad L. The Rate of Vitamin A Dimerization in Lipofuscinogenesis, Fundus Autofluorescence, Retinal Senescence and Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:347-53. [PMID: 26427431 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest events preceding several forms of retinal degeneration is the formation and accumulation of vitamin A dimers in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and underlying Bruch's membrane (BM). Such degenerations include Stargardt disease, Best disease, forms of retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Since their discovery in the 1990's, dimers of vitamin A, have been postulated as chemical triggers driving retinal senescence and degeneration. There is evidence to suggest that the rate at which vitamin A dimerizes and the eye's response to the dimerization products may dictate the retina's lifespan. Here, we present outstanding questions, finding the answers to which may help to elucidate the role of vitamin A dimerization in retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Washington
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 160 Fort Washington Ave, Eye Research, 10032, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Leonide Saad
- Alkeus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 02210, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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TAVAKOLIFAR S, LASEMI S, MOHAMMADGHOLIHA S, SOHEILI ZS. Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta in Pathophysiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 44:1570-1. [PMID: 26744723 PMCID: PMC4703245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Hoh Kam J, Lynch A, Begum R, Cunea A, Jeffery G. Topical cyclodextrin reduces amyloid beta and inflammation improving retinal function in ageing mice. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:59-66. [PMID: 25921262 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ageing results in chronic inflammation, extracellular deposition, including that of amyloid beta (Aβ) and declining visual function. In humans this can progress into age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is without cure. Therapeutic approaches have focused on systemic immunotherapies without clinical resolution. Here, we show using aged mice that 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, a sugar molecule given as eye drops over 3 months results in significant reductions in Aβ by 65% and inflammation by 75% in the aged mouse retina. It also elevates retinal pigment epithelium specific protein 65 (RPE65), a key molecule in the visual cycle, in aged retina. These changes are accompanied by a significant improvement in retinal function measured physiologically. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin is as effective in reducing Aβ and inflammation in the complement factor H knockout (Cfh(-/-)) mouse that shows advanced ageing and has been proposed as an AMD model. β-cyclodextrin is economic, safe and may provide an efficient route to reducing the impact of retinal ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie Hoh Kam
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | - Aisling Lynch
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | - Rana Begum
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | - Alex Cunea
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | - Glen Jeffery
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK.
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19
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Penn J, Mihai DM, Washington I. Morphological and physiological retinal degeneration induced by intravenous delivery of vitamin A dimers in rabbits. Dis Model Mech 2014; 8:131-8. [PMID: 25504631 PMCID: PMC4314778 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye uses vitamin A as a cofactor to sense light and, during this process, some vitamin A molecules dimerize, forming vitamin A dimers. A striking chemical signature of retinas undergoing degeneration in major eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Stargardt disease is the accumulation of these dimers in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane (BM). However, it is not known whether dimers of vitamin A are secondary symptoms or primary insults that drive degeneration. Here, we present a chromatography-free method to prepare gram quantities of the vitamin A dimer, A2E, and show that intravenous administration of A2E to the rabbit results in retinal degeneration. A2E-damaged photoreceptors and RPE cells triggered inflammation, induced remolding of the choroidal vasculature and triggered a decline in the retina's response to light. Data suggest that vitamin A dimers are not bystanders, but can be primary drivers of retinal degeneration. Thus, preventing dimer formation could be a preemptive strategy to address serious forms of blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Penn
- Columbia University Medical Center, Ophthalmology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Doina M Mihai
- Columbia University Medical Center, Ophthalmology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ilyas Washington
- Columbia University Medical Center, Ophthalmology, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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20
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Inhibition of autophagy induces retinal pigment epithelial cell damage by the lipofuscin fluorophore A2E. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:1007-14. [PMID: 25473597 PMCID: PMC4250541 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show augmented autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 when cultured in the presence of the lipofuscin pigment A2E. A2E alone does not induce RPE cell death, but cell death was induced in the presence of A2E with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA), with a concomitant increase in the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, the ATP production capacity of mitochondria was decreased in the presence of A2E, and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy had no additional effects. The altered mRNA expression level of mitochondrial function markers was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, which showed that the antioxidant enzymes SOD1 and SOD2 were not reduced in the presence of A2E alone, but significantly suppressed with the addition of 3MA. Furthermore, transmission electron micrography revealed autophagic vacuole formation in the presence of A2E, and inhibition of autophagy resulted in the accumulation of abnormal mitochondria with loss of cristae. Spheroid culture of human RPE cells demonstrated debris accumulation in the presence of A2E, and this accumulation was accelerated in the presence of 3MA. These results indicate that autophagy in RPE cells is a vital cytoprotective process that prevents the accumulation of damaged cellular molecules.
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21
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Mihai DM, Washington I. Vitamin A dimers trigger the protracted death of retinal pigment epithelium cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1348. [PMID: 25058422 PMCID: PMC4123103 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular events responsible for the initiation of major neurodegenerative disorders of the eye leading to blindness, including age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt and Best diseases, are poorly understood. Accumulation of vitamin A dimers, such as N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is one of the earliest measurable events preceding retinal degeneration. However, the extent to which these dimers contribute to tissue degeneration is not clear. To determine if A2E could trigger morphological changes associated with the degenerating RPE and subsequent cell death, we evaluated its toxicity to cultured human RPE cells (ARPE-19). We show that A2E triggered the accumulation of debris followed by a protracted death. A2E was up to ≈ 14-fold more toxic than its precursor, retinaldehyde. Measurements reveal that the concentration of A2E in the aged human eye could exceed the concentration of all other retinoids, opening the possibility of A2E-triggered cell death by several reported mechanisms. Findings suggest that accumulation of vitamin A dimers such as A2E in the human eye might be responsible for the formation of ubiquitous RPE debris, an early indication of retinal degeneration, and that preventing or reducing the accumulation of vitamin A dimers is a prudent strategy to prevent blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Mihai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - I Washington
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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22
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North V, Gelman R, Tsang SH. Juvenile-onset macular degeneration and allied disorders. DEVELOPMENTS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 53:44-52. [PMID: 24732760 DOI: 10.1159/000357293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of central vision loss among the elderly, many inherited diseases that present earlier in life share features of AMD. These diseases of juvenile-onset macular degeneration include Stargardt disease, Best disease, retinitis pigmentosa, X-linked retinoschisis, and other allied disorders. In particular, they can be accompanied by the appearance of drusen, geographic atrophy, macular hyperpigmentation, choroidal neovascularization, and disciform scarring just as in AMD, and often may be confused for the adult form of the disease. Diagnosis based on funduscopic findings alone can be challenging. However, the use of diagnostic studies such as electroretinography, electrooculography, optical coherence tomography, and fundus autofluorescence in conjunction with genetic testing can lead to an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria North
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
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23
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Álvarez R, Vaz B, Gronemeyer H, de Lera ÁR. Functions, therapeutic applications, and synthesis of retinoids and carotenoids. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1-125. [PMID: 24266866 DOI: 10.1021/cr400126u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CINBIO), and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
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24
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Lu F, Huang L, Lei C, Sha G, Zheng H, Liu X, Yang J, Shi Y, Lin Y, Gong B, Zhu X, Ma S, Qiao L, Lin H, Cheng J, Yang Z. A novel PRPF31 mutation in a large Chinese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78274. [PMID: 24244300 PMCID: PMC3823919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was intended to identify the disease causing genes in a large Chinese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. Methods A genome scan analysis was conducted in this family for disease gene preliminary mapping. Snapshot analysis of selected SNPs for two-point LOD score analysis for candidate gene filter. Candidate gene PRPF31 whole exons' sequencing was executed to identify mutations. Results A novel nonsense mutation caused by an insertion was found in PRPF31 gene. All the 19 RP patients in 1085 family are carrying this heterozygous nonsense mutation. The nonsense mutation is in PRPF31 gene exon9 at chr19:54629961-54629961, inserting nucleotide “A” that generates the coding protein frame shift from p.307 and early termination at p.322 in the snoRNA binding domain (NOP domain). Conclusion This report is the first to associate PRPF31 gene's nonsense mutation and adRP and JMD. Our findings revealed that PRPF31 can lead to different clinical phenotypes in the same family, resulting either in adRP or syndrome of adRP and JMD. We believe our identification of the novel “A” insertion mutation in exon9 at chr19:54629961-54629961 in PRPF31 can provide further genetic evidence for clinical test for adRP and JMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lu
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lulin Huang
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuntao Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences Affiliated Hospital and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Guiquan Sha
- Dechang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Gong
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shi Ma
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lifeng Qiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences Affiliated Hospital and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - He Lin
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Center for Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Translational Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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Charbel Issa P, Barnard AR, Singh MS, Carter E, Jiang Z, Radu RA, Schraermeyer U, MacLaren RE. Fundus autofluorescence in the Abca4(-/-) mouse model of Stargardt disease--correlation with accumulation of A2E, retinal function, and histology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:5602-12. [PMID: 23761084 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate fundus autofluorescence (AF) characteristics in the Abca4(-/-) mouse, an animal model for AMD and Stargardt disease, and to correlate findings with functional, structural, and biochemical assessments. METHODS Blue (488 nm) and near-infrared (790 nm) fundus AF images were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed in pigmented Abca4(-/-) mice and wild type (WT) controls in vivo. Functional, structural, and biochemical assessments included electroretinography (ERG), light and electron microscopic analysis, and A2E quantification. All assessments were performed across age groups. RESULTS In Abca4(-/-) mice, lipofuscin-related 488 nm AF increased early in life with a ceiling effect after 6 months. This increase was first paralleled by an accumulation of typical lipofuscin granules in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Later, lipofuscin and melanin granules decreased in number, whereas melanolipofuscin granules increased. This increase in melanolipofuscin granules paralleled an increase in melanin-related 790 nm AF. Old Abca4(-/-) mice revealed a flecked fundus AF pattern at both excitation wavelengths. The amount of A2E, a major lipofuscin component, increased 10- to 12-fold in 6- to 9-month-old Abca4(-/-) mice compared with controls, while 488 nm AF intensity only increased 2-fold. Despite pronounced lipofuscin accumulation in the RPE of Abca4(-/-) mice, ERG and histology showed a slow age-related thinning of the photoreceptor layer similar to WT controls up to 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Fundus AF can be used to monitor lipofuscin accumulation and melanin-related changes in vivo in mouse models of retinal disease. High RPE lipofuscin may not adversely affect retinal structure or function over prolonged time intervals, and melanin-related changes (melanolipofuscin formation) may occur before the decline in retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Charbel Issa
- Oxford Eye Hospital and Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Lei L, Tzekov R, McDowell JH, Smith WC, Tang S, Kaushal S. Formation of lipofuscin-like material in the RPE Cell by different components of rod outer segments. Exp Eye Res 2013; 112:57-67. [PMID: 23603319 PMCID: PMC4069600 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that control the natural rate of lipofuscin accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell and its stability over time are not well understood. Similarly, the contributions of retinoids, phospholipids and oxidation to the rate of accumulation of lipofuscin are uncertain. The experiments in this study were conducted to explore the individual contribution of rod outer segments (ROS) components to lipofuscin formation and its accumulation and stability over time. During the period of 14 days incubation of ROS, lipofuscin-like autofluorescence (LLAF) determined at two wavelengths (530 and 585 nm) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was measured from RPE cells. The autofluorescence increased in an exponential manner with a strong linear component between days 1 and 7. The magnitude of the increase was larger in cells incubated with 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE-ROS) compared with cells incubated with either bleached or unbleached ROS, but with a different spectral profile. A small (10-15%) decrease in LLAF was observed after stopping the ROS feeding for 14 days. The phagocytosis rate of HNE-ROS was higher than that of either bleached or unbleached ROS during the first 24 h of supplementation. Among the different ROS components, the increase of LLAF was highest in cells incubated with all-trans-retinal. Surprisingly, incubation with 11-cis-retinal and 9-cis-retinal also resulted in strong LLAF increase, comparable to the increase induced by all-trans-retinal. Supplementation with liposomes containing phosphatidylethanolamine (22: 6-PE) and phosphatidylcholine (18:1-PC) also increased LLAF, while incubation with opsin had little effect. Cells incubated with retinoids demonstrated strong dose-dependence in LLAF increase, and the magnitude of the increase was 2-3 times higher at 585 nm compared to 530 nm, while cells incubated with liposomes showed little dose-dependence and similar increase at both wavelengths. Very little difference in LLAF was noted between cells incubated with either unbleached or bleached ROS under any conditions. In summary, results from this study suggest that supplementation with various ROS components can lead to an increase in LLAF, although the autofluorescence generated by the different classes of components has distinct spectral profiles, where the autofluorescence induced by retinoids results in a spectral profile closest to the one observed from human lipofuscin. Future fluorescence characterization of LLAF in vitro would benefit from an analysis of multiple wavelengths to better match the spectral characteristics of lipofuscin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
- The Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Radouil Tzekov
- The Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - J. Hugh McDowell
- The Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida Health Science Center, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Wesley C. Smith
- The Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida Health Science Center, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shibo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shalesh Kaushal
- The Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Retina Specialty Institute, 6717 NW 11th Place, Gainesville, FL 32605, USA
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Meyers KJ, Johnson EJ, Bernstein PS, Iyengar SK, Engelman CD, Karki CK, Liu Z, Igo RP, Truitt B, Klein ML, Snodderly DM, Blodi BA, Gehrs KM, Sarto GE, Wallace RB, Robinson J, LeBlanc ES, Hageman G, Tinker L, Mares JA. Genetic determinants of macular pigments in women of the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2333-45. [PMID: 23404124 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate genetic determinants of macular pigment optical density in women from the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS), an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. METHODS 1585 of 2005 CAREDS participants had macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measured noninvasively using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry and blood samples genotyped for 440 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 26 candidate genes related to absorption, transport, binding, and cleavage of carotenoids directly, or via lipid transport. SNPs were individually tested for associations with MPOD using least-squares linear regression. RESULTS Twenty-one SNPs from 11 genes were associated with MPOD (P ≤ 0.05) after adjusting for dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin. This includes variants in or near genes related to zeaxanthin binding in the macula (GSTP1), carotenoid cleavage (BCMO1), cholesterol transport or uptake (SCARB1, ABCA1, ABCG5, and LIPC), long-chain omega-3 fatty acid status (ELOVL2, FADS1, and FADS2), and various maculopathies (ALDH3A2 and RPE65). The strongest association was for rs11645428 near BCMO1 (βA = 0.029, P = 2.2 × 10(-4)). Conditional modeling within genes and further adjustment for other predictors of MPOD, including waist circumference, diabetes, and dietary intake of fiber, resulted in 13 SNPs from 10 genes maintaining independent association with MPOD. Variation in these single gene polymorphisms accounted for 5% of the variability in MPOD (P = 3.5 × 10(-11)). CONCLUSIONS Our results support that MPOD is a multi-factorial phenotype associated with variation in genes related to carotenoid transport, uptake, and metabolism, independent of known dietary and health influences on MPOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Meyers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
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28
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Recent Progress in Small-Molecule Agents Against Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417150-3.00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Zhong M, Kawaguchi R, Kassai M, Sun H. Retina, retinol, retinal and the natural history of vitamin A as a light sensor. Nutrients 2012; 4:2069-96. [PMID: 23363998 PMCID: PMC3546623 DOI: 10.3390/nu4122069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is both the ultimate energy source for most organisms and a rich information source. Vitamin A-based chromophore was initially used in harvesting light energy, but has become the most widely used light sensor throughout evolution from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Vitamin A-based photoreceptor proteins are called opsins and have been used for billions of years for sensing light for vision or the equivalent of vision. All vitamin A-based light sensors for vision in the animal kingdom are G-protein coupled receptors, while those in unicellular organisms are light-gated channels. This first major switch in evolution was followed by two other major changes: the switch from bistable to monostable pigments for vision and the expansion of vitamin A's biological functions. Vitamin A's new functions such as regulating cell growth and differentiation from embryogenesis to adult are associated with increased toxicity with its random diffusion. In contrast to bistable pigments which can be regenerated by light, monostable pigments depend on complex enzymatic cycles for regeneration after every photoisomerization event. Here we discuss vitamin A functions and transport in the context of the natural history of vitamin A-based light sensors and propose that the expanding functions of vitamin A and the choice of monostable pigments are the likely evolutionary driving forces for precise, efficient, and sustained vitamin A transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- Department of Physiology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ostrovsky MA. Molecular physiology of visual pigment rhodopsin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747812010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the ABCA4 gene as the cause of autosomal recessive Stargardt disease/fundus flavimaculatus much has been written of the phenotypic variability in ABCA4 retinopathy. In this review the authors discuss the findings seen on examination and the disease features detected using various clinical tests. Important differential diagnoses are presented and unusual presentations of ABCA4 disease highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas R Burke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, 160 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, 160 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, 160 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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32
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Sun H. Membrane receptors and transporters involved in the function and transport of vitamin A and its derivatives. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:99-112. [PMID: 21704730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eye is the human organ most sensitive to vitamin A deficiency because of vision's absolute and heavy dependence on vitamin A for light perception. Studies of the molecular basis of vision have provided important insights into the intricate mechanistic details of the function, transport and recycling of vitamin A and its derivatives (retinoid). This review focuses on retinoid-related membrane receptors and transporters. Three kinds of mammalian membrane receptors and transporters are discussed: opsins, best known as vitamin A-based light sensors in vision; ABCA4, an ATP-dependent transporter specializes in the transport of vitamin A derivative; and STRA6, a recently identified membrane receptor that mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A. The evolutionary driving forces for their existence and the wide spectrum of human diseases associated with these proteins are discussed. Lessons learned from the study of the visual system might be useful for understanding retinoid biology and retinoid-related diseases in other organ systems as well. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Physiology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Brian Research Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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