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Raghib MF, Bernitsas E. From Animal Models to Clinical Trials: The Potential of Antimicrobials in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3069. [PMID: 38002068 PMCID: PMC10668955 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Microbes, including bacteria and certain viruses, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been linked to the pathogenesis of MS. While there is currently no cure for MS, antibiotics and antivirals have been studied as potential treatment options due to their immunomodulatory ability that results in the regulation of the immune process. The current issue addressed in this systematic review is the effect of antimicrobials, including antibiotics, antivirals, and antiparasitic agents in animals and humans. We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus for articles on antimicrobials in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal models of MS, as well as in people with MS (pwMS). In animal models, antibiotics tested included beta-lactams, minocycline, rapamycin, macrolides, and doxycycline. Antivirals included acyclovir, valacyclovir, and ganciclovir. Hydroxychloroquine was the only antiparasitic that was tested. In pwMS, we identified a total of 24 studies, 17 of them relevant to antibiotics, 6 to antivirals, and 1 relevant to antiparasitic hydroxychloroquine. While the effect of antimicrobials in animal models was promising, only minocycline and hydroxychloroquine improved outcome measures in pwMS. No favorable effect of the antivirals in humans has been observed yet. The number and size of clinical trials testing antimicrobials have been limited. Large, multicenter, well-designed studies are needed to further evaluate the effect of antimicrobials in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faraz Raghib
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Evanthia Bernitsas
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Sastry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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2
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Franz T, Negele J, Bruno P, Böttcher M, Mitchell-Flack M, Reemts L, Krone A, Mougiakakos D, Müller AJ, Zautner AE, Kahlfuss S. Pleiotropic effects of antibiotics on T cell metabolism and T cell-mediated immunity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975436. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells orchestrate adaptive and innate immune responses against pathogens and transformed cells. However, T cells are also the main adaptive effector cells that mediate allergic and autoimmune reactions. Within the last few years, it has become abundantly clear that activation, differentiation, effector function, and environmental adaptation of T cells is closely linked to their energy metabolism. Beyond the provision of energy equivalents, metabolic pathways in T cells generate building blocks required for clonal expansion. Furthermore, metabolic intermediates directly serve as a source for epigenetic gene regulation by histone and DNA modification mechanisms. To date, several antibiotics were demonstrated to modulate the metabolism of T cells especially by altering mitochondrial function. Here, we set out to systematically review current evidence about how beta-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, nitroimidazoles, and amphenicols alter the metabolism and effector functions of CD4+ T helper cell populations and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Based on this evidence, we have developed an overview on how the use of these antibiotics may be beneficial or detrimental in T cell-mediated physiological and pathogenic immune responses, such as allergic and autoimmune diseases, by altering the metabolism of different T cell populations.
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3
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Mapunda JA, Tibar H, Regragui W, Engelhardt B. How Does the Immune System Enter the Brain? Front Immunol 2022; 13:805657. [PMID: 35273596 PMCID: PMC8902072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is considered the most frequent inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It occurs with a variable prevalence across the world. A rich armamentarium of disease modifying therapies selectively targeting specific actions of the immune system is available for the treatment of MS. Understanding how and where immune cells are primed, how they access the CNS in MS and how immunomodulatory treatments affect neuroinflammation requires a proper knowledge on the mechanisms regulating immune cell trafficking and the special anatomy of the CNS. The brain barriers divide the CNS into different compartments that differ with respect to their accessibility to cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. In steady state, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits immune cell trafficking to activated T cells, which can reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled compartments to ensure CNS immune surveillance. In MS immune cells breach a second barrier, the glia limitans to reach the CNS parenchyma. Here we will summarize the role of the endothelial, epithelial and glial brain barriers in regulating immune cell entry into the CNS and which immunomodulatory treatments for MS target the brain barriers. Finally, we will explore current knowledge on genetic and environmental factors that may influence immune cell entry into the CNS during neuroinflammation in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Houyam Tibar
- Medical School of Rabat, Mohamed 5 University, Rabat, Morocco.,Hôpital des spécialités de Rabat, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Wafa Regragui
- Medical School of Rabat, Mohamed 5 University, Rabat, Morocco.,Hôpital des spécialités de Rabat, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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4
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Shams A, Asl AA, Owlia S, Owlia MB. Effects of crystalline penicillin G sodium on human T-cells differentiation. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 26:19. [PMID: 34084198 PMCID: PMC8106410 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_833_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Although antibiotics are well-known for their anti-bacterial effects, their inaugurated immunomodulatory roles in chronic inflammatory diseases have not elucidated yet. Anecdotal reports support the beneficial effects of parenteral penicillin in arthritis suggesting an immunomodulatory other than antibacterial effects for penicillin. The present study was designed to address the possible effects of penicillin G sodium (PCN-G) on different T-helper cells differentiation. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 10 healthy donors were isolated using Ficoll density gradient. The stimulated PBMCs by anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and anti-CD69 were cultured in the presence of 120 μg/ml of PCN-G. Foxp3, T-bet, RORγT, GATA3 as well as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-17A mRNA in stimulated cells were measured by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mann-Whitney U-test was used for determining differences between the medium of gene expression levels of stimulated cell population and unstimulated cells by PCN. Correlations between the related genes were determined using the Spearman test. Results Based on the results, T-bet gene expression levels were similar in stimulated cells by PCN G after 24 and 48 h while significant reduction was observed after 72 incubation with PCN G (difference = 3; 0.09-0.34; P = 0.031). Meanwhile, treated cells with PCN G expressed decreased levels of IFN-γ (difference = 8.0; 0.49-1.07; P = 0.001) and IL-17A (difference = 2.2; 0.05-0.75; P ≤ 0.05) genes comparing to unstimulated cell by PCN-G. GATA3 genes expression levels downregulated by PCN G after 72 h of incubation by PBMCs (difference = 1.1; 0.77-0.88; P = 0.035). Conclusion Our results confirmed the immunomodulatory role of PCN G by affecting the expression of different cytokines genes in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shams
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amir Abdian Asl
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sina Owlia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Owlia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents-still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore risks? Infection 2020; 49:29-56. [PMID: 33367978 PMCID: PMC7851017 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective toxicity antibacteribiotics is considered to be due to interactions with targets either being unique to bacteria or being characterized by a dichotomy between pro- and eukaryotic pathways with high affinities of agents to bacterial- rather than eukaryotic targets. However, the theory of selective toxicity oversimplifies the complex modes of action of antibiotics in pro- and eukaryotes. METHODS AND OBJECTIVE This review summarizes data describing multiple modes of action of antibiotics in eukaryotes. RESULTS Aminoglycosides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, fluoroquinolones, rifampicin, bedaquillin, ß-lactams inhibited mitochondrial translation either due to binding to mitosomes, inhibition of mitochondrial RNA-polymerase-, topoisomerase 2ß-, ATP-synthesis, transporter activities. Oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, vancomycin, ß-lactams, bacitracin, isoniazid, nitroxoline inhibited matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) due to chelation with zinc and calcium, whereas fluoroquinols fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol chelated with these cations, too, but increased MMP activities. MMP-inhibition supported clinical efficacies of ß-lactams and daptomycin in skin-infections, and of macrolides, tetracyclines in respiratory-diseases. Chelation may have contributed to neuroprotection by ß-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, oxazolidins oxazolidinones, tetracyclines caused read-through of premature stop codons. Several additional targets for antibiotics in human cells have been identified like interaction of fluoroquinolones with DNA damage repair in eukaryotes, or inhibition of mucin overproduction by oxazolidinones. CONCLUSION The effects of antibiotics on eukaryotes are due to identical mechanisms as their antibacterial activities because of structural and functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic targets, so that the effects of antibiotics on mammals are integral parts of their overall mechanisms of action.
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6
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Brodzki P, Lisiecka U, Brodzki A, Krakowski L, Szczubiał M, Dąbrowski R, Junkuszew A, Bochniarz M. Selected leukocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and uterine washings in cows before and after intrauterine administration of cefapirin and methisoprinol. Anim Sci J 2019; 91:e13306. [PMID: 31696608 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the selected lymphocyte subpopulations TCD4, TCD8, BCD21, BCD25, CD18, CD11b, and MHC II in blood and uterine flush of cows with endometritis, before and after intrauterine (i.u.) administration of cefapirin and methisoprinol. The research was carried out on 28 cows with clinical endometritis. Animals were divided into four groups, each composed of seven cows, depending on the i.u. preparation used: Group A, cefapirin; Group B, methisoprinol; Group C, cefapirin and methisoprinol simultaneously; and a control group-without medication. The study was performed using flow cytometry method. Summarizing the results of the research, i.u. infusion of cefapirin caused a weakening of the effector phase of the local uterine immune response; however, it enhanced leukocyte chemotaxis and antigen presentation. After i.u. administration of methisoprinol, the stimulation of specific uterine immunity mechanisms was mainly observed. The use of both mentioned preparations showed the strengthening of specific uterine immunological mechanisms presumably caused by methisoprinol, despite the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic. Intrauterine use of immunostimulatory substances can improve the effectiveness of the endometritis treatment in cows by improving specific local mechanisms of uterine immunity. As a consequence, it may enhance the effector function of immune competent cells and finally eliminate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Lisiecka
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Leszek Krakowski
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Roman Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Junkuszew
- Department of Breeding of Small Ruminants, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariola Bochniarz
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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7
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Cordeiro RDA, Evangelista AJDJ, Serpa R, de Andrade ARC, Mendes PBL, de Oliveira JS, de Alencar LP, Pereira VS, Lima-Neto RG, Brilhante RN, Sidrim JJC, Maia DCBSC, Rocha MFG. Cefepime and Amoxicillin Increase Metabolism and Enhance Caspofungin Tolerance of Candida albicans Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1337. [PMID: 31316472 PMCID: PMC6609871 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that prolonged antibiotic therapy alters the mucosal microbiota composition, increasing the risk of invasive fungal infection (IFI) in immunocompromised patients. The present study investigated the direct effect of β-lactam antibiotics cefepime (CEF) and amoxicillin (AMOX) on biofilm production by Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Antibacterials at the peak plasmatic concentration of each drug were tested against biofilms grown on polystyrene surfaces. Biofilms were evaluated for biomass production, metabolic activity, carbohydrate and protein contents, proteolytic activity, ultrastructure, and tolerance to antifungals. CEF and AMOX enhanced biofilm production by C. albicans ATCC 10231, stimulating biomass production, metabolic activity, viable cell counts, and proteolytic activity, as well as increased biovolume and thickness of these structures. Nevertheless, AMOX induced more significant changes in C. albicans biofilms than CEF. In addition, it was shown that AMOX increased the amount of chitin in these biofilms, making them more tolerant to caspofungin. Finally, it was seen that, in response to AMOX, C. albicans biofilms produce Hsp70 - a protein with chaperone function related to stressful conditions. These results may have a direct impact on the pathophysiology of opportunistic IFIs in patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosana Serpa
- Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Medical Mycology Specialized Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Miyazaki T, Fukushima K, Hashiguchi K, Inoue Y, Mihara T, Sawai T, Suyama N, Kobayashi T, Kondo A, Fukuda Y, Harada Y, Sasaki E, Kaku N, Ide S, Takazono T, Saijo T, Kosai K, Morinaga Y, Nakamura S, Yamamoto K, Imamura Y, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Kohno S, Mukae H. Efficacy and safety of cefditoren pivoxil for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A prospective multicenter interventional study. J Infect Chemother 2019; 25:702-707. [PMID: 30982729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral antibiotic therapy for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) usually involves an aminopenicillin with clavulanic acid, a macrolide, or a quinolone. To date, however, the clinical efficacy and safety of the oral cephalosporin cefditoren pivoxil has not been evaluated in Japanese patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. We conducted a prospective, multicenter, single arm, interventional study from January 2013 to March 2017 to determine the efficacy and safety of oral administration of 200 mg cefditoren pivoxil three times daily for 7 days in a cohort of 29 eligible patients from 15 hospitals. The mean age (SD) of participants was 73.1 (8.1) years and 28 had a smoking history (the mean [SD] of smoking index, 1426.7 [931.7]). The primary efficacy endpoint was clinical response (cure rate) at test of cure, which was set at 5-10 days after treatment ceased. Of the 23 patients finally analyzed, cure was achieved in 15 (65.2%), while 8 (34.8%) remained uncured. Previous experience of acute exacerbations significantly affected the cure rate: none of the three patients who had at least two prior exacerbations were cured, while 15 of the 20 patients with one or fewer prior exacerbations were cured (p = 0.032). The microbiological eradication rate was 88.9% at test of cure. During treatment, mild pneumonia was reported as an adverse event in one patient (3.4%) but resolved within 10 days of onset. We conclude that cefditoren pivoxil represents a viable alternative for antibiotic therapy in patients with few prior exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Kiyoyasu Fukushima
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Isahaya Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Kohji Hashiguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aino Memorial Hospital, Unzen, Japan
| | - Tomo Mihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Izumikawa Hospital, Minamishimabara, Japan
| | - Toyomitsu Sawai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naofumi Suyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sasebo Chuo Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Akira Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JCHO Isahaya General Hospital, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Fukuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Ureshino Medical Center, Ureshino, Japan
| | - Eisuke Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Ureshino Medical Center, Ureshino, Japan
| | - Norihito Kaku
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shotaro Ide
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Saijo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kosai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Morinaga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yamamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Imamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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9
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Brodzki P, Lisiecka U, Brodzki A, Pyz-Łukasik R, Krakowski L. Phagocytic and oxidative burst activity of phagocytic cells in peripheral blood and uterine washings in cows with clinical endometritis before and after intrauterine use of cephapirin and methisoprinol. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1389-1397. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Urszula Lisiecka
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infections Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Adam Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Renata Pyz-Łukasik
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Leszek Krakowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Lublin Poland
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10
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Singh S, Agarwal R, Razak ZA, Ngu R, Nyein LL, Vasudevan S, Kapitonova M, Kadir AJ, Visvaraja S. Ocular Permeation of Topical Tazocin and Its Effectiveness in the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Keratitis in Rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2018; 34:214-223. [PMID: 29341837 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common causative organism for contact lens-associated corneal ulcer and is commonly treated with fluoroquinolones. With the emergence of resistant strains, it is important to investigate alternative therapies. Despite well-established efficacy of tazocin against systemic Pseudomonas infections, its topical use for the treatment of Pseudomonas keratitis has not been described, hence this study was aimed to find the ocular permeation of Tazocin and its efficacy in treating keratitis in rabbit eyes. METHODS We investigated the ocular permeation of topical tazocin after single drop application in normal rabbit eyes by estimating piperacillin and tazobactam concentrations in cornea, aqueous, and vitreous using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Furthermore, we determined the efficacy of repeated dose administration of tazocin against experimentally induced P. aeruginosa keratitis in rabbits in comparison to moxifloxacin. To determine the efficacy, clinical examination, histopathological examination, and estimation of bacterial load and inflammatory cytokines in cornea were done. RESULTS Significant corneal concentration of piperacillin and tazobactam was detected in normal rabbit corneas after single dose treatment with tazocin. In rabbits with Pseudomonas-induced keratitis, topical tazocin caused significant clinical and histopathological improvement. This improvement was associated with reduction in corneal bacterial load and inflammatory cytokines. Compared to moxifloxacin 0.5%, tazocin treated group showed greater clinical response which was associated with higher interleukin (IL)-1β, lower tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a comparable level of IL-8, greater reduction in corneal bacterial load, and lesser inflammatory cell infiltration. CONCLUSION Tazocin showed good ocular penetration and was effective in treatment of Pseudomonas induced keratitis in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujaya Singh
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- 2 Center for Neuroscience Research , Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Robin Ngu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lwin L Nyein
- 4 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA , Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sushil Vasudevan
- 4 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA , Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Marina Kapitonova
- 4 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA , Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia .,5 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , UNIMAS, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Azida Juana Kadir
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subrayan Visvaraja
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Correale J, Farez MF, Gaitán MI. Environmental factors influencing multiple sclerosis in Latin America. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2017. [PMID: 28638627 PMCID: PMC5472234 DOI: 10.1177/2055217317715049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) arise from complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Genetic variants confer predisposition to develop MS, but cannot be therapeutically modified. On the other hand, several studies have shown that different lifestyle and environmental factors influence disease development, as well as activity levels and progression. Unlike genetic risk factors, these can be modified, with potential for prevention, particularly in high-risk populations. Most studies identifying particular lifestyle and environmental factors have been carried out in Caucasian patients with MS. Little or no data is available on the behavior of these factors in Latin American populations. Ethnic and geographic differences between Latin America and other world regions suggest potential regional variations in MS, at least with respect to some of these factors. Furthermore, particular environmental characteristics observed more frequently in Latin America could explain regional differences in MS prevalence. Site-specific studies exploring influences of local environmental factors are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio F Farez
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Inés Gaitán
- Center for Research on Neuroimmunological Diseases (CIEN) from the Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Daniluk J, Daniluk U, Rusak M, Dabrowska M, Reszec J, Garbowicz M, Huminska K, Dabrowski A. The effect of penicillin administration in early life on murine gut microbiota and blood lymphocyte subsets. Anaerobe 2017; 47:18-24. [PMID: 28323133 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Antibiotics have many beneficial effects but their uncontrolled use may lead to increased risk of serious diseases in the future. Our hypothesis is that an early antibiotic exposition may affect immune system by altering gut microbiota. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of penicillin treatment on gut microorganisms and immune system of mice. METHODS 21-days old C57BL6/J/cmdb male mice were treated with low-dose of penicillin (study group) or water only (control group) for 4 weeks. Tissue and stool samples for histology or microbiome assessment and peripheral blood for CBC and flow cytometry evaluation were collected. RESULTS We found high variability in microbiota composition at different taxonomic levels between littermate mice kept in the same conditions, independently of treatment regimen. Interestingly, low-dose of penicillin caused significant increase of Parabacteroides goldsteinii in stool and in colon tissue in comparison to control group (9.5% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.008 and 10.7% vs. 6.1%, p = 0.008, respectively). Moreover, mice treated with penicillin demonstrated significantly elevated percentage of B cells (median 10.5% vs 8.0%, p = 0.01) and decrease in the percentage of total CD4+ cell (median 75.4% vs 82.5%, p = 0.0039) with subsequent changes among subsets - increased percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg), T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells. CONCLUSION Our study showed significant effect of penicillin on B and T cells in peripheral blood of young mice. This effect may be mediated through changes in gut microbiota represented by the expansion of Parabacteroides goldsteinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Daniluk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok ul, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Urszula Daniluk
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok ul, J. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Rusak
- Department of Haematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok ul, J. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Milena Dabrowska
- Department of Haematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok ul, J. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Reszec
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok ul, J. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Garbowicz
- Genomic Laboratory, DNA Research Center ul, Mickiewicza 31, 60-385 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kinga Huminska
- Genomic Laboratory, DNA Research Center ul, Mickiewicza 31, 60-385 Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dabrowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok ul, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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Rothhammer V, Quintana FJ. Environmental control of autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:46-53. [PMID: 27710839 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), which causes severe disability and requires extensive medical attention and treatment. While the infiltration of pathogenic immune cells into the CNS leads to the formation of inflammatory lesions in its initial relapsing-remitting stage, late stages of MS are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and demyelination even without continued interaction with the peripheral immune compartment. Several genetic and environmental factors modulate and influence these processes on multiple levels. Genetic variants confer a predisposition for the development of MS, but are not accessible to therapeutic intervention as of today. However, migration studies suggest that environmental factors influence disease development, activity and progression. This article reviews mechanisms of disease pathogenesis in MS and their modulation by environmental factors such as geographical localization, the gut microbiome and the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Sato K, Tsukada N, Inamura J, Kon M, Ito S, Hirai K, Hosoki T. A case of acquired haemophilia A complicated by peritonitis after distal gastrectomy. Haemophilia 2016; 22:e469-71. [PMID: 27457489 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Asahikawa Kosei Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - N Tsukada
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Asahikawa Kosei Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - J Inamura
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Asahikawa Kosei Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - M Kon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Asahikawa Kosei Hospital, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - S Ito
- Department of Oncology for Local Community Cooperation, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Hirai
- Department of Hematology/Gastroenterology, Harada Hospital, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T Hosoki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Asahikawa Kosei Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
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15
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Yamashiro LH, Eto C, Soncini M, Horewicz V, Garcia M, Schlindwein AD, Grisard EC, Rovaris DB, Báfica A. Isoniazid-induced control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by primary human cells requires interleukin-1 receptor and tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1936-47. [PMID: 27230303 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are critical mediators that control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth during active tuberculosis (ATB). To further inhibit bacterial proliferation in diseased individuals, drug inhibitors of cell wall synthesis such as isoniazid (INH) are employed. However, whether INH presents an indirect effect on bacterial growth by regulating host cytokines during ATB is not well known. To examine this hypothesis, we used an in vitro human granuloma system generated with primary leukocytes from healthy donors adapted to model ATB. Intense Mtb proliferation in cell cultures was associated with monocyte/macrophage activation and secretion of IL-1β and TNF. Treatment with INH significantly reduced Mtb survival, but altered neither T-cell-mediated Mtb killing, nor production of IL-1β and TNF. However, blockade of both IL-1R1 and TNF signaling rescued INH-induced killing, suggesting synergistic roles of these cytokines in mediating control of Mtb proliferation. Additionally, mycobacterial killing by INH was highly dependent upon drug activation by the pathogen catalase-peroxidase KatG and involved a host PI3K-dependent pathway. Finally, experiments using coinfected (KatG-mutated and H37Rv strains) cells suggested that active INH does not directly enhance host-mediated killing of Mtb. Our results thus indicate that Mtb-stimulated host IL-1 and TNF have potential roles in TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia H Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carolina Eto
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marina Soncini
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Verônica Horewicz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Magno Garcia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aline D Schlindwein
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Central Public Health Laboratory/LACEN, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edmundo C Grisard
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - André Báfica
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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16
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Anuforom O, Wallace GR, Buckner MMC, Piddock LJV. Ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone alter cytokine responses, but not Toll-like receptors, to Salmonella infection in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1826-33. [PMID: 27076102 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antibiotics that enhance host natural defences to infection offer an alternative approach to treating infections. However, mechanisms underlying such processes are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of two antibiotics on bacterial interactions with murine macrophages. METHODS Adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 to and invasion by Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 of antibiotic-treated or untreated J774 murine macrophages were measured using a tissue culture infection model. Expression of genes central to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway of macrophages infected with Salmonella was analysed using the RT(2) Profiler PCR Array. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 to J774 macrophage monolayers was increased when macrophages were exposed to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, while invasion was decreased by ciprofloxacin. Expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA was greater in SL1344-infected macrophages that had been treated with ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone than in macrophages exposed to antibiotics alone or SL1344 alone. TLR mRNA was down-regulated by SL1344 infection, a response that was not altered by antibiotic pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS Clinically relevant concentrations of two antibiotics differentially enhanced the response of immune cells and their interaction with bacteria, increasing bacterial adhesion to macrophages and increasing cytokine production. As increased expression of IL-1β fosters apoptosis of Salmonella-infected macrophages and clearance by neutrophils, the immunomodulatory potential of these antibiotics may explain, in part, why these two drugs continue to be used to treat salmonellosis successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olachi Anuforom
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Graham R Wallace
- Centre for Translational Inflammation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michelle M C Buckner
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Pearson JA, Wong FS, Wen L. The importance of the Non Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model in autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 2015; 66:76-88. [PMID: 26403950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the pancreatic infiltration of immune cells resulting in T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. The successes of the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model have come in multiple forms including identifying key genetic and environmental risk factors e.g. Idd loci and effects of microorganisms including the gut microbiota, respectively, and how they may contribute to disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the NOD model also provides insights into the roles of the innate immune cells as well as the B cells in contributing to the T cell-mediated disease. Unlike many autoimmune disease models, the NOD mouse develops spontaneous disease and has many similarities to human T1D. Through exploiting these similarities many targets have been identified for immune-intervention strategies. Although many of these immunotherapies did not have a significant impact on human T1D, they have been shown to be effective in the NOD mouse in early stage disease, which is not equivalent to trials in newly-diagnosed patients with diabetes. However, the continued development of humanized NOD mice would enable further clinical developments, bringing T1D research to a new translational level. Therefore, it is the aim of this review to discuss the importance of the NOD model in identifying the roles of the innate immune system and the interaction with the gut microbiota in modifying diabetes susceptibility. In addition, the role of the B cells will also be discussed with new insights gained through B cell depletion experiments and the impact on translational developments. Finally, this review will also discuss the future of the NOD mouse and the development of humanized NOD mice, providing novel insights into human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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The immune response and antibacterial therapy. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 204:151-9. [PMID: 25189424 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The host's immune defence mechanisms are indispensable factors in surviving bacterial infections. However, in many circumstances, the immune system alone is inadequate. Since the 1940s, the use of antibacterial therapy has saved millions of lives, improving the span and quality of life of individuals. Unfortunately, we are now facing an era where antibacterial agents are threatened by resistance. In addition to targeting bacteria, some antibacterial agents affect various aspects of the immune response to infection. Since many antibacterial drugs are failing in efficacy due to resistance, it has been strongly suggested that any synergy between these drugs and the immune response be exploited in the treatment of bacterial infections. This review explores the influence of antibacterial therapy on the immune response and new approaches that could exploit this interaction for the treatment of bacterial infections.
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19
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Wekerle H, Berer K, Krishnamoorthy G. Remote control-triggering of brain autoimmune disease in the gut. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:683-9. [PMID: 24161654 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is caused by brain-specific, self-reactive T lymphocytes. These are normal components embedded in the human immune system throughout healthy life. Only upon activation in the periphery, the T cells assume properties that enable them to break through the vascular blood-brain barrier and to invade the brain white matter. While activation has been traditionally associated with microbial infections, recently, studies of animal models revealed a critical role of the commensal gut flora as a key triggering factor. These findings may pave the way to new strategies to treat MS and other human autoimmune diseases, and commend a reevaluation of dietary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Wekerle
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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20
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Abstract
Biological functions of antibiotics are not limited to killing. The most likely function of antibiotics in natural microbial ecosystems is signaling. Does this signaling function of antibiotics also extend to the eukaryotic – in particular mammalian – cells? In this review, the host modulating properties of three classes of antibiotics (macrolides, tetracyclines, and β-lactams) will be briefly discussed. Antibiotics can be effective in treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases and pathological conditions other than those of infectious etiology and, in this capacity, may find widespread applications beyond the intended antimicrobial use. This use, however, should not compromise the primary function antibiotics are used for. The biological background for this inter-kingdom signaling is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustam I Aminov
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies Kingston, Jamaica
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