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Cocciaglia N, Cencini M, Vulpiani A. Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of the turbulent energy cascade: Irreversibility and response functions. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:014113. [PMID: 38366405 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.014113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The statistical properties of turbulent flows are fundamentally different from those of systems at equilibrium due to the presence of an energy flux from the scales of injection to those where energy is dissipated by the viscous forces: a scenario dubbed "direct energy cascade." From a statistical mechanics point of view, the cascade picture prevents the existence of detailed balance, which holds at equilibrium, e.g., in the inviscid and unforced case. Here, we aim at characterizing the nonequilibrium properties of turbulent cascades in a shell model of turbulence by studying an asymmetric time-correlation function and the relaxation behavior of an energy perturbation, measured at scales smaller or larger than the perturbed one. We contrast the behavior of these two observables in both nonequilibrium (forced and dissipated) and equilibrium (inviscid and unforced) cases. Finally, we show that equilibrium and nonequilibrium physics coexist in the same system, namely, at scales larger and smaller, respectively, of the forcing scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Cocciaglia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma "Sapienza," P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Cencini
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
- INFN "Tor Vergata" Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Vulpiani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma "Sapienza," P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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2
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Falkovich G, Kadish Y, Vladimirova N. Multimode correlations and the entropy of turbulence in shell models. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:015103. [PMID: 37583180 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.015103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
We suggest a new focus for turbulence studies-multimode correlations-which reveal the hitherto hidden nature of turbulent state. We apply this approach to shell models describing basic properties of turbulence. The family of such models allows one to study turbulence close to thermal equilibrium, which happens when the interaction time weakly depends on the mode number. As the number of modes increases, the one-mode statistics approaches Gaussian (like in weak turbulence), the occupation numbers grow, while the three-mode cumulant describing the energy flux stays constant. Yet we find that higher multimode cumulants grow with the order. We derive analytically and confirm numerically the scaling law of such growth. The sum of all squared dimensionless cumulants is equal to the relative entropy between the full multimode distribution and the Gaussian approximation of independent modes; we argue that the relative entropy could grow as the logarithm of the number of modes, similar to the entanglement entropy in critical phenomena. Therefore, the multimode correlations give the new way to characterize turbulence states and possibly divide them into universality classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Falkovich
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Yotam Kadish
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Natalia Vladimirova
- Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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3
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Maity P. Heavy inertial particles in rotating turbulence: Distribution of particles in flow and evolution of Lagrangian trajectories. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:065107. [PMID: 37464649 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.065107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the problem of heavy particles suspended in homogeneous box turbulence flow subjected to rotation along the vertical axis, which introduces anisotropy along the vertical and horizontal planes. We investigate the effects of the emergent structures due to rotation, on the spatial distribution and temporal statistics of the particles. The distribution of particles in the flow are studied using the joint probability distribution function (JPDFs) of the second and third principle invariants of the velocity gradient tensor, Q and R. At high rotation rates, the JPDFs of Lagrangian Q-R plots show remarkable deviations from the well-known teardrop shape. The cumulative probability distribution functions for times during which a particle remains in vortical or straining regions show exponentially decaying tails except for the deviations at the highest rotation rate. The average residence times of the particles in vortical and straining regions are also affected considerably due to the addition of rotation. Furthermore, we compute the temporal velocity autocorrelation and connect it to the Lagrangian anisotropy in presence of rotation. The spatial and temporal statistics of the particles are determined by a complex competition between the rotation rate and inertia of the particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Maity
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Postfach 100565, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany
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4
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Cheminet A, Geneste D, Barlet A, Ostovan Y, Chaabo T, Valori V, Debue P, Cuvier C, Daviaud F, Foucaut JM, Laval JP, Padilla V, Wiertel-Gasquet C, Dubrulle B. Eulerian vs Lagrangian Irreversibility in an Experimental Turbulent Swirling Flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:124501. [PMID: 36179185 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In a turbulent fluid, the time-reversal symmetry is explicitly broken by viscosity, and spontaneously broken in the inviscid limit. Recently, Drivas [J. Nonlinear Sci. 29, 65 (2019).JNSCEK0938-897410.1007/s00332-018-9476-8] proved the equivalence of two different local indicators of time irreversibility: (i) an Eulerian one, based on regularity properties of the velocity field [Duchon and Robert, Nonlinearity 13, 249 (2000).NONLE50951-771510.1088/0951-7715/13/1/312]; (ii) a Lagrangian one, based on symmetry properties of the trajectories under time reversal [Jucha et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 054501 (2014).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.113.054501]. We test this equivalence in a turbulent Von Kármán experiment at a resolution of the order of the Kolmogorov scale using a high resolution 4D-PTV technique. We use the equivalence to perform the first joined Eulerian-Lagrangian exploration of the dynamics leading to time irreversibility, and find that it is linked with vortex interaction, suggesting a link between irreversibility and singularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cheminet
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Damien Geneste
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Barlet
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yasar Ostovan
- Université Lille, CNRS, ONERA, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Centrale Lille, FRE 2017-LMFL-Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille-Kampé de Fériet, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Tarek Chaabo
- Université Lille, CNRS, ONERA, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Centrale Lille, FRE 2017-LMFL-Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille-Kampé de Fériet, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valentina Valori
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paul Debue
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Cuvier
- Université Lille, CNRS, ONERA, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Centrale Lille, FRE 2017-LMFL-Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille-Kampé de Fériet, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Daviaud
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marc Foucaut
- Université Lille, CNRS, ONERA, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Centrale Lille, FRE 2017-LMFL-Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille-Kampé de Fériet, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Laval
- Université Lille, CNRS, ONERA, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Centrale Lille, FRE 2017-LMFL-Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille-Kampé de Fériet, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Padilla
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Bérengère Dubrulle
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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5
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Shavit M, Vladimirova N, Falkovich G. Emerging scale invariance in a model of turbulence of vortices and waves. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210080. [PMID: 35034495 PMCID: PMC9289792 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This note is devoted to broken and emerging scale invariance of turbulence. Pumping breaks the symmetry: the statistics of every mode explicitly depend on the distance from the pumping. And yet the ratios of mode amplitudes, called Kolmogorov multipliers, are known to approach scale-invariant statistics away from the pumping. This emergent scale invariance deserves an explanation and a detailed study. We put forward the hypothesis that the invariance of multipliers is due to an extreme non-locality of their interactions (similar to the appearance of mean-field properties in the thermodynamic limit for systems with long-range interaction). We analyse this phenomenon in a family of models that connects two very different classes of systems: resonantly interacting waves and wave-free incompressible flows. The connection is algebraic and turns into an identity for properly discretized models. We show that this family provides a unique opportunity for an analytic (perturbative) study of emerging scale invariance in a system with strong interactions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Scaling the turbulence edifice (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shavit
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | | | - G. Falkovich
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
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6
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Angriman S, Cobelli PJ, Bourgoin M, Huisman SG, Volk R, Mininni PD. Broken Mirror Symmetry of Tracer's Trajectories in Turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:254502. [PMID: 35029439 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.254502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Topological properties of physical systems play a crucial role in our understanding of nature, yet their experimental determination remains elusive. We show that the mean helicity, a dynamical invariant in ideal flows, quantitatively affects trajectories of fluid elements: the linking number of Lagrangian trajectories depends on the mean helicity. Thus, a global topological invariant and a topological number of fluid trajectories become related, and we provide an empirical expression linking them. The relation shows the existence of long-term memory in the trajectories: the links can be made of the trajectory up to a given time, with particles positions in the past. This property also allows experimental measurements of mean helicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Angriman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, & IFIBA, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - P J Cobelli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, & IFIBA, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - M Bourgoin
- Université Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, 46 Allée d'Italie F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - S G Huisman
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck UT Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute and J.M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - R Volk
- Université Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, 46 Allée d'Italie F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - P D Mininni
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, & IFIBA, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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7
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Jaccod A, Chibbaro S. Constrained Reversible System for Navier-Stokes Turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:194501. [PMID: 34797128 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.194501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Following a Gallavotti's conjecture, stationary states of Navier-Stokes fluids are proposed to be described equivalently by alternative equations besides the Navier-Stokes equation itself. We discuss a model system symmetric under time reversal based on the Navier-Stokes equations constrained to keep the enstrophy constant. It is demonstrated through highly resolved numerical experiments that the reversible model evolves to a stationary state which reproduces quite accurately all statistical observables relevant for the physics of turbulence extracted by direct numerical simulations (DNS) at different Reynolds numbers. The possibility of using reversible models to mimic turbulence dynamics is of practical importance for the coarse-grained version of Navier-Stokes equations, as used in large-eddy simulations. Furthermore, the reversible model appears mathematically simpler, since enstrophy is bounded to be constant for every Reynolds number. Finally, the theoretical interest in the context of statistical mechanics is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jaccod
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sergio Chibbaro
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
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8
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Porporato A, Hooshyar M, Bragg AD, Katul G. Fluctuation theorem and extended thermodynamics of turbulence. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20200468. [PMID: 33362415 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Turbulent flows are out-of-equilibrium because the energy supply at large scales and its dissipation by viscosity at small scales create a net transfer of energy among all scales. This energy cascade is modelled by approximating the spectral energy balance with a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation consistent with accepted phenomenological theories of turbulence. The steady-state contributions of the drift and diffusion in the corresponding Langevin equation, combined with the killing term associated with the dissipation, induce a stochastic energy transfer across wavenumbers. The fluctuation theorem is shown to describe the scale-wise statistics of forward and backward energy transfer and their connection to irreversibility and entropy production. The ensuing turbulence entropy is used to formulate an extended turbulence thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilcare Porporato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Princeton Environmental Institute and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Milad Hooshyar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Princeton Environmental Institute and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Princeton Environmental Institute and Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew D Bragg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gabriel Katul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Maity P, Govindarajan R, Ray SS. Statistics of Lagrangian trajectories in a rotating turbulent flow. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:043110. [PMID: 31771019 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.043110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the Lagrangian statistics of three-dimensional rotating turbulent flows through direct numerical simulations. We find that the emergence of coherent vortical structures because of the Coriolis force leads to a suppression of the "flight-crash" events reported by Xu et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 111, 7558 (2014)PNASA60027-842410.1073/pnas.1321682111]. We perform systematic studies to trace the origins of this suppression in the emergent geometry of the flow and show why such a Lagrangian measure of irreversibility may fail in the presence of rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Maity
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hessaraghatta, Hobli, Bangalore 560089, India
| | - Rama Govindarajan
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hessaraghatta, Hobli, Bangalore 560089, India
| | - Samriddhi Sankar Ray
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hessaraghatta, Hobli, Bangalore 560089, India
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10
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Shukla V, Dubrulle B, Nazarenko S, Krstulovic G, Thalabard S. Phase transition in time-reversible Navier-Stokes equations. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:043104. [PMID: 31770927 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.043104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of the statistical features of a three-dimensional (3D) time-reversible truncated Navier-Stokes (RNS) system, wherein the standard viscosity ν is replaced by a fluctuating thermostat that dynamically compensates for fluctuations in the total energy. We analyze the statistical features of the RNS steady states in terms of a non-negative dimensionless control parameter R_{r}, which quantifies the balance between the fluctuations of kinetic energy at the forcing length scale ℓ_{f} and the total energy E_{0}. For small R_{r}, the RNS equations are found to produce "warm" stationary statistics, e.g., characterized by the partial thermalization of the small scales. For large R_{r}, the stationary solutions have features akin to standard hydrodynamic ones: they have compact energy support in k space and are essentially insensitive to the truncation scale k_{max}. The transition between the two statistical regimes is observed to be smooth but rather sharp. Using insights from a diffusion model of turbulence (Leith model), we argue that the transition is in fact akin to a continuous second-order phase transition, where R_{r} indeed behaves as a thermodynamic control parameter, e.g., a temperature. A relevant order parameter can be suitably defined in terms of a (normalized) enstrophy, while the symmetry-breaking parameter h is identified as (one over) the truncation scale k_{max}. We find that the signatures of the phase transition close to the critical point R_{r}^{★} can essentially be deduced from a heuristic mean-field Landau free energy. This point of view allows us to reinterpret the relevant asymptotics in which the dynamical ensemble equivalence conjectured by Gallavotti [Phys. Lett. A 223, 91 (1996)PYLAAG0375-960110.1016/S0375-9601(96)00729-3] could hold true. We argue that Gallavotti's limit is precisely the joint limit R_{r}→[over >]R_{r}^{★} and h→[over >]0, with the overset symbol ">" indicating that those limits are approached from above. The limit therefore relates to the statistical features at the critical point. In this regime, our numerics indicate that the low-order statistics of the 3D RNS are indeed qualitatively similar to those observed in direct numerical simulations of the standard Navier-Stokes equations with viscosity chosen so as to match the average value of the reversible thermostat. This result suggests that Gallavotti's equivalence conjecture could indeed be of relevance to model 3D turbulent statistics, and provides a clear guideline for further numerical investigations involving higher resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Shukla
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.,Centre for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), CNRS UMR 7010, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Bérengère Dubrulle
- DSM/IRAMIS/SPEC, CNRS UMR 3680, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sergey Nazarenko
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), CNRS UMR 7010, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Giorgio Krstulovic
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd. de l'Observatoire, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Simon Thalabard
- Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, IMPA, 22460-320 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Bos WJT, Zamansky R. Power fluctuations in turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:124504. [PMID: 30978094 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.124504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To generate or maintain a turbulent flow, one needs to introduce kinetic energy. This energy injection necessarily fluctuates and these power fluctuations act on all turbulent excited length scales. If the power is injected using forces proportional to the velocity, such as those common in shear flows, or with a force acting at the largest scales only, the spectrum of these fluctuations is shown to have a universal inertial range, proportional to the energy spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J T Bos
- LMFA, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully 69134, France
| | - Rémi Zamansky
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse 31400, France
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12
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Bhatnagar A, Gupta A, Mitra D, Pandit R. Heavy inertial particles in turbulent flows gain energy slowly but lose it rapidly. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:033102. [PMID: 29776121 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.033102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present an extensive numerical study of the time irreversibility of the dynamics of heavy inertial particles in three-dimensional, statistically homogeneous, and isotropic turbulent flows. We show that the probability density function (PDF) of the increment, W(τ), of a particle's energy over a time scale τ is non-Gaussian, and skewed toward negative values. This implies that, on average, particles gain energy over a period of time that is longer than the duration over which they lose energy. We call this slow gain and fast loss. We find that the third moment of W(τ) scales as τ^{3} for small values of τ. We show that the PDF of power-input p is negatively skewed too; we use this skewness Ir as a measure of the time irreversibility and we demonstrate that it increases sharply with the Stokes number St for small St; this increase slows down at St≃1. Furthermore, we obtain the PDFs of t^{+} and t^{-}, the times over which p has, respectively, positive or negative signs, i.e., the particle gains or loses energy. We obtain from these PDFs a direct and natural quantification of the slow gain and fast loss of the energy of the particles, because these PDFs possess exponential tails from which we infer the characteristic loss and gain times t_{loss} and t_{gain}, respectively, and we obtain t_{loss}<t_{gain} for all the cases we have considered. Finally, we show that the fast loss of energy occurs with greater probability in the strain-dominated region than in the vortical one; in contrast, the slow gain in the energy of the particles is equally likely in vortical or strain-dominated regions of the flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Bhatnagar
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anupam Gupta
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Dhrubaditya Mitra
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rahul Pandit
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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13
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De Pietro M, Biferale L, Boffetta G, Cencini M. Time irreversibility in reversible shell models of turbulence. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2018; 41:48. [PMID: 29619671 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2018-11655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Turbulent flows governed by the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) generate an out-of-equilibrium time irreversible energy cascade from large to small scales. In the NSE, the energy transfer is due to the nonlinear terms that are formally symmetric under time reversal. As for the dissipative term: first, it explicitly breaks time reversibility; second, it produces a small-scale sink for the energy transfer that remains effective even in the limit of vanishing viscosity. As a result, it is not clear how to disentangle the time irreversibility originating from the non-equilibrium energy cascade from the explicit time-reversal symmetry breaking due to the viscous term. To this aim, in this paper we investigate the properties of the energy transfer in turbulent shell models by using a reversible viscous mechanism, avoiding any explicit breaking of the [Formula: see text] symmetry. We probe time irreversibility by studying the statistics of Lagrangian power, which is found to be asymmetric under time reversal also in the time-reversible model. This suggests that the turbulent dynamics converges to a strange attractor where time reversibility is spontaneously broken and whose properties are robust for what concerns purely inertial degrees of freedoms, as verified by the anomalous scaling behavior of the velocity structure functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Pietro
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Biferale
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Guido Boffetta
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Cencini
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR, via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.
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Kokot G, Das S, Winkler RG, Gompper G, Aranson IS, Snezhko A. Active turbulence in a gas of self-assembled spinners. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12870-12875. [PMID: 29158382 PMCID: PMC5724263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710188114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal particles subject to an external periodic forcing exhibit complex collective behavior and self-assembled patterns. A dispersion of magnetic microparticles confined at the air-liquid interface and energized by a uniform uniaxial alternating magnetic field exhibits dynamic arrays of self-assembled spinners rotating in either direction. Here, we report on experimental and simulation studies of active turbulence and transport in a gas of self-assembled spinners. We show that the spinners, emerging as a result of spontaneous symmetry breaking of clock/counterclockwise rotation of self-assembled particle chains, generate vigorous vortical flows at the interface. An ensemble of spinners exhibits chaotic dynamics due to self-generated advection flows. The same-chirality spinners (clockwise or counterclockwise) show a tendency to aggregate and form dynamic clusters. Emergent self-induced interface currents promote active diffusion that could be tuned by the parameters of the external excitation field. Furthermore, the erratic motion of spinners at the interface generates chaotic fluid flow reminiscent of 2D turbulence. Our work provides insight into fundamental aspects of collective transport in active spinner materials and yields rules for particle manipulation at the microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gašper Kokot
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Shibananda Das
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Roland G Winkler
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Igor S Aranson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Alexey Snezhko
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439;
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15
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Piretto E, Musacchio S, De Lillo F, Boffetta G. Irreversibility of the two-dimensional enstrophy cascade. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:053116. [PMID: 27967034 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.053116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study the time irreversibility of the direct cascade in two-dimensional turbulence by looking at the time derivative of the square vorticity along Lagrangian trajectories, a quantity called metenstrophy. By means of extensive direct numerical simulations we measure the time irreversibility from the asymmetry of the probability density function of the metenstrophy and we find that it increases with the Reynolds number of the cascade, similarly to what is found in three-dimensional turbulence. A detailed analysis of the different contributions to the enstrophy budget reveals a remarkable difference with respect to what is observed for the energy cascade, in particular the role of the statistics of the forcing to determine the degree of irreversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Piretto
- Department of Physics and INFN, Università di Torino, 1 Via P. Giuria, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S Musacchio
- Laboratoire Jean-Alexandre Dieudonné, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR No. 7351, 06100 Nice, France
| | - F De Lillo
- Department of Physics and INFN, Università di Torino, 1 Via P. Giuria, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - G Boffetta
- Department of Physics and INFN, Università di Torino, 1 Via P. Giuria, 10125 Torino, Italy
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16
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Candelier F, Einarsson J, Mehlig B. Angular Dynamics of a Small Particle in Turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:204501. [PMID: 27886512 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.204501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We compute the angular dynamics of a neutrally buoyant nearly spherical particle immersed in an unsteady fluid. We assume that the particle is small, that its translational slip velocity is negligible, and that unsteady and convective inertia are small perturbations. We derive an approximation for the torque on the particle that determines the first inertial corrections to Jeffery's equation. These corrections arise as a consequence of local vortex stretching and can be substantial in turbulence, where local vortex stretching is strong and closely linked to the irreversibility of turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Candelier
- Aix-Marseille University-IUSTI (UMR CNRS 7343), 13 453 Marseille Cedex, France
| | - J Einarsson
- Department of Physics, Gothenburg University, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Mehlig
- Department of Physics, Gothenburg University, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Pumir A, Xu H, Bodenschatz E, Grauer R. Single-Particle Motion and Vortex Stretching in Three-Dimensional Turbulent Flows. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:124502. [PMID: 27058081 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.124502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional turbulent flows are characterized by a flux of energy from large to small scales, which breaks the time reversal symmetry. The motion of tracer particles, which tend to lose energy faster than they gain it, is also irreversible. Here, we connect the time irreversibility in the motion of single tracers with vortex stretching and thus with the generation of the smallest scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Pumir
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Haitao Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Combustion Energy and Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Eberhard Bodenschatz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Rainer Grauer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
The evolving shape of material fluid lines in a flow underlies the quantitative prediction of the dissipation and material transport in many industrial and natural processes. However, collecting quantitative data on this dynamics remains an experimental challenge in particular in turbulent flows. Indeed the deformation of a fluid line, induced by its successive stretching and folding, can be difficult to determine because such description ultimately relies on often inaccessible multi-particle information. Here we report laboratory measurements in two-dimensional turbulence that offer an alternative topological viewpoint on this issue. This approach characterizes the dynamics of a braid of Lagrangian trajectories through a global measure of their entanglement. The topological length of material fluid lines can be derived from these braids. This length is found to grow exponentially with time, giving access to the braid topological entropy . The entropy increases as the square root of the turbulent kinetic energy and is directly related to the single-particle dispersion coefficient. At long times, the probability distribution of is positively skewed and shows strong exponential tails. Our results suggest that may serve as a measure of the irreversibility of turbulence based on minimal principles and sparse Lagrangian data.
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Abstract
Turbulence is a fundamental and ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, occurring from astrophysical to biophysical scales. At the same time, it is widely recognized as one of the key unsolved problems in modern physics, representing a paradigmatic example of nonlinear dynamics far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Whereas in the past, most theoretical work in this area has been devoted to Navier-Stokes flows, there is now a growing awareness of the need to extend the research focus to systems with more general patterns of energy injection and dissipation. These include various types of complex fluids and plasmas, as well as active systems consisting of self-propelled particles, like dense bacterial suspensions. Recently, a continuum model has been proposed for such "living fluids" that is based on the Navier-Stokes equations, but extends them to include some of the most general terms admitted by the symmetry of the problem [Wensink HH, et al. (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:14308-14313]. This introduces a cubic nonlinearity, related to the Toner-Tu theory of flocking, which can interact with the quadratic Navier-Stokes nonlinearity. We show that as a result of the subtle interaction between these two terms, the energy spectra at large spatial scales exhibit power laws that are not universal, but depend on both finite-size effects and physical parameters. Our combined numerical and analytical analysis reveals the origin of this effect and even provides a way to understand it quantitatively. Turbulence in active fluids, characterized by this kind of nonlinear self-organization, defines a new class of turbulent flows.
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20
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Kanov K, Burns R, Lalescu C, Eyink G. The Johns Hopkins Turbulence Databases: An Open Simulation Laboratory for Turbulence Research. Comput Sci Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1109/mcse.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Grafke T, Frishman A, Falkovich G. Time irreversibility of the statistics of a single particle in compressible turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:043022. [PMID: 25974595 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.043022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate time irreversibility from the point of view of a single particle in Burgers turbulence. Inspired by the recent work for incompressible flows [Xu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 7558 (2014)], we analyze the evolution of the kinetic energy for fluid markers and use the fluctuations of the instantaneous power as a measure of time irreversibility. For short times, starting from a uniform distribution of markers, we find the scaling 〈[E(t)-E(0)](n)〉∝t and 〈p(n)〉∝Re(n-1) for the power as a function of the Reynolds number. Both observations can be explained using the "flight-crash" model, suggested by Xu et al. Furthermore, we use a simple model for shocks that reproduces the moments of the energy difference, including the pre-factor for 〈E(t)-E(0)〉. To complete the single-particle picture for Burgers we compute the moments of the Lagrangian velocity difference and show that they are bifractal. This arises in a similar manner to the bifractality of Eulerian velocity differences. In the above setting, time irreversibility is directly manifest as particles eventually end up in shocks. We additionally investigate time irreversibility in the long-time limit when all particles are located inside shocks and the Lagrangian velocity statistics are stationary. We find the same scalings for the power and energy differences as at short times and argue that this is also a consequence of rare "flight-crash" events related to shock collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Grafke
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anna Frishman
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gregory Falkovich
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Jucha J, Xu H, Pumir A, Bodenschatz E. Time-reversal-symmetry breaking in turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:054501. [PMID: 25126923 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.054501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In three-dimensional turbulent flows, the flux of energy from large to small scales breaks time symmetry. We show here that this irreversibility can be quantified by following the relative motion of several Lagrangian tracers. We find by analytical calculation, numerical analysis, and experimental observation that the existence of the energy flux implies that, at short times, two particles separate temporally slower forwards than backwards, and the difference between forward and backward dispersion grows as t^{3}. We also find the geometric deformation of material volumes, defined by four points spanning an initially regular tetrahedron, to show sensitivity to the time reversal with an effect growing linearly in t. We associate this with the structure of the strain rate in the flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jucha
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Haitao Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alain Pumir
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon and CNRS, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Eberhard Bodenschatz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany and Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany and Laboratory of Atomic and Solids State Physics and Sibley School for Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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