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Jenkinson E, Alexander AJ, Camp PJ. Measurements of large optical rotary dispersion in the adipose eyelid of Atlantic mackerel ( Scomber scombrus). J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230025. [PMID: 37015263 PMCID: PMC10072936 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the most prevalent of Nature's structural proteins, and is found in the extracellular matrices of animals. The structures of collagen molecules and aggregates are chiral, which leads to the rotation of transmitted, plane-polarized light. Here, it is shown that the concentrations of chiral molecules and aggregates in the optically transparent, adipose eyelid of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) can be so high, that plane-polarized light in the visible spectrum is rotated by tens to hundreds of degrees, depending on wavelength (the optical rotatory dispersion (ORD)). This gives rise to intensely coloured images of eyelid samples when illuminated with white light and viewed between crossed polarizers. The ORD in the visible spectrum is measured with monochromatic light sources, and using this dispersion, the variation of optical thickness within a sample (proportional to collagen concentration and path length) is determined. The agreement between observed and simulated white-light images is almost perfect. While collagen provides vital mechanical rigidity to animal tissue, it might also possess optical properties that are useful for vision and camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Jenkinson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Andrew J Alexander
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Philip J Camp
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
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2
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Gao J. Generation of polarization singularities with geometric metasurfaces. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19656. [PMID: 31873153 PMCID: PMC6927970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The polarization singularities are directly generated by using plasmonic metasurfaces with the geometric phase profiles designed to form the Poincaré beams. Different morphologies of polarization topological structures of lemon, star, monstar, spiral, dipole and quadrupole are created by the superpositions of Laguerre–Gauss modes with different orders under orthogonal circular or linear polarization basis. The polarization ellipse patterns and topological features of the produced optical vector fields are analyzed to reveal the properties of the polarization singularities of C-points and L-lines, and the orbital angular momentum states are also measured. The demonstrated polarization singularities generated from the geometric metasurfaces will promise many potential applications related to optical polarization imaging, metrology, optical trapping and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA.
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA.
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3
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Marshall NJ, Powell SB, Cronin TW, Caldwell RL, Johnsen S, Gruev V, Chiou THS, Roberts NW, How MJ. Polarisation signals: a new currency for communication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/3/jeb134213. [PMID: 30733259 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.134213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Most polarisation vision studies reveal elegant examples of how animals, mainly the invertebrates, use polarised light cues for navigation, course-control or habitat selection. Within the past two decades it has been recognised that polarised light, reflected, blocked or transmitted by some animal and plant tissues, may also provide signals that are received or sent between or within species. Much as animals use colour and colour signalling in behaviour and survival, other species additionally make use of polarisation signalling, or indeed may rely on polarisation-based signals instead. It is possible that the degree (or percentage) of polarisation provides a more reliable currency of information than the angle or orientation of the polarised light electric vector (e-vector). Alternatively, signals with specific e-vector angles may be important for some behaviours. Mixed messages, making use of polarisation and colour signals, also exist. While our knowledge of the physics of polarised reflections and sensory systems has increased, the observational and behavioural biology side of the story needs more (and more careful) attention. This Review aims to critically examine recent ideas and findings, and suggests ways forward to reveal the use of light that we cannot see.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Samuel B Powell
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
| | - Roy L Caldwell
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
| | - Sonke Johnsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Viktor Gruev
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - T-H Short Chiou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Nicholas W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Martin J How
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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4
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Kolle M, Lee S. Progress and Opportunities in Soft Photonics and Biologically Inspired Optics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1702669. [PMID: 29057519 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical components made fully or partially from reconfigurable, stimuli-responsive, soft solids or fluids-collectively referred to as soft photonics-are poised to form the platform for tunable optical devices with unprecedented functionality and performance characteristics. Currently, however, soft solid and fluid material systems still represent an underutilized class of materials in the optical engineers' toolbox. This is in part due to challenges in fabrication, integration, and structural control on the nano- and microscale associated with the application of soft components in optics. These challenges might be addressed with the help of a resourceful ally: nature. Organisms from many different phyla have evolved an impressive arsenal of light manipulation strategies that rely on the ability to generate and dynamically reconfigure hierarchically structured, complex optical material designs, often involving soft or fluid components. A comprehensive understanding of design concepts, structure formation principles, material integration, and control mechanisms employed in biological photonic systems will allow this study to challenge current paradigms in optical technology. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the fields of soft photonics and biologically inspired optics, emphasizes the ties between the two fields, and outlines future opportunities that result from advancements in soft and bioinspired photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kolle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seungwoo Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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5
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Tadepalli S, Slocik JM, Gupta MK, Naik RR, Singamaneni S. Bio-Optics and Bio-Inspired Optical Materials. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12705-12763. [PMID: 28937748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Through the use of the limited materials palette, optimally designed micro- and nanostructures, and tightly regulated processes, nature demonstrates exquisite control of light-matter interactions at various length scales. In fact, control of light-matter interactions is an important element in the evolutionary arms race and has led to highly engineered optical materials and systems. In this review, we present a detailed summary of various optical effects found in nature with a particular emphasis on the materials and optical design aspects responsible for their optical functionality. Using several representative examples, we discuss various optical phenomena, including absorption and transparency, diffraction, interference, reflection and antireflection, scattering, light harvesting, wave guiding and lensing, camouflage, and bioluminescence, that are responsible for the unique optical properties of materials and structures found in nature and biology. Great strides in understanding the design principles adapted by nature have led to a tremendous progress in realizing biomimetic and bioinspired optical materials and photonic devices. We discuss the various micro- and nanofabrication techniques that have been employed for realizing advanced biomimetic optical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirimuvva Tadepalli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | | | | | | | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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6
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Rosenthal EI, Holt AL, Sweeney AM. Three-dimensional midwater camouflage from a novel two-component photonic structure in hatchetfish skin. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.1034. [PMID: 28468923 PMCID: PMC5454286 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The largest habitat by volume on Earth is the oceanic midwater, which is also one of the least understood in terms of animal ecology. The organisms here exhibit a spectacular array of optical adaptations for living in a visual void that have only barely begun to be described. We describe a complex pattern of broadband scattering from the skin of Argyropelecus sp., a hatchetfish found in the mesopelagic zone of the world's oceans. Hatchetfish skin superficially resembles the unpolished side of aluminium foil, but on closer inspection contains a complex composite array of subwavelength-scale dielectric structures. The superficial layer of this array contains dielectric stacks that are rectangular in cross-section, while the deeper layer contains dielectric bundles that are elliptical in cross-section; the cells in both layers have their longest dimension running parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis of the fish. Using the finite-difference time-domain approach and photographic radiometry, we explored the structural origins of this scattering behaviour and its environmental consequences. When the fish's flank is illuminated from an arbitrary incident angle, a portion of the scattered light exits in an arc parallel to the fish's anterior-posterior axis. Simultaneously, some incident light is also scattered downwards through the complex birefringent skin structure and exits from the ventral photophores. We show that this complex scattering pattern will provide camouflage simultaneously against the horizontal radially symmetric solar radiance in this habitat, and the predatory bioluminescent searchlights that are common here. The structure also directs light incident on the flank of the fish into the downwelling, silhouette-hiding counter-illumination of the ventral photophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric I Rosenthal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda L Holt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alison M Sweeney
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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Gosecka M, Slomkowski S, Basinska T, Chehimi MM. Size-Controlled 3D Colloidal Crystals Formed in an Aqueous Suspension of Polystyrene/Polyglycidol Microspheres with Covalently Bound l-DOPA. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12848-12855. [PMID: 27802044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stable three-dimensional colloidal crystals were fabricated in an aqueous suspension of Tris buffer at pH > 8. The basic building blocks of the crystals were submicron-sized polystyrene-polyglycidol core-shell particles (Dn(SEM) = 270 ± 18 nm) with covalently bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). The growth of the crystals was triggered by a thermodynamically favorable arrangement of particles leading to their close packing and by the formation of covalent cross-links between the individual particles. Under alkaline conditions, molecules of l-DOPA are oxidized, which allows their participation in cross-linking, necessary for the stabilization of the formed colloidal crystals. The average size of the fabricated colloidal crystals is determined by their weight, density of the suspending medium, and the energy of their Brownian motion. Crystals generated during the suspension of particles fall down after reaching the critical weight. Therefore, crystals of similar dimensions are deposited at the bottom of the vessel. The described system is the first example of the formation of stable colloidal crystals in a suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gosecka
- Department of Engineering of Polymer Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Slomkowski
- Department of Engineering of Polymer Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Teresa Basinska
- Department of Engineering of Polymer Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Mohamed M Chehimi
- ITODYS, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 7086 , 15 Rue J-A De Baïf, Paris 75013, France
- Université Paris Est, ICMPE (UMR7182), CNRS, UPEC , Thiais 94320, France
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8
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Anthes N, Theobald J, Gerlach T, Meadows MG, Michiels NK. Diversity and Ecological Correlates of Red Fluorescence in Marine Fishes. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Brady P, Gilerson A, Kattawar G, Sullivan J, Twardowski M, Dierssen H, Cummings M. Response to Comment on "Open-ocean fish reveal an omnidirectional solution to camouflage in polarized environments". Science 2016; 353:552. [PMID: 27493177 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cronin et al take issue with our evidence for polarocryptic carangid fish based on concerns of pseudoreplication, our contrast metric, and habitat. We clarify (i) the importance of camouflage in near-surface open ocean environments and (ii) the use of a Stokes contrast metric and further (iii) conduct individual-based statistics on our data set to confirm the reported polarocrypsis patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parrish Brady
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alex Gilerson
- Optical Remote Sensing Laboratory, City College of New York-CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - George Kattawar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4242, USA
| | - Jim Sullivan
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Ft. Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Mike Twardowski
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Ft. Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Heidi Dierssen
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut Avery Point, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340-6048, USA
| | - Molly Cummings
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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10
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Fatima T, Sobolev AP, Teasdale JR, Kramer M, Bunce J, Handa AK, Mattoo AK. Fruit metabolite networks in engineered and non-engineered tomato genotypes reveal fluidity in a hormone and agroecosystem specific manner. Metabolomics 2016; 12:103. [PMID: 27330523 PMCID: PMC4869742 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics provides a view of endogenous metabolic patterns not only during plant growth, development and senescence but also in response to genetic events, environment and disease. The effects of the field environment on plant hormone-specific metabolite profiles are largely unknown. Few studies have analyzed useful phenotypes generated by introducing single or multiple gene events alongside the non-engineered wild type control at field scale to determine the robustness of the genetic trait and its modulation in the metabolome as a function of specific agroecosystem environments. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the influence of genetic background (high polyamine lines; low methyl jasmonate line; low ethylene line; and isogenic genotypes carrying double transgenic events) and environments (hairy vetch, rye, plastic black mulch and bare soil mulching systems) on the metabolomic profile of isogenic reverse genetic mutations and selected mulch based cropping systems in tomato fruit. Net photosynthesis and fruit yield were also determined. METHODS NMR spectroscopy was used for quantifying metabolites that are central to primary metabolism. We analyzed both the first moment (means) of metabolic response to genotypes and agroecosystems by traditional univariate/multivariate methods, and the second moment (covariances) of responses by creating networks that depicted changes in correlations of paired metabolites. This particular approach is novel and was necessary because our experimental material yielded highly variable metabolic responses that could not be easily understood using the traditional analytical approaches for first moment statistics. RESULTS High endogenous spermidine and spermine content exhibited strong effects on amino acids, Krebs cycle intermediates and energy molecules (ADP + ATP) in ripening fruits of plants grown under different agroecosystem environments. The metabolic response to high polyamine genotypes was similar to the response to hairy vetch cover crop mulch; supported by the pattern of changes in correlation between metabolites. Changes in primary metabolites of genotypes mutated for the deficiency of ethylene or methyl jasmonate were unique under all growth conditions and opposite of high polyamine genotype results. The high polyamine trait was found to dominate the low ethylene and low jasmonate mutations under field conditions. For several metabolites low ethylene and low methyl jasmonate genotypes had an inverse relationship. Collectively, these results affirm that interactions between metabolite pathways and growth environments are affected by genotype, and influence the metabolite quality of a crop. CONCLUSION This study portrays how metabolite relationships change, both in mean and in correlation, under different genotypic and environmental conditions. Although these networks are surprisingly dynamic, we also find examples of selectively conserved associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Fatima
- />Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- />University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Anatoly P. Sobolev
- />Magnetic Resonance Laboratory “Annalaura Segre”, Institute of Chemical Methodologies, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - John R. Teasdale
- />Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Matthew Kramer
- />Statistics Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Jim Bunce
- />Crop Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Avtar K. Handa
- />Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010 USA
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- />Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
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11
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Kientz B, Luke S, Vukusic P, Péteri R, Beaudry C, Renault T, Simon D, Mignot T, Rosenfeld E. A unique self-organization of bacterial sub-communities creates iridescence in Cellulophaga lytica colony biofilms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19906. [PMID: 26819100 PMCID: PMC4730217 DOI: 10.1038/srep19906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridescent color appearances are widespread in nature. They arise from the interaction of light with micron- and submicron-sized physical structures spatially arranged with periodic geometry and are usually associated with bright angle-dependent hues. Iridescence has been reported for many animals and marine organisms. However, iridescence has not been well studied in bacteria. Recently, we reported a brilliant "pointillistic" iridescence in colony biofilms of marine Flavobacteria that exhibit gliding motility. The mechanism of their iridescence is unknown. Here, using a multi-disciplinary approach, we show that the cause of iridescence is a unique periodicity of the cell population in the colony biofilm. Cells are arranged together to form hexagonal photonic crystals. Our model highlights a novel pattern of self-organization in a bacterial biofilm. "Pointillistic" bacterial iridescence can be considered a new light-dependent phenomenon for the field of microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Kientz
- UMR 7266 CNRS- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, Microbial Physiology Group - Université de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France
| | - Stephen Luke
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Vukusic
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Renaud Péteri
- Laboratoire Mathématiques, Image et Applications EA 3165, Université de La Rochelle, France
| | - Cyrille Beaudry
- Laboratoire Mathématiques, Image et Applications EA 3165, Université de La Rochelle, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Institut Français pour la Recherche et l'Exploitation de la Mer, Unité Santé Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, La Tremblade, France
| | - David Simon
- Laboratoire Mathématiques, Image et Applications EA 3165, Université de La Rochelle, France
| | - Tâm Mignot
- UMR 7283 CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Rosenfeld
- UMR 7266 CNRS- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, Microbial Physiology Group - Université de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France
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12
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Gu Y, Carrizo C, Gilerson AA, Brady PC, Cummings ME, Twardowski MS, Sullivan JM, Ibrahim AI, Kattawar GW. Polarimetric imaging and retrieval of target polarization characteristics in underwater environment. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:626-637. [PMID: 26835939 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polarized light fields contain more information than simple irradiance and such capabilities provide an advanced tool for underwater imaging. The concept of the beam spread function (BSF) for analysis of scalar underwater imaging was extended to a polarized BSF which considers polarization. The following studies of the polarized BSF in an underwater environment through Monte Carlo simulations and experiments led to a simplified underwater polarimetric imaging model. With the knowledge acquired in the analysis of the polarimetric imaging formation process of a manmade underwater target with known polarization properties, a method to extract the inherent optical properties of the water and to retrieve polarization characteristics of the target was explored. The proposed method for retrieval of underwater target polarization characteristics should contribute to future efforts to reveal the underlying mechanism of polarization camouflage possessed by marine animals and finally to generalize guidelines for creating engineered surfaces capable of similar polarization camouflage abilities in an underwater environment.
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Brady PC, Gilerson AA, Kattawar GW, Sullivan JM, Twardowski MS, Dierssen HM, Gao M, Travis K, Etheredge RI, Tonizzo A, Ibrahim A, Carrizo C, Gu Y, Russell BJ, Mislinski K, Zhao S, Cummings ME. Open-ocean fish reveal an omnidirectional solution to camouflage in polarized environments. Science 2015; 350:965-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Jordan TM, Partridge JC, Roberts NW. Disordered animal multilayer reflectors and the localization of light. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140948. [PMID: 25339688 PMCID: PMC4223918 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilayer optical reflectors constructed from 'stacks' of alternating layers of high and low refractive index dielectric materials are present in many animals. For example, stacks of guanine crystals with cytoplasm gaps occur within the skin and scales of fish, and stacks of protein platelets with cytoplasm gaps occur within the iridophores of cephalopods. Common to all these animal multilayer reflectors are different degrees of random variation in the thicknesses of the individual layers in the stack, ranging from highly periodic structures to strongly disordered systems. However, previous discussions of the optical effects of such thickness disorder have been made without quantitative reference to the propagation of light within the reflector. Here, we demonstrate that Anderson localization provides a general theoretical framework to explain the common coherent interference and optical properties of these biological reflectors. Firstly, we illustrate how the localization length enables the spectral properties of the reflections from more weakly disordered 'coloured' and more strongly disordered 'silvery' reflectors to be explained by the same physical process. Secondly, we show how the polarization properties of reflection can be controlled within guanine-cytoplasm reflectors, with an interplay of birefringence and thickness disorder explaining the origin of broadband polarization-insensitive reflectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Jordan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK Bristol Centre for Complexity Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - J C Partridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK School of Animal Biology and the Oceans Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway (M317), Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - N W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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15
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Zhao S, Brady PC, Gao M, Etheredge RI, Kattawar GW, Cummings ME. Broadband and polarization reflectors in the lookdown, Selene vomer. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20141390. [PMID: 25673301 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator evasion in the open ocean is difficult because there are no objects to hide behind. The silvery surface of fish plays an important role in open water camouflage. Various models have been proposed to account for the broadband reflectance by the fish skin that involve one-dimensional variations in the arrangement of guanine crystal reflectors, yet the three-dimensional organization of these guanine platelets have not been well characterized. Here, we report the three-dimensional organization and the optical properties of integumentary guanine platelets in a silvery marine fish, the lookdown (Selene vomer). Our structural analysis and computational modelling show that stacks of guanine platelets with random yaw angles in the fish skin produce broadband reflectance via colour mixing. Optical axes of the guanine platelets and the collagen layer are aligned closely and provide bulk birefringence properties that influence the polarization reflectance by the skin. These data demonstrate how the lookdown preserves or alters polarization states at different incident polarization angles. These optical properties resulted from the organization of these guanine platelets and the collagen layer may have implications for open ocean camouflage in varying light fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Meng Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - George W Kattawar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Molly E Cummings
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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16
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Russell BJ, Dierssen HM. Use of Hyperspectral Imagery to Assess Cryptic Color Matching in Sargassum Associated Crabs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136260. [PMID: 26352667 PMCID: PMC4564216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mats of the pelagic macroalgae Sargassum represent a complex environment for the study of marine camouflage at the air-sea interface. Endemic organisms have convergently evolved similar colors and patterns, but quantitative assessments of camouflage strategies are lacking. Here, spectral camouflage of two crab species (Portunus sayi and Planes minutus) was assessed using hyperspectral imagery (HSI). Crabs matched Sargassum reflectance across blue and green wavelengths (400-550 nm) and diverged at longer wavelengths. Maximum discrepancy was observed in the far-red (i.e., 675 nm) where Chlorophyll a absorption occurred in Sargassum and not the crabs. In a quantum catch color model, both crabs showed effective color matching against blue/green sensitive dichromat fish, but were still discernible to tetrachromat bird predators that have visual sensitivity to far red wavelengths. The two species showed opposing trends in background matching with relation to body size. Variation in model parameters revealed that discrimination of crab and background was impacted by distance from the predator, and the ratio of cone cell types for bird predators. This is one of the first studies to detail background color matching in this unique, challenging ecosystem at the air-sea interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Russell
- Department of Marine Science, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, United States of America
| | - Heidi M. Dierssen
- Department of Marine Science, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, United States of America
- Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06268, United States of America
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17
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Khmelinskii I, Zueva L, Inyushin M, Makarov V. Model of Polarization Selectivity of the Intermediate Filament Optical Channels. PHOTONICS AND NANOSTRUCTURES : FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 16:24-33. [PMID: 26435707 PMCID: PMC4587907 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently we have analyzed light transmission and spectral selectivity by optical channels in Müller cells and other transparent cells, proposing a model of their structure, formed by specialized intermediate filaments [1,2]. Our model represents each optical channel by an axially symmetric tube with conductive walls. Presently, we analyze the planar polarization selectivity in long nanostructures, using the previously developed approach extended to structures of the elliptic cross-section. We find that the output light polarization angle depends on the a/b ratio, with a and b the semiaxes of the ellipse. Experimental tests used a Cr nano-strip device to evaluate the transmitted light polarization. The model adapted to the experimental geometry provided an accurate fit of the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khmelinskii
- Universidade do Algarve, FCT, DQB and CIQA, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Lidia Zueva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Inyushin
- Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23343, San Juan, PR 00931-3343, USA
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18
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Bale R, Neveln ID, Bhalla APS, MacIver MA, Patankar NA. Convergent evolution of mechanically optimal locomotion in aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002123. [PMID: 25919026 PMCID: PMC4412495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Examples of animals evolving similar traits despite the absence of that trait in the last common ancestor, such as the wing and camera-type lens eye in vertebrates and invertebrates, are called cases of convergent evolution. Instances of convergent evolution of locomotory patterns that quantitatively agree with the mechanically optimal solution are very rare. Here, we show that, with respect to a very diverse group of aquatic animals, a mechanically optimal method of swimming with elongated fins has evolved independently at least eight times in both vertebrate and invertebrate swimmers across three different phyla. Specifically, if we take the length of an undulation along an animal's fin during swimming and divide it by the mean amplitude of undulations along the fin length, the result is consistently around twenty. We call this value the optimal specific wavelength (OSW). We show that the OSW maximizes the force generated by the body, which also maximizes swimming speed. We hypothesize a mechanical basis for this optimality and suggest reasons for its repeated emergence through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Izaak D. Neveln
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amneet Pal Singh Bhalla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Malcolm A. MacIver
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NAP); (MAM)
| | - Neelesh A. Patankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NAP); (MAM)
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19
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Li L, Kolle S, Weaver JC, Ortiz C, Aizenberg J, Kolle M. A highly conspicuous mineralized composite photonic architecture in the translucent shell of the blue-rayed limpet. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6322. [PMID: 25716102 PMCID: PMC4351589 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species rely on diverse selections of entirely organic photonic structures for the manipulation of light and the display of striking colours. Here we report the discovery of a mineralized hierarchical photonic architecture embedded within the translucent shell of the blue-rayed limpet Patella pellucida. The bright colour of the limpet's stripes originates from light interference in a periodically layered zig-zag architecture of crystallographically co-oriented calcite lamellae. Beneath the photonic multilayer, a disordered array of light-absorbing particles provides contrast for the blue colour. This unique mineralized manifestation of a synergy of two distinct optical elements at specific locations within the continuum of the limpet's translucent protective shell ensures the vivid shine of the blue stripes, which can be perceived under water from a wide range of viewing angles. The stripes' reflection band coincides with the spectral range of minimal light absorption in sea water, raising intriguing questions regarding their functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stefan Kolle
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - James C. Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology at Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mathias Kolle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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20
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Abstract
Polarization of light, and visual sensitivity to it, is pervasive across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Documentation of invertebrate use of polarized light is widespread from navigation and foraging to species recognition. However, studies demonstrating that polarization body patterning serves as a communication signal (e.g., with evidence of changes in receiver behavior) are rare among invertebrate taxa and conspicuously absent among vertebrates. Here, we investigate polarization-mediated communication by northern swordtails, Xiphophorus nigrensis, using a custom-built videopolarimeter to measure polarization signals and an experimental paradigm that manipulates polarization signals without modifying their brightness or color. We conducted mate choice trials in an experimental tank that illuminates a pair of males with light passed through a polarization filter and a diffusion filter. By alternating the order of these filters between males, we presented females with live males that differed in polarization reflectance by >200% but with intensity and color differences below detection thresholds (∼5%). Combining videopolarimetry and polarization-manipulated mate choice trials, we found sexually dimorphic polarized reflectance and polarization-dependent female mate choice behavior with no polarization-dependent courtship behavior by males. Male swordtails exhibit greater within-body and body-to-background polarization contrast than females, and females preferentially associate with high-polarization-reflecting males. We also found limited support that males increase polarization contrast in social conditions over asocial conditions. Polarization cues in mate choice contexts may provide aquatic vertebrates with enhanced detection of specific display features (e.g., movements, angular information), as well as a signaling mechanism that may enhance detection by intended viewers while minimizing detection by others.
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21
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Gilerson AA, Stepinski J, Ibrahim AI, You Y, Sullivan JM, Twardowski MS, Dierssen HM, Russell B, Cummings ME, Brady P, Ahmed SA, Kattawar GW. Benthic effects on the polarization of light in shallow waters. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:8685-8705. [PMID: 24513934 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.008685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the upwelling polarized radiance in relatively shallow waters of varying depths and benthic conditions are compared to simulations, revealing the depolarizing nature of the seafloor. The simulations, executed with the software package RayXP, are solutions to the vector radiative transfer equation, which depends on the incident light field and three types of parameters: inherent optical properties, the scattering matrix, and the benthic reflectance. These were measured directly or calculated from measurements with additional assumptions. Specifically, the Lambertian model used to simulate benthic reflectances is something of a simplification of reality, but the bottoms used in this study are found to be crucial for accurate simulations of polarization. Comparisons of simulations with and without bottom contributions show that only the former corroborate measurements of the Stokes components and the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) collected by the polarimeter developed at the City College of New York. Because this polarimeter is multiangular and hyperspectral, errors can be computed point-wise over a large range of scattering angles and wavelengths. Trends also become apparent. DoLP is highly sensitive to the benthic reflectance and to the incident wavelength, peaking in the red band, but the angle of linear polarization is almost spectrally constant and independent of the bottom. These results can thus facilitate the detection of benthic materials as well as future studies of camouflage by benthic biota; to hide underwater successfully, animals must reflect light just as depolarized as that reflected by benthic materials.
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22
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Johnsen S. Hide and seek in the open sea: pelagic camouflage and visual countermeasures. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2013; 6:369-392. [PMID: 23987915 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Camouflage is exceptionally challenging in pelagic environments because of their featureless nature. Thus, it is perhaps no surprise that pelagic species have evolved highly sophisticated cryptic strategies, three of which-transparency, mirrors, and counter illumination-are rare or absent in other habitats. Pelagic visual systems are equally complex, and several visual capabilities, including UV and polarization sensitivity and intraocular filters, are thought to facilitate detection of camouflaged animals. This article reviews the optical nature of the pelagic realm and both the camouflage and camouflage-breaking strategies of its inhabitants, focusing primarily on underlying principles and what remains to be discovered. A theme throughout is that far more is known about the structures of the optical and visual systems involved than about their function, an imbalance that is due primarily to the rarity of observations of undisturbed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Johnsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
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