1
|
Zhang Z, Ma X, Yang G, Zhang L. Cardioprotective Effects of Glatiramer Against Ischemia- Reperfusion Injury in Coronary Artery Ligation Model in Rats Through Activation of AKT-GSK-3β-TNF-α-Nrf2 Signalling Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.79.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
2
|
Erzina D, Capecchi A, Javor S, Reymond J. An Immunomodulatory Peptide Dendrimer Inspired from Glatiramer Acetate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Erzina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Alice Capecchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Sacha Javor
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Erzina D, Capecchi A, Javor S, Reymond JL. An Immunomodulatory Peptide Dendrimer Inspired from Glatiramer Acetate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26403-26408. [PMID: 34618395 PMCID: PMC9298260 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a random polypeptide drug used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease. With the aim of identifying a precisely defined alternative to GA, we synthesized a library of peptide dendrimers with an amino acid composition similar to GA. We then challenged the dendrimers to trigger the release of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) from human monocytes, which is one of the effects of GA on immune cells. Several of the largest dendrimers tested were as active as GA. Detailed profiling of the best hit showed that this dendrimer induces the differentiation of monocytes towards an M2 (anti‐inflammatory) state as GA does, however with a distinct immune marker profile. Our peptide dendrimer might serve as starting point to develop a well‐defined immunomodulatory analog of GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Erzina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alice Capecchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sacha Javor
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song Z, Khaw YM, Pacheco LA, Tseng KY, Tan Z, Cai K, Ponnusamy E, Cheng J, Inoue M. Induction of a higher-ordered architecture in glatiramer acetate improves its biological efficiency in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5271-5281. [PMID: 32744547 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA), a linear random copolypeptide, is a first-line treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). A major concern, however, is that GA treatment is associated with adverse effects and poor patient adherence due to the need for frequent injections. Here we describe improved performance of the polymeric drug, even at low doses with less-frequent injections, through the modification of its architecture into a star-shaped GA (sGA). In a sGA, multiple GAs are covalently linked onto a core, which greatly changes their properties such as molecular weight, size, and shape. The spherical sGA is retained longer in the body after intraperitoneal injection, and is more readily internalized by RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells than GA. In C57BL/6 mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalitis, a mouse model for MS, sGA treatment exerts disease amelioration effect that is significantly better than that of GA despite a lower dose and less frequent injection. Moreover, spinal cord pathologies of demyelination and leukocyte infiltration are dramatically less pronounced in the sGA treatment condition compared to the GA treatment condition. Thus, we propose that sGA with a higher-ordered architecture offers an attractive and potentially viable treatment option for MS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Song
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Yee Ming Khaw
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, 405 North Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Lazaro A Pacheco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Kuan-Ying Tseng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Zhengzhong Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Kaimin Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | | | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, 405 North Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Andersson CR, Selvin T, Blom K, Rubin J, Berglund M, Jarvius M, Lenhammar L, Parrow V, Loskog A, Fryknäs M, Nygren P, Larsson R. Mebendazole is unique among tubulin-active drugs in activating the MEK-ERK pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13124. [PMID: 32753665 PMCID: PMC7403428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that the anti-helminthic compound mebendazole (MBZ) has immunomodulating activity in monocyte/macrophage models and induces ERK signalling. In the present study we investigated whether MBZ induced ERK activation is shared by other tubulin binding agents (TBAs) and if it is observable also in other human cell types. Curated gene signatures for a panel of TBAs in the LINCS Connectivity Map (CMap) database showed a unique strong negative correlation of MBZ with MEK/ERK inhibitors indicating ERK activation also in non-haematological cell lines. L1000 gene expression signatures for MBZ treated THP-1 monocytes also connected negatively to MEK inhibitors. MEK/ERK phosphoprotein activity testing of a number of TBAs showed that only MBZ increased the activity in both THP-1 monocytes and PMA differentiated macrophages. Distal effects on ERK phosphorylation of the substrate P90RSK and release of IL1B followed the same pattern. The effect of MBZ on MEK/ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by RAF/MEK/ERK inhibitors in THP-1 models, CD3/IL2 stimulated PBMCs and a MAPK reporter HEK-293 cell line. MBZ was also shown to increase ERK activity in CD4+ T-cells from lupus patients with known defective ERK signalling. Given these mechanistic features MBZ is suggested suitable for treatment of diseases characterized by defective ERK signalling, notably difficult to treat autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claes R Andersson
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tove Selvin
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rubin
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Berglund
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Lenhammar
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vendela Parrow
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anselmo F, Tatomir A, Boodhoo D, Mekala AP, Nguyen V, Rus V, Rus H. JNK and phosphorylated Bcl-2 predict multiple sclerosis clinical activity and glatiramer acetate therapeutic response. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108297. [PMID: 31698073 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of JNK and phospho-Bcl-2 as possible biomarkers of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse and of glatiramer acetate (GA) therapeutic response in relapsing-remitting MS patients. We enrolled a cohort of 15 GA-treated patients and measured the expression of JNK1, JNK2, phospho-JNK and phospho-Bcl-2 through Western blotting of lysates from peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after initiating GA therapy. We found significantly higher levels of JNK1 p54 and JNK2 p54 and significantly lower levels of p-Bcl-2 in relapse patients and in GA non-responders. By using receiver operating characteristic analysis, we found that the probability of accurately detecting relapse and response to GA was: 92% and 75.5%, respectively, for JNK1 p54 and 86% and 94.6%, respectively, for p-Bcl-2. Our data suggest that JNK1 and p-Bcl-2 could serve as potential biomarkers for MS relapse and the therapeutic response to GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freidrich Anselmo
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandru Tatomir
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurosciences, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dallas Boodhoo
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Armugam P Mekala
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Violeta Rus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Horea Rus
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research Service, Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prod'homme T, Zamvil SS. The Evolving Mechanisms of Action of Glatiramer Acetate. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a029249. [PMID: 29440323 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a synthetic amino acid copolymer that is approved for treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). GA reduces multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity and has shown comparable efficacy with high-dose interferon-β. The mechanism of action (MOA) of GA has long been an enigma. Originally, it was recognized that GA treatment promoted expansion of GA-reactive T-helper 2 and regulatory T cells, and induced the release of neurotrophic factors. However, GA treatment influences both innate and adaptive immune compartments, and it is now recognized that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are the initial cellular targets for GA. The anti-inflammatory (M2) APCs induced following treatment with GA are responsible for the induction of anti-inflammatory T cells that contribute to its therapeutic benefit. Here, we review studies that have shaped our current understanding of the MOA of GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin CC, Edelson BT. New Insights into the Role of IL-1β in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4553-4560. [PMID: 28583987 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are neuroinflammatory diseases driven by autoreactive pathogenic TH cells that elicit demyelination and axonal damage. How TH cells acquire pathogenicity and communicate with myeloid cells and cells of the CNS remain unclear. IL-1β is recognized to play an important role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and perhaps MS. Clinical EAE is significantly attenuated in IL-1R-deficient and IL-1β-deficient mice, and IL-1β is found in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and CNS lesions of MS patients. In this article, we focus on new reports that elucidate the cellular sources of IL-1β and its actions during EAE, in both lymphoid tissues and within the CNS. Several immune cell types serve as critical producers of IL-1β during EAE, with this cytokine inducing response in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. These findings from the EAE model should inspire efforts toward investigating the therapeutic potential of IL-1 blockade in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes - Beneficial effects of glatiramer acetate in the R6/2 and YAC128 mouse models of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 285:12-23. [PMID: 27587303 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a FDA-approved drug which is licensed for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and which may exert neuroprotective effects via brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In this study, we investigate effects of GA on BDNF expression especially in astrocytes in vitro and in vivo in brains of R6/2 and YAC128 transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) where a pathogenic role of astroglial cells has recently been shown. We show that GA increases the expression of functionally active BDNF in astrocyte culture and in astrocytes of GA treated HD mice. In the brains of these mice, GA decreases neurodegeneration and restores BDNF levels. The beneficial effect of GA in R6/2 mice also comprises reduced weight loss and prolonged life span and, for both models, also improved motor performance. Further studies with this safe and effective drug in HD are warranted.
Collapse
|
10
|
Comi G, Amato MP, Bertolotto A, Centonze D, De Stefano N, Farina C, Gallo P, Ghezzi A, Grimaldi LM, Mancardi G, Marrosu MG, Montanari E, Patti F, Pozzilli C, Provinciali L, Salvetti M, Tedeschi G, Trojano M. The heritage of glatiramer acetate and its use in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40893-016-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
11
|
Yan C, Gao N, Sun H, Yin J, Lee P, Zhou L, Fan X, Yu FS. Targeting Imbalance between IL-1β and IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Ameliorates Delayed Epithelium Wound Healing in Diabetic Mouse Corneas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1466-80. [PMID: 27109611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus often develop corneal complications and delayed wound healing. How diabetes might alter acute inflammatory responses to tissue injury, leading to delayed wound healing, remains mostly elusive. Using a streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes mellitus mice and corneal epithelium-debridement wound model, we discovered that although wounding induced marked expression of IL-1β and the secreted form of IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra), diabetes suppressed the expressions of sIL-1Ra but not IL-1β in healing epithelia and both in whole cornea. In normoglycemic mice, IL-1β or sIL-1Ra blockade delayed wound healing and influenced each other's expression. In diabetic mice, in addition to delayed reepithelization, diabetes weakened phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling, caused cell apoptosis, diminished cell proliferation, suppressed neutrophil and natural killer cell infiltrations, and impaired sensory nerve reinnervation in healing mouse corneas. Local administration of recombinant IL-1Ra partially, but significantly, reversed these pathological changes in the diabetic corneas. CXCL10 was a downstream chemokine of IL-1β-IL-1Ra, and exogenous CXCL10 alleviated delayed wound healing in the diabetic, but attenuated it in the normal corneas. In conclusion, the suppressed early innate/inflammatory responses instigated by the imbalance between IL-1β and IL-1Ra is an underlying cause for delayed wound healing in the diabetic corneas. Local application of IL-1Ra accelerates reepithelialization and may be used to treat chronic corneal and potential skin wounds of diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate Program, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Haijing Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate Program, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fu-Shin Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zou S, Ren P, Zhang L, Azares AR, Zhang S, Coselli JS, Shen YH, LeMaire SA. AKT2 Promotes Bone Marrow Cell-Mediated Aortic Protection in Mice. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101:2085-96. [PMID: 27090732 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient aortic protection and repair may contribute to the development of aortic aneurysms and dissections (AAD). However, mechanisms of aortic protection and repair are poorly understood. We have shown that the multifunctional kinase AKT2 plays an important role in protecting the aortic wall. Here, we examined whether AKT2 protects against AAD by promoting bone marrow cell (BMC)-mediated aortic protection. METHODS Irradiated wild-type mice received green fluorescent protein-expressing BMCs from wild-type mice or Akt2(-/-) mice, followed by challenge with angiotensin II (1000 ng/kg/min) infusion for 4 weeks. We compared BMC recruitment, aortic destruction, and AAD development between groups. The direct effects of wild-type and Akt2(-/-) BMCs on smooth muscle cell survival were examined in coculture experiments. RESULTS After angiotensin II infusion, no (0 of 14) wild-type BMC recipients had AAD; in contrast, 64% (9 of 14) of Akt2(-/-) BMC recipients had AAD (p = 0.002) with severe aortic destruction. Compared with aortas from challenged wild-type BMC recipients, aortas from challenged Akt2(-/-) BMC recipients showed significantly less BMC recruitment, NG2 (neuron-glial antigen 2) progenitor activation, and FSP1 (fibroblast-specific protein 1) fibroblast activation. In addition, aortas from challenged Akt2(-/-) BMC recipients showed increased apoptosis and inflammation. In coculture experiments, wild-type but not Akt2(-/-) BMCs prevented smooth muscle cells from undergoing oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS After aortic challenge, BMCs are recruited to the aortic wall and provide protection by activating progenitors and fibroblasts and by promoting aortic cell survival. Our findings indicate that AKT2 is involved in these processes and that defects in this pathway may promote progressive degeneration during AAD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sili Zou
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas; Department of Vascular Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Ren
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Alon R Azares
- Stem Cell Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Sui Zhang
- Stem Cell Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph S Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, CHI St. Luke's Health-Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott A LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, CHI St. Luke's Health-Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molnarfi N, Prod'homme T, Schulze-Topphoff U, Spencer CM, Weber MS, Patarroyo JC, Lalive PH, Zamvil SS. Glatiramer acetate treatment negatively regulates type I interferon signaling. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e179. [PMID: 26601118 PMCID: PMC4645172 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Glatiramer acetate (GA; Copaxone), a disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), promotes development of anti-inflammatory (M2, type II) monocytes that can direct differentiation of regulatory T cells. We investigated the innate immune signaling pathways that participate in GA-mediated M2 monocyte polarization. Methods: Monocytes were isolated from myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)–deficient, Toll-IL-1 receptor domain–containing adaptor inducing interferon (IFN)–β (TRIF)–deficient, IFN-α/β receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1)–deficient, and wild-type (WT) mice and human peripheral blood. GA-treated monocytes were stimulated with Toll-like receptor ligands, then evaluated for activation of kinases and transcription factors involved in innate immunity, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. GA-treated mice were evaluated for cytokine secretion and susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Results: GA-mediated inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes occurred independently of MyD88 and nuclear factor–κB, but was blocked by TRIF deficiency. Furthermore, GA did not provide clinical benefit in TRIF-deficient mice. GA inhibited activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, an upstream regulator of activating transcription factor (ATF)–2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, which regulates IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Consequently, nuclear translocation of ATF-2 and IRF3, components of the IFN-β enhanceosome, was impaired. Consistent with these observations, GA inhibited production of IFN-β in vivo in WT mice, but did not modulate proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes from IFNAR1-deficient mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that GA inhibits the type I IFN pathway in M2 polarization of monocytes independently of MyD88, providing an important mechanism connecting innate and adaptive immune modulation in GA therapy and valuable insight regarding its potential use with other MS treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Molnarfi
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (N.M., T.P., U.S.-T., C.M.S., J.C.P., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; the Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; and the Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. N.M. is currently affiliated with the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, and Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. T.P. is currently affiliated with Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. U.S.-T. is currently affiliated with Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany. J.C.P. is currently affiliated with Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas Prod'homme
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (N.M., T.P., U.S.-T., C.M.S., J.C.P., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; the Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; and the Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. N.M. is currently affiliated with the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, and Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. T.P. is currently affiliated with Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. U.S.-T. is currently affiliated with Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany. J.C.P. is currently affiliated with Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Ulf Schulze-Topphoff
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (N.M., T.P., U.S.-T., C.M.S., J.C.P., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; the Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; and the Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. N.M. is currently affiliated with the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, and Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. T.P. is currently affiliated with Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. U.S.-T. is currently affiliated with Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany. J.C.P. is currently affiliated with Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Collin M Spencer
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (N.M., T.P., U.S.-T., C.M.S., J.C.P., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; the Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; and the Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. N.M. is currently affiliated with the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, and Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. T.P. is currently affiliated with Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. U.S.-T. is currently affiliated with Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany. J.C.P. is currently affiliated with Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (N.M., T.P., U.S.-T., C.M.S., J.C.P., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; the Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; and the Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. N.M. is currently affiliated with the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, and Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. T.P. is currently affiliated with Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. U.S.-T. is currently affiliated with Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany. J.C.P. is currently affiliated with Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Juan C Patarroyo
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (N.M., T.P., U.S.-T., C.M.S., J.C.P., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; the Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; and the Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. N.M. is currently affiliated with the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, and Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. T.P. is currently affiliated with Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. U.S.-T. is currently affiliated with Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany. J.C.P. is currently affiliated with Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Patrice H Lalive
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (N.M., T.P., U.S.-T., C.M.S., J.C.P., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; the Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; and the Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. N.M. is currently affiliated with the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, and Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. T.P. is currently affiliated with Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. U.S.-T. is currently affiliated with Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany. J.C.P. is currently affiliated with Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (N.M., T.P., U.S.-T., C.M.S., J.C.P., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; the Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; and the Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. N.M. is currently affiliated with the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, and Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. T.P. is currently affiliated with Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. U.S.-T. is currently affiliated with Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany. J.C.P. is currently affiliated with Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yoon GS, Sud S, Keswani RK, Baik J, Standiford TJ, Stringer KA, Rosania GR. Phagocytosed Clofazimine Biocrystals Can Modulate Innate Immune Signaling by Inhibiting TNFα and Boosting IL-1RA Secretion. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2517-27. [PMID: 25909959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clofazimine (CFZ) is an FDA-approved leprostatic and anti-inflammatory drug that massively accumulates in macrophages, forming insoluble, intracellular crystal-like drug inclusions (CLDIs) during long-term oral dosing. Interestingly, when added to cells in vitro, soluble CFZ is cytotoxic because it depolarizes mitochondria and induces apoptosis. Accordingly, we hypothesized that, in vivo, macrophages detoxify CFZ by sequestering it in CLDIs. To test this hypothesis, CLDIs of CFZ-treated mice were biochemically isolated and then incubated with macrophages in vitro. The cell biological effects of phagocytosed CLDIs were compared to those of soluble CFZ. Unlike soluble CFZ, phagocytosis of CLDIs did not lead to mitochondrial destabilization or apoptosis. Rather, CLDIs altered immune signaling response pathways downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation, leading to enhanced interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) production, dampened NF-κB activation and tissue necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) production, and ultimately decreased TLR expression levels. In aggregate, our results constitute evidence that macrophages detoxify soluble CFZ by sequestering it in a biocompatible, insoluble form. The altered cellular response to TLR ligation suggests that CLDI formation may also underlie CFZ's anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gi S Yoon
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sudha Sud
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rahul K Keswani
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jason Baik
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- §Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | | | - Gus R Rosania
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carpintero R, Burger D. IFNβ and glatiramer acetate trigger different signaling pathways to regulate the IL-1 system in multiple sclerosis. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
16
|
Yang JM, Rui BB, Chen C, Chen H, Xu TJ, Xu WP, Wei W. Acetylsalicylic acid enhances the anti-inflammatory effect of fluoxetine through inhibition of NF-κB, p38-MAPK and ERK1/2 activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglia cells. Neuroscience 2014; 275:296-304. [PMID: 24952332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The latest advancements in neurobiological research provide increasing evidence that inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathways play an important role in depression. According to the cytokine hypothesis, depression could be due to the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by microglia activation. Thus, using the BV-2 microglial cell line, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether fluoxetine (FLX) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) could inhibit this microglia activation and could achieve better results in combination. Our results showed that FLX could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the expression of the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme and the depletion of 5-HT. Moreover, FLX could inhibit phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the combined use with ASA could enhance these effects. Notably, the adjunctive agent ASA could also inhibit phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Taken together, our results suggest that FLX may have some anti-inflammatory effects by modulating microglia activation and that ASA served as an effective adjunctive agent by enhancing these therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Yang
- Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - B B Rui
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of China Education Ministry, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - C Chen
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - H Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of China Education Ministry, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - T J Xu
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - W P Xu
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
| | - W Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of China Education Ministry, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Soluble CD163 as a marker of macrophage activity in newly diagnosed patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98588. [PMID: 24886843 PMCID: PMC4041861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble CD163 (sCD163) is a macrophage specific protein known to be up-regulated in serum from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE To investigate sCD163 in serum and CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) from patients undergoing MS diagnostic work-up and analyse its potential as a diagnostic biomarker. METHODS After a full MS diagnostic work-up, including collection of paired samples of CSF and serum, 183 patients were evaluated for inclusion in this study. Patients were divided into groups based on their diagnosis. Patients with normal clinical and paraclinical findings were grouped as symptomatic controls. Serum and CSF levels of sCD163 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS sCD163 could be measured in all serum and CSF samples. A high sCD163 CSF/serum ratio in relation to molecular weight was found, strongly indicating local production in the CNS. Median levels of sCD163 were significantly decreased in serum and significantly elevated in CSF in patients with relapsing-remitting, and primary-progressive MS. There were, however, some overlaps of the measures between groups. In a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis sCD163 CSF/serum ratio had an area under the curve of 0.72. CONCLUSION The sCD163 CSF/serum ratio was significantly increased in patients with MS and may reflect macrophage activation in MS lesions. These results suggest that primary progressive MS also is driven by inflammation in which the innate immune system plays a pivotal role.
Collapse
|
18
|
Evangelidou M, Karamita M, Vamvakas SS, Szymkowski DE, Probert L. Altered expression of oligodendrocyte and neuronal marker genes predicts the clinical onset of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and indicates the effectiveness of multiple sclerosis-directed therapeutics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4122-33. [PMID: 24683189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a valuable model for studying immunopathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) and for exploring the interface between autoimmune responses and CNS tissue that ultimately leads to lesion development. In this study, we measured gene expression in mouse spinal cord during myelin oligodendrocyte gp35-55 peptide-induced EAE, using quantitative RT-PCR, to identify gene markers that monitor individual hallmark pathological processes. We defined a small panel of genes whose longitudinal expression patterns provided insight into the timing, interrelationships, and mechanisms of individual disease processes and the efficacy of therapeutics for the treatment of MS. Earliest transcriptional changes were upregulation of Il17a and sharp downregulation of neuronal and oligodendrocyte marker genes preceding clinical disease onset, whereas neuroinflammatory markers progressively increased as symptoms and tissue lesions developed. EAE-induced gene-expression changes were not altered in mice deficient in IKKβ in cells of the myeloid lineage compared with controls, but the administration of a selective inhibitor of soluble TNF to mice from the day of immunization delayed changes in the expression of innate inflammation, myelin, and neuron markers from the presymptomatic phase. Proof of principle that the gene panel shows drug screening potential was obtained using a well-established MS therapeutic, glatiramer acetate. Prophylactic treatment of mice with glatiramer acetate normalized gene marker expression, and this correlated with the level of therapeutic success. These results show that neurons and oligodendrocytes are highly sensitive to CNS-directed autoimmunity before the development of clinical symptoms and immunopathology and reveal a role for soluble TNF in mediating the earliest changes in gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Evangelidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Towfic F, Funt JM, Fowler KD, Bakshi S, Blaugrund E, Artyomov MN, Hayden MR, Ladkani D, Schwartz R, Zeskind B. Comparing the biological impact of glatiramer acetate with the biological impact of a generic. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83757. [PMID: 24421904 PMCID: PMC3885444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, policies regarding generic medicines have sought to provide patients with economical access to safe and effective drugs, while encouraging the development of new therapies. This balance is becoming more challenging for physicians and regulators as biologics and non-biological complex drugs (NBCDs) such as glatiramer acetate demonstrate remarkable efficacy, because generics for these medicines are more difficult to assess. We sought to develop computational methods that use transcriptional profiles to compare branded medicines to generics, robustly characterizing differences in biological impact. We combined multiple computational methods to determine whether differentially expressed genes result from random variation, or point to consistent differences in biological impact of the generic compared to the branded medicine. We applied these methods to analyze gene expression data from mouse splenocytes exposed to either branded glatiramer acetate or a generic. The computational methods identified extensive evidence that branded glatiramer acetate has a more consistent biological impact across batches than the generic, and has a distinct impact on regulatory T cells and myeloid lineage cells. In summary, we developed a computational pipeline that integrates multiple methods to compare two medicines in an innovative way. This pipeline, and the specific findings distinguishing branded glatiramer acetate from a generic, can help physicians and regulators take appropriate steps to ensure safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Towfic
- Immuneering Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Funt
- Immuneering Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Fowler
- Immuneering Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shlomo Bakshi
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Maxim N. Artyomov
- Immuneering Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - David Ladkani
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Benjamin Zeskind
- Immuneering Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thamilarasan M, Hecker M, Goertsches RH, Paap BK, Schröder I, Koczan D, Thiesen HJ, Zettl UK. Glatiramer acetate treatment effects on gene expression in monocytes of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:126. [PMID: 24134771 PMCID: PMC3852967 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a mixture of synthetic peptides used in the treatment of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GA therapy on the gene expression of monocytes. Methods Monocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of eight RRMS patients. The blood was obtained longitudinally before the start of GA therapy as well as after one day, one week, one month and two months. Gene expression was measured at the mRNA level by microarrays. Results More than 400 genes were identified as up-regulated or down-regulated in the course of therapy, and we analyzed their biological functions and regulatory interactions. Many of those genes are known to regulate lymphocyte activation and proliferation, but only a subset of genes was repeatedly differentially expressed at different time points during treatment. Conclusions Overall, the observed gene regulatory effects of GA on monocytes were modest and not stable over time. However, our study revealed several genes that are worthy of investigation in future studies on the molecular mechanisms of GA therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Hecker
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 68, Rostock 18057, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Braley TJ, Segal BM. B-cell targeting agents in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2013; 15:259-69. [PMID: 23609780 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-013-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The aims of this article are to discuss the potential role of B lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and in the mechanisms of action of approved and emerging disease modifying therapies. Over the last few years, significant progress has been made in the introduction of novel pharmacologic treatments that reduce the frequency of clinical exacerbations and radiological lesion formation in relapsing remitting MS. The mechanisms of action of a number of these disease modifying therapies (DMT) implicate B cells in the pathogenesis, as well as in the regulation, of MS. Further research into B-cell subset trafficking patterns, functional activities and interactions with other immune cells in the context of neuroinflammation is likely to inform the development of future generations of DMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Braley
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 4013 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lv X, Ma X, Hu Y. Furthering the design and the discovery of small molecule ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors as an effective cancer treatment. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:991-1012. [PMID: 23668243 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.800479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase, which is the key component of two distinct signaling complexes in cells; these complexes are the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Given the importance of these complexes in cellular growth, survival, motility, proliferation, protein synthesis and transcription, it is not surprising that they are impacted in multiple types of cancer. Studies on a number of ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors have suggested that these inhibitors have a therapeutic superiority to rapalogs (rapamycin analogs) in a number of cancers. AREAS COVERED This review provides insight into the binding of mTOR inhibitors with the ATP-binding site, for the benefit of future mTOR inhibitor design and discovery. The authors, furthermore, deduce that a hypothetical binding mode is from docking studies, co-crystal structures and the structure-activity relationships (SARs). The authors also highlight the preclinical and clinical development of hit/lead compounds, and the selectivity for representative mTOR inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The structural analysis of mTOR is hampered by its large size and complexity. Further exploration of mTOR inhibitors may therefore require the combination of structure-based drug design (SBDD, based on the mTOR homology models), fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and analog synthesis. Recent studies suggested that the global inhibition of PI3Ks may be harmful to organisms. Therefore, the future discovery of dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitors needs to ensure that inhibitors are both efficacious and have reduced adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lv
- Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shen YH, Zhang L, Ren P, Nguyen MT, Zou S, Wu D, Wang XL, Coselli JS, LeMaire SA. AKT2 confers protection against aortic aneurysms and dissections. Circ Res 2012; 112:618-32. [PMID: 23250987 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) are major diseases of the adult aorta caused by progressive medial degeneration of the aortic wall. Although the overproduction of destructive factors promotes tissue damage and disease progression, the role of protective pathways is unknown. OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined the role of AKT2 in protecting the aorta from developing AAD. METHODS AND RESULTS AKT2 and phospho-AKT levels were significantly downregulated in human thoracic AAD tissues, especially within the degenerative medial layer. Akt2-deficient mice showed abnormal elastic fibers and reduced medial thickness in the aortic wall. When challenged with angiotensin II, these mice developed aortic aneurysm, dissection, and rupture with features similar to those in humans, in both thoracic and abdominal segments. Aortas from Akt2-deficient mice displayed profound tissue destruction, apoptotic cell death, and inflammatory cell infiltration that were not observed in aortas from wild-type mice. In addition, angiotensin II-infused Akt2-deficient mice showed significantly elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and reduced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). In cultured human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, AKT2 inhibited the expression of MMP-9 and stimulated the expression of TIMP-1 by preventing the binding of transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 to the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 promoters. CONCLUSIONS Impaired AKT2 signaling may contribute to increased susceptibility to the development of AAD. Our findings provide evidence of a mechanism that underlies the protective effects of AKT2 on the aortic wall and that may serve as a therapeutic target in the prevention of AAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Glatiramer acetate elevates cell production in the mature retinal pigment epithelium. Vis Neurosci 2011; 28:543-6. [PMID: 22192509 DOI: 10.1017/s095252381100040x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The retinal-pigmented epithelium (RPE) is critical for visual function. Throughout life, central RPE cells are lost but replenished by peripheral cell production. Glatiramer acetate increases neuronal production in mature brains and is thought to erode age-related deposits in the human retina that are risk factors for macular degeneration. Here, we ask whether this agent also elevates RPE production in mature rat eyes. If so, it may be used to replenish these cells in damaged eyes. Glatiramer acetate was given systemically for 14 days combined with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to mark cell division. One eye was then processed for the cell cycle marker Ki67 and the other for BrdU. Glatiramer acetate significantly elevated the number of RPE cells in the cell cycle, with more labeled with Ki67. There were also significantly more BrdU-labeled cells over the 14 days, confirming that some cells divided. However, while Ki67 positive cell numbers increased by approximately 100% following examination at one time point, BrdU cell numbers increased by only 3% when averaged per day. Hence, glatiramer acetate induces cells to proliferate, but many may fail either to complete division or to survive. This may have long-term consequences for this tissue.
Collapse
|
25
|
Carpintero R, Burger D. IFNβ and glatiramer acetate trigger different signaling pathways to regulate the IL-1 system in multiple sclerosis. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:112-4. [PMID: 21509198 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.1.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in cytokine homeostasis plays an important part in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases. In multiple sclerosis (MS), the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is present in the central nervous system, being expressed mainly in infiltrating macrophages and microglial cells. IL-1β activity is inhibited by the secreted form of IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra) whose production is increased in patients' blood and induced in human monocytes by IFNβ and glatiramer acetate (GA)-both immunomodulators displaying similar therapeutic efficacy in MS. Because intracellular pathways are currently considered as potential therapeutic targets, identification of specific kinases used by both immunomodulators might lead to more specific therapeutic targeting. We addressed the question of intracellular pathways used by IFNβ and GA to induce sIL-1Ra in human monocytes in two recent studies. This addendum to these studies aims at discussing common pathways and different elements used by IFNβ and GA to induce sIL-1Ra in human monocytes. This pinpoints PI3Kδ activation as a requirement to induce sIL-1Ra production downstream monocyte stimulation by either IFNβ or GA. However, the immunomodulators differentially use MEK/ERK pathway to induce sIL-1Ra production in human monocytes. Together, our current studies suggest that PI3Kδ and MEK2 might represent new targets in MS therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Carpintero
- Division of Immunology and Allergy; Inflammation and Allergy Research Group; Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory; University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lalive PH, Neuhaus O, Benkhoucha M, Burger D, Hohlfeld R, Zamvil SS, Weber MS. Glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: emerging concepts regarding its mechanism of action. CNS Drugs 2011; 25:401-14. [PMID: 21476611 PMCID: PMC3963480 DOI: 10.2165/11588120-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate is a synthetic, random copolymer widely used as a first-line agent for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). While earlier studies primarily attributed its clinical effect to a shift in the cytokine secretion of CD4+ T helper (T(h)) cells, growing evidence in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests that glatiramer acetate treatment is associated with a broader immunomodulatory effect on cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system. To date, glatiramer acetate-mediated modulation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as monocytes and dendritic cells, CD4+ T(h) cells, CD8+ T cells, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and antibody production by plasma cells have been reported; in addition, most recent investigations indicate that glatiramer acetate treatment may also promote regulatory B-cell properties. Experimental evidence suggests that, among these diverse effects, a fostering interplay between anti-inflammatory T-cell populations and regulatory type II APC may be the central axis in glatiramer acetate-mediated immune modulation of CNS autoimmune disease. Besides altering inflammatory processes, glatiramer acetate could exert direct neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative properties, which could be of relevance for the treatment of MS, but even more so for primarily neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview of established and recent findings aiming to elucidate the complex mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice H. Lalive
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Neuhaus
- Department of Neurology, Kliniken Landkreis Sigmaringen, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Mahdia Benkhoucha
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Burger
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, HansWilsdorf Laboratory, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Scott S. Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin S. Weber
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|