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Eggel A, Pennington LF, Jardetzky TS. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in allergy: Targeting IgE, cytokine, and alarmin pathways. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39158477 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The etiology of allergy is closely linked to type 2 inflammatory responses ultimately leading to the production of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), a key driver of many allergic conditions. At a high level, initial allergen exposure disrupts epithelial integrity, triggering local inflammation via alarmins including IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, which activate type 2 innate lymphoid cells as well as other immune cells to secrete type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, promoting Th2 cell development and eosinophil recruitment. Th2 cell dependent B cell activation promotes the production of allergen-specific IgE, which stably binds to basophils and mast cells. Rapid degranulation of these cells upon allergen re-exposure leads to allergic symptoms. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying allergic pathophysiology have significantly shaped the development of therapeutic intervention strategies. In this review, we highlight key therapeutic targets within the allergic cascade with a particular focus on past, current and future treatment approaches using monoclonal antibodies. Specific targeting of alarmins, type 2 cytokines and IgE has shown varying degrees of clinical benefit in different allergic indications including asthma, chronic spontaneous urticaria, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, food allergies and eosinophilic esophagitis. While multiple therapeutic antibodies have been approved for clinical use, scientists are still working on ways to improve on current treatment approaches. Here, we provide context to understand therapeutic targeting strategies and their limitations, discussing both knowledge gaps and promising future directions to enhancing clinical efficacy in allergic disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eggel
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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Bryant D, Barberan-Martin S, Maeshima R, Del Valle Torres I, Rabii M, Baird W, Sauvadet A, Demetriou C, Jones P, Knöpfel N, Michailidis F, Riachi M, Bennett DC, Zecchin D, Pittman A, Polubothu S, Hart S, Kinsler VA. RNA Therapy for Oncogenic NRAS-Driven Nevi Induces Apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00449-4. [PMID: 38897541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
RAS proteins regulate cell division, differentiation, and apoptosis through multiple downstream effector pathways. Oncogenic RAS variants are the commonest drivers in cancers; however, they also drive many benign lesions predisposing to malignancy, such as melanocytic nevi, thyroid nodules, and colonic polyps. Reversal of these benign lesions could reduce cancer incidence; however, the effects of oncogenic RAS have been notoriously difficult to target with downstream pathway inhibitors. In this study, we show effective suppression of oncogenic and currently undruggable NRASQ61K in primary cells from melanocytic nevi using small interfering RNA targeted to the recurrent causal variant. This results in striking reduction in expression of ARL6IP1, a known inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis not previously linked to NRAS. We go on to show that a single dose of small interfering RNA in primary cells triggers an apoptotic cascade, in contrast to treatment with a MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor. Protective packaging of the targeted small interfering RNA into lipid nanoparticles permits successful delivery into a humanized mouse model of melanocytic nevi and results in variant NRAS knockdown in vivo. These data show that RAS-induced protection from apoptosis is involved in persistence of NRAS-driven melanocytic nevi and anticipate that targeted small interfering RNA could form the basis of clinical trials for RAS-driven benign tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Bryant
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Barberan-Martin
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruhina Maeshima
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Del Valle Torres
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Rabii
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Baird
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aimie Sauvadet
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos Demetriou
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe Jones
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Knöpfel
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fanourios Michailidis
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Riachi
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Davide Zecchin
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Pittman
- St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Satyamaanasa Polubothu
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Hart
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica A Kinsler
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Magnani CF, Myburgh R, Brunn S, Chambovey M, Ponzo M, Volta L, Manfredi F, Pellegrino C, Pascolo S, Miskey C, Ivics Z, Shizuru JA, Neri D, Manz MG. Anti-CD117 CAR T cells incorporating a safety switch eradicate human acute myeloid leukemia and hematopoietic stem cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:56-71. [PMID: 37583386 PMCID: PMC10424000 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Discrimination between hematopoietic stem cells and leukemic stem cells remains a major challenge for acute myeloid leukemia immunotherapy. CAR T cells specific for the CD117 antigen can deplete malignant and healthy hematopoietic stem cells before consolidation with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in absence of cytotoxic conditioning. Here we exploit non-viral technology to achieve early termination of CAR T cell activity to prevent incoming graft rejection. Transient expression of an anti-CD117 CAR by mRNA conferred T cells the ability to eliminate CD117+ targets in vitro and in vivo. As an alternative approach, we used a Sleeping Beauty transposon vector for the generation of CAR T cells incorporating an inducible Caspase 9 safety switch. Stable CAR expression was associated with high proportion of T memory stem cells, low levels of exhaustion markers, and potent cellular cytotoxicity. Anti-CD117 CAR T cells mediated depletion of leukemic cells and healthy hematopoietic stem cells in NSG mice reconstituted with human leukemia or CD34+ cord blood cells, respectively, and could be terminated in vivo. The use of a non-viral technology to control CAR T cell pharmacokinetic properties is attractive for a first-in-human study in patients with acute myeloid leukemia prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara F. Magnani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renier Myburgh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvan Brunn
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Morgane Chambovey
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Ponzo
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Volta
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Pellegrino
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Miskey
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Judith A. Shizuru
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8093 ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G. Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Casirati G, Cosentino A, Mucci A, Salah Mahmoud M, Ugarte Zabala I, Zeng J, Ficarro SB, Klatt D, Brendel C, Rambaldi A, Ritz J, Marto JA, Pellin D, Bauer DE, Armstrong SA, Genovese P. Epitope editing enables targeted immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia. Nature 2023; 621:404-414. [PMID: 37648862 PMCID: PMC10499609 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the considerable efficacy observed when targeting a dispensable lineage antigen, such as CD19 in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia1,2, the broader applicability of adoptive immunotherapies is hampered by the absence of tumour-restricted antigens3-5. Acute myeloid leukaemia immunotherapies target genes expressed by haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) or differentiated myeloid cells, resulting in intolerable on-target/off-tumour toxicity. Here we show that epitope engineering of donor HSPCs used for bone marrow transplantation endows haematopoietic lineages with selective resistance to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells or monoclonal antibodies, without affecting protein function or regulation. This strategy enables the targeting of genes that are essential for leukaemia survival regardless of shared expression on HSPCs, reducing the risk of tumour immune escape. By performing epitope mapping and library screenings, we identified amino acid changes that abrogate the binding of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting FLT3, CD123 and KIT, and optimized a base-editing approach to introduce them into CD34+ HSPCs, which retain long-term engraftment and multilineage differentiation ability. After CAR T cell treatment, we confirmed resistance of epitope-edited haematopoiesis and concomitant eradication of patient-derived acute myeloid leukaemia xenografts. Furthermore, we show that multiplex epitope engineering of HSPCs is feasible and enables more effective immunotherapies against multiple targets without incurring overlapping off-tumour toxicities. We envision that this approach will provide opportunities to treat relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukaemia and enable safer non-genotoxic conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Casirati
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Andrea Cosentino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Adele Mucci
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Mohammed Salah Mahmoud
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Iratxe Ugarte Zabala
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jing Zeng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Scott B Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Emergent Drug Targets, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise Klatt
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Christian Brendel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Connell and O'Reilly Families Cell Manipulation Core Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Emergent Drug Targets, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danilo Pellin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pietro Genovese
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Wedi B. Inhibition of KIT for chronic urticaria: a status update on drugs in early clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1043-1054. [PMID: 37897679 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2277385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic urticaria (CU), including chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU), is a prevalent, enduring, mast-cell driven condition that presents challenges in its management. There is a clear need for additional approved treatment options beyond H1 receptor antagonists and the anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (mAb), omalizumab. One of the latest therapeutic strategies targets KIT, which is considered the primary master regulator for mast cell-related disorders. AREAS COVERED This review provides a status update on KIT inhibiting drugs in early clinical development for CU. EXPERT OPINION Whereas multi-targeted tyrosine kinase KIT inhibitors carry the risk of off-target toxicities, initial data from anti-KIT mAbs indicate significant potential in CSU and CIndU. The prolonged depletion of mast cells over several weeks by barzolvolimab could effectively control urticarial symptoms. Regarding safety, based on theoretical considerations and the available preliminary results, it is already evident that there may be more side effects compared to omalizumab. However, long-term safety data beyond 12 weeks are still lacking. The outcome of ongoing or planned clinical trials with several anti-KIT mAbs will need to demonstrate benefits compared to anti-IgE in CU or whether one approach is better suited for specific urticaria endotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wedi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Allenby MC, Okutsu N, Brailey K, Guasch J, Zhang Q, Panoskaltsis N, Mantalaris A. A spatiotemporal microenvironment model to improve design of a 3D bioreactor for red cell production. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:38-53. [PMID: 34130508 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular microenvironments provide stimuli including paracrine and autocrine growth factors and physico-chemical cues, which support efficient in vivo cell production unmatched by current in vitro biomanufacturing platforms. While three-dimensional (3D) culture systems aim to recapitulate niche architecture and function of the target tissue/organ, they are limited in accessing spatiotemporal information to evaluate and optimize in situ cell/tissue process development. Herein, a mathematical modelling framework is parameterized by single-cell phenotypic imaging and multiplexed biochemical assays to simulate the non-uniform tissue distribution of nutrients/metabolites and growth factors in cell niche environments. This model is applied to a bone marrow mimicry 3D perfusion bioreactor containing dense stromal and hematopoietic tissue with limited red blood cell (RBC) egress. The model characterized an imbalance between endogenous cytokine production and nutrient starvation within the microenvironmental niches, and recommended increased cell inoculum density and enhanced medium exchange, guiding the development of a miniaturized prototype bioreactor. The second-generation prototype improved the distribution of nutrients and growth factors and supported a 50-fold increase in RBC production efficiency. This image-informed bioprocess modelling framework leverages spatiotemporal niche information to enhance biochemical factor utilization and improve cell manufacturing in 3D systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Colin Allenby
- Queensland University of Technology, 1969, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Imperial College London, 4615, Department of Chemical Engineering, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Naoki Okutsu
- Imperial College London, 4615, Department of Chemical Engineering, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Kate Brailey
- Imperial College London, 4615, Department of Chemical Engineering, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Joana Guasch
- Imperial College London, 4615, Department of Chemical Engineering, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Qiming Zhang
- Imperial College London, 4615, Department of Chemical Engineering, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Nicki Panoskaltsis
- Emory University, 1371, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Imperial College London, 4615, Department of Haematology, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Georgia Institute of Technology, 1372, BME, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Imperial College London, 4615, Department of Chemical Engineering, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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Russkamp NF, Myburgh R, Kiefer JD, Neri D, Manz MG. Anti-CD117 immunotherapy to eliminate hematopoietic and leukemia stem cells. Exp Hematol 2021; 95:31-45. [PMID: 33484750 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Precise replacement of diseased or dysfunctional organs is the goal of regenerative medicine and has appeared to be a distant goal for a long time. In the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, this goal is now becoming tangible as gene-editing technologies and novel conditioning agents are entering the clinical arena. Targeted immunologic depletion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are at the very root of the hematopoietic system, will enable more selective and potentially more effective hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological diseases. In contrast to current conditioning regimes based on ionizing radiation and chemotherapy, immunologic conditioning will spare mature hematopoietic cells and cause substantially less inflammation and unspecific collateral damage to other organs. Biological agents that target the stem cell antigen CD117 are the frontrunners for this purpose and have exhibited preclinical activity in depletion of healthy HSCs. The value of anti-CD117 antibodies as conditioning agents is currently being evaluated in early clinical trials. Whereas mild, antibody-based immunologic conditioning concepts might be appropriate for benign hematological disorders in which incomplete replacement of diseased cells is sufficient, higher efficacy will be required for treatment and elimination of hematologic stem cell malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T-cell engaging and activating antibodies (TEAs), or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells might offer increased efficacy compared with naked antibodies and yet higher tolerability and safety compared with current genotoxic conditioning approaches. Here, we summarize the current state regarding immunologic conditioning concepts for the treatment of HSC disorders and outline potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman F Russkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renier Myburgh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Kiefer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland.
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Structural studies of full-length receptor tyrosine kinases and their implications for drug design. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 124:311-336. [PMID: 33632469 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important drug targets for cancer and immunological disorders. Crystal structures of individual RTK domains have contributed greatly to the structure-based drug design of clinically used drugs. Low-resolution structures from electron microscopy are now available for the RTKs, EGFR, PDGFR, and Kit. However, there are still no high-resolution structures of full-length RTKs due to the technical challenges of working with these complex, membrane proteins. Here, we review what has been learned from structural studies of these three RTKs regarding their mechanisms of ligand binding, activation, oligomerization, and inhibition. We discuss the implications for drug design. More structural data on full-length RTKs may facilitate the discovery of druggable sites and drugs with improved specificity and effectiveness against resistant mutants.
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9
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Przespolewski AC, Griffiths EA. BITES and CARS and checkpoints, oh my! Updates regarding immunotherapy for myeloid malignancies from the 2018 annual ASH meeting. Blood Rev 2020; 43:100654. [PMID: 32029263 PMCID: PMC7371541 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is without question that immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cellular therapies have revolutionized the treatment of solid and hematologic malignancies. Investigators are now developing novel strategies to integrate these groundbreaking modalities into the care of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other myeloid malignancies. Here we provide an overview of the most recent developments in immunotherapy for myeloid cancers presented at the 2018 American Society of Hematology annual meeting. Topics discussed include adoptive cellular therapies (CAR-T, NK cell, and vaccines), checkpoint inhibitors, and bispecific T-cell engager (BITE) antibodies. Despite reservations regarding low antigenicity and having long been considered a "cold" tumor, immunotherapy remains a highly promising strategy for patients with aggressive myeloid cancers like myelodysplasia (MDS) and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Przespolewski
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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10
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Anti-human CD117 CAR T-cells efficiently eliminate healthy and malignant CD117-expressing hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 2020; 34:2688-2703. [PMID: 32358567 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) initiating and sustaining cells maintain high cell-surface similarity with their cells-of-origin, i.e., hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and identification of truly distinguishing leukemia-private antigens has remained elusive to date. To nonetheless utilize surface antigen-directed immunotherapy in AML, we here propose targeting both, healthy and malignant human HSPC, by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells with specificity against CD117, the cognate receptor for stem cell factor. This approach should spare most mature hematopoietic cells and would require CAR T termination followed by subsequent transplantation of healthy HSPCs to rescue hematopoiesis. We successfully generated anti-CD117 CAR T-cells from healthy donors and AML patients. Anti-CD117 CAR T-cells efficiently targeted healthy and leukemic CD117-positive cells in vitro. In mice xenografted with healthy human hematopoiesis, they eliminated CD117-expressing, but not CD117-negative human cells. Importantly, in mice xenografted with primary human CD117-positive AML, they eradicated disease in a therapeutic setting. Administration of ATG in combination with rituximab, which binds to the co-expressed CAR T-cell transduction/selection marker RQR8, led to CAR T-cell depletion. Thus, we here provide the first proof of concept for the generation and preclinical efficacy of CAR T-cells directed against CD117-expressing human hematopoietic cells.
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11
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Banerjee S, Yoon H, Yebra M, Tang CM, Gilardi M, Shankara Narayanan JS, White RR, Sicklick JK, Ray P. Anti-KIT DNA Aptamer for Targeted Labeling of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1173-1182. [PMID: 32127469 PMCID: PMC7202956 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), the most common sarcoma, is characterized by KIT protein overexpression, and tumors are frequently driven by oncogenic KIT mutations. Targeted inhibition of KIT revolutionized GIST therapy and ushered in the era of precision medicine for the treatment of solid malignancies. Here, we present the first use of a KIT-specific DNA aptamer for targeted labeling of GIST. We found that an anti-KIT DNA aptamer bound cells in a KIT-dependent manner and was highly specific for GIST cell labeling in vitro Functionally, the KIT aptamer bound extracellular KIT in a manner similar to KIT mAb staining, and was trafficked intracellularly in vitro The KIT aptamer bound dissociated primary human GIST cells in a mutation agnostic manner such that tumors with KIT and PDGFRA mutations were labeled. In addition, the KIT aptamer specifically labeled intact human GIST tissue ex vivo, as well as peritoneal xenografts in mice with high sensitivity. These results represent the first use of an aptamer-based method for targeted detection of GIST in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Banerjee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hyunho Yoon
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mayra Yebra
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Chih-Min Tang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mara Gilardi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jayanth S Shankara Narayanan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rebekah R White
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - Partha Ray
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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12
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Amatya P, Wagner N, Chen G, Luthra P, Shi L, Borek D, Pavlenco A, Rohrs H, Basler CF, Sidhu SS, Gross ML, Leung DW. Inhibition of Marburg Virus RNA Synthesis by a Synthetic Anti-VP35 Antibody. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1385-1396. [PMID: 31120240 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Marburg virus causes sporadic outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever with high case fatality rates. Approved, effective, and safe therapeutic or prophylactic countermeasures are lacking. To address this, we used phage display to engineer a synthetic antibody, sFab H3, which binds the Marburg virus VP35 protein (mVP35). mVP35 is a critical cofactor of the viral replication complex and a viral immune antagonist. sFab H3 displayed high specificity for mVP35 and not for the closely related Ebola virus VP35. sFab H3 inhibited viral-RNA synthesis in a minigenome assay, suggesting its potential use as an antiviral. We characterized sFab H3 by a combination of biophysical and biochemical methods, and a crystal structure of the complex solved to 1.7 Å resolution defined the molecular interface between the sFab H3 and mVP35 interferon inhibitory domain. Our study identifies mVP35 as a therapeutic target using an approach that provides a framework for generating engineered Fabs targeting other viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmeshwar Amatya
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Gang Chen
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, 816-160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Priya Luthra
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Liuqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Dominika Borek
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Alevtina Pavlenco
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, 816-160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Henry Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Christopher F. Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, 816-160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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13
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Nelson B, Adams J, Kuglstatter A, Li Z, Harris SF, Liu Y, Bohini S, Ma H, Klumpp K, Gao J, Sidhu SS. Structure-Guided Combinatorial Engineering Facilitates Affinity and Specificity Optimization of Anti-CD81 Antibodies. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2139-2152. [PMID: 29778602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C viral infection is the major cause of chronic hepatitis that affects as many as 71 million people worldwide. Rather than target the rapidly shifting viruses and their numerous serotypes, four independent antibodies were made to target the host antigen CD81 and were shown to block hepatitis C viral entry. The single-chain variable fragment of each antibody was crystallized in complex with the CD81 large extracellular loop in order to guide affinity maturation of two distinct antibodies by phage display. Affinity maturation of antibodies using phage display has proven to be critical to therapeutic antibody development and typically involves modification of the paratope for increased affinity, improved specificity, enhanced stability or a combination of these traits. One antibody was engineered for increased affinity for human CD81 large extracellular loop that equated to increased efficacy, while the second antibody was engineered for cross-reactivity with cynomolgus CD81 to facilitate animal model testing. The use of structures to guide affinity maturation library design demonstrates the utility of combining structural analysis with phage display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Nelson
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jarrett Adams
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | - Zhijian Li
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | - Yang Liu
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA
| | | | - Han Ma
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA
| | - Junjun Gao
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA.
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
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14
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Stahl M, Gedrich R, Peck R, LaVallee T, Eder JP. Targeting KIT on innate immune cells to enhance the antitumor activity of checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:767-74. [PMID: 27349976 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells such as mast cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are key components of the tumor microenvironment. Recent evidence indicates that levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in melanoma patients are associated with poor survival to checkpoint inhibitors. This suggests that targeting both the innate and adaptive suppressive components of the immune system will maximize clinical benefit and elicit more durable responses in cancer patients. Preclinical data suggest that targeting signaling by the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT, particularly on mast cells, may modulate innate immune cell numbers and activity in tumors. Here, we review data highlighting the importance of the KIT signaling in regulating antitumor immune responses and the potential benefit of combining selective KIT inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Stahl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Gedrich
- Kolltan Pharmaceuticals, 300 George Street Suite 530, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ronald Peck
- Kolltan Pharmaceuticals, 300 George Street Suite 530, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Theresa LaVallee
- Kolltan Pharmaceuticals, 300 George Street Suite 530, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph Paul Eder
- Department of Medical Oncology & Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, WWW211, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Abstract
Tie1 and Tie2, members of the tyrosine kinase family with immunoglobulin and EGF homology domains, are receptor tyrosine kinases found primarily in endothelial cells with key roles in development and maintenance of the vasculature and in angiogenesis. They are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in tumor angiogenesis, inflammation, and sepsis. Tie2 is regulated directly by the multimeric angiopoietin (Ang) ligands, with Ang1 being its primary activator. Structural studies have shown how Angs bind to the Tie2 ligand-binding region, but do not explain Tie2 activation and suggest a passive role for the Tie2 extracellular region (ECR) in ligand-induced receptor dimerization. Here we show that the Tie2 ECR forms strong dimers even in the absence of bound ligand. Dimerization is mediated by membrane-proximal fibronectin type III (FNIII) domains that were omitted in previous structural studies. We describe a 2.5-Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of the membrane-proximal three Tie2 FNIII domains, Tie2(FNIIIa-c), revealing two possible dimerization modes that primarily involve the third FNIII domain, FNIIIc. Mutating these dimer interfaces implicates one of them (dimer 1) in soluble Tie2 (sTie2) dimerization in solution but suggests that both could play a role in Ang1-induced Tie2 activation, possibly modulated by Tie1. Through small-angle X-ray scattering studies of sTie2 dimers in solution and modeling based on crystal structures, we suggest that Ang1 binding may cross-link Tie2 dimers into higher-order oligomers, potentially explaining how Tie2 is differentially clustered following ligand engagement in different cellular contexts. Our results also firmly implicate FNIII domain-mediated interactions in Tie2 activation, identifying a potential Achilles' heel for therapeutic inhibition.
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16
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Abstract
The endothelial cell (EC)-specific receptor tyrosine kinases Tie1 and Tie2 are necessary for the remodeling and maturation of blood and lymphatic vessels. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) growth factor is a Tie2 agonist, whereas Ang2 functions as a context-dependent agonist/antagonist. The orphan receptor Tie1 modulates Tie2 activation, which is induced by association of angiopoietins with Tie2 in cis and across EC-EC junctions in trans Except for the binding of the C-terminal angiopoietin domains to the Tie2 ligand-binding domain, the mechanisms for Tie2 activation are poorly understood. We report here the structural basis of Ang1-induced Tie2 dimerization in cis and provide mechanistic insights on Ang2 antagonism, Tie1/Tie2 heterodimerization, and Tie2 clustering. We find that Ang1-induced Tie2 dimerization and activation occurs via the formation of an intermolecular β-sheet between the membrane-proximal (third) Fibronectin type III domains (Fn3) of Tie2. The structures of Tie2 and Tie1 Fn3 domains are similar and compatible with Tie2/Tie1 heterodimerization by the same mechanism. Mutagenesis of the key interaction residues of Tie2 and Tie1 Fn3 domains decreased Ang1-induced Tie2 phosphorylation and increased the basal phosphorylation of Tie1, respectively. Furthermore, the Tie2 structures revealed additional interactions between the Fn 2 (Fn2) domains that coincide with a mutation of Tie2 in primary congenital glaucoma that leads to defective Tie2 clustering and junctional localization. Mutagenesis of the Fn2-Fn2 interface increased the basal phosphorylation of Tie2, suggesting that the Fn2 interactions are essential in preformed Tie2 oligomerization. The interactions of the membrane-proximal domains could provide new targets for modulation of Tie receptor activity.
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17
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Garton AJ, Seibel S, Lopresti-Morrow L, Crew L, Janson N, Mandiyan S, Trombetta ES, Pankratz S, LaVallee TM, Gedrich R. Anti-KIT Monoclonal Antibody Treatment Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors by Reversing Tumor-Induced Immunosuppression. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:671-680. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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London CA, Gardner HL, Rippy S, Post G, La Perle K, Crew L, Lopresti-Morrow L, Garton AJ, McMahon G, LaVallee TM, Gedrich R. KTN0158, a Humanized Anti-KIT Monoclonal Antibody, Demonstrates Biologic Activity against both Normal and Malignant Canine Mast Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2565-2574. [PMID: 27815356 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: KTN0158 is a novel anti-KIT antibody that potently inhibits wild-type and mutant KIT. This study evaluated the safety, biologic activity, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics profile of KTN0158 in dogs with spontaneous mast cell tumors (MCT) as a prelude to human clinical applications.Experimental Design: Cell proliferation, KIT phosphorylation, and mast cell degranulation were evaluated in vitro KTN0158 was administered to 4 research dogs to assess clinical effects and cutaneous mast cell numbers. Thirteen dogs with spontaneous MCT were enrolled into a prospective phase I dose-escalating open-label clinical study of KTN0158 evaluating 3 dose levels and 2 schedules and with weekly assessments for response and clinical toxicities.Results: KTN0158 was a potent inhibitor of human and dog KIT activation and blocked mast cell degranulation in vitro In dogs, KTN0158 was well tolerated and reduced cutaneous mast cell numbers in a dose-dependent manner. Clinical benefit of KTN0158 administration in dogs with MCT (n = 5 partial response; n = 7 stable disease) was observed regardless of KIT mutation status, and decreased KIT phosphorylation was demonstrated in tumor samples. Histopathology after study completion demonstrated an absence of neoplastic cells in the primary tumors and/or metastatic lymph nodes from 4 dogs. Reversible hematologic and biochemical adverse events were observed at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg. The MTD was established as 10 mg/kg.Conclusions: KTN0158 inhibits KIT phosphorylation, demonstrates an acceptable safety profile in dogs, and provides objective responses in canine MCT patients with and without activating KIT mutations, supporting future clinical evaluation of KTN0158 in people. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2565-74. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A London
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Heather L Gardner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sarah Rippy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerald Post
- The Veterinary Cancer Center, Norwalk, Connecticut
| | - Krista La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Linda Crew
- Kolltan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut
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19
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Distinct cellular properties of oncogenic KIT receptor tyrosine kinase mutants enable alternative courses of cancer cell inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4784-93. [PMID: 27482095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610179113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Large genomic sequencing analysis as part of precision medicine efforts revealed numerous activating mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases, including KIT. Unfortunately, a single approach is not effective for inhibiting cancer cells or treating cancers driven by all known oncogenic KIT mutants. Here, we show that each of the six major KIT oncogenic mutants exhibits different enzymatic, cellular, and dynamic properties and responds distinctly to different KIT inhibitors. One class of KIT mutants responded well to anti-KIT antibody treatment alone or in combination with a low dose of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). A second class of KIT mutants, including a mutant resistant to imatinib treatment, responded well to a combination of TKI with anti-KIT antibodies or to anti-KIT toxin conjugates, respectively. We conclude that the preferred choice of precision medicine treatments for cancers driven by activated KIT and other RTKs may rely on clear understanding of the dynamic properties of oncogenic mutants.
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20
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Sivanesan D, Beauchamp C, Quinou C, Lee J, Lesage S, Chemtob S, Rioux JD, Michnick SW. IL23R (Interleukin 23 Receptor) Variants Protective against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) Display Loss of Function due to Impaired Protein Stability and Intracellular Trafficking. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8673-85. [PMID: 26887945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.715870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies as well as murine models have shown that the interleukin 23 receptor (IL23R) pathway plays a pivotal role in chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn disease (CD), ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, and type 1 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies and targeted re-sequencing studies have revealed the presence of multiple potentially causal variants of the IL23R. Specifically the G149R, V362I, and R381Q IL23Rα chain variants are linked to protection against the development of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis in humans. Moreover, the exact mechanism of action of these receptor variants has not been elucidated. We show that all three of these IL23Rα variants cause a reduction in IL23 receptor activation-mediated phosphorylation of the signal-transducing activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and phosphorylation of signal transducing activator of transcription 4 (STAT4). The reduction in signaling is due to lower levels of cell surface receptor expression. For G149R, the receptor retention in the endoplasmic reticulum is due to an impairment of receptor maturation, whereas the R381Q and V362I variants have reduced protein stability. Finally, we demonstrate that the endogenous expression of IL23Rα protein from V362I and R381Q variants in human lymphoblastoid cell lines exhibited lower expression levels relative to susceptibility alleles. Our results suggest a convergent cause of IL23Rα variant protection against chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Sivanesan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada, University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Claudine Beauchamp
- University of Montreal and the Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Christiane Quinou
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada, and
| | - Jonathan Lee
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Centre of Recherche Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Microbiology, Infection, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada, and
| | - John D Rioux
- University of Montreal and the Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Stephen W Michnick
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada,
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21
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Le Gall M, Crépin R, Neiveyans M, Auclair C, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Marks JD, Pèlegrin A, Poul MA. Neutralization of KIT Oncogenic Signaling in Leukemia with Antibodies Targeting KIT Membrane Proximal Domain 5. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2595-605. [PMID: 26358753 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
KIT is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor whose ligand stem cell factor (SCF) triggers homodimerization and activation of downstream effector pathways involved in cell survival, proliferation, homing, or differentiation. KIT-activating mutations are major oncogenic drivers in subsets of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in mast cell leukemia, and in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). The overexpression of SCF and/or wild-type (WT) KIT is also observed in a number of cancers, including 50% of AML and small cell lung cancer. The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in these pathologies is, however, hampered by initial or acquired resistance following treatment. Using antibody phage display, we obtained two antibodies (2D1 and 3G1) specific for the most membrane proximal extracellular immunoglobulin domain (D5) of KIT, which is implicated in KIT homodimerization. Produced as single chain variable antibody fragments fused to the Fc fragment of a human IgG1, bivalent 2D1-Fc and 3G1-Fc inhibited KIT-dependent growth of leukemic cell lines expressing WT KIT (UT7/Epo) or constitutively active KIT mutants, including the TKI imatinib-resistant KIT D816V mutant (HMC1.2 cell line). In all models, either expressing WT KIT or mutated KIT, 2D1 and 3G1-Fc induced KIT internalization and sustained surface downregulation. However, interestingly, KIT degradation was only observed in leukemic cell lines with oncogenic KIT, a property likely to limit the toxicity of these antibodies in patients. These fully human antibody formats may represent therapeutic tools to target KIT signaling in leukemia or GIST, and to bypass TKI resistance of certain KIT mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Le Gall
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France. Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS UMR8113, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Ronan Crépin
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS UMR8113, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Madeline Neiveyans
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France. Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Auclair
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS UMR8113, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Yongfeng Fan
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France. Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Alix Poul
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France. Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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22
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Felix J, De Munck S, Verstraete K, Meuris L, Callewaert N, Elegheert J, Savvides SN. Structure and Assembly Mechanism of the Signaling Complex Mediated by Human CSF-1. Structure 2015; 23:1621-1631. [PMID: 26235028 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (hCSF-1R) is unique among the hematopoietic receptors because it is activated by two distinct cytokines, CSF-1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34). Despite ever-growing insights into the central role of hCSF-1R signaling in innate and adaptive immunity, inflammatory diseases, and cancer, the structural basis of the functional dichotomy of hCSF-1R has remained elusive. Here, we report crystal structures of ternary complexes between hCSF-1 and hCSF-1R, including their complete extracellular assembly, and propose a mechanism for the cooperative human CSF-1:CSF-1R complex that relies on the adoption by dimeric hCSF-1 of an active conformational state and homotypic receptor interactions. Furthermore, we trace the cytokine-binding duality of hCSF-1R to a limited set of conserved interactions mediated by functionally equivalent residues on CSF-1 and IL-34 that play into the geometric requirements of hCSF-1R activation, and map the possible mechanistic consequences of somatic mutations in hCSF-1R associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven De Munck
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verstraete
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leander Meuris
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Elegheert
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Emerging concepts in the regulation of the EGF receptor and other receptor tyrosine kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:437-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang YQ. Advances in research of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1633-1641. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i12.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), primarily in the stomach and small intestine. The growth of most GISTs is driven by the mutations of genes encoding oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase KIT or platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα). The pathogenesis of GISTs may involve ICCs, microRNAs (miRNAs), signaling pathways, DNA methylation, and KIT or PDGFRα gene mutations. This article systematically describes the advances in research of GISTs in terms of clinical features, imaging characteristics, endoscopic features, histopathological features, diagnosis and therapies.
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