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Jones E, Hill E, Linehan J, Nazari T, Caulder A, Codner GF, Hutchison M, Mackenzie M, Farmer M, Coysh T, De Oliveira MW, Al-Doujaily H, Sandberg M, Viré E, Cunningham TJ, Asante EA, Brandner S, Collinge J, Mead S. Characterisation and prion transmission study in mice with genetic reduction of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk gene Stx6. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106363. [PMID: 37996040 PMCID: PMC7615600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), the most common human prion disease, is thought to occur when the cellular prion protein (PrPC) spontaneously misfolds and assembles into prion fibrils, culminating in fatal neurodegeneration. In a genome-wide association study of sCJD, we recently identified risk variants in and around the gene STX6, with evidence to suggest a causal increase of STX6 expression in disease-relevant brain regions. STX6 encodes syntaxin-6, a SNARE protein primarily involved in early endosome to trans-Golgi network retrograde transport. Here we developed and characterised a mouse model with genetic depletion of Stx6 and investigated a causal role of Stx6 expression in mouse prion disease through a classical prion transmission study, assessing the impact of homozygous and heterozygous syntaxin-6 knockout on disease incubation periods and prion-related neuropathology. Following inoculation with RML prions, incubation periods in Stx6-/- and Stx6+/- mice differed by 12 days relative to wildtype. Similarly, in Stx6-/- mice, disease incubation periods following inoculation with ME7 prions also differed by 12 days. Histopathological analysis revealed a modest increase in astrogliosis in ME7-inoculated Stx6-/- animals and a variable effect of Stx6 expression on microglia activation, however no differences in neuronal loss, spongiform change or PrP deposition were observed at endpoint. Importantly, Stx6-/- mice are viable and fertile with no gross impairments on a range of neurological, biochemical, histological and skeletal structure tests. Our results provide some support for a pathological role of Stx6 expression in prion disease, which warrants further investigation in the context of prion disease but also other neurodegenerative diseases considering syntaxin-6 appears to have pleiotropic risk effects in progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jones
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Elizabeth Hill
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Jacqueline Linehan
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Tamsin Nazari
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Adam Caulder
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Gemma F Codner
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Marie Hutchison
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Matthew Mackenzie
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michael Farmer
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Thomas Coysh
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Michael Wiggins De Oliveira
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Huda Al-Doujaily
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Malin Sandberg
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Viré
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Thomas J Cunningham
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Emmanuel A Asante
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Collinge
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK.
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Wang Q, Yang J, Li X, Wang W, Wu Y, Li Z, Huang X. HSPA13 modulates type I interferon antiviral pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome to restrict dengue virus infection in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110988. [PMID: 37776769 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a type of arthropod-borne Flavivirus, which leads to a series of serious diseases like dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). DENV has a devastating health and economic impact worldwide. However, there are no suitable drugs to combat the virus. Here we reported that HSPA13, also known as stress chaperone (STCH), is a member of the HSP70 family and is a key regulator of type I interferon (IFN-I) and pro-inflammatory responses during DENV infection. HSPA13 expression was increased in macrophages infected with DENV or other Flaviviruses like Zika virus (ZIKV), Yellow fever virus (YFV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Further, HSPA13 suppressed the replication of DENV and other Flaviviruses (ZIKV, JEV, YFV), which exhibited broad-spectrum antiviral effects. On the one hand, HSPA13 promoted production of IFN-β and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs, such as ISG15, OAS and IFIT3) by interacting with RIG-I and up-regulating RIG-I expression during DENV infection. On the other hand, HSPA13 enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion by interacting with ASC in DENV infection. We identified HSPA13 as a potential anti-DENV target. Our results provide clues for the development of antiviral drugs against DENV based on HSPA13 and reveal novel drug target against Flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohua Wang
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, China; Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, China.
| | - Xi Huang
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, China; Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China.
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3
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Espinoza MF, Nguyen KK, Sycks MM, Lyu Z, Quanrud GM, Montoya MR, Genereux JC. Heat shock protein Hspa13 regulates endoplasmic reticulum and cytosolic proteostasis through modulation of protein translocation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102597. [PMID: 36244454 PMCID: PMC9691929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic secretory proteins are cotranslationally translocated through Sec61 into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Because these proteins have evolved to fold in the ER, their mistargeting is associated with toxicity. Genetic experiments have implicated the ER heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) Hspa13/STCH as involved in processing of nascent secretory proteins. Herein, we evaluate the role of Hspa13 in protein import and the maintenance of cellular proteostasis in human cells, primarily using the human embryonic kidney 293T cell line. We find that Hspa13 interacts primarily with the Sec61 translocon and its associated factors. Hspa13 overexpression inhibits translocation of the secreted protein transthyretin, leading to accumulation and aggregation of immature transthyretin in the cytosol. ATPase-inactive mutants of Hspa13 further inhibit translocation and maturation of secretory proteins. While Hspa13 overexpression inhibits cell growth and ER quality control, we demonstrate that HSPA13 knockout destabilizes proteostasis and increases sensitivity to ER disruption. Thus, we propose that Hspa13 regulates import through the translocon to maintain both ER and cytosolic protein homeostasis. The raw mass spectrometry data associated with this article have been deposited in the PRIDE archive and can be accessed at PXD033498.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo F Espinoza
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Khanh K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Melody M Sycks
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ziqi Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Guy M Quanrud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Maureen R Montoya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Joseph C Genereux
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
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Zhai B, Liu X, Xu Y, Zhu G, Zhou S, He Y, Wang X, Su W, Han G, Wang R. Single-cell atlas of splenocytes reveals a critical role of a novel plasma cell‒specific marker Hspa13 in antibody class-switching recombination and somatic hypermutation. Mol Immunol 2021; 141:79-86. [PMID: 34837777 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study had shown that member 13 (Hspa13) of heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) promotes plasma cell (PC) production and antibody secretion. To further explore Hspa13 expression and function, we combined single-cell RNA-sequencing and antigen receptor lineage (BCR) analysis to characterize sheep red cell‒primed splenocytes. The single-cell transcriptional profiles revealed that Hspa13 is specifically and highly expressed in PCs. These results suggest that Hspa13 is a novel PC-specific marker. In terms of its function, we found that the CD19cre-mediated conditional knock-out (cKO) of Hspa13 reduced the expression of Ebi3 and IL-10 in PCs. Ebi3 and IL-10 are important factors in IL-4‒secreting type 2 helper T cell (Th2) activation and differentiation. As expected, we found that the Hspa13 cKO reduced IL‒4-expressing follicular helper T (Tfh2) cells. Finally, the single-cell antigen receptor analysis demonstrated that the Hspa13 cKO reduced the Aicda-mediated antibody class-switching recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) in germinal centers (GCs) B cells. Altogether, the single-cell atlas of splenocytes revealed a critical indirect role for the novel PC-specific marker Hspa13 in CSR and SHM in GC B cells by promoting Ebi3 and IL-10 expression in PCs to induce IL-4-expressing Tfh2 cells. Further exploration of Hspa13 expression and function will provide valuable clues for how to use Hspa13 in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhai
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Geriatric Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Dermatology, First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yaqi Xu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Gaizhi Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Youdi He
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Staidson (Beijing) Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Wenting Su
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Gencheng Han
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Renxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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5
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Abrams J, Arhar T, Mok SA, Taylor IR, Kampmann M, Gestwicki JE. Functional genomics screen identifies proteostasis targets that modulate prion protein (PrP) stability. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:443-452. [PMID: 33547632 PMCID: PMC7925731 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) adopts either a helical conformation (PrPC) or an alternative, beta sheet-rich, misfolded conformation (PrPSc). The PrPSc form has the ability to "infect" PrPC and force it into the misfolded state. Accumulation of PrPSc is associated with a number of lethal neurodegenerative disorders, including Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD). Knockout of PrPC protects cells and animals from PrPSc infection; thus, there is interest in identifying factors that regulate PrPC stability, with the therapeutic goal of reducing PrPC levels and limiting infection by PrPSc. Here, we assembled a short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) library composed of 25+ shRNA sequences for each of 133 protein homeostasis (aka proteostasis) factors, such as molecular chaperones and co-chaperones. This Proteostasis shRNA Library was used to identify regulators of PrPC stability in HEK293 Hu129M cells. Strikingly, the screen identified a number of Hsp70 family members and their co-chaperones as putative targets. Indeed, a chemical pan-inhibitor of Hsp70s reduced PrPC levels and limited conversion to PrPSc in N2a cells. These results implicate specific proteostasis sub-networks, especially the Hsp70 system, as potential new targets for the treatment of CJD. More broadly, the Proteostasis shRNA Library might be a useful tool for asking which proteostasis factors are important for a given protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Abrams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Taylor Arhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sue Ann Mok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Isabelle R Taylor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Differential Effects of STCH and Stress-Inducible Hsp70 on the Stability and Maturation of NKCC2. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [PMID: 33672238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042207.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter NKCC2 lead to type I Bartter syndrome, a life-threatening kidney disease. We previously showed that export from the ER constitutes the limiting step in NKCC2 maturation and cell surface expression. Yet, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain obscure. Here, we report the identification of chaperone stress 70 protein (STCH) and the stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), as two novel binding partners of the ER-resident form of NKCC2. STCH knock-down increased total NKCC2 expression whereas Hsp70 knock-down or its inhibition by YM-01 had the opposite effect. Accordingly, overexpressing of STCH and Hsp70 exerted opposite actions on total protein abundance of NKCC2 and its folding mutants. Cycloheximide chase assay showed that in cells over-expressing STCH, NKCC2 stability and maturation are heavily impaired. In contrast to STCH, Hsp70 co-expression increased NKCC2 maturation. Interestingly, treatment by protein degradation inhibitors revealed that in addition to the proteasome, the ER associated degradation (ERAD) of NKCC2 mediated by STCH, involves also the ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation pathway. In summary, our data are consistent with STCH and Hsp70 having differential and antagonistic effects with regard to NKCC2 biogenesis. These findings may have an impact on our understanding and potential treatment of diseases related to aberrant NKCC2 trafficking and expression.
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Differential Effects of STCH and Stress-Inducible Hsp70 on the Stability and Maturation of NKCC2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042207. [PMID: 33672238 PMCID: PMC7926544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter NKCC2 lead to type I Bartter syndrome, a life-threatening kidney disease. We previously showed that export from the ER constitutes the limiting step in NKCC2 maturation and cell surface expression. Yet, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain obscure. Here, we report the identification of chaperone stress 70 protein (STCH) and the stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), as two novel binding partners of the ER-resident form of NKCC2. STCH knock-down increased total NKCC2 expression whereas Hsp70 knock-down or its inhibition by YM-01 had the opposite effect. Accordingly, overexpressing of STCH and Hsp70 exerted opposite actions on total protein abundance of NKCC2 and its folding mutants. Cycloheximide chase assay showed that in cells over-expressing STCH, NKCC2 stability and maturation are heavily impaired. In contrast to STCH, Hsp70 co-expression increased NKCC2 maturation. Interestingly, treatment by protein degradation inhibitors revealed that in addition to the proteasome, the ER associated degradation (ERAD) of NKCC2 mediated by STCH, involves also the ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation pathway. In summary, our data are consistent with STCH and Hsp70 having differential and antagonistic effects with regard to NKCC2 biogenesis. These findings may have an impact on our understanding and potential treatment of diseases related to aberrant NKCC2 trafficking and expression.
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Abstract
Mammalian prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative conditions caused by infection of the central nervous system with proteinaceous agents called prions, including sporadic, variant, and iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; kuru; inherited prion disease; sheep scrapie; bovine spongiform encephalopathy; and chronic wasting disease. Prions are composed of misfolded and multimeric forms of the normal cellular prion protein (PrP). Prion diseases require host expression of the prion protein gene (PRNP) and a range of other cellular functions to support their propagation and toxicity. Inherited forms of prion disease are caused by mutation of PRNP, whereas acquired and sporadically occurring mammalian prion diseases are controlled by powerful genetic risk and modifying factors. Whereas some PrP amino acid variants cause the disease, others confer protection, dramatically altered incubation times, or changes in the clinical phenotype. Multiple mechanisms, including interference with homotypic protein interactions and the selection of the permissible prion strains in a host, play a role. Several non-PRNP factors have now been uncovered that provide insights into pathways of disease susceptibility or neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London W1W 7FF, United Kingdom;
| | - Sarah Lloyd
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London W1W 7FF, United Kingdom;
| | - John Collinge
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London W1W 7FF, United Kingdom;
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Diao S, Yang H, Cao Y, Yang D, Fan Z. IGF2 enhanced the osteo-/dentinogenic and neurogenic differentiation potentials of stem cells from apical papilla. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 47 Suppl 1:55-65. [PMID: 31291686 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In dental tissue engineering, niche is important for maintaining stem cell function and regenerating the dental tissues. However, there is limited knowledge for the growth factors in niche to maintain the function of stem cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of IGF2, a growth factor in stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) niche, on differentiation and proliferation potentials of SCAPs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recombinant human IGF2 protein (rhIGF2) was used. Cell counting kit-8 assay, Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red staining, quantitative calcium analysis, immunofluorescence staining and real-time RT-PCR were performed to investigate the cell proliferation and differentiation potentials of SCAPs. And proteomic analysis was used to identify the differential secreted proteins. RESULTS By ALP activity assay, we found that 5 ng/mL rhIGF2 might be the optimal concentration for treatment. Then, Alizarin Red staining, quantitative calcium analysis and osteogenesis-related gene expression results showed that 5 ng/mL rhIGF2 could enhance the osteo-/dentinogenic differentiation potentials in SCAPs. Immunofluorescence staining and real-time RT-PCR results showed that neurogenic markers were significantly induced by 5 ng/mL rhIGF2 in SCAPs. Then, CCK-8 assay and CFSE assay results showed that 5 ng/mL rhIGF2 could enhance the cell proliferation in SCAPs. Furthermore, proteomic analysis showed that IGF2 could induce some secreted proteins which function related to the osteogenesis, neurogenesis and cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified that IGF2 might be the potential mediator in niche to promote SCAP function and dental tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Diao
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatric dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqing Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatric dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Glutaminyl cyclase is an enzymatic modifier of the CD47- SIRPα axis and a target for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Med 2019; 25:612-619. [PMID: 30833751 PMCID: PMC7025889 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can evade immune surveillance through the expression of inhibitory ligands that bind their cognate receptors on immune effector cells. Expression of programmed death ligand 1 in tumor microenvironments is a major immune checkpoint for tumor-specific T cell responses as it binds to programmed cell death protein-1 on activated and dysfunctional T cells1. The activity of myeloid cells such as macrophages and neutrophils is likewise regulated by a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals. In particular, cell surface expression of the CD47 protein creates a 'don't eat me' signal on tumor cells by binding to SIRPα expressed on myeloid cells2-5. Using a haploid genetic screen, we here identify glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase-like protein (QPCTL) as a major component of the CD47-SIRPα checkpoint. Biochemical analysis demonstrates that QPCTL is critical for pyroglutamate formation on CD47 at the SIRPα binding site shortly after biosynthesis. Genetic and pharmacological interference with QPCTL activity enhances antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and cellular cytotoxicity of tumor cells. Furthermore, interference with QPCTL expression leads to a major increase in neutrophil-mediated killing of tumor cells in vivo. These data identify QPCTL as a novel target to interfere with the CD47 pathway and thereby augment antibody therapy of cancer.
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11
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Chakraborty N, Gautam A, Muhie S, Miller SA, Moyler C, Jett M, Hammamieh R. The responses of lungs and adjacent lymph nodes in responding to Yersinia pestis infection: A transcriptomic study using a non-human primate model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209592. [PMID: 30789917 PMCID: PMC6383991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiation of treatment during the pre-symptomatic phase of Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) infection is particularly critical. The rapid proliferation of Y. pestis typically couples with the manifestation of common flu-like early symptoms that often misguides the medical intervention. Our study used African green monkeys (AGM) that did not exhibit clear clinical symptoms for nearly two days after intranasal challenge with Y. pestis and succumbed within a day after showing the first signs of clinical symptoms. The lung, and mediastinal and submandibular lymph nodes (LN) accumulated significant Y. pestis colonization immediately after the intranasal challenge. Hence, organ-specific molecular investigations are deemed to be the key to elucidating mechanisms of the initial host response. Our previous study focused on the whole blood of AGM, and we found early perturbations in the ubiquitin-microtubule-mediated host defense. Altered expression of the genes present in ubiquitin and microtubule networks indicated an early suppression of these networks in the submandibular lymph nodes. In concert, the upstream toll-like receptor signaling and downstream NFκB signaling were inhibited at the multi-omics level. The inflammatory response was suppressed in the lungs, submandibular lymph nodes and mediastinal lymph nodes. We posited a causal chain of molecular mechanisms that indicated Y. pestis was probably able to impair host-mediated proteolysis activities and evade autophagosome capture by dysregulating both ubiquitin and microtubule networks in submandibular lymph nodes. Targeting these networks in a submandibular LN-specific and time-resolved fashion could be essential for development of the next generation therapeutics for pneumonic plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Aarti Gautam
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Seid Muhie
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Stacy-Ann Miller
- ORISE, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Candace Moyler
- ORISE, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Marti Jett
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
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12
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Yun CH, Kim YC, Jeong BH. The First Report on Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the HSPA13 Gene in Koreans. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Altmeppen HC, Prox J, Krasemann S, Puig B, Kruszewski K, Dohler F, Bernreuther C, Hoxha A, Linsenmeier L, Sikorska B, Liberski PP, Bartsch U, Saftig P, Glatzel M. The sheddase ADAM10 is a potent modulator of prion disease. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25654651 PMCID: PMC4346534 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrPC) is highly expressed in the nervous system and critically involved in prion diseases where it misfolds into pathogenic PrPSc. Moreover, it has been suggested as a receptor mediating neurotoxicity in common neurodegenerative proteinopathies such as Alzheimer's disease. PrPC is shed at the plasma membrane by the metalloprotease ADAM10, yet the impact of this on prion disease remains enigmatic. Employing conditional knockout mice, we show that depletion of ADAM10 in forebrain neurons leads to posttranslational increase of PrPC levels. Upon prion infection of these mice, clinical, biochemical, and morphological data reveal that lack of ADAM10 significantly reduces incubation times and increases PrPSc formation. In contrast, spatiotemporal analysis indicates that absence of shedding impairs spread of prion pathology. Our data support a dual role for ADAM10-mediated shedding and highlight the role of proteolytic processing in prion disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04260.001 Prion proteins are anchored to the surface of brain cells called neurons. Normally, prion proteins are folded into a specific three-dimensional shape that enables them to carry out their normal roles in the brain. However, they can be misfolded into a different shape known as PrPSc, which can cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other serious conditions that affect brain function and ultimately lead to death. The PrPSc proteins can force normal prion proteins to change into the PrPSc form, so that over time this form accumulates in the brain. They are essential components of infectious particles termed ‘prions’ and this is why prion diseases are infectious: if prions from one individual enter the brain of another individual they can cause disease in the recipient. The UK outbreak of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans in the 1990s is thought to be due to the consumption of meat from cattle with a prion disease known as mad cow disease. An enzyme called ADAM10 can cut normal prion proteins from the surface of neurons. However, it is not clear whether ADAM10 can also target the PrPSc proteins and what impact this may have on the development of prion diseases. Here, Altmeppen et al. studied mutant mice that were missing ADAM10 in neurons in the front portion of their brain. These mice had a higher number of normal prion proteins on the surface of their neurons than normal mice did. When mice missing ADAM10 were infected with prions, more PrPSc accumulated in their brain and disease symptoms developed sooner than when normal mice were infected. This supports the view that mice with higher numbers of prion proteins are more vulnerable to prion disease. However, disease symptoms did not spread as quickly to other parts of the brain in the mice missing ADAM10. This suggests that by releasing prion proteins from the surface of neurons, ADAM10 helps PrPSc proteins to spread around the brain. Recently, it has been suggested that prion proteins may also play a role in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, Altmeppen et al.'s findings may help to develop new therapies for other forms of dementia. The next challenge is to understand the precise details of how ADAM10 works. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04260.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Prox
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kruszewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Dohler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ana Hoxha
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beata Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel P Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Der Perng M, Quinlan RA. The Dynamic Duo of Small Heat Proteins and IFs Maintain Cell Homeostasis, Resist Cellular Stress and Enable Evolution in Cells and Tissues. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16077-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Brown CA, Schmidt C, Poulter M, Hummerich H, Klöhn PC, Jat P, Mead S, Collinge J, Lloyd SE. In vitro screen of prion disease susceptibility genes using the scrapie cell assay. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5102-8. [PMID: 24833721 PMCID: PMC4159154 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. While genome-wide association studies in human and quantitative trait loci mapping in mice have provided evidence for multiple susceptibility genes, few of these have been confirmed functionally. Phenotyping mouse models is generally the method of choice. However, this is not a feasible option where many novel genes, without pre-existing models, would need to be tested. We have therefore developed and applied an in-vitro screen to triage and prioritize candidate modifier genes for more detailed future studies which is faster, far more cost effective and ethical relative to mouse bioassay models. An in vitro prion bioassay, the scrapie cell assay, uses a neuroblastoma-derived cell line (PK1) that is susceptible to RML prions and able to propagate prions at high levels. In this study, we have generated stable gene silencing and/or overexpressing PK1-derived cell lines to test whether perturbation of 14 candidate genes affects prion susceptibility. While no consistent differences were determined for seven genes, highly significant changes were detected for Zbtb38, Sorcs1, Stmn2, Hspa13, Fkbp9, Actr10 and Plg, suggesting that they play key roles in the fundamental processes of prion propagation or clearance. Many neurodegenerative diseases involve the accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates and 'prion-like' seeding and spread has been implicated in their pathogenesis. It is therefore expected that some of these prion-modifier genes may be of wider relevance in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Brown
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christian Schmidt
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mark Poulter
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Holger Hummerich
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter-C Klöhn
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Parmjit Jat
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah E Lloyd
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Grizenkova J, Akhtar S, Brandner S, Collinge J, Lloyd SE. Microglial Cx3cr1 knockout reduces prion disease incubation time in mice. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:44. [PMID: 24655482 PMCID: PMC3998043 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are resident mononuclear phagocytes of the brain that become activated in response to insults including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and prion disease. In the central nervous system the chemokine Cx3cl1 (Fractalkine) is expressed by neurons and its exclusive receptor Cx3cr1 is expressed solely on microglia. Cx3cl1/Cx3cr1 signalling is thought to maintain microglia in their resting state and disrupting this equilibrium may allow microglia to become activated. In prion disease, microglial proliferation has been suggested to contribute to overall disease progression, however, in different mouse models of neurodegeneration, loss of Cx3cr1 has been shown to either worsen or improve the phenotype depending on the paradigm. Results To investigate the role of Cx3cl1/Cx3cr1 signalling in prion disease we infected Cx3cr1 null mice with three different strains of prions. Following challenge with Chandler/RML, ME7 and MRC2 prion strains, Cx3cr1 knockout mice showed highly significant reductions in incubation time. No differences were seen in the pattern and localisation of activated microglia in the brain or in the mRNA expression levels of chemokines/cytokines (Cxcl10, Il-12b, Il-1b, Arg-1 and Cxc3l1). Conclusion Our data suggest a protective role for Cx3cl1/Cx3cr1 cross-talk in prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah E Lloyd
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Lloyd SE, Mead S, Collinge J. Genetics of prion diseases. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:345-51. [PMID: 23518043 PMCID: PMC3705206 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible, fatal neurodegenerative diseases that include scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in human. The prion protein gene (PRNP) is the major genetic determinant of susceptibility, however, several studies now suggest that other genes are also important. Two recent genome wide association studies in human have identified four new loci of interest: ZBTB38-RASA2 in UK CJD cases and MTMR7 and NPAS2 in variant CJD. Complementary studies in mouse have used complex crosses to identify new modifiers such as Cpne8 and provided supporting evidence for previously implicated genes (Rarb and Stmn2). Expression profiling has identified new candidates, including Hspa13, which reduces incubation time in a transgenic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lloyd
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Sod1 deficiency reduces incubation time in mouse models of prion disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54454. [PMID: 23349894 PMCID: PMC3551847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion infections, causing neurodegenerative conditions such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and kuru in humans, scrapie in sheep and BSE in cattle are characterised by prolonged and variable incubation periods that are faithfully reproduced in mouse models. Incubation time is partly determined by genetic factors including polymorphisms in the prion protein gene. Quantitative trait loci studies in mice and human genome-wide association studies have confirmed that multiple genes are involved. Candidate gene approaches have also been used and identified App, Il1-r1 and Sod1 as affecting incubation times. In this study we looked for an association between App, Il1-r1 and Sod1 representative SNPs and prion disease incubation time in the Northport heterogeneous stock of mice inoculated with the Chandler/RML prion strain. No association was seen with App, however, significant associations were seen with Il1-r1 (P = 0.02) and Sod1 (P<0.0001) suggesting that polymorphisms at these loci contribute to the natural variation observed in incubation time. Furthermore, following challenge with Chandler/RML, ME7 and MRC2 prion strains, Sod1 deficient mice showed highly significant reductions in incubation time of 20, 13 and 24%, respectively. No differences were detected in Sod1 expression or activity. Our data confirm the protective role of endogenous Sod1 in prion disease.
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