1
|
Gowda A, Pathak SK, Rohaley GAR, Acharjee G, Oprandi A, Williams R, Prévôt ME, Hegmann T. Organic chiral nano- and microfilaments: types, formation, and template applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:316-340. [PMID: 37921354 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01390a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic chiral nanofilaments are part of an important class of nanoscale chiral materials that has recently been receiving significant attention largely due to their potential use in applications such as optics, photonics, metameterials, and potentially a range of medical as well as sensing applications. This review will focus on key examples of the formation of such nano- and micro-filaments based on carbon nanofibers, polymers, synthetic oligo- and polypeptides, self-assembled organic molecules, and one prominent class of liquid crystals. The most critical aspects discussed here are the underlying driving forces for chiral filament formation, potentially answering why specific sizes and shapes are formed, what molecular design strategies are working equally well or rather differently among these materials classes, and what uses and applications are driving research in this fascinating field of materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwathanarayana Gowda
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Suraj Kumar Pathak
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Grace A R Rohaley
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Gourab Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Andrea Oprandi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Ryan Williams
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Marianne E Prévôt
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Whittaker SJ, Zhou H, Spencer RB, Yang Y, Tiwari A, Bendesky J, McDowell M, Sundaram P, Lozano I, Kim S, An Z, Shtukenberg AG, Kahr B, Lee SS. Leveling up Organic Semiconductors with Crystal Twisting. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:613-626. [PMID: 38250542 PMCID: PMC10797633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The performance of crystalline organic semiconductors depends on the solid-state structure, especially the orientation of the conjugated components with respect to device platforms. Often, crystals can be engineered by modifying chromophore substituents through synthesis. Meanwhile, dissymetry is necessary for high-tech applications like chiral sensing, optical telecommunications, and data storage. The synthesis of dissymmetric molecules is a labor-intensive exercise that might be undermined because common processing methods offer little control over orientation. Crystal twisting has emerged as a generalizable method for processing organic semiconductors and offers unique advantages, such as patterning of physical and chemical properties and chirality that arises from mesoscale twisting. The precession of crystal orientations can enrich performance because achiral molecules in achiral space groups suddenly become candidates for the aforementioned technologies that require dissymetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- St. John Whittaker
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Hengyu Zhou
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Rochelle B. Spencer
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Yongfan Yang
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Akash Tiwari
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Justin Bendesky
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Merritt McDowell
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Pallavi Sundaram
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Idalys Lozano
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Shin Kim
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Zhihua An
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Stephanie S. Lee
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Hao D, Wang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Rong X, Zhang J, Min J, Qi W, Su R, He M. Peptidyl Virus-Like Nanovesicles as Reconfigurable "Trojan Horse" for Targeted siRNA Delivery and Synergistic Inhibition of Cancer Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204959. [PMID: 36372545 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of peptidyl virus-like nanovesicles (pVLNs) composed of highly ordered peptide bilayer membranes that encapsulate the small interfering RNA (siRNA) is reported. The targeting and enzyme-responsive sequences on the bilayer's surface allow the pVLNs to enter cancer cells with high efficiency and control the release of genetic drugs in response to the subcellular environment. By transforming its structure in response to the highly expressed enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) in cancer cells, it helps the siRNA escape from the lysosomes, resulting in a final silencing efficiency of 92%. Moreover, the pVLNs can serve as reconfigurable "Trojan horse" by transforming into membranes triggered by the MMP-7 and disrupting the cytoplasmic structure, thereby achieving synergistic anticancer effects and 96% cancer cell mortality with little damage to normal cells. The pVLNs benefit from their biocompatibility, targeting, and enzyme responsiveness, making them a promising platform for gene therapy and anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jinwu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xi Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Min
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Mingxia He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Li Q, Zhang J, Qi W, You S, Su R, He Z. Self-Templated, Enantioselective Assembly of an Amyloid-like Dipeptide into Multifunctional Hierarchical Helical Arrays. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9827-9840. [PMID: 34047550 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chiral self-assembly of peptides has attracted great interest owing to their promising applications in biomedicine, chemistry, and materials science. However, compared with the rich knowledge about their chiral self-assembly at the molecular or nanoscale, the formation of long-range-ordered hierarchical helical arrays (HHAs) from simple peptides remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the self-templated assembly of an amyloid-like dipeptide into long-range-ordered HHAs by their spontaneous fibrillization and hierarchical helical assembly within a confined film. The chiral interactions between the peptide and diamines result in geometry frustration and the phase transition of self-assembling peptide films from achiral spherulite structures into chiral HHAs. By changing the chirality and enantioselective interactions, we can control the phase behavior, handedness, and chiroptics of the self-assembled HHAs precisely. Moreover, the redox activity of the HHAs allows the in situ decoration of nanoparticles with high catalytic activity. These results provide insights into the chiral self-assembly of peptides and the fabrication of highly ordered materials with complex architectures and promising applications in chiroptics and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengping You
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxin Su
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu J, Shadpour S, Prévôt ME, Chirgwin M, Nemati A, Hegmann E, Lemieux RP, Hegmann T. Molecular Conformation of Bent-Core Molecules Affected by Chiral Side Chains Dictates Polymorphism and Chirality in Organic Nano- and Microfilaments. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7249-7270. [PMID: 33734664 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between molecular conformation and chirality is a cornerstone in the construction of supramolecular helical structures of small molecules across various length scales. Inspired by biological systems, conformational preselection and control in artificial helical molecules, polymers, and aggregates has guided various applications in optics, photonics, and chiral sorting among others, which are frequently based on an inherent chirality amplification through processes such as templating and self-assembly. The so-called B4 nano- or microfilament phase formed by some bent-shaped molecules is an exemplary case for such chirality amplification across length scales, best illustrated by the formation of distinct nano- or microscopic chiral morphologies controlled by molecular conformation. Introduction of one or more chiral centers in the aliphatic side chains led to the discovery of homochiral helical nanofilament, helical microfilament, and heliconical-layered nanocylinder morphologies. Herein, we demonstrate how a priori calculations of the molecular conformation affected by chiral side chains are used to design bent-shaped molecules that self-assemble into chiral nano- and microfilament as well as nanocylinder conglomerates despite the homochiral nature of the molecules. Furthermore, relocation of the chiral center leads to formation of helical as well as flat nanoribbons. Self-consistent data sets from polarized optical as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, thin-film and solution circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, and synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction experiments support the progressive and predictable change in morphology controlled by structural changes in the chiral side chains. The formation of these morphologies is discussed in light of the diminishing effects of molecular chirality as the chain length increases or as the chiral center is moved away from the core-chain juncture. The type of phase (B1-columnar or B4) and morphology of the nano- or microfilaments generated can further be controlled by sample treatment conditions such as by the cooling rate from the isotropic melt or by the presence of an organic solvent in the ensuing colloidal dispersions. We show that these nanoscale morphologies can then organize into a wealth of two- and three-dimensional shapes and structures ranging from flower blossoms to fiber mats formed by intersecting flat nanoribbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
| | - Sasan Shadpour
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
| | - Marianne E Prévôt
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
| | - Michael Chirgwin
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
| | - Ahlam Nemati
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
| | - Elda Hegmann
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| | - Robert P Lemieux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent (Ohio) 44242-0001, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park W, Yang M, Park H, Wolska JM, Ahn H, Shin TJ, Pociecha D, Gorecka E, Yoon DK. Directing Polymorphism in the Helical Nanofilament Phase. Chemistry 2021; 27:7108-7113. [PMID: 33464673 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, it is reported that the polymorphism in the helical nanofilament (HNF, B4 ) liquid-crystalline phase depends on the fabrication methods, that is, UV-driven formation and template-assisted self-assembly in the nanoconfined geometry. As a result, uniaxially oriented HNFs with different helical structures were obtained, in which generation of the twisted-ribbon and cylindrical-ribbon polymorphs showed that even the molecular lattice has a different orientation. The detailed structures were directly observed by SEM and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation. The resultant polymorphs could be used in chiro-optical applications due to the capability for fine control of the helical structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Park
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyong Yang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna M Wolska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Damian Pociecha
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland
| | - Ewa Gorecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen B, Kim Y, Lee M. Supramolecular Chiral 2D Materials and Emerging Functions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905669. [PMID: 32009269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chiral materials are widely applied in various fields such as enantiomeric separation, asymmetric catalysis, and chiroptical effects, providing stereospecific conditions and environments. Supramolecular concepts to create the chiral materials can provide an insight for emerging chiro-optical properties due to their well-defined scaffolds and the precise functionalization of the surfaces or skeletons. Among the various supramolecular chiral structures, 2D chiral sheet structures are particularly interesting materials because of their extremely high surface area coupled with many unique chemical and physical properties, thereby offering potential for the next generation of functional materials for optically active systems and optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, relatively limited examples for 2D chiral materials exhibiting specific functionality have been reported because incorporation of molecular chirality into 2D architectures is difficult at the present stage. Here, a brief overview of the recent advances is provided on the construction of chiral supramolecular 2D materials and their functions. The design principles toward 2D chirality and their potential applications are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Shen
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yongju Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myongsoo Lee
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang L, Urbas AM, Li Q. Nature-Inspired Emerging Chiral Liquid Crystal Nanostructures: From Molecular Self-Assembly to DNA Mesophase and Nanocolloids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1801335. [PMID: 30160812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs) are omnipresent in living matter, whose chirality is an elegant and distinct feature in certain plant tissues, the cuticles of crabs, beetles, arthropods, and beyond. Taking inspiration from nature, researchers have recently devoted extensive efforts toward developing chiral liquid crystalline materials with self-organized nanostructures and exploring their potential applications in diverse fields ranging from dynamic photonics to energy and safety issues. In this review, an account on the state of the art of emerging chiral liquid crystalline nanostructured materials and their technological applications is provided. First, an overview on the significance of chiral liquid crystalline architectures in various living systems is given. Then, the recent significant progress in different chiral liquid crystalline systems including thermotropic LCs (cholesteric LCs, cubic blue phases, achiral bent-core LCs, etc.) and lyotropic LCs (DNA LCs, nanocellulose LCs, and graphene oxide LCs) is showcased. The review concludes with a perspective on the future scope, opportunities, and challenges in these truly advanced functional soft materials and their promising applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Augustine M Urbas
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lewandowski W, Vaupotič N, Pociecha D, Górecka E, Liz-Marzán LM. Chirality of Liquid Crystals Formed from Achiral Molecules Revealed by Resonant X-Ray Scattering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905591. [PMID: 32529663 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research on chiral liquid crystals (LCs) has been fueled by their actively tunable physicochemical properties and structural complexity, comparable to those of sophisticated natural materials. Herein, recent progress in the discovery of new classes of chiral LCs, enabled by a combination of nano- and macroscale investigations is reviewed. First, an overview is provided of liquid crystalline phases, made of chiral and achiral low-weight molecules, that exhibit chiral structure and/or chiral morphology. Then, recent progress in the discovery of new classes of chiral LCs, particularly enabled by the application of resonant X-ray scattering is described. It is shown that the method is sensitive to modulations of molecular orientation and therefore provides information hardly accessible by means of other techniques, such as the sense of helical structures or chirality transfer across length scales. Finally, a perspective is presented on the future scope, opportunities, and challenges in the field of chiral LCs, in particular related to nanocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 St., Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Nataša Vaupotič
- Department of Physics, University of Maribor, Koroška 160, Maribor, 2000, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Damian Pociecha
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 St., Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Ewa Górecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 St., Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE and CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Orientation Control of Helical Nanofilament Phase and Its Chiroptical Applications. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10080675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chiral liquid crystal phases show fascinating structural and optical properties due to their inherent helical characteristics. Among the various chiral liquid crystal phases, the helical nanofilament phase, made of achiral bent-shaped molecules, has been of keen research interest due to its unusual polar and chiral properties. This review is intended to introduce the recent progress in orientation control and its application to the helical nanofilament phase, which includes topographic confinement, photoalignment, and chiroptical applications such as photonic crystal and chirality sensor.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shadpour S, Nemati A, Liu J, Hegmann T. Directing the Handedness of Helical Nanofilaments Confined in Nanochannels Using Axially Chiral Binaphthyl Dopants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13456-13463. [PMID: 32092259 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate control of the handedness of semicrystalline modulated helical nanofilaments (HNFmods) formed by achiral bent-core liquid crystal molecules by axially chiral binaphthyl-based additives as guest molecules solely under spatial nanoconfinement in anodic aluminum oxide nanochannels. The molecules of the same chiral additives are expelled from the HNFmods in the bulk, and as a result thereof do not affect the handedness or helical pitch of bulk HNFmods, resulting in an HNFmod conglomerate with chirality-preserving growth within each domain. However, under confinement these axially chiral guest molecules, likely embedded in the HNFmod host, do affect the helicity of the HNFmods. The configuration of the axially chiral molecules decides the HNFmod helix handedness and their concentration, and the helix angle is related to the helical pitch of the HNFmods. In addition to local imaging data obtained by scanning electron microscopy, global studies by thin-film circular dichroism spectropolarimetry support the imaging results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Shadpour
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| | - Ahlam Nemati
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| | - Jiao Liu
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bagiński M, Tupikowska M, González-Rubio G, Wójcik M, Lewandowski W. Shaping Liquid Crystals with Gold Nanoparticles: Helical Assemblies with Tunable and Hierarchical Structures Via Thin-Film Cooperative Interactions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904581. [PMID: 31729083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The availability of helical assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles with precisely controlled and tunable structures can play a key role in the future development of chiral plasmonics and metamaterials. Here, a strategy to efficiently yield helical structures based on the cooperative interactions of liquid crystals and gold nanoparticles in thin films is developed. These nanocomposites exhibit exceptional long-range hierarchical order across length scales, which results from the growth mechanism of nanoparticle-coated twisted nanoribbons and their ability to form organized bundles. The helical assembly formation is governed by the presence of rationally functionalized nanoparticles. Importantly, the thickness of the achieved nanocomposites can be reversibly reconfigured owing to the polymorphic nature of the liquid crystal. The versatility of the proposed approach is demonstrated by preparing helices assembled from nanoparticles of different geometries and dimensions (spherical and rod-like). The described strategy may become an enabling technology for structuring nanoparticle assemblies with high precision and fabricating optically active materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Bagiński
- Laboratory of Organic Nanomaterials and Biomolecules, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Tupikowska
- Laboratory of Organic Nanomaterials and Biomolecules, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Guillermo González-Rubio
- BioNanoPlasmonic Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Michał Wójcik
- Laboratory of Organic Nanomaterials and Biomolecules, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Lewandowski
- Laboratory of Organic Nanomaterials and Biomolecules, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shadpour S, Nemati A, Salamończyk M, Prévôt ME, Liu J, Boyd NJ, Wilson MR, Zhu C, Hegmann E, Jákli AI, Hegmann T. Missing Link between Helical Nano- and Microfilaments in B4 Phase Bent-Core Liquid Crystals, and Deciphering which Chiral Center Controls the Filament Handedness. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905591. [PMID: 31885139 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The range of possible morphologies for bent-core B4 phase liquid crystals has recently expanded from helical nanofilaments (HNFs) and modulated HNFs to dual modulated HNFs, helical microfilaments, and heliconical-layered nanocylinders. These new morphologies are observed when one or both aliphatic side chains contain a chiral center. Here, the following questions are addressed: which of these two chiral centers controls the handedness (helicity) and which morphology of the nanofilaments is formed by bent-core liquid crystals with tris-biphenyl diester core flanked by two chiral 2-octyloxy side chains? The combined results reveal that the longer arm of these nonsymmetric bent-core liquid crystals controls the handedness of the resulting dual modulated HNFs. These derivatives with opposite configuration of the two chiral side chains now feature twice as large dimensions compared to the homochiral derivatives with identical configuration. These results are supported by density functional theory calculations and stochastic dynamic atomistic simulations, which reveal that the relative difference between the para- and meta-sides of the described series of compounds drives the variation in morphology. Finally, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) data also uncover the new morphology for B4 phases featuring p2/m symmetry within the filaments and less pronounced crystalline character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Shadpour
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| | - Ahlam Nemati
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| | | | - Marianne E Prévôt
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| | - Jiao Liu
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| | - Nicola J Boyd
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Elda Hegmann
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| | - Antal I Jákli
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lidor-Shalev O, Yemini R, Leifer N, Nanda R, Tibi A, Perelshtein I, Avraham ES, Mastai Y, Noked M. Growth of Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Chiral Thin Films by Sequenced Vapor Deposition. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10397-10404. [PMID: 31509374 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the many challenges in the study of chiral nanosurfaces and nanofilms is the design of accurate and controlled nanoscale films with enantioselective activity. Controlled design of chiral nanofilms creates the opportunity to develop chiral materials with nanostructured architecture. Molecular layer deposition (MLD) is an advanced surface-engineering strategy for the preparation of hybrid inorganic-organic thin films, with a desired embedded property; in our study this is chirality. Previous attempts to grow enantioselective thin films were mostly focused on self-assembled monolayers or template-assisted synthesis, followed by removal of the chiral template. Here, we report a method to prepare chiral hybrid inorganic-organic nanoscale thin films with controlled thickness and impressive enantioselective properties. We present the use of an MLD reactor for sequenced vapor deposition to produce enantioselective thin films, by embedding the chirality of chiral building blocks into thin films. The prepared thin films demonstrate enantioselectivity of ∼20% and enantiomeric excess of up to 50%. We show that our controlled synthesis of chiral thin films generates opportunities for enantioselective coatings over various templates and 3D membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Lidor-Shalev
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Reut Yemini
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Nicole Leifer
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Raju Nanda
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Aviv Tibi
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Ilana Perelshtein
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Efrat Shawat Avraham
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Yitzhak Mastai
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Malachi Noked
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Park KS, Kwok JJ, Dilmurat R, Qu G, Kafle P, Luo X, Jung SH, Olivier Y, Lee JK, Mei J, Beljonne D, Diao Y. Tuning conformation, assembly, and charge transport properties of conjugated polymers by printing flow. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw7757. [PMID: 31448330 PMCID: PMC6688866 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intrachain charge transport is unique to conjugated polymers distinct from inorganic and small molecular semiconductors and is key to achieving high-performance organic electronics. Polymer backbone planarity and thin film morphology sensitively modulate intrachain charge transport. However, simple, generic nonsynthetic approaches for tuning backbone planarity and the ensuing multiscale assembly process do not exist. We first demonstrate that printing flow is capable of planarizing the originally twisted polymer backbone to substantially increase the conjugation length. This conformation change leads to a marked morphological transition from chiral, twinned domains to achiral, highly aligned morphology, hence a fourfold increase in charge carrier mobilities. We found a surprising mechanism that flow extinguishes a lyotropic twist-bend mesophase upon backbone planarization, leading to the observed morphology and electronic structure transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Justin J. Kwok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rishat Dilmurat
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Ge Qu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Prapti Kafle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Seok-Heon Jung
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Foley L, Park W, Yang M, Carlson E, Korblova E, Yoon DK, Walba DM. Nanoconfinement of the Low-Temperature Dark Conglomerate: Structural Control from Focal Conics to Helical Nanofilaments. Chemistry 2019; 25:7438-7442. [PMID: 30957281 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The helical nanofilament (HNF) and low-temperature dark conglomerate (DC) liquid-crystal (LC) phases of bent-core molecules show the same local layer structure but present different bulk morphologies. The DC phase is characterized by the formation of nanoscale toric focal conics, whereas the HNF phase is constructed of bundles of twisted layers. Although the local layer structure is similar in both phases, materials that form these phases tend to form one morphology in preference to the other. Targeted control of the nanostructures would provide pathways to potential applications and insight into how conditions drive a specific phase formation. Here, W624, a compound known to form the DC phase is confined in nanometer scale channels of porous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. Within each nanochannel, the DC phase is suppressed forming the HNF structure instead, indicating the nanoscale spatial limitation can control the phase structure of the DC phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Foley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Soft Materials Research Center, Boulder, CO, 80309-0390, USA
| | - Wongi Park
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyong Yang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Soft Materials Research Center, Boulder, CO, 80309-0390, USA
| | - Eva Korblova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Soft Materials Research Center, Boulder, CO, 80309-0390, USA
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - David M Walba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Soft Materials Research Center, Boulder, CO, 80309-0390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oikawa R, Sasaki H, Takanishi Y, Sagisaka M, Yamamoto J, Yoshizawa A. Linear symmetric liquid crystal trimers exhibiting supramolecular chiral architectures. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3179-3187. [PMID: 30892358 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We prepared a homologous series of achiral liquid crystal trimers (I-n) in which two phenylpyrimidine units and one biphenyl unit were connected via flexible spacers, and investigated the physical properties. All the trimers possessing odd-numbered methylene spacers exhibited soft crystalline chiral conglomerate phases. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that they have an intercalated layer structure. On the other hand, the trimers possessing even-numbered spacers showed nematic and smectic C phases. We investigated the surface structures of odd-membered trimers in the soft crystalline phases using scanning electron microscopy. Trimers I-3 and I-5 were found to form cylindrical tubes, whereas trimers I-7, I-9 and I-11 toroidal pits. We discuss the formation of diverse supramolecular architectures in terms of the anisotropy of the chirality transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Oikawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Park W, Feringán B, Yang M, Ryu SH, Ahn H, Shin TJ, Sierra T, Giménez R, Yoon DK. Manipulation of Supramolecular Columnar Structures of H-Bonded Donor-Acceptor Units through Geometrical Nanoconfinement. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:890-897. [PMID: 30730103 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201801042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ambipolar organic semiconductors are considered promising for organic electronics because of their interesting electric properties. Many hurdles remain yet to be overcome before they can be used for practical applications, especially because their orientation is hard to control. We demonstrate a method to control the orientation of columnar structures based on a hydrogen (H)-bonded donor-acceptor complex between a star-shaped tris(triazolyl)triazine and triphenylene-containing benzoic acid, using physicochemical nanoconfinement. The molecular configuration and supramolecular columnar assemblies in a one-dimensional porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) film were dramatically modulated by controlling the pore-size and by chemical modification of the inner surface of the porous AAO film. In situ experiments using grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) were carried out to investigate the structural evolution produced at the nanometer scale by varying physicochemical conditions. The resulting highly ordered nanostructures may open a new pathway to effectively control the alignment of liquid crystal ambipolar semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Park
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Beatriz Feringán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Minyong Yang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities and, School of Natural Science UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Teresa Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Raquel Giménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Q, Gu J, Zhang L, Lin J. Diverse chiral assemblies of nanoparticles directed by achiral block copolymers via nanochannel confinement. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:474-484. [PMID: 30566160 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is a challenging task to realize large-area manufacture of chiral geometries of nanoparticles in solid-state materials, which exhibit strongly chiroptical responses in the visible and near-infrared ranges. Herein, novel nanocomposites, made from mixtures of achiral block copolymers and nanoparticles in a geometrically confined environment, are conceptually proposed to construct the chiral assemblies of nanoparticles through a joint theoretical-calculation framework and experimental discussion. It is found that the nanochannel-confined block copolymers self-assemble into a family of intrinsically chiral architectures, which serve as structural scaffolds to direct the chiral arrangement of nanoparticles. Through calculations of chiral order parameters and simulations of discrete dipole approximation, it is further demonstrated that certain members of this family of nanoparticle assemblies exhibit intense chiroptical activity, which can be tailored by the nanochannel radius and the nanoparticle loading. These findings highlight the multiple levels of structural control over a class of chiral assemblies of nanoparticles and the functionalities of emerging materials via careful design and selection of nanocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yoshizawa A, Kurata M. Porous surface of an achiral trimer in the chiral conglomerate phase catalyzes a direct aldol reaction. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01913h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The honeycomb-like porous surface consisting of linear trimer molecules catalyzes the direct aldol reaction of acetone with benzaldehyde at room temperature to give racemic β-hydroxyketone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yoshizawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
- Aomori 036-8561
- Japan
| | - Misaki Kurata
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
- Aomori 036-8561
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nam DY, Samardak AY, Jeon YS, Kim SH, Davydenko AV, Ognev AV, Samardak AS, Kim YK. Magnetization reversal of ferromagnetic nanosprings affected by helical shape. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:20405-20413. [PMID: 30376025 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05655b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicity, a natural property of macro-, micro-, and nano-objects, potentially offers a new dimension to mechanical and electromagnetic applications for creating emerging nanodevices, such as nanorobots, nanomagnets, nanosensors, and high-density magnetic memory. Helical magnetic nanosprings are unique objects with remarkable magnetic properties, including the absence of stray fields in remanence owing to the chiral geometry, which makes them promising for data storage devices, nanoelectromechanical systems, and biomedical usage. Here, we investigated Co and CoFe nanospring arrays electrodeposited in highly ordered nanoporous templates. We report helical-shape-driven magnetization reversal of the nanosprings in comparison with the behavior of dipolarly coupled nanowires. We reveal two magnetization reversal modes depending on the orientation of the external magnetic field: coherent rotation of magnetization in the longitudinal geometry and three-dimensional vortex domain wall motion in the transverse geometry. The experimental findings are supported by analytical calculations and micromagnetic simulations that help to explain the field-dependent spin configurations observed by magnetic force microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Yeon Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sasaki H, Takanishi Y, Yamamoto J, Yoshizawa A. Achiral flexible liquid crystal trimers exhibiting gyroid-like surfaces in chiral conglomerate phases. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:6521-6528. [PMID: 28895612 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chiral conglomerate phases have attracted much attention not only for the spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking but also for their nanostructures. We investigated both surface and bulk structures of a homologues series of an achiral liquid crystal trimer I-(n,m) exhibiting soft crystalline chiral conglomerate phases by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The trimers were found to form bicontinuous networks. In particular, trimer I-(9,9) exhibited a single gyroid-like surface accompanying periodic distribution of dimples with a size of about 100 nm. It showed a sponge-like structure in the bulk of the material. The twist conformation of the flexible trimer I-(n,m) can cause layer deformation, which produces bicontinuous networks exhibiting optical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Sasaki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shi Y, Sun Z, Chen R, Zhu C, Shoemaker RK, Tsai E, Walba DM, Glaser MA, Maclennan JE, Chen D, Clark NA. Effect of Conformational Chirality on Optical Activity Observed in a Smectic of Achiral, Bent-Core Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6944-6950. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road No. 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department
of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, United States
| | - Zeyong Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road No. 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute
of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road No. 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ran Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road No. 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute
of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road No. 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Department
of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, United States
| | - Richard K. Shoemaker
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Ethan Tsai
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - David M. Walba
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Matthew A. Glaser
- Department
of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, United States
| | - Joseph E. Maclennan
- Department
of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, United States
| | - Dong Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road No. 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department
of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, United States
- Institute
of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road No. 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Noel A. Clark
- Department
of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Le KV, Takezoe H, Araoka F. Chiral Superstructure Mesophases of Achiral Bent-Shaped Molecules - Hierarchical Chirality Amplification and Physical Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1602737. [PMID: 27966798 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chiral mesophases in achiral bent-shaped molecules have attracted particular attention since their discovery in the middle 1990s, not only because of their homochirality and polarity, but also due to their unique physical/physicochemical properties. Here, the most intriguing results in the studies of such symmetry-broken states, mainly helical-nanofilament (HNF) and dark-conglomerate (DC) phases, are reviewed. Firstly, basic information on the typical appearance and optical activity in these phases is introduced. In the following section, the formation of mesoscopic chiral superstructures in the HNF and DC phases is discussed in terms of hierarchical chirality. Nanoscale phase segregation in mixture systems and gelation ability in the HNF phase are also described. In addition, some other related chiral phases of bent-shaped molecules are shown. Recent attempts to control such mesoscopic chiral structure and the alignment/confinement of HNFs are also discussed, along with several examples of their fascinating advanced physical properties, i.e. huge enhancement of circular dichroism, electro- and photo-tunable optical activities, chirality-induced nonlinear optics (second-harmonic-generation circular difference and electrogyration effect), enhanced hydrophobicity through the dual-scale surface morphological modulation, and photoconductivity in the HNF/fullerene binary system. Future prospects from basic science and application viewpoints are also indicated in the concluding section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khoa V Le
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideo Takezoe
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Fumito Araoka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim H, Ryu SH, Tuchband M, Shin TJ, Korblova E, Walba DM, Clark NA, Yoon DK. Structural transitions and guest/host complexing of liquid crystal helical nanofilaments induced by nanoconfinement. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602102. [PMID: 28246642 PMCID: PMC5302869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A lamellar liquid crystal (LC) phase of certain bent-core mesogenic molecules can be grown in a manner that generates a single chiral helical nanofilament in each of the cylindrical nanopores of an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane. By introducing guest molecules into the resulting composite chiral nanochannels, we explore the structures and functionality of the ordered guest/host LC complex, verifying the smectic-like positional order of the fluidic nematic LC phase, which is obtained by the combination of the LC organization and the nanoporous AAO superstructure. The guest nematic LC 4'-n-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl is found to form a distinctive fluid layered ordered LC complex at the nanofilament/guest interface with the host 1,3-phenylene bis[4-(4-nonyloxyphenyliminomethyl)benzoate], where this interface contacts the AAO cylinder wall. Filament growth form is strongly influenced by mixture parameters and pore dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanim Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Tuchband
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Eva Korblova
- Department of Chemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - David M. Walba
- Department of Chemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Noel A. Clark
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ryu SH, Gim MJ, Lee W, Choi SW, Yoon DK. Switchable Photonic Crystals Using One-Dimensional Confined Liquid Crystals for Photonic Device Application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3186-3191. [PMID: 28029761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals (PCs) have recently attracted considerable attention, with much effort devoted to photonic bandgap (PBG) control for varying the reflected color. Here, fabrication of a modulated one-dimensional (1D) anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) PC with a periodic porous structure is reported. The PBG of the fabricated PC can be reversibly changed by switching the ultraviolet (UV) light on/off. The AAO nanopores contain a mixture of photoresponsive liquid crystals (LCs) with irradiation-activated cis/trans photoisomerizable azobenzene. The resultant mixture of LCs in the porous AAO film exhibits a reversible PBG, depending on the cis/trans configuration of azobenzene molecules. The PBG switching is reliable over many cycles, suggesting that the fabricated device can be used in optical and photonic applications such as light modulators, smart windows, and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jun Gim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsuk Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Choi
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cha YJ, Yoon DK. Control of Periodic Zigzag Structures of DNA by a Simple Shearing Method. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604247. [PMID: 27862385 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A periodic zigzag structure of DNA material is successfully fabricated by a simple shearing method. The periodicity of the pattern can be finely controlled by combining the mechanical shearing method with topographic patterns of microchannels. The resultant zigzag patterns can be used as a template to control the alignment of rod-like liquid crystals due to its highly regular periodicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Cha
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gim MJ, Yoon DK. Orientation Control of Smectic Liquid Crystals via a Combination Method of Topographic Patterning and In-Plane Electric Field Application for a Linearly Polarized Illuminator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:27942-27948. [PMID: 27676222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We dynamically controlled the configuration of layering structures built by smectic A liquid crystal molecules using the combination method of the microchannel confinement and the in-plane electric field to realize the linearly polarized illuminator and bistable structures. Once a mild in-plane electric field (∼30 V) is applied between polymeric walls, the layer configuration was changed from the toric focal conic domains to periodic zigzag patterns of alternatively packed focal conic domains. The transformed zigzag patterns maintained their structures even after turning off the applied electric fields, revealing the ability for use in a bistable memory device. Indeed, a strong electric field (∼100 V) can make unidirectionally aligned LC molecules along with the applied electric field via zigzag patterns, and electro-optical performance of resultant textures when the sample is mixed with fluorescent dyes was characterized to show a linearly polarized light illuminator. Our electric field in and on the confined geometries will be used in the fabrication of functional structures built by polar soft materials which can broaden applications in patterning platforms and efficient electro-optical devices in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jun Gim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li L, Salamonczyk M, Jákli A, Hegmann T. A Dual Modulated Homochiral Helical Nanofilament Phase with Local Columnar Ordering Formed by Bent Core Liquid Crystals: Effects of Molecular Chirality. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3944-3955. [PMID: 27334846 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Helical nanofilament (HNF) phases form as a result of an intralayer mismatch between top and bottom molecular halves in bent-core liquid crystals (BC-LCs) that is relieved by local saddle-splay geometry. HNFs are immensely attractive for photovoltaic and chiral separation applications and as templates for the chiral spatial assembly of guest molecules. Here, the synthesis and characterization of two unichiral BC-LCs and one racemic mixture with tris-biphenyl-diester cores featuring chiral (R,R) and (S,S) or racemic 2-octyloxy aliphatic side chains are presented. In comparison to the achiral compound with linear side chains forming an intralayer modulated HNF phase (HNFmod ), synchrotron small angle X-ray diffraction indicates that the unichiral derivatives form a dual modulated HNF phase with intra- as well as interlayer modulations (HNFmod2 ) suggesting a columnar local structure of the nanofilaments. Transmission electron microscopy and circular dichroism spectropolarimetry confirm that the unichiral materials exclusively form homochiral HNFs with a twist sense-matching secondary twist. A contact preparation provides the first example of two identical chiral liquid crystal phases only differing in their handedness that do not mix and form an achiral liquid crystal phase with an entirely different structure in the contact zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| | - Miroslaw Salamonczyk
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| | - Antal Jákli
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ryu SH, Yoon DK. Molecular Orientation of Liquid Crystals on Topographic Nanopatterns. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17707-17712. [PMID: 27322013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the orientation of building blocks in soft matter on the substrate has been a big challenge in material sciences. We have controlled the molecular orientation of liquid crystal (LC) materials on the porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film having hexagonal pore arrays on the top surface. In our method, anchoring conditions can be varied by changing the pore size (Dp) and the porosity (P). As a proof-of-concept, the orientation of smectic A (SmA) structure at different anchoring conditions was successfully controlled in a sandwich cell consisting of AAO and a glass substrate, which has not been successfully controlled by conventional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gim MJ, Kim H, Chen D, Shen Y, Yi Y, Korblova E, Walba DM, Clark NA, Yoon DK. Airflow-aligned helical nanofilament (B4) phase in topographic confinement. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29111. [PMID: 27384747 PMCID: PMC4935884 DOI: 10.1038/srep29111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated a controlled helical nanofilament (HNF: B4) phase under topographic confinement with airflow that can induce a shear force and temperature gradient on the sample. The resulting orientation and ordering of the B4 phase in this combinational effort was directly investigated using microscopy. The structural freedom of the complex B7 phase, which is a higher temperature phase than the B4 phase, can result in relatively complex microscopic arrangements of HNFs compared with the B4 phase generated from the simple layer structure of the B2 phase. This interesting chiral/polar nanofilament behaviour offers new opportunities for further exploration of the exotic physical properties of the B4 phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jun Gim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanim Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,Institute of Process Equipment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yongqiang Shen
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Youngwoo Yi
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Eva Korblova
- Department of Chemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - David M Walba
- Department of Chemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Noel A Clark
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim H, Zep A, Ryu SH, Ahn H, Shin TJ, Lee SB, Pociecha D, Gorecka E, Yoon DK. Linkage-length dependent structuring behaviour of bent-core molecules in helical nanostructures. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:3326-3330. [PMID: 26876379 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm03100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the correlation between the molecular structure and the formation of helical nanofilaments (HNFs) of bent-core dimeric molecules with varying linkage lengths. To obtain precise structural data, a single domain of HNFs was prepared under physical confinement using porous 1D nanochannels, made up of anodic aluminium oxide films. Electron microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction were used to elucidate the linkage length-dependent formation of HNFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanim Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Anna Zep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland.
| | - Seong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, UNIST, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Damian Pociecha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland.
| | - Ewa Gorecka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland.
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang L, Wang T, Shen Z, Liu M. Chiral Nanoarchitectonics: Towards the Design, Self-Assembly, and Function of Nanoscale Chiral Twists and Helices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1044-59. [PMID: 26385875 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Helical structures such as double helical DNA and the α-helical proteins found in biological systems are among the most beautiful natural structures. Chiral nanoarchitectonics, which is used here to describe the hierarchical formation and fabrication of chiral nanoarchitectures that can be observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), or transmission electron microscopy (TEM), is one of the most effective ways to mimic those natural chiral nanostructures. This article focuses on the formation, structure, and function of the most common chiral nanoarchitectures: nanoscale chiral twists and helices. The types of molecules that can be designed and how they can form hierarchical chiral nanoarchitectures are explored. In addition, new and unique functions such as amplified chiral sensing, chiral separation, biological effects, and circularly polarized luminescence associated with the chiral nanoarchitectures are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaocun Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ryu SH, Kim H, Lee S, Cha YJ, Shin TJ, Ahn H, Korblova E, Walba DM, Clark NA, Lee SB, Yoon DK. Nucleation and growth of a helical nanofilament (B4) liquid-crystal phase confined in nanobowls. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7778-7782. [PMID: 26313738 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01783a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The B4 helical nanofilament (HNF) liquid crystal (LC) phase is a three-dimensional (3D) helical structure composed of 2D smectic layers. Because of the complex shape of the HNF phase, it is difficult to understand the generation mechanism of HNFs in the bulk as well as in the thin-film condition. Here, we directly investigated the nucleation and growth of HNFs in nanobowls. A combination of electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction was used to reveal the transitional surface structures, in which barrel-like structures as well as short HNFs with random handedness were observed, depending on the LC film thickness. These results will be useful in achieving a better understanding of thin film structures of complex chiral structures in soft matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim K, Kim H, Jo SY, Araoka F, Yoon DK, Choi SW. Photomodulated Supramolecular Chirality in Achiral Photoresponsive Rodlike Compounds Nanosegregated from the Helical Nanofilaments of Achiral Bent-Core Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:22686-22691. [PMID: 26397122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We prepared a nonchiral mixture of achiral bent-core molecules and photoresponsive rodlike liquid crystalline (LC) molecules. With the help of the isothermal photochemical nematic (N)-isotropic (Iso) phase transition of the photoresponsive rodlike LC molecules, the corresponding phase transition from a dark conglomerate BX phase to another distinguishable dark conglomerate B4 phase took place in the mixture. A large circular dichroism (CD) signal originating from supramolecular chirality was detected in the initial BX phase. On the other hand, the detected CD signal was decreased in the B4 phase after UV irradiation. Interestingly, the decreased CD signal could be reverted to the initial CD signal with visible irradiation. This chiroptical process revealed in this work was stable and reversible and thus opens up the possibility of practical applications such as rewritable optical storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kibeom Kim
- Department of Advance Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-shi, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Korea
| | - Hanim Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Seong-Yong Jo
- Department of Advance Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-shi, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Korea
| | - Fumito Araoka
- Physicochemical Soft Matter Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Suk-Won Choi
- Department of Advance Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-shi, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Honglawan A, Kim DS, Beller DA, Yoon DK, Gharbi MA, Stebe KJ, Kamien RD, Yang S. Synergistic assembly of nanoparticles in smectic liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7367-7375. [PMID: 26271339 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report synergistic co-assembly between smectic A liquid crystal (SmA LC) and planar anchoring fluorosilane functionalized silica (F-SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs). Both scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) patterns show that when cooled from the isotropic phase to SmA phase, F-SiO2 NPs (100-500 nm in diameter) migrate from the bottom to the top of the LC film through the central cusp defects of toric focal conic domains (TFCDs). When the NPs form a monolayer on top, replacing the LC/air interface, vertically aligned SmA layers are formed between the top and bottom planar surfaces. When F-SiO2 NP diameter is small (<500 nm), we observe a weak-anchoring regime, where NPs do not cause appreciable layer curvature and NP migration is driven by surface energy. When F-SiO2 particle diameter > 500 nm, strong distortions occur in the smectic layers, and the particle is found suspended at the TFCD defect core. The knowledge of the intermediate states of the NP/LC hybrid structures will provide valuable insights to assemble functional nanomaterials such as quantum dots and metallic NPs in an anisotropic medium, and take advantage of their collective assembly behaviors to create more complex and dynamic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apiradee Honglawan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Towne Building, 220 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee S, Kim H, Tsai E, Richardson JM, Korblova E, Walba DM, Clark NA, Lee SB, Yoon DK. Multidimensional Helical Nanostructures in Multiscale Nanochannels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:8156-8161. [PMID: 26135637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the various morphological changes of helical nanofilament (HNF; B4) phases in multiscale nanochannels made of porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film. Single or multihelical structures could be manipulated depending on the AAO pore size and the higher-temperature phase of each molecule. Furthermore, the nanostructures of HNFs affected by the chemical affinity between the molecule and surface were drastically controlled in surface-modified nanochannels. These well-controlled hierarchical helical structures that have multidimensions can be a promising tool for the manipulation of chiral pores or the nonlinear optical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Lee
- †Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanim Kim
- †Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ethan Tsai
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Richardson
- §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Eva Korblova
- §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - David M Walba
- §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Noel A Clark
- ∥Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- †Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- †Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee S, Kim H, Shin TJ, Tsai E, Richardson JM, Korblova E, Walba DM, Clark NA, Lee SB, Yoon DK. Physico-chemical confinement of helical nanofilaments. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:3653-3659. [PMID: 25812081 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Helical nanofilaments (HNFs) have attracted much interest because of their unique optical properties, but there have been many hurdles to overcome in using them for the practical applications due to their structural complexity. Here we demonstrate that the molecular configuration and layer conformation of a modulated HNF (HNFs(mod)) can be studied using a physicochemical confinement system. The layer directions affected by the chemical affinity between the mesogen and surface were drastically controlled in surface-modified nanochannels. Furthermore, an in situ experiment using grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) was carried out to investigate in detail the structural evolution through thermal transitions. The results demonstrate that the HNF(mod) structure can be perfectly controlled for functional HNF device applications, and a combined system with chemical and physical confinement effects will be helpful to better understand the fundamentals of soft matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhu C, Wang C, Young A, Liu F, Gunkel I, Chen D, Walba D, Maclennan J, Clark N, Hexemer A. Probing and controlling liquid crystal helical nanofilaments. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3420-3424. [PMID: 25867200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the first in situ measurement of the helical pitch of the helical nanofilament B4 phase of bent-core liquid crystals using linearly polarized, resonant soft X-ray scattering at the carbon K-edge. A strong, anisotropic scattering peak corresponding to the half-pitch of the twisted smectic layer structure was observed. The equilibrium helical half-pitch of NOBOW is found to be 120 nm, essentially independent of temperature. However, the helical pitch can be tuned by mixing guest organic molecules with the bent-core host, followed by thermal annealing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Zhu
- †Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- †Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anthony Young
- †Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Feng Liu
- ‡Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- †Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dong Chen
- §Department of Physics and Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - David Walba
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joseph Maclennan
- §Department of Physics and Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Noel Clark
- §Department of Physics and Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- †Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|