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Singh N, Singh AK. A comprehensive review on structural and therapeutical insight of Cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) - An important target for development of substrate reduction therapy against metachromatic leukodystrophy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128780. [PMID: 38104688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This review is an effort towards the development of substrate reduction therapy using cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) as a target protein for the development of inhibitors intended to treat pathophysiological condition resulting from the accumulation of sulfatide, a product from the catalytic action of CST. Accumulation of sulfatides leads to progressive impairment and destruction of the myelin structure, disruption of normal physiological transmission of electrical impulse between nerve cells, axonal loss in the central and peripheral nervous system and cumulatively gives a clinical manifestation of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Thus, there is a need to develop specific and potent CST inhibitors to positively control sulfatide accumulation. Structural similarity and computational studies revealed that LYS85, SER172 and HIS141 are key catalytic residues that determine the catalytic action of CST through the transfer of sulfuryl group from the donor PAPS to the acceptor galactosylceramide. Computational studies revealed catalytic site of CST consists two binding site pocket including PAPS binding pocket and substrate binding pocket. Specific substrate site residues in CST can be targeted to develop specific CST inhibitors. This review also explores the challenges of CST-directed substrate reduction therapy as well as the opportunities available in natural products for inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Singh
- Department of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Tan B, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zhang C. Functional characterization of the sulfotransferase TotS in totopotensamide biosynthesis. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Pedersen LC, Yi M, Pedersen LG, Kaminski AM. From Steroid and Drug Metabolism to Glycobiology, Using Sulfotransferase Structures to Understand and Tailor Function. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1027-1041. [PMID: 35197313 PMCID: PMC10753775 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferases are ubiquitous enzymes that transfer a sulfo group from the universal cofactor donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to a broad range of acceptor substrates. In humans, the cytosolic sulfotransferases are involved in the sulfation of endogenous compounds such as steroids, neurotransmitters, hormones, and bile acids as well as xenobiotics including drugs, toxins, and environmental chemicals. The Golgi associated membrane-bound sulfotransferases are involved in post-translational modification of macromolecules from glycosaminoglycans to proteins. The sulfation of small molecules can have profound biologic effects on the functionality of the acceptor, including activation, deactivation, or enhanced metabolism and elimination. Sulfation of macromolecules has been shown to regulate a number of physiologic and pathophysiological pathways by enhancing binding affinity to regulatory proteins or binding partners. Over the last 25 years, crystal structures of these enzymes have provided a wealth of information on the mechanisms of this process and the specificity of these enzymes. This review will focus on the general commonalities of the sulfotransferases, from enzyme structure to catalytic mechanism as well as providing examples into how structural information is being used to either design drugs that inhibit sulfotransferases or to modify the enzymes to improve drug synthesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This manuscript honors Dr. Masahiko Negishi's contribution to the understanding of sulfotransferase mechanism, specificity, and roles in biology by analyzing the crystal structures that have been solved over the last 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
| | - MyeongJin Yi
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
| | - Lee G Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
| | - Andrea M Kaminski
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory (L.C.P., L.G.P., A.M.K.) and Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (M.Y.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (L.G.P.)
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4
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Gökce H, Alpaslan G, Kaya S, Çakır N. Structural, Bioactivity, Molecular Docking, Spectroscopic and Electronic Properties of a Synthesized Meldrum's Acid Derivative. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halil Gökce
- Vocational School of Health Services Giresun University 28200 Giresun Turkey
| | - Gökhan Alpaslan
- Vocational School of Health Services Giresun University 28200 Giresun Turkey
| | - Serdal Kaya
- Department of Aeronautical Faculty of Aviation and Space Sciences Necmettin Erbakan University 42090 Konya Turkey
| | - Nezaket Çakır
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Art and Science Giresun University 28200 Giresun Turkey
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Xie L, Xiao D, Wang X, Wang C, Bai J, Yue Q, Yue H, Li Y, Molnár I, Xu Y, Zhang L. Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Sulfated Benzenediol Lactones with a Phenolic Sulfotransferase from Fusarium graminearum PH-1. mSphere 2020; 5:e00949-20. [PMID: 33239367 PMCID: PMC7690957 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00949-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Total biosynthesis or whole-cell biocatalytic production of sulfated small molecules relies on the discovery and implementation of appropriate sulfotransferase enzymes. Although fungi are prominent biocatalysts and have been used to sulfate drug-like phenolics, no gene encoding a sulfotransferase enzyme has been functionally characterized from these organisms. Here, we identify a phenolic sulfotransferase, FgSULT1, by genome mining from the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum PH-1. We expressed FgSULT1 in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae chassis to modify a broad range of benzenediol lactones and their nonmacrocyclic congeners, together with an anthraquinone, with the resulting unnatural natural product (uNP) sulfates displaying increased solubility. FgSULT1 shares low similarity with known animal and plant sulfotransferases. Instead, it forms a sulfotransferase family with putative bacterial and fungal enzymes for phase II detoxification of xenobiotics and allelochemicals. Among fungi, putative FgSULT1 homologues are encoded in the genomes of Fusarium spp. and a few other genera in nonsyntenic regions, some of which may be related to catabolic sulfur recycling. Computational structure modeling combined with site-directed mutagenesis revealed that FgSULT1 retains the key catalytic residues and the typical fold of characterized animal and plant sulfotransferases. Our work opens the way for the discovery of hitherto unknown fungal sulfotransferases and provides a synthetic biological and enzymatic platform that can be adapted to produce bioactive sulfates, together with sulfate ester standards and probes for masked mycotoxins, precarcinogenic toxins, and xenobiotics.IMPORTANCE Sulfation is an expedient strategy to increase the solubility, bioavailability, and bioactivity of nutraceuticals and clinically important drugs. However, chemical or biological synthesis of sulfoconjugates is challenging. Genome mining, heterologous expression, homology structural modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis identified FgSULT1 of Fusarium graminearum PH-1 as a cytosolic sulfotransferase with the typical fold and active site architecture of characterized animal and plant sulfotransferases, despite low sequence similarity. FgSULT1 homologues are sparse in fungi but form a distinct clade with bacterial sulfotransferases. This study extends the functionally characterized sulfotransferase superfamily to the kingdom Fungi and demonstrates total biosynthetic and biocatalytic synthetic biological platforms to produce unnatural natural product (uNP) sulfoconjugates. Such uNP sulfates may be utilized for drug discovery in human and veterinary medicine and crop protection. Our synthetic biological methods may also be adapted to generate masked mycotoxin standards for food safety and environmental monitoring applications and to expose precarcinogenic xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Bai
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Yue
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yue
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Li
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- National Engineering Lab for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - István Molnár
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Brieke C, Yim G, Peschke M, Wright GD, Cryle MJ. Catalytic promiscuity of glycopeptide N-methyltransferases enables bio-orthogonal labelling of biosynthetic intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13679-13682. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06975d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable promiscuity of N-methyltransferases enables modulation of biological activity as well as bio-orthogonal labelling of glycopeptide antibiotics and biosynthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Brieke
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Grace Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Madeleine Peschke
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Max J. Cryle
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- EMBL Australia
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7
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Thaker MN, Wright GD. Opportunities for synthetic biology in antibiotics: expanding glycopeptide chemical diversity. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:195-206. [PMID: 23654249 PMCID: PMC4384835 DOI: 10.1021/sb300092n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Synthetic
biology offers a new path for the exploitation and improvement
of natural products to address the growing crisis in antibiotic resistance.
All antibiotics in clinical use are facing eventual obsolesce as a
result of the evolution and dissemination of resistance mechanisms,
yet there are few new drug leads forthcoming from the pharmaceutical
sector. Natural products of microbial origin have proven over the
past 70 years to be the wellspring of antimicrobial drugs. Harnessing
synthetic biology thinking and strategies can provide new molecules
and expand chemical diversity of known antibiotic scaffolds to provide
much needed new drug leads. The glycopeptide antibiotics offer paradigmatic
scaffolds suitable for such an approach. We review these strategies
here using the glycopeptides as an example and demonstrate how synthetic
biology can expand antibiotic chemical diversity to help address the
growing resistance crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik N. Thaker
- M.G. DeGroote
Institute for
Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical
Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- M.G. DeGroote
Institute for
Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical
Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1 Canada
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8
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Al Toma RS, Brieke C, Cryle MJ, Süssmuth RD. Structural aspects of phenylglycines, their biosynthesis and occurrence in peptide natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1207-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenylglycine-type amino acids occur in a wide variety of peptide natural products. Herein structures and properties of these peptides as well as the biosynthetic origin and incorporation of phenylglycines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Brieke
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Max J. Cryle
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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Yim G, Kalan L, Koteva K, Thaker MN, Waglechner N, Tang I, Wright GD. Harnessing the Synthetic Capabilities of Glycopeptide Antibiotic Tailoring Enzymes: Characterization of the UK-68,597 Biosynthetic Cluster. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2613-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Lyu SY, Liu YC, Chang CY, Huang CJ, Chiu YH, Huang CM, Hsu NS, Lin KH, Wu CJ, Tsai MD, Li TL. Multiple complexes of long aliphatic N-acyltransferases lead to synthesis of 2,6-diacylated/2-acyl-substituted glycopeptide antibiotics, effectively killing vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10989-95. [PMID: 25095906 DOI: 10.1021/ja504125v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Teicoplanin A2-2 (Tei)/A40926 is the last-line antibiotic to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections, e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). This class of antibiotics is powered by the N-acyltransferase (NAT) Orf11*/Dbv8 through N-acylation on glucosamine at the central residue of Tei/A40926 pseudoaglycone. The NAT enzyme possesses enormous value in untapped applications; its advanced development is hampered largely due to a lack of structural information. In this report, we present eight high-resolution X-ray crystallographic unary, binary, and ternary complexes in order to decipher the molecular basis for NAT's functionality. The enzyme undergoes a multistage conformational change upon binding of acyl-CoA, thus allowing the uploading of Tei pseudoaglycone to enable the acyl-transfer reaction to take place in the occlusion between the N- and C-halves of the protein. The acyl moiety of acyl-CoA can be bulky or lengthy, allowing a large extent of diversity in new derivatives that can be formed upon its transfer. Vancomycin/synthetic acyl-N-acetyl cysteamine was not expected to be able to serve as a surrogate for an acyl acceptor/donor, respectively. Most strikingly, NAT can catalyze formation of 2-N,6-O-diacylated or C6→C2 acyl-substituted Tei analogues through an unusual 1,4-migration mechanism under stoichiometric/solvational reaction control, wherein selected representatives showed excellent biological activities, effectively counteracting major types (VanABC) of VRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syue-Yi Lyu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Yim G, Thaker MN, Koteva K, Wright G. Glycopeptide antibiotic biosynthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 67:31-41. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adams H, Chekmeneva E, Hunter CA, Misuraca MC, Navarro C, Turega SM. Quantification of the effect of conformational restriction on supramolecular effective molarities. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1853-63. [PMID: 23360075 DOI: 10.1021/ja310221t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The association constants for a family of 96 closely related zinc porphyrin-pyridine ligand complexes have been measured in two different solvents, toluene and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE). The zinc porphyrin receptors are equipped with phenol side arms, which can form intramolecular H-bonds with ester or amide side arms on the pyridine ligands. These association constants were used to construct 64 chemical double mutant cycles, which measure the free energy contributions of intramolecular H-bonding interactions to the overall stability of the complexes. Measurement of association constants for the corresponding intermolecular H-bonding interactions allowed determination of the effective molarities (EM) for the intramolecular interactions. Comparison of ligands that feature amide H-bond acceptors and ester H-bonds at identical sites on the ligand framework show that the values of EM are practically identical. Similarly, the values of EM are practically identical in toluene and in TCE. However, comparison of two ligand series that differ by one degree of torsional freedom shows that the values of EM for the flexible ligands are an order of magnitude lower than for the corresponding rigid ligands. This observation holds for a range of different supramolecular architectures with different degrees of receptor-ligand complementarity and suggests that in general the cost of freezing a rotor in supramolecular complexes is of the order of 5 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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