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Bertoldi G, Caputo I, Calò L, Rossitto G. Lymphatic vessels and the renin-angiotensin-system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H837-H855. [PMID: 37565265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00023.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is an integral part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in the fluid homeostasis of the human body. Accumulating evidence has recently suggested the involvement of lymphatic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardio-reno-vascular (CRV) disease. However, how the sophisticated contractile machinery of lymphatic vessels is modulated and, possibly impaired in CRV disease, remains largely unknown. In particular, little attention has been paid to the effect of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) on lymphatics, despite the high concentration of RAS mediators that these tissue-draining vessels are exposed to and the established role of the RAS in the development of classic microvascular dysfunction and overt CRV disease. We herein review recent studies linking RAS to lymphatic function and/or plasticity and further highlight RAS-specific signaling pathways, previously shown to drive adverse arterial remodeling and CRV organ damage that have potential for direct modulation of the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bertoldi
- Emergency and Hypertension Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Nephrology Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caputo
- Emergency and Hypertension Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Calò
- Nephrology Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossitto
- Emergency and Hypertension Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Pei JF, Li YX, Tang H, Wei W, Ye BC. PhoP- and GlnR-mediated regulation of metK transcription and its impact upon S-adenosyl-methionine biosynthesis in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:120. [PMID: 35717184 PMCID: PMC9206729 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythromycin A (Er A) has a broad antibacterial effect and is a source of erythromycin derivatives. Methylation of erythromycin C (Er C), catalyzed by S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM)-dependent O-methyltransferase EryG, is the key final step in Er A biosynthesis. Er A biosynthesis, including EryG production, is regulated by the phosphate response factor PhoP and the nitrogen response factor GlnR. However, the regulatory effect of these proteins upon S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase (MetK) production is unknown. Results In this study, we used bioinformatics approaches to identify metK (SACE_3900), which codes for S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase (MetK). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) revealed that PhoP and GlnR directly interact with the promoter of metK, and quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) confirmed that each protein positively regulated metK transcription. Moreover, intracellular SAM was increased upon overexpression of either phoP or glnR under phosphate or nitrogen limited conditions, respectively. Finally, both the production of Er A and the transformation ratio from Er C to Er A increased upon phoP overexpression, but surprisingly, not upon glnR overexpression. Conclusions Manipulating the phosphate and nitrogen response factors, PhoP and GlnR provides a novel strategy for increasing the yield of SAM and the production of Er A in Saccharopolyspora erythraea . Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01846-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Pei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Xin Li
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenping Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Razavi MS, Dixon JB, Gleason RL. Characterization of rat tail lymphatic contractility and biomechanics: incorporating nitric oxide-mediated vasoregulation. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200598. [PMID: 32993429 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system transports lymph from the interstitial space back to the great veins via a series of orchestrated contractions of chains of lymphangions. Biomechanical models of lymph transport, validated with ex vivo or in vivo experimental results, have proved useful in revealing novel insight into lymphatic pumping; however, a need remains to characterize the contributions of vasoregulatory compounds in these modelling tools. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key mediator of lymphatic pumping. We quantified the active contractile and passive biaxial biomechanical response of rat tail collecting lymphatics and changes in the contractile response to the exogenous NO administration and integrated these findings into a biomechanical model. The passive mechanical response was characterized with a three-fibre family model. Nonlinear regression and non-parametric bootstrapping were used to identify best-fit material parameters to passive cylindrical biaxial mechanical data, assessing uniqueness and parameter confidence intervals; this model yielded a good fit (R2 = 0.90). Exogenous delivery of NO via sodium nitroprusside (SNP) elicited a dose-dependent suppression of contractions; the amplitude of contractions decreased by 30% and the contraction frequency decreased by 70%. Contractile function was characterized with a modified Rachev-Hayashi model, introducing a parameter that is related to SNP concentration; the model provided a good fit (R2 = 0.89) to changes in contractile responses to varying concentrations of SNP. These results demonstrated the significant role of NO in lymphatic pumping and provide a predictive biomechanical model to integrate the combined effect of mechanical loading and NO on lymphatic contractility and mechanical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Razavi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, 313 Ferst Drive, Atanta, GA 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, 313 Ferst Drive, Atanta, GA 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Bertram CD, Macaskill C, Moore JE. Inhibition of contraction strength and frequency by wall shear stress in a single-lymphangion model. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2733771. [PMID: 31074761 DOI: 10.1115/1.4043724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The phasic contractions of collecting lymphatic vessels are reduced in strength and occur at diminished frequency when the favourable pressure difference and the resulting antegrade flow create large fluid shear stresses at the luminal surface. This paper describes a minimal phenomenological model of this mechanism, that is applied to a previously validated numerical model of a phasically contracting lymphangion. The parameters of the inhibition model are quantitatively matched to observations in isolated segments of rat lymphatic vessel, first for mesenteric lymphatics then for thoracic duct, and outcomes from the numerical model are then qualitatively compared with recent observations in isolated segments of rat thoracic duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bertram
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
| | - Charles Macaskill
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Dixon B, Davis MJ. Experimental Models Used to Assess Lymphatic Contractile Function. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 15:331-342. [PMID: 29252142 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a renewed interest in studies of the lymphatic system. This review addresses the differences between in vivo and ex vivo methods for visualization and functional studies of lymphatic networks, with an emphasis on studies of collecting lymphatic vessels. We begin with a brief summary of the historical uses of both approaches. For the purpose of detailed comparisons, we subdivide in vivo methods into those visualizing lymphatic networks through the intact skin and those using surgically opened skin. We subdivide ex vivo methods into isobaric studies (using a pressure myograph) or isometric studies (using a wire myograph). For all four categories, we compile a comprehensive list of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each preparation, with the goal of informing the research community as to the appropriate kinds of experiments best suited, and ill suited, for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Zawieja
- 1 Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Brandon Dixon
- 2 George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael J Davis
- 1 Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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Contraction of collecting lymphatics: organization of pressure-dependent rate for multiple lymphangions. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1513-1532. [PMID: 29948540 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes the extension of a previously developed model of pressure-dependent contraction rate to the case of multiple lymphangions. Mechanical factors are key modulators of active lymphatic pumping. As part of the evolution of our lumped-parameter model to match experimental findings, we have designed an algorithm whereby the time until the next contraction depends on lymphangion transmural pressure in the contraction just completed. The functional dependence of frequency on pressure is quantitatively matched to isobaric contraction experiments on isolated lymphatic segments. When each of several lymphangions is given this ability, a scheme for their coordination must be instituted to match the observed synchronization. Accordingly, and in line with an experiment on an isolated lymphatic vessel segment in which we measured contraction sequence and conduction delay, we took the fundamental principle to be that local timing can be overridden by signals to initiate contraction that start in adjacent lymphangions, conducted with a short delay. The scheme leads to retrograde conduction when the lymphangion chain is pumping against an adverse pressure difference, but antegrade conduction when contractions occur with no or a favourable pressure difference. Abolition of these conducted signals leads to chaotic variation of cycle-mean flow-rate from the chain, diastolic duration in each lymphangion, and inter-lymphangion delays. Chaotic rhythm is also seen under other circumstances. Because the model responds to increasing adverse pressure difference by increasing the repetition rate of contractions, it maintains time-average output flow-rate better than one with fixed repetition rate.
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