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Yamamoto A, Huang W, Carbone MA, Anholt RRH, Mackay TFC. The genetic basis of incipient sexual isolation in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240672. [PMID: 39045689 PMCID: PMC11267472 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Speciation is a fundamental evolutionary process but the genetic changes accompanying speciation are difficult to determine since true species do not produce viable and fertile offspring. Partially reproductively isolated incipient species are useful for assessing genetic changes that occur prior to speciation. Drosophila melanogaster from Zimbabwe, Africa are partially sexually isolated from other D. melanogaster populations whose males have poor mating success with Zimbabwe females. We used the North American D. melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to show that there is significant genetic variation in mating success of DGRP males with Zimbabwe females, to map genetic variants and genes associated with variation in mating success and to determine whether mating success to Zimbabwe females is associated with other quantitative traits previously measured in the DGRP. Incipient sexual isolation is highly polygenic and associated with the common African inversion In(3R)K and the amount of the sex pheromone 5,9-heptacosadiene in DGRP females. We functionally validated the effect of eight candidate genes using RNA interference to provide testable hypotheses for future studies investigating the molecular genetic basis of incipient sexual isolation in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yamamoto
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, Raleigh, NC27695-7614, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Wen Huang
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, Raleigh, NC27695-7614, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mary Anna Carbone
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, Raleigh, NC27695-7614, USA
- Center for Fungal Research and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert R. H. Anholt
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, Raleigh, NC27695-7614, USA
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, Raleigh, NC27695-7614, USA
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 114 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, USA
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2
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Dufresnes C, Crochet PA. Sex chromosomes as supergenes of speciation: why amphibians defy the rules? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210202. [PMID: 35694748 PMCID: PMC9189495 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As reflected by the two rules of speciation (Haldane's rule and the large X-/Z-effect), sex chromosomes are expected to behave like supergenes of speciation: they recombine only in one sex (XX females or ZZ males), supposedly recruit sexually antagonistic genes and evolve faster than autosomes, which can all contribute to pre-zygotic and post-zygotic isolation. While this has been mainly studied in organisms with conserved sex-determining systems and highly differentiated (heteromorphic) sex chromosomes like mammals, birds and some insects, these expectations are less clear in organismal groups where sex chromosomes repeatedly change and remain mostly homomorphic, like amphibians. In this article, we review the proposed roles of sex-linked genes in isolating nascent lineages throughout the speciation continuum and discuss their support in amphibians given current knowledge of sex chromosome evolution and speciation modes. Given their frequent recombination and lack of differentiation, we argue that amphibian sex chromosomes are not expected to become supergenes of speciation, which is reflected by the rarity of empirical studies consistent with a 'large sex chromosome effect' in frogs and toads. The diversity of sex chromosome systems in amphibians has a high potential to disentangle the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the emergence of sex-linked speciation genes in other organisms. This article is part of the theme issue 'Genomic architecture of supergenes: causes and evolutionary consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dufresnes
- LASER, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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3
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Mitchell C, Leigh S, Alphey L, Haerty W, Chapman T. Reproductive interference and Satyrisation: mechanisms, outcomes and potential use for insect control. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2022; 95:1023-1036. [PMID: 35535033 PMCID: PMC9068665 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-022-01476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive Interference occurs when interactions between individuals from different species disrupt reproductive processes, resulting in a fitness cost to one or both parties involved. It is typically observed between individuals of closely related species, often upon secondary contact. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, Reproductive Interference is frequently referred to as 'Satyrisation'. It can manifest in various ways, ranging from blocking or reducing the efficacy of mating signals, through to negative effects of heterospecific copulations and the production of sterile or infertile hybrid offspring. The negative fitness effects of Satyrisation in reciprocal matings between species are often asymmetric and it is this aspect, which is most relevant to, and can offer utility in, pest management. In this review, we focus on Satyrisation and outline the mechanisms through which it can operate. We illustrate this by using test cases, and we consider the underlying reasons why the reproductive interactions that comprise Satyrisation occur. We synthesise the key factors affecting the expression of Satyrisation and explore how they have potential utility in developing new routes for the management and control of harmful insects. We consider how Satyrisation might interact with other control mechanisms, and conclude by outlining a framework for its use in control, highlighting some of the important next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Stewart Leigh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Luke Alphey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF UK
| | - Wilfried Haerty
- Evolutionary Genomics, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UG UK
| | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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4
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Singh R, Singh BN. Intra- and interspecific sexual isolation in two sibling species of Drosophila: D. ananassae and D. pallidosa. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2020.1777210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Singh
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Science, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bashisth N. Singh
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Science, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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5
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Wang X, He Z, Shi S, Wu CI. Genes and speciation: is it time to abandon the biological species concept? Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1387-1397. [PMID: 34692166 PMCID: PMC8288927 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological species concept (BSC) is the cornerstone of neo-Darwinian thinking. In BSC, species do not exchange genes either during or after speciation. However, as gene flow during speciation is increasingly being reported in a substantial literature, it seems time to reassess the revered, but often doubted, BSC. Contrary to the common perception, BSC should expect substantial gene flow at the onset of speciation, not least because geographical isolation develops gradually. Although BSC does not stipulate how speciation begins, it does require a sustained period of isolation for speciation to complete its course. Evidence against BSC must demonstrate that the observed gene flow does not merely occur at the onset of speciation but continues until its completion. Importantly, recent genomic analyses cannot reject this more realistic version of BSC, although future analyses may still prove it wrong. The ultimate acceptance or rejection of BSC is not merely about a historical debate; rather, it is about the fundamental nature of species - are species (and, hence, divergent adaptations) driven by a relatively small number of genes, or by thousands of them? Many levels of biology, ranging from taxonomy to biodiversity, depend on this resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ziwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chung-I Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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6
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Experimental Introgression To Evaluate the Impact of Sex Specific Traits on Drosophila melanogaster Incipient Speciation. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:2561-2572. [PMID: 31167833 PMCID: PMC6686937 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sex specific traits are involved in speciation but it is difficult to determine whether their variation initiates or reinforces sexual isolation. In some insects, speciation depends of the rapid change of expression in desaturase genes coding for sex pheromones. Two closely related desaturase genes are involved in Drosophila melanogaster pheromonal communication: desat1 affects both the production and the reception of sex pheromones while desat2 is involved in their production in flies of Zimbabwe populations. There is a strong asymmetric sexual isolation between Zimbabwe populations and all other "Cosmopolitan" populations: Zimbabwe females rarely copulate with Cosmopolitan males whereas Zimbabwe males readily copulate with all females. All populations express desat1 but only Zimbabwe strains show high desat2 expression. To evaluate the impact of sex pheromones, female receptivity and desat expression on the incipient speciation process between Zimbabwe and Cosmopolitan populations, we introgressed the Zimbabwe genome into a Cosmopolitan genome labeled with the white mutation, using a multi-generation procedure. The association between these sex-specific traits was determined during the procedure. The production of pheromones was largely dissociated between the sexes. The copulation frequency (but not latency) was highly correlated with the female-but not with the male-principal pheromones. We finally obtained two stable white lines showing Zimbabwe-like sex pheromones, copulation discrimination and desat expression. Our study indicates that the variation of sex pheromones and mating discrimination depend of distinct-yet overlapping-sets of genes in each sex suggesting that their cumulated effects participate to reinforce the speciation process.
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7
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Blankers T, Berdan EL, Hennig RM, Mayer F. Physical linkage and mate preference generate linkage disequilibrium for behavioral isolation in two parapatric crickets. Evolution 2019; 73:777-791. [PMID: 30820950 PMCID: PMC6593781 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral isolation is a potent barrier to gene flow and a source of striking diversity in the animal kingdom. However, it remains unclear if the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between sex‐specific traits required for behavioral isolation results mostly from physical linkage between signal and preference loci or from directional mate preferences. Here, we test this in the field crickets Gryllus rubens and G. texensis. These closely related species diverged with gene flow and have strongly differentiated songs and preference functions for the mate calling song rhythm. We map quantitative trait loci for signal and preference traits (pQTL) as well as for gene expression associated with these traits (eQTL). We find strong, positive genetic covariance between song traits and between song and preference. Our results show that this is in part explained by incomplete physical linkage: although both linked pQTL and eQTL couple male and female traits, major effect loci for different traits were never on the same chromosome. We suggest that the finely tuned, highly divergent preference functions are likely an additional source of LD between male and female traits in this system. Furthermore, pleiotropy of gene expression presents an underappreciated mechanism to link sexually dimorphic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankers
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma L Berdan
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Matthias Hennig
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Mayer
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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8
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Nojima T, Chauvel I, Houot B, Bousquet F, Farine JP, Everaerts C, Yamamoto D, Ferveur JF. The desaturase1 gene affects reproduction before, during and after copulation in Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurogenet 2019; 33:96-115. [PMID: 30724684 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1559843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Desaturase1 (desat1) is one of the few genes known to be involved in the two complementary aspects of sensory communication - signal emission and signal reception - in Drosophila melanogaster. In particular, desat1 is necessary for the biosynthesis of major cuticular pheromones in both males and females. It is also involved in the male ability to discriminate sex pheromones. Each of these two sensory communication aspects depends on distinct desat1 putative regulatory regions. Here, we used (i) mutant alleles resulting from the insertion/excision of a transposable genomic element inserted in a desat1 regulatory region, and (ii) transgenics made with desat1 regulatory regions used to target desat1 RNAi. These genetic variants were used to study several reproduction-related phenotypes. In particular, we compared the fecundity of various mutant and transgenic desat1 females with regard to the developmental fate of their progeny. We also compared the mating performance in pairs of flies with altered desat1 expression in various desat1-expressing tissues together with their inability to disengage at the end of copulation. Moreover, we investigated the developmental origin of altered sex pheromone discrimination in male flies. We attempted to map some of the tissues involved in these reproduction-related phenotypes. Given that desat1 is expressed in many brain neurons and in non-neuronal tissues required for varied aspects of reproduction, our data suggest that the regulation of this gene has evolved to allow the optimal reproduction and a successful adaptation to varied environments in this cosmopolitan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nojima
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France.,b Graduate School of Life Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.,c Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour , University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Chauvel
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Benjamin Houot
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France.,d Division of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Alnarp , Sweden
| | - François Bousquet
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Farine
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Claude Everaerts
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- b Graduate School of Life Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.,e Neuro-Network Evolution Project, Advanced ICT Research Institute , National Institute of Information and Communications Technology , Nishi-Ku , Japan Kobe
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
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9
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Myers EA, Bryson RW, Hansen RW, Aardema ML, Lazcano D, Burbrink FT. Exploring Chihuahuan Desert diversification in the gray-banded kingsnake, Lampropeltis alterna (Serpentes: Colubridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 131:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Medina P, Thornlow B, Nielsen R, Corbett-Detig R. Estimating the Timing of Multiple Admixture Pulses During Local Ancestry Inference. Genetics 2018; 210:1089-1107. [PMID: 30206187 PMCID: PMC6218234 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Admixture, the mixing of genetically distinct populations, is increasingly recognized as a fundamental biological process. One major goal of admixture analyses is to estimate the timing of admixture events. Whereas most methods today can only detect the most recent admixture event, here, we present coalescent theory and associated software that can be used to estimate the timing of multiple admixture events in an admixed population. We extensively validate this approach and evaluate the conditions under which it can successfully distinguish one- from two-pulse admixture models. We apply our approach to real and simulated data of Drosophila melanogaster We find evidence of a single very recent pulse of cosmopolitan ancestry contributing to African populations, as well as evidence for more ancient admixture among genetically differentiated populations in sub-Saharan Africa. These results suggest our method can quantify complex admixture histories involving genetic material introduced by multiple discrete admixture pulses. The new method facilitates the exploration of admixture and its contribution to adaptation, ecological divergence, and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Medina
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Genomics Institute, UC Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Bryan Thornlow
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Genomics Institute, UC Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics and Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Denmark
| | - Russell Corbett-Detig
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Genomics Institute, UC Santa Cruz, California 95064
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11
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Kim BY, Huber CD, Lohmueller KE. Deleterious variation shapes the genomic landscape of introgression. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007741. [PMID: 30346959 PMCID: PMC6233928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is appreciated that population size changes can impact patterns of deleterious variation in natural populations, less attention has been paid to how gene flow affects and is affected by the dynamics of deleterious variation. Here we use population genetic simulations to examine how gene flow impacts deleterious variation under a variety of demographic scenarios, mating systems, dominance coefficients, and recombination rates. Our results show that admixture between populations can temporarily reduce the genetic load of smaller populations and cause increases in the frequency of introgressed ancestry, especially if deleterious mutations are recessive. Additionally, when fitness effects of new mutations are recessive, between-population differences in the sites at which deleterious variants exist creates heterosis in hybrid individuals. Together, these factors lead to an increase in introgressed ancestry, particularly when recombination rates are low. Under certain scenarios, introgressed ancestry can increase from an initial frequency of 5% to 30–75% and fix at many loci, even in the absence of beneficial mutations. Further, deleterious variation and admixture can generate correlations between the frequency of introgressed ancestry and recombination rate or exon density, even in the absence of other types of selection. The direction of these correlations is determined by the specific demography and whether mutations are additive or recessive. Therefore, it is essential that null models of admixture include both demography and deleterious variation before invoking other mechanisms to explain unusual patterns of genetic variation. Individuals from distinct populations sometimes will produce fertile offspring and will exchange genetic material in a process called hybridization. Genomes of hybrid individuals often show non-random patterns of hybrid ancestry across the genome, where some regions have a high frequency of ancestry from the second population and other regions have less. Typically, this pattern has been attributed to adaptive introgression, where beneficial genetic variants are passed from one population to the other, or to genomic incompatibilities between these distinct species. However, other mechanisms could lead to these heterogeneous patterns of ancestry in hybrids. Here we use simulations to investigate whether deleterious mutations affect the patterns of introgressed ancestry across genomes. We show that when ancestry from a larger population is added to a smaller population, the ancestry from the larger population dramatically increases in frequency because it carries fewer deleterious mutations. This occurs even in the absence of beneficial mutations in either population. Additionally, we show that differences in sex chromosome evolution relative to autosomes, or differences in mating system, can affect patterns of introgression in similar ways. Our study argues that deleterious mutations should be included in population genetic models used to identify unusual regions of the genome that appear to be under selection in hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Y. Kim
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christian D. Huber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kirk E. Lohmueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Genetic divergence and the number of hybridizing species affect the path to homoploid hybrid speciation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9761-9766. [PMID: 30209213 PMCID: PMC6166845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809685115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization can promote speciation, and examples of putative hybrid species have now been identified across the tree of life. However, we still know little about the conditions that are most conducive to hybrid speciation. We have used experimental evolution in fruit flies (Drosophila) to show that both the genetic difference between hybridizing species and the number of hybridizing species affect the probability that hybrids evolve reproductive isolation from their parental species. Our results provide a systematic test of factors that affect homoploid hybrid speciation. Biologists will now be able to test the predictions that our experiments outline in naturally hybridizing species. These types of data hold the potential to greatly increase our understanding of hybridization’s role in generating biodiversity. Hybridization is often maladaptive and in some instances has led to the loss of biodiversity. However, hybridization can also promote speciation, such as during homoploid hybrid speciation, thereby generating biodiversity. Despite examples of homoploid hybrid species, the importance of hybridization as a speciation mechanism is still widely debated, and we lack a general understanding of the conditions most likely to generate homoploid hybrid species. Here we show that the level of genetic divergence between hybridizing species has a large effect on the probability that their hybrids evolve reproductive isolation. We find that populations of hybrids formed by parental species with intermediate levels of divergence were more likely to mate assortatively, and discriminate against their parental species, than those generated from weakly or strongly diverged parental species. Reproductive isolation was also found between hybrid populations, suggesting differential sorting of parental traits across populations. Finally, hybrid populations derived from three species were more likely to evolve reproductive isolation than those derived from two species, supporting arguments that hybridization-supplied genetic diversity can lead to the evolution of novel “adaptive systems” and promote speciation. Our results illustrate when we expect hybridization and admixture to promote hybrid speciation. Whether homoploid hybrid speciation is a common speciation mechanism in general remains an outstanding empirical question.
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13
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Grillet M, Ferveur JF, Everaerts C. Behavioural elements and sensory cues involved in sexual isolation between Drosophila melanogaster strains. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172060. [PMID: 29892393 PMCID: PMC5990781 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensory cues exchanged during courtship are crucial for mate choice: if they show intraspecific divergence, this may cause or reinforce sexual isolation between strains, ultimately leading to speciation. There is a strong asymmetric sexual isolation between Drosophila melanogaster females from Zimbabwe (Z) and males from all other populations (M). While M and Z flies of both sexes show different cuticular pheromones, this variation is only partly responsible for the intraspecific isolation effect. Male acoustic signals are also partly involved in sexual isolation. We examined strain-specific courtship behaviour sequences to determine which body parts and sensory appendages may be involved in sexual isolation. Using two strains representative of the Z- and M-types, we manipulated sensory cues and the social context; we then measured the consequence of these manipulations on courtship and copulation. Our data suggest that Z females mated best with males whose sensory characteristics matched those of Z males in both quantity and quality. M females were less choosy and much less influenced by the sensory and social contexts. Differences in emission and reception of sensory signals seen between Z and M flies may lead to the concerted evolution of multiple sensory channel, thereby shaping a population-specific mate recognition system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claude Everaerts
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
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14
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Delbare SYN, Chow CY, Wolfner MF, Clark AG. Roles of Female and Male Genotype in Post-Mating Responses in Drosophila melanogaster. J Hered 2018; 108:740-753. [PMID: 29036644 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating induces a multitude of changes in female behavior, physiology, and gene expression. Interactions between female and male genotype lead to variation in post-mating phenotypes and reproductive success. So far, few female molecules responsible for these interactions have been identified. Here, we used Drosophila melanogaster from 5 geographically dispersed populations to investigate such female × male genotypic interactions at the female transcriptomic and phenotypic levels. Females from each line were singly-mated to males from the same 5 lines, for a total of 25 combinations. Reproductive output and refractoriness to re-mating were assayed in females from the 25 mating combinations. Female × male genotypic interactions resulted in significant differences in these post-mating phenotypes. To assess whether female × male genotypic interactions affect the female post-mating transcriptome, next-generation RNA sequencing was performed on virgin and mated females at 5 to 6 h post-mating. Seventy-seven genes showed strong variation in mating-induced expression changes in a female × male genotype-dependent manner. These genes were enriched for immune response and odorant-binding functions, and for expression exclusively in the head. Strikingly, variation in post-mating transcript levels of a gene encoding a spermathecal endopeptidase was correlated with short-term egg production. The transcriptional variation found in specific functional classes of genes might be a read-out of female × male compatibility at a molecular level. Understanding the roles these genes play in the female post-mating response will be crucial to better understand the evolution of post-mating responses and related conflicts between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Y N Delbare
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703
| | - Clement Y Chow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Mariana F Wolfner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703
| | - Andrew G Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703
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15
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Yang M, He Z, Shi S, Wu CI. Can genomic data alone tell us whether speciation happened with gene flow? Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2845-2849. [PMID: 28345182 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The allopatric model, which requires a period of geographical isolation for speciation to complete, has been the standard model in the modern era. Recently, "speciation with gene flow" has been widely discussed in relation to the model of "strict allopatry" and the level of DNA divergence across genomic regions. We wish to caution that genomic data by themselves may only permit the rejection of the simplest form of allopatry. Even a slightly more complex and realistic model that starts with subdivided populations would be impossible to reject by the genomic data alone. To resolve this central issue of speciation, other forms of observations such as the sequencing of reproductive isolation genes or the identification of geographical barrier(s) will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chung-I Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Corbett-Detig R, Nielsen R. A Hidden Markov Model Approach for Simultaneously Estimating Local Ancestry and Admixture Time Using Next Generation Sequence Data in Samples of Arbitrary Ploidy. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006529. [PMID: 28045893 PMCID: PMC5242547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Admixture-the mixing of genomes from divergent populations-is increasingly appreciated as a central process in evolution. To characterize and quantify patterns of admixture across the genome, a number of methods have been developed for local ancestry inference. However, existing approaches have a number of shortcomings. First, all local ancestry inference methods require some prior assumption about the expected ancestry tract lengths. Second, existing methods generally require genotypes, which is not feasible to obtain for many next-generation sequencing projects. Third, many methods assume samples are diploid, however a wide variety of sequencing applications will fail to meet this assumption. To address these issues, we introduce a novel hidden Markov model for estimating local ancestry that models the read pileup data, rather than genotypes, is generalized to arbitrary ploidy, and can estimate the time since admixture during local ancestry inference. We demonstrate that our method can simultaneously estimate the time since admixture and local ancestry with good accuracy, and that it performs well on samples of high ploidy-i.e. 100 or more chromosomes. As this method is very general, we expect it will be useful for local ancestry inference in a wider variety of populations than what previously has been possible. We then applied our method to pooled sequencing data derived from populations of Drosophila melanogaster on an ancestry cline on the east coast of North America. We find that regions of local recombination rates are negatively correlated with the proportion of African ancestry, suggesting that selection against foreign ancestry is the least efficient in low recombination regions. Finally we show that clinal outlier loci are enriched for genes associated with gene regulatory functions, consistent with a role of regulatory evolution in ecological adaptation of admixed D. melanogaster populations. Our results illustrate the potential of local ancestry inference for elucidating fundamental evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Corbett-Detig
- Genomics Institute and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Wu CI, Wang HY, Ling S, Lu X. The Ecology and Evolution of Cancer: The Ultra-Microevolutionary Process. Annu Rev Genet 2016; 50:347-369. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-054842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-I Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637;
| | - Hurng-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Shaoping Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Xuemei Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
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18
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Matute DR. The magnitude of behavioral isolation is affected by characteristics of the mating community. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2945-56. [PMID: 25165530 PMCID: PMC4130450 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene exchange between species occurs in areas of secondary contact, where two species have the opportunity to hybridize. If heterospecific males are more common than conspecific males, females will experience more encounters with males of other species. These encounters might increase the likelihood of heterospecific matings, and lead to the production of hybrid progeny. I studied the mating behavior of two pairs of sibling species endemic to Africa: Drosophila yakuba/Drosophila santomea and Drosophila simulans/Drosophila sechellia. Drosophila yakuba and D. simulans are cosmopolitan species widely distributed in the African continent, while D. santomea and D. sechellia are island endemics. These pairs of species hybridize in nature and have the potential to exchange genes in natural conditions. I used these two pairs of Drosophila species, and constructed mating communities of different size and different heterospecific:conspecific composition. I found that both the total number of potential mates and the relative frequency of conspecific versus heterospecific males affect female mating decisions in the cosmopolitan species but not in the island endemics. These results suggest that the population characteristics, in which mating occurs, may affect the magnitude of premating isolation. Community composition might thus facilitate, or impair, gene flow between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Matute
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637 ; Biology Department, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
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19
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Bontonou G, Wicker-Thomas C. Sexual Communication in the Drosophila Genus. INSECTS 2014; 5:439-58. [PMID: 26462693 PMCID: PMC4592592 DOI: 10.3390/insects5020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In insects, sexual behavior depends on chemical and non-chemical cues that might play an important role in sexual isolation. In this review, we present current knowledge about sexual behavior in the Drosophila genus. We describe courtship and signals involved in sexual communication, with a special focus on sex pheromones. We examine the role of cuticular hydrocarbons as sex pheromones, their implication in sexual isolation, and their evolution. Finally, we discuss the roles of male cuticular non-hydrocarbon pheromones that act after mating: cis-vaccenyl acetate, developing on its controversial role in courtship behavior and long-chain acetyldienylacetates and triacylglycerides, which act as anti-aphrodisiacs in mated females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Bontonou
- CNRS UPR 9034 and Université de Paris Sud, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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20
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Lyu Y, Shen Y, Li H, Chen Y, Guo L, Zhao Y, Hungate E, Shi S, Wu CI, Tang T. New microRNAs in Drosophila--birth, death and cycles of adaptive evolution. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004096. [PMID: 24465220 PMCID: PMC3900394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and evolution of new microRNAs (miRNAs) is important because they can impact the transcriptome broadly. As miRNAs can potentially emerge constantly and rapidly, their rates of birth and evolution have been extensively debated. However, most new miRNAs identified appear not to be biologically significant. After an extensive search, we identified 12 new miRNAs that emerged de novo in Drosophila melanogaster in the last 4 million years (Myrs) and have been evolving adaptively. Unexpectedly, even though they are adaptively evolving at birth, more than 94% of such new miRNAs disappear over time. They provide selective advantages, but only for a transient evolutionary period. After 30 Myrs, all surviving miRNAs make the transition from the adaptive phase of rapid evolution to the conservative phase of slow evolution, apparently becoming integrated into the transcriptional network. During this transition, the expression shifts from being tissue-specific, predominantly in testes and larval brain/gonads/imaginal discs, to a broader distribution in many other tissues. Interestingly, a measurable fraction (20-30%) of these conservatively evolving miRNAs experience "evolutionary rejuvenation" and begin to evolve rapidly again. These rejuvenated miRNAs then start another cycle of adaptive - conservative evolution. In conclusion, the selective advantages driving evolution of miRNAs are themselves evolving, and sometimes changing direction, which highlights the regulatory roles of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Eric Hungate
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chung-I Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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21
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Matute DR. The role of founder effects on the evolution of reproductive isolation. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2299-311. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Matute
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- The Chicago Fellows Program; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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22
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Kim YK, Phillips DR, Tao Y. Evidence for no sexual isolation between Drosophila albomicans and D. nasuta. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:2061-74. [PMID: 23919152 PMCID: PMC3728947 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual isolation, the reduced tendency to mate, is one of the reproductive barriers that prevent gene flow between different species. Various species-specific signals during courtship contribute to sexual isolation between species. Drosophila albomicans and D. nasuta are closely related species of the nasuta subgroup within the Drosophila immigrans group and are distributed in allopatry. We analyzed mating behavior and courtship as well as cuticular hydrocarbon profiles within and between species. Here, we report that these two species randomly mated with each other. We did not observe any sexual isolation between species or between strains within species by multiple-choice tests. Significant difference in the courtship index was detected between these two species, but males and females of both species showed no discrimination against heterospecific partners. Significant quantitative variations in cuticular hydrocarbons between these two species were also found, but the cuticular hydrocarbons appear to play a negligible role in both courtship and sexual isolation between these two species. In contrast to the evident postzygotic isolation, the lack of sexual isolation between these two species suggests that the evolution of premating isolation may lag behind that of the intergenomic incompatibility, which might be driven by intragenomic conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Biology, Emory University Atlanta, Georgia, 30322 ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia, 20147
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23
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McNiven VTK, Moehring AJ. Identification of genetically linked female preference and male trait. Evolution 2013; 67:2155-65. [PMID: 23888842 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in male traits and the female preferences for those traits allows for the evolution of sexual behavior. Trait-preference combinations are thought to improve the effectiveness of runaway sexual selection within a species, and are considered necessary for the induction of divergence between species. Novel traits, or variants of existing traits, and their associated preferences in the opposite sex are more likely to be maintained if they are genetically linked in proximity on a chromosome (the genetic coupling hypothesis), yet there is little empirical evidence that this genetic linkage occurs. Here we show for the first time that natural genetic variation at a single-linked region can induce both species-specific female choosiness and the male trait they are discriminating against. We found this effect in two separate regions of the genome, demonstrating that this linkage may be common. In contrast, female choosiness and male unattractiveness could not be alleviated by a single region. The close linkage of these loci and the strength of their effect provide an evolutionary means by which this preference-trait combination could arise and be maintained, thus enabling a more rapid route for runaway sexual selection, and providing empirical evidence supporting the genetic coupling hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda T K McNiven
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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24
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Henry CS, Brooks SJ, Duelli P, Johnson JB, Wells MM, Mochizuki A. Obligatory duetting behaviour in theChrysoperla carnea-group of cryptic species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): its role in shaping evolutionary history. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:787-808. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S. Henry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut CT 06269 U.S.A
| | - Stephen J. Brooks
- Department of Entomology; The Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD U.K
| | - Peter Duelli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; Birmensdorf CH-8903 Switzerland
| | - James B. Johnson
- Division of Entomology; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho ID 83844 U.S.A
| | - Marta M. Wells
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut CT 06520 U.S.A
| | - Atsushi Mochizuki
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences; Tsukuba City Ibaraki 305 8604 Japan
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25
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Groot AT, Staudacher H, Barthel A, Inglis O, Schöfl G, Santangelo RG, Gebauer-Jung S, Vogel H, Emerson J, Schal C, Heckel DG, Gould F. One quantitative trait locus for intra- and interspecific variation in a sex pheromone. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1065-80. [PMID: 23294019 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Even though premating isolation is hypothesized to be a major driving force in speciation, its genetic basis is poorly known. In the noctuid moth Heliothis subflexa, one group of sex pheromone components, the acetates, emitted by the female, plays a crucial isolating role in preventing interspecific matings to males of the closely related Heliothis virescens, in which females do not produce acetates and males are repelled by them. We previously found intraspecific variation in acetates in H. subflexa: females in eastern North America contain significantly more acetates than females in Western Mexico. Here we describe the persistence of this intraspecific variation in laboratory-reared strains and the identification of one major quantitative trait locus (QTL), explaining 40% of the variance in acetate amounts. We homologized this intraspecific QTL to our previously identified interspecific QTL using restriction-associated DNA (RAD) tags. We found that a major intraspecific QTL overlaps with one of the two major interspecific QTL. To identify candidate genes underlying the acetate variation, we investigated a number of gene families with known or suspected acetyl- or acyltransferase activity. The most likely candidate genes did not map to our QTL, so that we currently hypothesize that a transcription factor underlies this QTL. Finding a single, large QTL that impacts variation in pheromone blends between and within species is, to our knowledge, the first such example for traits that have been demonstrated to affect premating isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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The genetic basis of female mate preference and species isolation in Drosophila. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:328392. [PMID: 22957299 PMCID: PMC3432541 DOI: 10.1155/2012/328392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The processes that underlie mate choice have long fascinated biologists. With the advent of increasingly refined genetic tools, we are now beginning to understand the genetic basis of how males and females discriminate among potential mates. One aspect of mate discrimination of particular interest is that which isolates one species from another. As behavioral isolation is thought to be the first step in speciation, and females are choosy more often than males in this regard, identifying the genetic variants that influence interspecies female mate choice can enhance our understanding of the process of speciation. Here, we review the literature on female mate choice in the most widely used model system for studies of species isolation Drosophila. Although females appear to use the same traits for both within- and between-species female mate choice, there seems to be a different genetic basis underlying these choices. Interestingly, most genomic regions that cause females to reject heterospecific males fall within areas of low recombination. Likely, candidate genes are those that act within the auditory or olfactory system, or within areas of the brain that process these systems.
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27
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Laturney M, Moehring AJ. Fine-scale genetic analysis of species-specific female preference in Drosophila simulans. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1718-31. [PMID: 22694106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural differences are thought to be the first components to contribute to species isolation, yet the precise genetic basis of behavioural isolation remains poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of behaviour assays and genetic mapping to provide the first refined map locating candidate genes for interspecific female preference isolating Drosophila simulans from D. melanogaster. First, we tested whether two genes identified as affecting D. melanogaster female intraspecific mate choice also affect interspecific mate choice; neither of these genes was found to contribute to species-specific female preference. Next, we used deficiency mapping to locate genes on the right arm of the third chromosome for species-specific female preference and identified five small significant regions that contain candidate genes contributing to behavioural isolation. All five regions were located in areas that would have low interspecific recombination, which mirrors the results of other behavioural isolation studies that used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, but without the potential concern of bias towards regions of low recombination that QTL mapping may have. As this model system may be refined to the individual gene level using the same methodology, this initial map we provide may potentially serve as a ready template for the identification and characterization of the first behavioural isolation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laturney
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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28
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Santini F, Miglietta MP, Faucci A. Speciation: Where Are We Now? An Introduction to a Special Issue on Speciation. Evol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-012-9177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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30
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Pischedda A, Stewart AD, Little MK. Male × female interaction for a pre-copulatory trait, but not a post-copulatory trait, among cosmopolitan populations of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31683. [PMID: 22431964 PMCID: PMC3303765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual coevolution occurs when changes in the phenotype of one sex select for changes in the other sex. We can identify the "footprint" of this coevolution by mating males and females from different populations and testing for a male-female genotype interaction for a trait associated with male (or female) performance. Here we mated male Drosophila melanogaster from five different continents with females from their own and different continents to test for a male-female interaction for mating speed, a pre-copulatory trait, and female reproductive investment, a post-copulatory trait. We found a strong male-female interaction for mating speed, consistent with previous studies using different populations, suggesting that the potential for sexual coevolution for this trait is present in this species. In contrast, we did not detect a male-female interaction for female reproductive investment. Although a male-female interaction for mating speed is compatible with the hypothesis of ongoing sexual coevolution, the nature of our experimental design is unable to exclude alternate explanations. Thus, the evolutionary mechanisms promoting male-female genotype interactions for pre-copulatory mating traits in D. melanogaster warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Pischedda
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America.
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Kim YK, Ruiz-García M, Alvarez D, Phillips DR, Anderson WW. Sexual isolation between North American and Bogota strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Behav Genet 2011; 42:472-82. [PMID: 22065259 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-011-9517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sexual isolation, the reduced ability of organisms of different species to successfully mate, is one of the reproductive barriers that prevent gene flow between different taxa. Various species-specific signals during courtship are attributed to the sexual isolation between them. Drosophila pseudoobscura has been widely used to study the behavioral and genetic mechanisms underlying selection for sexual isolation, as a model system for speciation. D. pseudoobscura and its sibling species, D. persmilis, live together in many locations but are reproductively isolated from one another. North American geographic strains of D. pseudoobscura from the American West mate at random. Several decades ago, D. pseudoobscura was collected in the vicinity of Bogota, Colombia, and later named the subspecies D. pseudoobscura bogotana. Nearly 5,000 matings were observed in this study. We analyzed mating behavior and cuticular hydrocarbon profiles as well as courtship within and between North American and Bogota strains of D. pseudoobscura. Here we report for the first time that Bogota strains of D. pseudoobscura do show statistically significant sexual isolation from North American strains. In addition, there are quantitative variations in cuticular hydrocarbons as well as in courtship behavior between Bogota and North American strains, and females of both North American and Bogota strains show strong preference for North American strain males having high mating propensities, suggesting that the Bogota strains are at an early stage that could lead to a separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Nanda P, Singh BN. Origin of sexual isolation in Drosophila ananassae due to founder effects. Genetica 2011; 139:779-87. [PMID: 21626152 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-011-9582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The origin of sexual isolation is the central event in the evolution of biological species and plays a key role in maintaining biological diversity. Three mass culture stocks of D. ananassae originating from different geographic localities showing no isolation with each other were subjected to different degrees of bottlenecks i.e. one pair, five pairs and ten pairs. These drift lines were passed through flush-crash cycle at every generation with same initial number of founders, and maintained for twenty-seven generations and then the pattern of matings was tested among these nine drift lines involving 36 crosses in total. In 23 of 36 crosses, the difference between homogamic and heterogamic matings was significant and isolation indices were significantly more than zero in one direction only providing evidence for asymmetrical sexual isolation. Further, when Bonferroni test for pair-wise analysis was employed, significant differences between homogamic and heterogamic matings were found in 25 crosses. These findings provide evidence for origin of sexual isolation by founder effects in D. ananassae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Nanda
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Bailey RI, Innocenti P, Morrow EH, Friberg U, Qvarnström A. Female Drosophila melanogaster gene expression and mate choice: the X chromosome harbours candidate genes underlying sexual isolation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17358. [PMID: 21386982 PMCID: PMC3046225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of female choice mechanisms favouring males of their own kind is considered a crucial step during the early stages of speciation. However, although the genomics of mate choice may influence both the likelihood and speed of speciation, the identity and location of genes underlying assortative mating remain largely unknown. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used mate choice experiments and gene expression analysis of female Drosophila melanogaster to examine three key components influencing speciation. We show that the 1,498 genes in Zimbabwean female D. melanogaster whose expression levels differ when mating with more (Zimbabwean) versus less (Cosmopolitan strain) preferred males include many with high expression in the central nervous system and ovaries, are disproportionately X-linked and form a number of clusters with low recombination distance. Significant involvement of the brain and ovaries is consistent with the action of a combination of pre- and postcopulatory female choice mechanisms, while sex linkage and clustering of genes lead to high potential evolutionary rate and sheltering against the homogenizing effects of gene exchange between populations. CONCLUSION Taken together our results imply favourable genomic conditions for the evolution of reproductive isolation through mate choice in Zimbabwean D. melanogaster and suggest that mate choice may, in general, act as an even more important engine of speciation than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I. Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paolo Innocenti
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edward H. Morrow
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Urban Friberg
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Qvarnström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Nanda P, Singh BN. Effect of chromosome arrangements on mate recognition system leading to behavioral isolation in Drosophila ananassae. Genetica 2011; 139:273-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-011-9548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ma D, Smith DP, Zheng Z, Michalak P. Sensory Components of Behavioral Isolation Between Zimbabwe and Cosmopolitan Drosophila Melanogaster. Isr J Ecol Evol 2010. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee.56.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful reproduction requires males and females from the same species to recognize and prefer each other over individuals of other species. Mate recognition is mediated through the sensory systems, and one way speciation can occur is through behavioral isolation via sensory cues.Drosophila melanogasterfemales from central Africa (the "Zimbabwe" morph) prefer to mate with Zimbabwe males over males from otherDrosophilastrains ("Cosmopolitan" strains). Cosmopolitan females typically show little or no preference towards Cosmopolitan males. We hypothesize that alterations in one or more cues detected by the sensory system underlie the mating preferences of Zimbabwe females. Here, we investigate the relative contributions of three sensory factors (olfaction, vision, and hearing) to female mating preference using a number of Zimbabwe strains. Our findings suggest that auditory and visual cues are the most critical to this mate choice preference phenomenon. These results elucidate plausible mechanisms underlying incipient speciation inDrosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington
| | - Dean P. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center
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Abstract
Several reproductive barriers exist within the Nasonia species complex, including allopatry, premating behavioral isolation, postzygotic inviability and Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility. Here we show that hybrid males suffer two additional reproductive disadvantages, an inability to properly court females and decreased sperm production. Hybrid behavioral sterility, characterized by a reduced ability of hybrids to perform necessary courtship behaviors, occurs in hybrids between two species of Nasonia. Hybrid males produced in crosses between N. vitripennis and N. giraulti courted females at a reduced frequency (23-69%), compared with wild-type N. vitripennis and N. giraulti males (>93%). Reduced courtship frequency was not a simple function of inactivity among hybrids. A strong effect of cytoplasmic (mitochondrial) background was also found in N. vitripennis and N. giraulti crosses; F2 hybrids with giraulti cytoplasm showing reduced ability at most stages of courtship. Hybrids produced between a younger species pair, N. giraulti and N. longicornis, were behaviorally fertile. All males possessed motile sperm, but sperm production is greatly reduced in hybrids between the older species pair, N. vitripennis and N. giraulti. This effect on hybrid males, lowered sperm counts rather than nonfunctional sperm, is different from most described cases of hybrid male sterility, and may represent an earlier stage of hybrid sperm breakdown. The results add to previous studies of F2 hybrid inviability and behavioral sterility, and indicate that Wolbachia-induced hybrid incompatibility has arisen early in species divergence, relative to behavioral sterility and spermatogenic infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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Groot AT, Estock ML, Horovitz JL, Hamilton J, Santangelo RG, Schal C, Gould F. QTL analysis of sex pheromone blend differences between two closely related moths: Insights into divergence in biosynthetic pathways. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:568-577. [PMID: 19477278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To understand the evolution of premating signals in moths, it is important to know the genetic basis of these signals. We conducted Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis by hybridizing two noctuid moth species, Heliothis virescens (Hv) and Heliothis subflexa (Hs), and backcrossing the F(1) females to males of both parental species. One of these backcrosses (F(1) x Hs) was a biological replicate of our previous study (Sheck et al., 2006) and served to test the robustness of our previous findings. The backcross to Hv was designed to reveal QTL with recessive inheritance of the Hv character state. This study confirms previously discovered QTL, but also reports new QTL. Most importantly, we found relatively large QTL affecting Z9-16:Ald, the critical sex pheromone component of Hs. For Z9-14:Ald, the critical sex pheromone component of Hv, as well as for the minor pheromone compound 14:Ald, we found QTL in which the change in pheromone ratio was opposite-to-expected. Linking QTL to the biosynthetic pathways of the pheromone compounds of Hv and Hs implicates several candidate genes in the divergence of these premating signals, the most important of which are acetyl transferase, one or more desaturase(s), and a fatty acyl reductase or alcohol oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid T Groot
- Department of Entomology and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-1713, USA.
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Maroja LS, Andrés JA, Harrison RG. Genealogical discordance and patterns of introgression and selection across a cricket hybrid zone. Evolution 2009; 63:2999-3015. [PMID: 19619226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In recently diverged species, ancestral polymorphism and introgression can cause incongruence between gene and species trees. In the face of hybridization, few genomic regions may exhibit reciprocal monophyly, and these regions, usually evolving rapidly under selection, may be important for the maintenance of species boundaries. In animals with internal fertilization, genes encoding seminal protein are candidate barrier genes. Recently diverged hybridizing species such as the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus, offer excellent opportunities to investigate the origins of barriers to gene exchange. These recently diverged species form a well-characterized hybrid zone, and share ancestral polymorphisms across the genome. We analyzed DNA sequence divergence for seminal protein loci, housekeeping loci, and mtDNA, using a combination of analytical approaches and extensive sampling across both species and the hybrid zone. We report discordant genealogical patterns and differential introgression rates across the genome. The most dramatic outliers, showing near-zero introgression and more structured species trees, are also the only two seminal protein loci under selection. These are candidate barrier genes with possible reproductive functions. We also use genealogical data to examine the demographic history of the field crickets and the current structure of the hybrid zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana S Maroja
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Abstract
Identification of genes involved in reproductive isolation opens novel ways to investigate links between stages of the speciation process. Are the genes coding for ecological adaptations and sexual isolation the same that eventually lead to hybrid sterility and inviability? We review the role of sex-linked genes at different stages of speciation based on four main differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes; (1) relative speed of evolution, (2) non-random accumulation of genes, (3) exposure of incompatible recessive genes in hybrids and (4) recombination rate. At early stages of population divergence ecological differences appear mainly determined by autosomal genes, but fast-evolving sex-linked genes are likely to play an important role for the evolution of sexual isolation by coding for traits with sex-specific fitness effects (for example, primary and secondary sexual traits). Empirical evidence supports this expectation but mainly in female-heterogametic taxa. By contrast, there is clear evidence for both strong X- and Z-linkage of hybrid sterility and inviability at later stages of speciation. Hence genes coding for sexual isolation traits are more likely to eventually cause hybrid sterility when they are sex-linked. We conclude that the link between sexual isolation and evolution of hybrid sterility is more intuitive in male-heterogametic taxa because recessive sexually antagonistic genes are expected to quickly accumulate on the X-chromosome. However, the broader range of sexual traits that are expected to accumulate on the Z-chromosome may facilitate adaptive speciation in female-heterogametic species by allowing male signals and female preferences to remain in linkage disequilibrium despite periods of gene flow.
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Abstract
Darwin's finches in the Galápagos archipelago are an unusual example of adaptive radiation in that the basal split separates two lineages of warbler finches (Certhidea olivacea and Certhidea fusca) believed until recently to be only one species. The large genetic difference between them contrasts with their similarity in plumage, size, shape, and courtship behavior. They differ in song, which is a key factor in premating isolation of other sympatric Darwin's finches. We conducted playback experiments to see whether members of the population of C. olivacea on Santa Cruz Island would respond to songs of C. fusca from two islands, Genovesa and Pinta, and songs of C. olivacea from another island (Isabela). Another set of experiments was performed, using the same playback tapes, with C. fusca on Genovesa. Some members of both populations responded to all playbacks; therefore, the hypothesis of complete premating isolation on the basis of song is rejected. Discrimination between songs of the two lineages was inconsistent. We conclude that premating barriers to interbreeding among the tested populations have not arisen in the 1.5-2.0 m.yr. of their geographical isolation on different islands. This contrasts with strong premating barriers between more recently derived sympatric species. Early learning of song associated with morphology is later used in mate recognition. This explains why sympatric species that are vocally and morphologically distinct yet genetically less differentiated than Certhidea do not interbreed, whereas the Certhidea lineages that are genetically well differentiated but vocally and morphologically similar have no apparent premating barrier. We discuss this unusual situation in terms of the forces that have produced similarities and differences in song, morphology, and ecology and their relevance to phylogenetic and biological species concepts. Neither principles nor details are unique to Darwin's finches, and we conclude by pointing out strong parallels with some continental birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rosemary Grant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1003, USA
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On the scent of speciation: the chemosensory system and its role in premating isolation. Heredity (Edinb) 2008; 102:77-97. [PMID: 18685572 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory speciation is characterized by the evolution of barriers to genetic exchange that involve chemosensory systems and chemical signals. Here, we review some representative studies documenting chemosensory speciation in an attempt to evaluate the importance and the different aspects of the process in nature and to gain insights into the genetic basis and the evolutionary mechanisms of chemosensory trait divergence. Although most studies of chemosensory speciation concern sexual isolation mediated by pheromone divergence, especially in Drosophila and moth species, other chemically based behaviours (habitat choice, pollinator attraction) can also play an important role in speciation and are likely to do so in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. Adaptive divergence of chemosensory traits in response to factors such as pollinators, hosts and conspecifics commonly drives the evolution of chemical prezygotic barriers. Although the genetic basis of chemosensory speciation remains largely unknown, genomic approaches to chemosensory gene families and to enzymes involved in biosynthetic pathways of signal compounds now provide new opportunities to dissect the genetic basis of these complex traits and of their divergence among taxa.
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Complex genetic interactions underlying expression differences between Drosophila races: analysis of chromosome substitutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6362-7. [PMID: 18430800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711774105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is usually separated into cis and trans components. The separation may become artificial if much of the variation in expression is under multigenic and epistatic (e.g., cis-by-trans) control. There is hence a need to quantify the relative contribution of cis, trans, and cis-by-trans effects on expression divergence at different levels of evolution. To do so across the whole genome, we analyzed the full set of chromosome-substitution lines between the two behavioral races of Drosophila melanogaster. Our observations: (i) Only approximately 3% of the genes with an expression difference are purely cis regulated. In fact, relatively few genes are governed by simple genetics because nearly 80% of expression differences are controlled by at least two chromosomes. (ii) For 14% of the genes, cis regulation does play a role but usually in conjunction with trans regulation. This joint action of cis and trans effects, either additive or epistatic, is referred to as inclusive cis effect. (iii) The percentage of genes with inclusive cis effect increases to 32% among genes that are strongly differentiated between the two races. (iv) We observed a nonrandom distribution of trans-acting factors, with a substantial deficit on the second chromosome. Between Drosophila racial groups, trans regulation of expression difference is extensive, and cis regulation often evolves in conjunction with trans effects.
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López-Fernández H, Bolnick DI. What causes partial F1 hybrid viability? Incomplete penetrance versus genetic variation. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1294. [PMID: 18074018 PMCID: PMC2121587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecific hybrid crosses often produce offspring with reduced but non-zero survivorship. In this paper we ask why such partial inviability occurs. This partial inviability could arise from incomplete penetrance of lethal Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (DMIs) shared by all members of a hybrid cross. Alternatively, siblings may differ with respect to the presence or number of DMIs, leading to genotype-dependent variation in viability and hence non-Mendelian segregation of parental alleles in surviving F1 hybrids. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to test for segregation distortion in one hybrid cross between green and longear sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus and L. megalotis). Hybrids showed partial viability, and twice as much segregation distortion (36.8%) of AFLPs as an intraspecific control cross (18.8%). Incomplete penetrance of DMIs, which should cause genotype-independent mortality, is insufficient to explain the observed segregation distortion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that F1 hybrid sunfish are polymorphic for DMIs, either due to sex-linked DMI loci (causing Haldane's Rule), or polymorphic autosomal DMI loci. Because few AFLP markers were sex-linked (2%), the most parsimonious conclusion is that parents may have been heterozygous for loci causing hybrid inviability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán López-Fernández
- Section of Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Systematics, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Sawamura K, Zhi H, Setoguchi K, Yamada H, Miyo T, Matsuda M, Oguma Y. Genetic analysis of female mating recognition between Drosophila ananassae and Drosophila pallidosa: application of interspecific mosaic genome lines. Genetica 2007; 133:179-85. [PMID: 17768595 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-007-9198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila ananassae and Drosophila pallidosa are closely related species that can produce viable and fertile hybrids of both sexes, although strong sexual isolation exists between the two species. Females are thought to discriminate conspecific from heterospecific males based on their courtship songs. The genetic basis of female discrimination behavior was analyzed using isogenic females from interspecific mosaic genome lines that carry homozygous recombinant chromosomes. Multiple regression analysis indicated a highly significant effect of the left arm of chromosome 2 (2L) on the willingness of females to mate with D. ananassae males. Not only 2L but also the left arm of chromosome X (XL) and the right arm of chromosome 3 (3R) had significant effects on the females' willingness to mate with D. pallidosa males. All regions with strong effects on mate choice have chromosome arrangements characterized by species-specific inversions. Heterospecific combinations of 2L and 3R have previously been suggested to cause postzygotic reproductive isolation. Thus, genes involved in premating as well as postmating isolation are located in or near chromosomal inversions. This conclusion is consistent with the recently proposed hypothesis that "speciation genes" accumulate at a higher rate in non-recombining genome regions when species divergence occurs in the presence of gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Sawamura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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Abstract
Although changes in gene expression have long been recognized as critical to evolutionary processes, the extent of natural polymorphism in gene expression has yet to be assessed, thus opening a new area of active research. We present microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) data from Cosmopolitan and Zimbabwe morphs of Drosophila melanogaster. These morphs provide a useful model for investigations into the incipient stages of speciation because Zimbabwe females tend to preferentially mate with their own males and discriminate against Cosmopolitan males, while Cosmopolitan females mate indiscriminately. We analysed expression profiles from heads of mated and nonmated females and identified 45 candidate genes whose expression levels were associated with the behavioural morphs and were modified by mating. Genes with altered transcription levels were randomly distributed across the genome and fell into diverse categories of biological activities. Several candidate genes, such as desaturase2 and Odorant receptor 63a, were additionally subjected to quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Notably, desaturase2, which has been invoked to play a role in sexual isolation between Cosmopolitan and Zimbabwe D. melanogaster/races/strains and predicted to be translational-inactive in Cosmopolitan due to a major deletion, was found to be up-regulated in Zimbabwe and down-regulated, but still expressed, in Cosmopolitan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Michalak
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0498, USA.
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46
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Variation in polyandry and its fitness consequences among populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Evol Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-9146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rogers SM, Isabel N, Bernatchez L. Linkage maps of the dwarf and Normal lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) species complex and their hybrids reveal the genetic architecture of population divergence. Genetics 2007; 175:375-98. [PMID: 17110497 PMCID: PMC1774998 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.061457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the genetic architecture of population divergence may reveal the evolution of reproductive barriers and the genomic regions implicated in the process. We assembled genetic linkage maps for the dwarf and Normal lake whitefish species complex and their hybrids. A total of 877 AFLP loci and 30 microsatellites were positioned. The homology of mapped loci between families supported the existence of 34 linkage groups (of 40n expected) exhibiting 83% colinearity among linked loci between these two families. Classes of AFLP markers were not randomly distributed among linkage groups. Both AFLP and microsatellites exhibited deviations from Mendelian expectations, with 30.4% exhibiting significant segregation distortion across 28 linkage groups of the four linkage maps in both families (P < 0.00001). Eight loci distributed over seven homologous linkage groups were significantly distorted in both families and the level of distortion, when comparing homologous loci of the same phase between families, was correlated (Spearman R = 0.378, P = 0.0021). These results suggest that substantial divergence incurred during allopatric glacial separation and subsequent sympatric ecological specialization has resulted in several genomic regions that are no longer complementary between dwarf and Normal populations issued from different evolutionary glacial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rogers
- Québec Océan, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada.
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48
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Osada N, Kohn MH, Wu CI. Genomic inferences of the cis-regulatory nucleotide polymorphisms underlying gene expression differences between Drosophila melanogaster mating races. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23:1585-91. [PMID: 16754642 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msl023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence polymorphisms affecting gene expression occur in the regulatory region of genes (in cis) and elsewhere in the genome (in trans). Further study is required to weigh the relative importance of cis- and trans-acting mutations in mediating gene expression differences within and between species. Here, microarray hybridization experiments were used to isolate 363 gene expression differences between the female fly head transcriptomes of 2 Drosophila melanogaster strains. One strain (French) represented the cosmopolitan M mating race and the other strain (ZS30) represented the Z mating race derived from Zimbabwe, Africa. From chromosomal substitution strains engineered from the 2 strains, we inferred that the expression differences between M and Z alleles largely could be attributed to the genotype of the chromosomes where the differentially expressed genes were located, that is, cis-regulatory polymorphisms prominently influence gene expression differences between M and Z. The effects of trans-regulatory polymorphisms were apparent yet difficult to quantify. Results have implications for models of gene regulatory evolution as well as experimental studies trying to identify the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms underlying gene expression differences between Drosophila strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Osada
- Division of Biomedical Research Resources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.
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Etges WJ, Over KF, De Oliveira CC, Ritchie MG. Inheritance of courtship song variation among geographically isolated populations of Drosophila mojavensis. Anim Behav 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Moehring AJ, Llopart A, Elwyn S, Coyne JA, Mackay TFC. The genetic basis of prezygotic reproductive isolation between Drosophila santomea and D. yakuba due to mating preference. Genetics 2006; 173:215-23. [PMID: 16510787 PMCID: PMC1461457 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.052993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual isolating mechanisms that act before fertilization are often considered the most important genetic barriers leading to speciation in animals. While progress has been made toward understanding the genetic basis of the postzygotic isolating mechanisms of hybrid sterility and inviability, little is known about the genetic basis of prezygotic sexual isolation. Here, we map quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to prezygotic reproductive isolation between the sibling species Drosophila santomea and D. yakuba. We mapped at least three QTL affecting discrimination of D. santomea females against D. yakuba males: one X-linked and one autosomal QTL affected the likelihood of copulation, and a second X chromosome QTL affected copulation latency. Three autosomal QTL also affected mating success of D. yakuba males with D. santomea. No epistasis was detected between QTL affecting sexual isolation. The QTL do not overlap between males and females and are not disproportionately concentrated on the X chromosome. There was some overlap in map locations of QTL affecting sexual isolation between D. santomea and D. yakuba with QTL affecting sexual isolation between D. simulans and D. mauritiana and with QTL affecting differences in pigmentation between D. santomea and D. yakuba. Future high-resolution mapping and, ultimately, positional cloning, will reveal whether these traits do indeed have a common genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Moehring
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA.
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