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Lininger A, Palermo G, Guglielmelli A, Nicoletta G, Goel M, Hinczewski M, Strangi G. Chirality in Light-Matter Interaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2107325. [PMID: 35532188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The scientific effort to control the interaction between light and matter has grown exponentially in the last 2 decades. This growth has been aided by the development of scientific and technological tools enabling the manipulation of light at deeply sub-wavelength scales, unlocking a large variety of novel phenomena spanning traditionally distant research areas. Here, the role of chirality in light-matter interactions is reviewed by providing a broad overview of its properties, materials, and applications. A perspective on future developments is highlighted, including the growing role of machine learning in designing advanced chiroptical materials to enhance and control light-matter interactions across several scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lininger
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Giovanna Palermo
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Alexa Guglielmelli
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicoletta
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Madhav Goel
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael Hinczewski
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Giuseppe Strangi
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Physics, NLHT-Lab, University of Calabria and CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Rende, 87036, Italy
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2
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Dong Z, Ogunnaike O, Levitov L. Collective Excitations in Chiral Stoner Magnets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:206701. [PMID: 37267555 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.206701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We argue that spin- and valley-polarized metallic phases recently observed in graphene bilayers and trilayers support chiral edge modes that allow spin waves to propagate ballistically along system boundaries without backscattering. The chiral edge behavior originates from the interplay between the momentum-space Berry curvature in Dirac bands and the geometric phase of a spin texture in position space. The edge modes are weakly confined to the edge, featuring dispersion that is robust and insensitive to the detailed profile of magnetization at the edge. This unique character of edge modes reduces their overlap with edge disorder and enhances the mode lifetime. The mode propagation direction reverses upon reversing valley polarization, an effect that provides a clear testable signature of geometric interactions in isospin-polarized Dirac bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Dong
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Olumakinde Ogunnaike
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Leonid Levitov
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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3
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Arora A, Rudner MS, Song JCW. Quantum Plasmonic Nonreciprocity in Parity-Violating Magnets. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9351-9357. [PMID: 36383645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The optical responses of metals are often dominated by plasmonic resonances, that is, the collective oscillations of interacting electron liquids. Here we unveil a new class of plasmons─quantum metric plasmons (QMPs)─that arise in a wide range of parity-violating magnetic metals. In these materials, a dipolar distribution of the quantum metric (a fundamental characteristic of Bloch wave functions) produces intrinsic nonreciprocal bulk plasmons. Strikingly, QMP nonreciprocity manifests even when the single-particle dispersion is symmetric: QMPs are sensitive to time-reversal and parity violations hidden in the Bloch wave function. In materials with asymmetric single-particle dispersions, quantum metric dipole induced nonreciprocity can continue to dominate at large frequencies. We anticipate that QMPs can be realized in a wide range of parity-violating magnets, including twisted bilayer graphene heterostructures, where quantum geometric quantities can achieve large values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Arora
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637371
| | - Mark S Rudner
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, SeattleWashington98195, United States
| | - Justin C W Song
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637371
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4
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Abstract
Surface plasmons, which allow tight confinement of light, suffer from high intrinsic electronic losses. It has been shown that stimulated emission from excited electrons can transfer energy to plasmons and compensate for the high intrinsic losses. To-date, these realizations have relied on introducing an external gain media coupled to the surface plasmon. Here, we propose that plasmons in two-dimensional materials with closely located electron and hole Fermi pockets can be amplified, when an electrical current bias is applied along the displaced electron-hole pockets, without the need for an external gain media. As a prototypical example, we consider WTe2 from the family of 1T[Formula: see text]-MX2 materials, whose electronic structure can be described within a type-II tilted massive Dirac model. We find that the nonlocal plasmonic response experiences prominent gain for experimentally accessible currents on the order of mAμm-1. Furthermore, the group velocity of the plasmon found from the isofrequency curves imply that the amplified plasmons are highly collimated along a direction perpendicular to the Dirac node tilt when the electrical current is applied along it.
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5
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Observation of chiral and slow plasmons in twisted bilayer graphene. Nature 2022; 605:63-68. [PMID: 35508778 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moiré superlattices have led to observations of exotic emergent electronic properties such as superconductivity and strong correlated states in small-rotation-angle twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG)1,2. Recently, these findings have inspired the search for new properties in moiré plasmons. Although plasmon propagation in the tBLG basal plane has been studied by near-field nano-imaging techniques3-7, the general electromagnetic character and properties of these plasmons remain elusive. Here we report the direct observation of two new plasmon modes in macroscopic tBLG with a highly ordered moiré superlattice. Using spiral structured nanoribbons of tBLG, we identify signatures of chiral plasmons that arise owing to the uncompensated Berry flux of the electron gas under optical pumping. The salient features of these chiral plasmons are shown through their dependence on optical pumping intensity and electron fillings, in conjunction with distinct resonance splitting and Faraday rotation coinciding with the spectral window of maximal Berry flux. Moreover, we also identify a slow plasmonic mode around 0.4 electronvolts, which stems from the interband transitions between the nested subbands in lattice-relaxed AB-stacked domains. This mode may open up opportunities for strong light-matter interactions within the highly sought after mid-wave infrared spectral window8. Our results unveil the new electromagnetic dynamics of small-angle tBLG and exemplify it as a unique quantum optical platform.
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6
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Cao J, Fertig HA, Brey L. Quantum Internal Structure of Plasmons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:196403. [PMID: 34797157 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.196403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmons are usually described in terms of macroscopic quantities such as electric fields and currents. However, as fundamental excitations of metals, they are also quantum objects with internal structure. We demonstrate that this can induce an intrinsic dipole moment which is tied to the quantum geometry of the Hilbert space of plasmon states. This quantum geometric dipole offers a unique handle for manipulation of plasmon dynamics via density modulations and electric fields. As a concrete example, we demonstrate that scattering of plasmons with a nonvanishing quantum geometric dipole from impurities is nonreciprocal, skewing in different directions in a valley-dependent fashion. This internal structure can be used to control plasmon trajectories in two dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlyu Cao
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA and Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408 USA
| | - H A Fertig
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA and Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408 USA
| | - Luis Brey
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Interface nano-optics with van der Waals polaritons. Nature 2021; 597:187-195. [PMID: 34497390 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are hybrid excitations of matter and photons. In recent years, polaritons in van der Waals nanomaterials-known as van der Waals polaritons-have shown great promise to guide the flow of light at the nanoscale over spectral regions ranging from the visible to the terahertz. A vibrant research field based on manipulating strong light-matter interactions in the form of polaritons, supported by these atomically thin van der Waals nanomaterials, is emerging for advanced nanophotonic and opto-electronic applications. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of exploiting interface optics-such as refractive optics, meta-optics and moiré engineering-for the control of van der Waals polaritons. This enhanced control over van der Waals polaritons at the nanoscale has not only unveiled many new phenomena, but has also inspired valuable applications-including new avenues for nano-imaging, sensing, on-chip optical circuitry, and potentially many others in the years to come.
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8
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Dong Y, Xiong L, Phinney IY, Sun Z, Jing R, McLeod AS, Zhang S, Liu S, Ruta FL, Gao H, Dong Z, Pan R, Edgar JH, Jarillo-Herrero P, Levitov LS, Millis AJ, Fogler MM, Bandurin DA, Basov DN. Fizeau drag in graphene plasmonics. Nature 2021; 594:513-516. [PMID: 34163054 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dragging of light by moving media was predicted by Fresnel1 and verified by Fizeau's celebrated experiments2 with flowing water. This momentous discovery is among the experimental cornerstones of Einstein's special relativity theory and is well understood3,4 in the context of relativistic kinematics. By contrast, experiments on dragging photons by an electron flow in solids are riddled with inconsistencies and have so far eluded agreement with the theory5-7. Here we report on the electron flow dragging surface plasmon polaritons8,9 (SPPs): hybrid quasiparticles of infrared photons and electrons in graphene. The drag is visualized directly through infrared nano-imaging of propagating plasmonic waves in the presence of a high-density current. The polaritons in graphene shorten their wavelength when propagating against the drifting carriers. Unlike the Fizeau effect for light, the SPP drag by electrical currents defies explanation by simple kinematics and is linked to the nonlinear electrodynamics of Dirac electrons in graphene. The observed plasmonic Fizeau drag enables breaking of time-reversal symmetry and reciprocity10 at infrared frequencies without resorting to magnetic fields11,12 or chiral optical pumping13,14. The Fizeau drag also provides a tool with which to study interactions and nonequilibrium effects in electron liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Xiong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - I Y Phinney
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Z Sun
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Jing
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A S McLeod
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Liu
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - F L Ruta
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Gao
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Z Dong
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R Pan
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J H Edgar
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - P Jarillo-Herrero
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L S Levitov
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D A Bandurin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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10
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Efficient Fizeau drag from Dirac electrons in monolayer graphene. Nature 2021; 594:517-521. [PMID: 34163053 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fizeau demonstrated in 1850 that the speed of light can be modified when it is propagating in moving media1. However, such control of the light speed has not been achieved efficiently with a fast-moving electron media by passing an electrical current. Because the strong electromagnetic coupling between the electron and light leads to the collective excitation of plasmon polaritons, it is hypothesized that Fizeau drag in electron flow systems manifests as a plasmonic Doppler effect. Experimental observation of the plasmonic Doppler effect in electronic systems has been challenge because the plasmon propagation speed is much faster than the electron drift velocity in conventional noble metals. Here we report direct observation of Fizeau drag of plasmon polaritons in strongly biased monolayer graphene by exploiting the high electron mobility and the slow plasmon propagation of massless Dirac electrons. The large bias current in graphene creates a fast-drifting Dirac electron medium hosting the plasmon polariton. This results in non-reciprocal plasmon propagation, where plasmons moving with the drifting electron media propagate at an enhanced speed. We measure the Doppler-shifted plasmon wavelength using cryogenic near-field infrared nanoscopy, which directly images the plasmon polariton mode in the biased graphene at low temperature. We observe a plasmon wavelength difference of up to 3.6 per cent between a plasmon moving with and a plasmon moving against the drifting electron media. Our findings on the plasmonic Doppler effect provide opportunities for electrical control of non-reciprocal surface plasmon polaritons in non-equilibrium systems.
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11
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Xiong L, Li Y, Jung M, Forsythe C, Zhang S, McLeod AS, Dong Y, Liu S, Ruta FL, Li C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Fogler MM, Edgar JH, Shvets G, Dean CR, Basov DN. Programmable Bloch polaritons in graphene. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [PMID: 33962941 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5mkkwh74r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient control of photons is enabled by hybridizing light with matter. The resulting light-matter quasi-particles can be readily programmed by manipulating either their photonic or matter constituents. Here, we hybridized infrared photons with graphene Dirac electrons to form surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and uncovered a previously unexplored means to control SPPs in structures with periodically modulated carrier density. In these periodic structures, common SPPs with continuous dispersion are transformed into Bloch polaritons with attendant discrete bands separated by bandgaps. We explored directional Bloch polaritons and steered their propagation by dialing the proper gate voltage. Fourier analysis of the near-field images corroborates that this on-demand nano-optics functionality is rooted in the polaritonic band structure. Our programmable polaritonic platform paves the way for the much-sought benefits of on-the-chip photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yutao Li
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carlos Forsythe
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Yinan Dong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Song Liu
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Frank L Ruta
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Casey Li
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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12
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Xiong L, Li Y, Jung M, Forsythe C, Zhang S, McLeod AS, Dong Y, Liu S, Ruta FL, Li C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Fogler MM, Edgar JH, Shvets G, Dean CR, Basov DN. Programmable Bloch polaritons in graphene. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe8087. [PMID: 33962941 PMCID: PMC8104864 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient control of photons is enabled by hybridizing light with matter. The resulting light-matter quasi-particles can be readily programmed by manipulating either their photonic or matter constituents. Here, we hybridized infrared photons with graphene Dirac electrons to form surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and uncovered a previously unexplored means to control SPPs in structures with periodically modulated carrier density. In these periodic structures, common SPPs with continuous dispersion are transformed into Bloch polaritons with attendant discrete bands separated by bandgaps. We explored directional Bloch polaritons and steered their propagation by dialing the proper gate voltage. Fourier analysis of the near-field images corroborates that this on-demand nano-optics functionality is rooted in the polaritonic band structure. Our programmable polaritonic platform paves the way for the much-sought benefits of on-the-chip photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yutao Li
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carlos Forsythe
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Yinan Dong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Song Liu
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Frank L Ruta
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Casey Li
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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13
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Gong SH, Park QH. Gyroelectric guided modes with transverse optical spin. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:10631-10638. [PMID: 33820194 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The transverse nature of light leads to longitudinal optical spin. Here, the unprecedented transverse optical spin of propagating waves and guided modes in a gyroelectric medium is clarified. We identify the propagation modes in a bulk gyroelectric medium and their polarization in terms of optical spin. The anisotropic permittivity of a gyroelectric medium results in two propagation modes, slow and fast, in which the optical spin varies according to the propagation direction. When the magnetization direction of the gyroelectric medium and the propagation direction of the light are not parallel, these modes possess both the longitudinal and transverse components of optical spin. We also confirm that a gyroelectric slab waveguide induces transverse optical spin in the guided light. We investigate the transport behavior of transverse optical spin in a gyroelectric slab using numerical calculations with a modified 3D finite difference time domain method. These new gyroelectric guided modes offer a novel approach to the manipulation of optical spin on a nanoscale.
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14
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Brey L, Stauber T, Slipchenko T, Martín-Moreno L. Plasmonic Dirac Cone in Twisted Bilayer Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:256804. [PMID: 33416378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.256804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We discuss plasmons of biased twisted bilayer graphene when the Fermi level lies inside the gap. The collective excitations are a network of chiral edge plasmons (CEP) entirely composed of excitations in the topological electronic edge states that appear at the AB-BA interfaces. The CEP form a hexagonal network with a unique energy scale ε_{p}=(e^{2})/(ε_{0}εt_{0}) with t_{0} the moiré lattice constant and ε the dielectric constant. From the dielectric matrix we obtain the plasmon spectra that has two main characteristics: (i) a diverging density of states at zero energy, and (ii) the presence of a plasmonic Dirac cone at ℏω∼ε_{p}/2 with sound velocity v_{D}=0.0075c, which is formed by zigzag and armchair current oscillations. A network model reveals that the antisymmetry of the plasmon bands implies that CEP scatter at the hexagon vertices maximally in the deflected chiral outgoing directions, with a current ratio of 4/9 into each of the deflected directions and 1/9 into the forward one. We show that scanning near-field microscopy should be able to observe the predicted plasmonic Dirac cone and its broken symmetry phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Brey
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Stauber
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Slipchenko
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - L Martín-Moreno
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
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15
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Lin X, Liu Z, Stauber T, Gómez-Santos G, Gao F, Chen H, Zhang B, Low T. Chiral Plasmons with Twisted Atomic Bilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:077401. [PMID: 32857562 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.077401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals heterostructures of atomically thin layers with rotational misalignments, such as twisted bilayer graphene, feature interesting structural moiré superlattices. Because of the quantum coupling between the twisted atomic layers, light-matter interaction is inherently chiral; as such, they provide a promising platform for chiral plasmons in the extreme nanoscale. However, while the interlayer quantum coupling can be significant, its influence on chiral plasmons still remains elusive. Here we present the general solutions from full Maxwell equations of chiral plasmons in twisted atomic bilayers, with the consideration of interlayer quantum coupling. We find twisted atomic bilayers have a direct correspondence to the chiral metasurface, which simultaneously possesses chiral and magnetic surface conductivities, besides the common electric surface conductivity. In other words, the interlayer quantum coupling in twisted van der Waals heterostructures may facilitate the construction of various (e.g., bi-anisotropic) atomically-thin metasurfaces. Moreover, the chiral surface conductivity, determined by the interlayer quantum coupling, determines the existence of chiral plasmons and leads to a unique phase relationship (i.e., ±π/2 phase difference) between their transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) wave components. Importantly, such a unique phase relationship for chiral plasmons can be exploited to construct the missing longitudinal spin of plasmons, besides the common transverse spin of plasmons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zifei Liu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Guillermo Gómez-Santos
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fei Gao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Baile Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, NTU, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Tony Low
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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16
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Papaj M, Lewandowski C. Plasmonic Nonreciprocity Driven by Band Hybridization in Moiré Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:066801. [PMID: 32845684 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.066801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new current-driven mechanism for achieving significant plasmon dispersion nonreciprocity in systems with narrow, strongly hybridized electron bands. The magnitude of the effect is controlled by the strength of electron-electron interactions α, which leads to its particular prominence in moiré materials, characterized by α≫1. Moreover, this phenomenon is most evident in the regime where Landau damping is quenched and plasmon lifetime is increased. The synergy of these two effects holds great promise for novel optoelectronic applications of moiré materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Papaj
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Cyprian Lewandowski
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Buddhiraju S, Song A, Papadakis GT, Fan S. Nonreciprocal Metamaterial Obeying Time-Reversal Symmetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:257403. [PMID: 32639792 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.257403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a class of non-Hermitian systems that break electromagnetic reciprocity while preserving time-reversal symmetry, and describe its novel polarization dynamics. We show that this class of systems can be realized using van der Waals heterostructures involving transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Our work provides a path towards achieving strong optical nonreciprocity and polarization-dependent directional amplification using compact, large-area and magnet-free structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Buddhiraju
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alex Song
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Georgia T Papadakis
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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18
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A. Paiva-Marques W, Reyes Gómez F, N. Oliveira O, Mejía-Salazar JR. Chiral Plasmonics and Their Potential for Point-of-Care Biosensing Applications. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030944. [PMID: 32050725 PMCID: PMC7039232 DOI: 10.3390/s20030944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in using strong field enhancement and light localization in plasmonic nanostructures to control the polarization properties of light. Various experimental techniques are now used to fabricate twisted metallic nanoparticles and metasurfaces, where strongly enhanced chiral near-fields are used to intensify circular dichroism (CD) signals. In this review, state-of-the-art strategies to develop such chiral plasmonic nanoparticles and metasurfaces are summarized, with emphasis on the most recent trends for the design and development of functionalizable surfaces. The major objective is to perform enantiomer selection which is relevant in pharmaceutical applications and for biosensing. Enhanced sensing capabilities are key for the design and manufacture of lab-on-a-chip devices, commonly named point-of-care biosensing devices, which are promising for next-generation healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faustino Reyes Gómez
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, Sao Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (F.R.G.)
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, Sao Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (F.R.G.)
| | - J. Ricardo Mejía-Salazar
- National Institute of Telecommunications (Inatel), Santa Rita do Sapucaí MG 37540-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Wu JS, Apalkov V, Stockman MI. Topological Spaser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:017701. [PMID: 31976714 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.017701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically introduce a topological spaser, which consists of a hexagonal array of plasmonic metal nanoshells containing an achiral gain medium in their cores. Such a spaser can generate two mutually time-reversed chiral surface plasmon modes in the K and K^{'} valleys, which carry the opposite topological charges, ±1, and are described by a two-dimensional E^{'} representation of the D_{3h} point symmetry group. Due to the mode competition, this spaser exhibits a bistability: only one of these two modes generates, which is a spontaneous symmetry breaking. Such a spaser can be used for an ultrafast all-optical memory and information processing, and biomedical detection and sensing with chirality resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Sheng Wu
- Center for Nano-Optics (CeNO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Vadym Apalkov
- Center for Nano-Optics (CeNO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Mark I Stockman
- Center for Nano-Optics (CeNO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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20
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Zhang Y, Guo B, Zhai F, Jiang W. Multiple harmonics control of edge pseudomagnetoplasmons in strained grapheme. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33453-33462. [PMID: 30645497 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Valley-resolved edge plasmons are relevant to nano-optics at subwavelength scales. However, less attention has been paid to their tunable properties in time domain. In this work we investigate edge pseudomagnetoplasmons in a strained graphene modulated by multiple harmonics with frequency in the THz regime. The edge plasmon is described by a set of nonlinear hydrodynamic equations, which are self-consistently solved by the flux-corrected transport method. Without the applied voltage, there exist two unidirectional-propagating edge-plasmon modes with weak valley polarization P. It is demonstrated that by varying the amplitude of multiple harmonics one can alter both the amplitude and the polarity of the valley polarization in the edge plasmon. One can achieve a full valley polarization P=1 at the instant of half cycle of the multiple harmonics and P=-1 at the instant of one cycle. The edge-plasmon density and the transverse velocity vanish for the frozen valley.
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21
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Song JCW, Gabor NM. Electron quantum metamaterials in van der Waals heterostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:986-993. [PMID: 30397295 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, scientists have developed the means to engineer synthetic periodic arrays with feature sizes below the wavelength of light. When such features are appropriately structured, electromagnetic radiation can be manipulated in unusual ways, resulting in optical metamaterials whose function is directly controlled through nanoscale structure. Nature, too, has adopted such techniques-for example in the unique colouring of butterfly wings-to manipulate photons as they propagate through nanoscale periodic assemblies. In this Perspective, we highlight the intriguing potential of designer structuring of electronic matter at scales at and below the electron wavelength, which affords a new range of synthetic quantum metamaterials with unconventional responses. Driven by experimental developments in stacking atomically layered heterostructures-such as mechanical pick-up/transfer assembly-atomic-scale registrations and structures can be readily tuned over distances smaller than characteristic electronic length scales (such as the electron wavelength, screening length and electron mean free path). Yet electronic metamaterials promise far richer categories of behaviour than those found in conventional optical metamaterial technologies. This is because, unlike photons, which scarcely interact with each other, electrons in subwavelength-structured metamaterials are charged and strongly interact. As a result, an enormous variety of emergent phenomena can be expected and radically new classes of interacting quantum metamaterials designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C W Song
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Nathaniel M Gabor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Laboratory of Quantum Materials Optoelectronics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Gutiérrez-Rubio Á, Chirolli L, Martín-Moreno L, García-Vidal FJ, Guinea F. Polariton Anomalous Hall Effect in Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:137402. [PMID: 30312058 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.137402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the properties of strongly coupled excitons and photons in systems made of semiconducting two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides embedded in optical cavities. Through a detailed microscopic analysis of the coupling, we unveil novel, highly tunable features of the spectrum that result in polariton splitting and a breaking of light-matter selection rules. The dynamics of the composite polaritons is influenced by the Berry phase arising both from their constituents and from the confinement-enhanced coupling. We find that light-matter coupling emerges as a mechanism that enhances the Berry phase of polaritons well beyond that of its elementary constituents, paving the way to achieve a polariton anomalous Hall effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Chirolli
- IMDEA Nanoscience Institute, C/Faraday 9, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Martín-Moreno
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - F J García-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-8049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - F Guinea
- IMDEA Nanoscience Institute, C/Faraday 9, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PY, United Kingdom
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23
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Caridad JM, Power SR, Lotz MR, Shylau AA, Thomsen JD, Gammelgaard L, Booth TJ, Jauho AP, Bøggild P. Conductance quantization suppression in the quantum Hall regime. Nat Commun 2018; 9:659. [PMID: 29440635 PMCID: PMC5811439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductance quantization is the quintessential feature of electronic transport in non-interacting mesoscopic systems. This phenomenon is observed in quasi one-dimensional conductors at zero magnetic field B, and the formation of edge states at finite magnetic fields results in wider conductance plateaus within the quantum Hall regime. Electrostatic interactions can change this picture qualitatively. At finite B, screening mechanisms in narrow, gated ballistic conductors are predicted to give rise to an increase in conductance and a suppression of quantization due to the appearance of additional conduction channels. Despite being a universal effect, this regime has proven experimentally elusive because of difficulties in realizing one-dimensional systems with sufficiently hard-walled, disorder-free confinement. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the suppression of conductance quantization within the quantum Hall regime for graphene nanoconstrictions with low edge roughness. Our findings may have profound impact on fundamental studies of quantum transport in finite-size, two-dimensional crystals with low disorder. Conductance quantization is the hallmark of non-interacting confined systems. The authors show that the quantization in graphene nanoconstrictions with low edge disorder is suppressed in the quantum Hall regime. This is explained by the addition of new conductance channels due to electrostatic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Caridad
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stephen R Power
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193, Spain
| | - Mikkel R Lotz
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Artsem A Shylau
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joachim D Thomsen
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lene Gammelgaard
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Timothy J Booth
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Antti-Pekka Jauho
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Bøggild
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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24
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Mahoney AC, Colless JI, Peeters L, Pauka SJ, Fox EJ, Kou X, Pan L, Wang KL, Goldhaber-Gordon D, Reilly DJ. Zero-field edge plasmons in a magnetic topological insulator. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1836. [PMID: 29184065 PMCID: PMC5705665 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating ferromagnetic dopants into three-dimensional topological insulator thin films has recently led to the realisation of the quantum anomalous Hall effect. These materials are of great interest since they may support electrical currents that flow without resistance, even at zero magnetic field. To date, the quantum anomalous Hall effect has been investigated using low-frequency transport measurements. However, transport results can be difficult to interpret due to the presence of parallel conductive paths, or because additional non-chiral edge channels may exist. Here we move beyond transport measurements by probing the microwave response of a magnetised disk of Cr-(Bi,Sb)2Te3. We identify features associated with chiral edge plasmons, a signature that robust edge channels are intrinsic to this material system. Our results provide a measure of the velocity of edge excitations without contacting the sample, and pave the way for an on-chip circuit element of practical importance: the zero-field microwave circulator. Direct measurement of edge transport in the quantum anomalous Hall effect can be made difficult due to the presence of parallel conductive paths. Here, Mahoney et al. report features associated with chiral edge plasmons, a signature of robust edge states, by probing the zero-field microwave response of a magnetised disk of Cr-(Bi,Sb)2Te3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Mahoney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - James I Colless
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lucas Peeters
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sebastian J Pauka
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Eli J Fox
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xufeng Kou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David Goldhaber-Gordon
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - David J Reilly
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Microsoft Station Q Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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25
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Basov DN, Averitt RD, Hsieh D. Towards properties on demand in quantum materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:1077-1088. [PMID: 29066824 DOI: 10.1038/nmat5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an explosion in the field of quantum materials, headlined by the predictions and discoveries of novel Landau-symmetry-broken phases in correlated electron systems, topological phases in systems with strong spin-orbit coupling, and ultra-manipulable materials platforms based on two-dimensional van der Waals crystals. Discovering pathways to experimentally realize quantum phases of matter and exert control over their properties is a central goal of modern condensed-matter physics, which holds promise for a new generation of electronic/photonic devices with currently inaccessible and likely unimaginable functionalities. In this Review, we describe emerging strategies for selectively perturbing microscopic interaction parameters, which can be used to transform materials into a desired quantum state. Particular emphasis will be placed on recent successes to tailor electronic interaction parameters through the application of intense fields, impulsive electromagnetic stimulation, and nanostructuring or interface engineering. Together these approaches outline a potential roadmap to an era of quantum phenomena on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - R D Averitt
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - D Hsieh
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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26
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Da H, Gao L, Ding W, Yan X. Nonreciprocal Giant Magneto-Optic Effects in Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides without Magnetic Field. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3805-3812. [PMID: 28766341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic exchange field has been demonstrated to be effective in enhancing the valley splitting of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides experimentally. However, how magnetic exchange coupling affects the magnetooptical behaviors in massive Dirac systems remains elusive. Using k⃗·p⃗ model and Kubo formula, we theoretically report that optical Hall conductivity and giant magnetooptical effects can be induced in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides even if there is no any magnetic field involved when considering magnetic exchange interaction. Such an unusual result originates from the fact that the existence of magnetic exchange coupling effectively enables the breaking of time reversal symmetry, which grants the removal of valley degeneracy and unveils the possibility of generation and manipulation of magnetooptical effects in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides with no need for magnetic field. Our results suggest that the presence of magnetic exchange coupling of transition-metal dichalcogenides represents an alternative strategy capable of inducing magnetoopitcal effects, which can be extended to other monolayer massive Dirac systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Da
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province , Department of Human Resources, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province , Department of Human Resources, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiqiang Ding
- Physics Department, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province , Department of Human Resources, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
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27
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Jin D, Christensen T, Soljačić M, Fang NX, Lu L, Zhang X. Infrared Topological Plasmons in Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:245301. [PMID: 28665651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.245301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a two-dimensional plasmonic platform-periodically patterned monolayer graphene-which hosts topological one-way edge states operable up to infrared frequencies. We classify the band topology of this plasmonic system under time-reversal-symmetry breaking induced by a static magnetic field. At finite doping, the system supports topologically nontrivial band gaps with mid-gap frequencies up to tens of terahertz. By the bulk-edge correspondence, these band gaps host topologically protected one-way edge plasmons, which are immune to backscattering from structural defects and subject only to intrinsic material and radiation loss. Our findings reveal a promising approach to engineer topologically robust chiral plasmonic devices and demonstrate a realistic example of high-frequency topological edge states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Thomas Christensen
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Marin Soljačić
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ling Lu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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28
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Wu F, Lovorn T, MacDonald AH. Topological Exciton Bands in Moiré Heterojunctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:147401. [PMID: 28430504 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.147401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Moiré patterns are common in van der Waals heterostructures and can be used to apply periodic potentials to elementary excitations. We show that the optical absorption spectrum of transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers is profoundly altered by long period moiré patterns that introduce twist-angle dependent satellite excitonic peaks. Topological exciton bands with nonzero Chern numbers that support chiral excitonic edge states can be engineered by combining three ingredients: (i) the valley Berry phase induced by electron-hole exchange interactions, (ii) the moiré potential, and (iii) the valley Zeeman field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengcheng Wu
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Timothy Lovorn
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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29
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Basov DN, Fogler MM, García de Abajo FJ. Polaritons in van der Waals materials. Science 2017; 354:354/6309/aag1992. [PMID: 27738142 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - F J García de Abajo
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Low T, Chaves A, Caldwell JD, Kumar A, Fang NX, Avouris P, Heinz TF, Guinea F, Martin-Moreno L, Koppens F. Polaritons in layered two-dimensional materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:182-194. [PMID: 27893724 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, enhanced light-matter interactions through a plethora of dipole-type polaritonic excitations have been observed in two-dimensional (2D) layered materials. In graphene, electrically tunable and highly confined plasmon-polaritons were predicted and observed, opening up opportunities for optoelectronics, bio-sensing and other mid-infrared applications. In hexagonal boron nitride, low-loss infrared-active phonon-polaritons exhibit hyperbolic behaviour for some frequencies, allowing for ray-like propagation exhibiting high quality factors and hyperlensing effects. In transition metal dichalcogenides, reduced screening in the 2D limit leads to optically prominent excitons with large binding energy, with these polaritonic modes having been recently observed with scanning near-field optical microscopy. Here, we review recent progress in state-of-the-art experiments, and survey the vast library of polaritonic modes in 2D materials, their optical spectral properties, figures of merit and application space. Taken together, the emerging field of 2D material polaritonics and their hybrids provide enticing avenues for manipulating light-matter interactions across the visible, infrared to terahertz spectral ranges, with new optical control beyond what can be achieved using traditional bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Low
- Department of Electrical &Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Andrey Chaves
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Física, Caixa Postal 6030, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - Anshuman Kumar
- Department of Electrical &Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Phaedon Avouris
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Francisco Guinea
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle de Faraday 9, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Luis Martin-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon and Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50012 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Frank Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerça i Estudis Avancats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Principi A, Katsnelson MI, Levchenko A. Chiral Second-Sound Collective Modes at the Edge of 2D Systems with a Nontrivial Berry Curvature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:036802. [PMID: 28157362 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.036802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the thermal transport in two-dimensional systems with a nontrivial Berry curvature texture. The physical realizations are many; for the sake of definiteness, we consider undoped graphene gapped by the presence of an aligned hexagonal-boron-nitride substrate. The same phenomenology applies, i.e., to surface states of 3D topological insulators in the presence of a uniform magnetization. We find that chiral valley-polarized second-sound collective modes propagate along the edges of the system. The localization length of the edge modes has a topological origin stemming from the anomalous velocity term in the quasiparticle current. At low temperature, the single-particle contribution to the transverse thermal conductance is exponentially suppressed, and only second-sound modes carry heat along the boundary. A sharp change in the behavior of the thermal Hall conductance, extracted from nonlocal measurements of the temperature along the edge, marks the onset of ballistic heat transport due to second-sound edge modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Principi
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhail I Katsnelson
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Levchenko
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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32
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Whitney WS, Brar VW, Ou Y, Shao Y, Davoyan AR, Basov DN, He K, Xue QK, Atwater HA. Gate-Variable Mid-Infrared Optical Transitions in a (Bi 1-xSb x) 2Te 3 Topological Insulator. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:255-260. [PMID: 27936794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report mid-infrared spectroscopy measurements of ultrathin, electrostatically gated (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 topological insulator films in which we observe several percent modulation of transmittance and reflectance as gating shifts the Fermi level. Infrared transmittance measurements of gated films were enabled by use of an epitaxial lift-off method for large-area transfer of topological insulator films from infrared-absorbing SrTiO3 growth substrates to thermal oxidized silicon substrates. We combine these optical experiments with transport measurements and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to identify the observed spectral modulation as a gate-driven transfer of spectral weight between both bulk and 2D topological surface channels and interband and intraband channels. We develop a model for the complex permittivity of gated (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 and find a good match to our experimental data. These results open the path for layered topological insulator materials as a new candidate for tunable, ultrathin infrared optics and highlight the possibility of switching topological optoelectronic phenomena between bulk and spin-polarized surface regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Whitney
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Victor W Brar
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yunbo Ou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yinming Shao
- Department of Physics, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Physics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Artur R Davoyan
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Physics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ke He
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi-Kun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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33
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Jin D, Lu L, Wang Z, Fang C, Joannopoulos JD, Soljačić M, Fu L, Fang NX. Topological magnetoplasmon. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13486. [PMID: 27892453 PMCID: PMC5148233 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical wave fields are real-valued, ensuring the wave states at opposite frequencies and momenta to be inherently identical. Such a particle–hole symmetry can open up new possibilities for topological phenomena in classical systems. Here we show that the historically studied two-dimensional (2D) magnetoplasmon, which bears gapped bulk states and gapless one-way edge states near-zero frequency, is topologically analogous to the 2D topological p+ip superconductor with chiral Majorana edge states and zero modes. We further predict a new type of one-way edge magnetoplasmon at the interface of opposite magnetic domains, and demonstrate the existence of zero-frequency modes bounded at the peripheries of a hollow disk. These findings can be readily verified in experiment, and can greatly enrich the topological phases in bosonic and classical systems. The two dimensional magnetoplasmon edge state has been observed for a long time, but its nature is yet to be uncovered. Here, Jin et al. report that such a state is actually topological protected, analogous to the chiral Majorana edge state in a p-wave topological superconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ling Lu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Beijing 100190, China.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Beijing 100190, China.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John D Joannopoulos
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Marin Soljačić
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Liang Fu
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Principi A, Katsnelson MI, Vignale G. Edge Plasmons in Two-Component Electron Liquids in the Presence of Pseudomagnetic Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:196803. [PMID: 27858434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.196803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the properties of edge plasmons in two-component electron liquids in the presence of pseudomagnetic fields, which have opposite signs for the two different electronic populations and therefore preserve the time-reversal symmetry. The physical realizations of such systems are many. We discuss the case of strained graphene, solving the problem with the Wiener-Hopf technique. We show (i) that two charged counterpropagating acoustic edge modes exist at the boundary and (ii) that, in the limit of large pseudomagnetic fields, each of them involves oscillations of only one of the two electronic components. We suggest that the edge pseudomagnetoplasmons of graphene can be used to selectively address the electrons of one specific valley, a feature relevant for the emerging field of valleytronics. Our solution highlights new features missing in previous (similar) results obtained with uncontrolled approximations, namely a logarithmic divergence of the plasmon velocity, and the absence of gapped edge modes inside the bulk-plasmon gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Principi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhail I Katsnelson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Vignale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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