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Gravem SA, Poirson BN, Robinson JW, Menge BA. Resistance of rocky intertidal communities to oceanic climate fluctuations. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297697. [PMID: 38809830 PMCID: PMC11135789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
A powerful way to predict how ecological communities will respond to future climate change is to test how they have responded to the climate of the past. We used climate oscillations including the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and variation in upwelling, air temperature, and sea temperatures to test the sensitivity of nearshore rocky intertidal communities to climate variability. Prior research shows that multiple ecological processes of key taxa (growth, recruitment, and physiology) were sensitive to environmental variation during this time frame. We also investigated the effect of the concurrent sea star wasting disease outbreak in 2013-2014. We surveyed nearly 150 taxa from 11 rocky intertidal sites in Oregon and northern California annually for up to 14-years (2006-2020) to test if community structure (i.e., the abundance of functional groups) and diversity were sensitive to past environmental variation. We found little to no evidence that these communities were sensitive to annual variation in any of the environmental measures, and that each metric was associated with < 8.6% of yearly variation in community structure. Only the years elapsed since the outbreak of sea star wasting disease had a substantial effect on community structure, but in the mid-zone only where spatially dominant mussels are a main prey of the keystone predator sea star, Pisaster ochraceus. We conclude that the established sensitivity of multiple ecological processes to annual fluctuations in climate has not yet scaled up to influence community structure. Hence, the rocky intertidal system along this coastline appears resistant to the range of oceanic climate fluctuations that occurred during the study. However, given ongoing intensification of climate change and increasing frequencies of extreme events, future responses to climate change seem likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Gravem
- Department of Integrative Biology, Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brittany N. Poirson
- Department of Integrative Biology, Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Robinson
- Department of Integrative Biology, Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Duckwall C, Largier JL, Wieters EA, Valdovinos FS. Modeling time-varying phytoplankton subsidy reveals at-risk species in a Chilean intertidal ecosystem. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6995. [PMID: 38523196 PMCID: PMC10961311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The allometric trophic network (ATN) framework for modeling population dynamics has provided numerous insights into ecosystem functioning in recent years. Herein we extend ATN modeling of the intertidal ecosystem off central Chile to include empirical data on pelagic chlorophyll-a concentration. This intertidal community requires subsidy of primary productivity to support its rich ecosystem. Previous work models this subsidy using a constant rate of phytoplankton input to the system. However, data shows pelagic subsidies exhibit highly variable, pulse-like behavior. The primary contribution of our work is incorporating this variable input into ATN modeling to simulate how this ecosystem may respond to pulses of pelagic phytoplankton. Our model results show that: (1) closely related sea snails respond differently to phytoplankton variability, which is explained by the underlying network structure of the food web; (2) increasing the rate of pelagic-intertidal mixing increases fluctuations in species' biomasses that may increase the risk of local extirpation; (3) predators are the most sensitive species to phytoplankton biomass fluctuations, putting these species at greater risk of extirpation than others. Finally, our work provides a straightforward way to incorporate empirical, time-series data into the ATN framework that will expand this powerful methodology to new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Duckwall
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Wickson Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Graduate Group in Applied Mathematics, University of California, Davis, Mathematical Sciences Building, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - John L Largier
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Wickson Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, 2099 Westshore Drive, Bodega Bay, CA, 94923, USA
| | - Evie A Wieters
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Millennium Nucleus for the Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Osvaldo Marin 1672, Las Cruces, Chile
| | - Fernanda S Valdovinos
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Wickson Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Spiecker BJ, Menge BA. Testing effects of bottom-up factors, grazing, and competition on New Zealand rocky intertidal algal communities. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10704. [PMID: 38455142 PMCID: PMC10920032 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Top-down and bottom-up factors and their interaction highlight the interdependence of resources and consumer impacts on food webs and ecosystems. Variation in the strength of upwelling-mediated ecological controls (i.e., light availability and herbivory) between early and late succession stages is less well understood from the standpoint of influencing algal functional group composition. We experimentally tested the effect of light, grazing, and disturbance on rocky intertidal turf-forming algal communities. Studies were conducted on the South Island of New Zealand at Raramai on the east coast (a persistent downwelling region) and Twelve Mile Beach on the west coast (an intermittent upwelling region). Herbivory, light availability, and algal cover were manipulated and percent cover of major macroalgal functional groups and sessile invertebrates were measured monthly from October 2017 to March 2018. By distinguishing between algal functional groups and including different starting conditions in our design, we found that the mosaic-like pattern of bare rock intermingled with diverse turf-forming algae at Twelve Mile Beach was driven by a complex array of species interactions, including grazing, predation, preemptive competition and interference competition, colonization rates, and these interactions were modulated by light availability and other environmental conditions. Raramai results contrasted with those at Twelve Mile Beach in showing stronger effects of grazing and relatively weak effects of other interactions, low colonization rates of invertebrates, and light effects limited to crustose algae. Our study highlights the potential importance of an upwelling-mediated 3-way interaction among herbivory, light availability, and preemption in structuring contrasting low rocky intertidal macroalgal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Spiecker
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | - Bruce A. Menge
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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Sepúlveda F, Quijón PA, Quintanilla-Ahumada D, Vargas J, Aldana M, Fernández M, Varas O, Zapata J, Pulgar J, Duarte C. Cross-examining the influence of upwelling and seaweed quality on herbivores' feeding behavior and growth. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 193:106288. [PMID: 38043169 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
At the regional scale, upwelling conditions are known to influence ecosystems and communities and their primary and secondary productivity. However, the influence of upwelling on local herbivore-algae interactions is less well understood. We address this question by cross-examining herbivores and seaweeds from sites associated with upwelling and downwelling conditions along the Humboldt Current System. Specifically, we quantified the feeding and benefits attained by the black sea urchin (Tetrapygus niger) and the black sea snail (Tegula atra) while consuming a widespread kelp species (Lessonia spicata). We hypothesized that food quality drives herbivores' preference, consumption, and growth rates, regardless of the origin or "prior" conditions of the consumers. Laboratory trials measured algal consumption rates with (preference) and without a choice, and consumer's growth rates, to assess the influence of food quality (algae from upwelling vs downwelling sites) and the site of origin of the consumers. Our results showed that algal quality was a prevailing factor for both herbivores: they chose, consumed more, and grew faster on high quality (upwelling) algae. By comparison, the origin of the consumer was only significant for sea snails: those coming from an upwelling site, consumed significantly more and grew faster than those from downwelling. The bulk of our results provided strong support to our hypothesis and suggest that the high nutritional quality of algae associated with upwelling centers has a strong influence on consumers' preferences, consumption, and performance (growth). The fact that origin was found to be relevant for one of the herbivores suggests that the conditions in which species grow may dictate some of their efficiency as consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro A Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Diego Quintanilla-Ahumada
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Vargas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Fernández
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Quintay, CIMARQ, Chile
| | - Oscar Varas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Zapata
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas (ECIM), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Quintay, CIMARQ, Chile.
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Quintay, CIMARQ, Chile.
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Macheriotou L, Derycke S, Vanreusel A. Environmental filtering along a bathymetric gradient: A metabarcoding meta-analysis of free-living nematodes. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6177-6189. [PMID: 37971160 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and understanding patterns of biological diversity is crucial at a time when even the most remote and pristine marine ecosystems are threatened by resource exploitation such as deep-seabed mining. Metabarcoding provides the means through which one can perform comprehensive investigations of diversity by examining entire assemblages simultaneously. Nematodes commonly represent the most abundant infaunal metazoan group in marine soft sediments. In this meta-analysis, we compiled all publicly available metabarcoding datasets targeting the 18S rRNA v1-v2 region from sediment samples to conduct a global-scale examination of nematode amplicon sequence variant (ASV) alpha diversity patterns and phylogenetic community structure at different depths and habitats. We found that nematode ASV richness followed a parabolic trend, increasing from the intertidal to the shelf, reaching a maximum in the bathyal and decreasing in the abyssal zone. No depth- or habitat-specific assemblages were identified as a large fraction of genera were shared. Contrastingly, the vast majority of ASVs were unique to each habitat and/or depth zone; genetic diversity was thus highly localized. Overwhelmingly, nematode ASVs in all habitats exhibited phylogenetic clustering, pointing to environmental filtering as the primary force defining community assembly rather than competitive interactions. This finding stresses the importance of habitat preservation for the maintenance of marine nematode diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Macheriotou
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Derycke
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Aquatic Environment and Quality, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Oostende, Belgium
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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García-Huidobro MR, Aldana M, Varela P, García-Herrera C, Monteiro JN, Leitão F, Teodósio MA, Quijón PA, Varas O, Fernandéz M, Duarte C, Pulgar J. The influence of upwelling on key bivalves from the Humboldt and Iberian current systems. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 189:106031. [PMID: 37271060 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) deliver cold, nutrient-rich waters, influencing coastal biota from the molecular to the ecosystem level. Although local upwelling (U) and downwelling (DU) conditions are often known, their influence on body attributes of relevant species has not been systematically compared within and between EBUS (i.e., below and above regional scales). Hence, we compared the physical-chemical characteristics of U and DU sites in the Humboldt Current system (Chile) and the Iberian Current system (Portugal). We then assessed the influence of U and DU upon eight body attributes in purple mussels (Perumytilus purpuratus) and Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), from the Humboldt and Iberian systems, respectively. We hypothesized that bivalves from U sites display better fitness, as measured by body attributes, regardless of their origin (EBUS). As expected, waters from U sites in both systems showed lower temperatures and pH, and higher nitrite concentrations. We also found that mussels from U sites showed better fitness than those in DU sites in 12 out of 16 direct U vs DU comparisons. Shell length, shell volume, organic content of soft-tissues, and mechanical properties of the shell averaged consistently higher in mussels from U sites in both Current systems. In addition, total weight, soft-tissue weight, shell weight and shell thickness were all higher in the U site at the Humboldt system but had less consistent differences at the Iberian system. Altogether, most results supported our working hypothesis and indicate that U conditions support better fitted mussels. The few attributes that did not exhibit the expected U vs DU differences in the Iberian system suggest that local and species-specific differences also play a role on the attributes of these species. These results may also serve as a reference point for further studies addressing the influence of upwelling in these productive, critically important systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roberto García-Huidobro
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pablo Varela
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - João N Monteiro
- CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Leitão
- CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Alexandra Teodósio
- CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Oscar Varas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Fernandéz
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Quintay, CIMARQ, Chile
| | - José Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Quintay, CIMARQ, Chile.
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7
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Baleani CA, Menéndez MC, Amodeo MR, Piccolo MC. Strong winds as driver of surf zooplankton abundance and composition in a temperate sandy beach. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 186:105933. [PMID: 36907079 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the effect of different wind events (direction and duration) on the surf zone zooplankton community in a temperate sandy beach. Samplings were realized on the surf zone of Pehuen Co sandy beach during 17 wind events from May 17th, 2017, to July 19th, 2019. Biological samples were taken before and after the events. The identification of the events was realized using recorded high-frequency wind speed data. General Linear Model (LM) and Generalized linear models (GLM) were employed to compare physical and biological variables. We observed that the wind direction unequally altered the ecosystem along with its duration, modifying the composition and abundance of zooplankton communities. Short-duration wind events were associated with an increment in the zooplankton abundances, being Acartia tonsa and Paracalanus parvus dominant. Within the short-duration cases, winds from the W sector were identified with the inner continental shelf species' presence, such as Ctenocalanus vanus and Euterpina acutifrons, and to a lesser extent, Calanoides carinatus, and Labidocera fluviatilis, together with surf zone copepods. Long-duration cases were associated with a significant decrease in the zooplankton abundance. Within this group, SE-SW wind events were identified with adventitious fraction taxa. Considering that the occurrence of extreme events is growing because of climate change, affecting the frequency and intensity of storm surges, the knowledge of the responses of biological communities to these events is necessary. This work provides quantitative evidence on a short-time scale of the implications of the physical-biological interaction during different strong wind cases in surf zone waters of sandy beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Baleani
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (CONICET-UNS), Camino La carrindanga 7.5 km, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - M C Menéndez
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (CONICET-UNS), Camino La carrindanga 7.5 km, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - M R Amodeo
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (CONICET-UNS), Camino La carrindanga 7.5 km, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - M C Piccolo
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (CONICET-UNS), Camino La carrindanga 7.5 km, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Geografía y Turismo, 12 de octubre y San Juan, B8000FWB, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Manríquez PH, González CP, Jara ME, Watson SA, Torres R, Domenici P, Duarte C. Combined effects of climate change stressors and predators with contrasting feeding-digestion strategies on a mussel species. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114554. [PMID: 36621303 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the combined effects of Ocean Warming (OW), Acidification (OA) and predator cues (Non-Consumptive Effects; NCEs) of two predators with contrasting feeding-digestion strategies on the mussel Perumytilus purpuratus. We considered starfish-NCEs (partially external digestion) and snail-NCEs (internal digestion). Mussels were exposed for 13 weeks to cross-factored OA (~500 and ~1400 μatm, pCO2) and OW (~15 and ~20 °C) conditions, in the presence/absence of NCEs from one or both predators. Mussels exposed to both NCEs exhibited smaller length and buoyant weight growth than those under control or snail-NCEs conditions. Mussels exposed to starfish-NCEs exhibited smaller wet mass than control mussels. OW and starfish-NCEs in isolation or combined with snail-NCEs increased mussel oxygen consumption. Byssal biogenesis was affected by the three-factors interaction. Clearance rates were affected by the OW × OA interaction. We suggest that mainly starfish-NCEs, in isolation or interacting with OA or/and OW, can threat mussel traits and the associated community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - María Elisa Jara
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigación, Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IBF Istituto di Biofisica, Pisa, Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi N°1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; CNR-IAS Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino, Oristano, Italy
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
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9
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Zuloaga R, Varas O, Ahrendt C, Pulgar VM, Valdés JA, Molina A, Duarte C, Urzúa Á, Guzmán-Rivas F, Aldana M, Pulgar J. Revealing coastal upwelling impact on the muscle growth of an intertidal fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159810. [PMID: 36341853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Upwelling oceanographic phenomenon is associated with increased food availability, low seawater temperature and pH. These conditions could significantly affect food quality and, in consequence, the growth of marine species. One of the most important organismal traits is somatic growth, which is highly related to skeletal muscle. In fish, skeletal muscle growth is highly influenced by environmental factors (i.e. temperature and nutrient availability) that showed differences between upwelling and downwelling zones. Nevertheless, there are no available field studies regarding the impact of those conditions on fish muscle physiology. This work aimed to evaluate the muscle fibers size, protein content, gene expression of growth and atrophy-related genes in fish sampled from upwelling and downwelling zones. Seawater and fish food items (seaweeds) samples were collected from upwelling and downwelling zones to determine the habitat's physical-chemical variations and the abundance of biomolecules in seaweed tissue. In addition, white skeletal muscle samples were collected from an intertidal fish to analyze muscular histology, the growth pathways of protein kinase B and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase; and the gene expression of growth- (insulin-like growth factor 1 and myosin heavy-chain) and atrophy-related genes (F-box only protein 32 and muscle RING-finger protein-1). Upwelling zones revealed higher nutrients in seawater and higher protein content in seaweed than samples from downwelling zones. Moreover, fish from upwelling zones presented a greater size of muscle fibers and protein content compared to downwelling fish, associated with lower protein ubiquitination and gene expression of F-box only protein 32. Our data indicate an attenuated use of proteins as energy source in upwelling conditions favoring protein synthesis and muscle growth. This report shed lights of how oceanographic conditions may modulate food quality and fish muscle physiology in an integrated way, with high implications for marine conservation and sustainable fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Oscar Varas
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Ahrendt
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Victor M Pulgar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies-Creek, NC, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ángel Urzúa
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Av. Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fabián Guzmán-Rivas
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Av. Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcela Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Pulgar
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
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10
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Pulgar J, Moya A, Fernández M, Varas O, Guzmán-Rivas F, Urzúa Á, Quijón PA, García-Huidobro MR, Aldana M, Duarte C. Upwelling enhances seaweed nutrient quality, altering feeding behavior and growth rates in an intertidal sea urchin, Loxechinus albus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158307. [PMID: 36055497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Upwelling systems deliver nutrient-rich water into coastal ecosystems, influencing primary productivity and potentially altering seaweed-herbivore interactions. Upwelling bottom-up effects on distinct trophic levels are well-known. However, their influence on seaweed biomolecules and on algae-herbivore interactions and growth are less known. The aim of this study was threefold: i) to compare physical-chemical characteristics and nutrient levels in the water of upwelling (U) and downwelling (DU) zones, ii) to quantify their influence on the content of protein and carbohydrates in seaweed tissues of representative U and DU locations, and iii) to experimentally assess their effect on the feeding behavior and growth of a prominent intertidal herbivore, the sea urchin Loxechinus albus. Waters from U zones showed lower temperatures and pH, and higher phosphate concentrations than those from downwelling zones. Similarly, the tissue of seaweeds from a U location had significantly more proteins and carbohydrates than those from a DU location. The origin location of the sea urchins had a significant influence on consumption and growth rates: in general, those coming from a site with U conditions consumed and grew more than those coming from DU conditions. The quality of the algae was a significant factor on consumption rates, although in the case of preference trials, this factor interacted with sea urchin origin location. Our results show that the availability and quality of the food in upwelling zones has an influence on herbivore-seaweed direct interactions. However, these interactions and the growth of the sea urchins were also related to the coastal site and conditions from which the sea urchins came from. These results are relevant considering the expected impact of climate change on the world's oceans, and the importance of U zones as thermal (cold water) refuges for marine ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Quintay, CIMARQ, Chile.
| | - Antonia Moya
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Quintay, CIMARQ, Chile
| | - Melissa Fernández
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Quintay, CIMARQ, Chile
| | - Oscar Varas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Guzmán-Rivas
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Av. Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Av. Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ángel Urzúa
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Av. Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Av. Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pedro A Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - M Roberto García-Huidobro
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Quintay, CIMARQ, Chile
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11
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Local and large-scale spatial variation in a marine predator-prey interaction in the southwestern Atlantic. Oecologia 2022; 199:685-698. [PMID: 35857114 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions are a key ecological process which can be modified by environmental conditions over a range of spatial scales. Through two complementary short-term experiments, we assessed how local and large-scale environmental conditions affect a subtropical intertidal predator-prey interaction. At a local scale, we evaluated the effects of the degree of exposure to wave action and prey density on consumption rate and interaction strength using a whelk-barnacle system. Consumption rate decreased with wave exposure at experimentally reduced prey density but did not change at ambient density. Such an interactive effect occurred due to shifts in the whelk's feeding behaviour, likely linked to encounter rate and stress amelioration underpinned by prey density. Per capita interaction strength of the whelk on the barnacle weakened along the wave exposure gradient, but to a greater degree at reduced compared to ambient prey density. This confirms that environmental harshness can decrease the importance of predators, but the magnitude of change may be modified by density-dependent effects. A large-scale experiment did not reveal spatial patterns in the whelk-barnacle interaction, nor relationships to chlorophyll-a concentration or the minor change in sea temperature across the study area. Patterns in the size of consumed barnacles along the chlorophyll-a gradient suggest changes in food choice related to prey quality and size. We conclude that disentangling the effects of wave exposure and prey density revealed important potential mechanisms driving species locally. Large-scale variation in the whelk-barnacle interaction appeared to be linked to species' traits shaped by the environmental context.
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12
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Ndhlovu A, Lathlean JA, McQuaid CD, Seuront L. Indirect effects shape macroalgal epifaunal communities. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15141-15152. [PMID: 34765166 PMCID: PMC8571615 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the response of algal epifauna to the direct effects of predation and the indirect consequences of habitat change due to grazing and nutrient supply through upwelling using an abundant intertidal rhodophyte, Gelidium pristoides. We ran a mid-shore field experiment at four sites (two upwelling sites interspersed with two non-upwelling sites) along 450 km of the south coast of South Africa. The experiment was started in June 2014 and ran until June 2015. Four treatments (predator exclusion, grazer exclusion, control, and procedural control) set out in a block design (n = 5) were monitored monthly for algal cover for the first 6 months and every 2 months for the last 6 months. Epifaunal abundance, species composition, algal cover, and algal architectural complexity (measured using fractal geometry) were assessed after 12 months. Predation had no significant effect on epifaunal abundances, while upwelling interacted with treatment. Grazing reduced the architectural complexity of algae, with increased fractal dimensions in the absence of grazers, and also reduced algal cover at all sites, though the latter effect was only significant for upwelling sites. Epifaunal community composition was not significantly affected by the presence of herbivores or predators but differed among sites independently of upwelling; sites were more similar to nearby sites than those farther away. In contrast, total epifaunal abundance was significantly affected by grazing, when normalized to algal cover. Grazing reduced the cover of algae; thus, epifaunal abundances were not affected by the direct top-down effects of predation but did respond to the indirect effects of grazing on habitat availability and quality. Our results indicate that epifaunal communities can be strongly influenced by the indirect consequences of biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldwin Ndhlovu
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyRhodes UniversityGrahamstownSouth Africa
- Department of ZoologyNelson Mandela UniversityGqeberhaSouth Africa
| | - Justin A. Lathlean
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyRhodes UniversityGrahamstownSouth Africa
| | | | - Laurent Seuront
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyRhodes UniversityGrahamstownSouth Africa
- LOGLaboratoire d'Océanologie et de GéosciencesCNRS, UMR 8187Univ. LilleUniv. Littoral Côte d'OpaleWimereuxFrance
- Department of Marine Resources and EnergyTokyo University of Marine Science and TechnologyTokyoJapan
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13
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McManus LC, Forrest DL, Tekwa EW, Schindler DE, Colton MA, Webster MM, Essington TE, Palumbi SR, Mumby PJ, Pinsky ML. Evolution and connectivity influence the persistence and recovery of coral reefs under climate change in the Caribbean, Southwest Pacific, and Coral Triangle. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4307-4321. [PMID: 34106494 PMCID: PMC8453988 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Corals are experiencing unprecedented decline from climate change-induced mass bleaching events. Dispersal not only contributes to coral reef persistence through demographic rescue but can also hinder or facilitate evolutionary adaptation. Locations of reefs that are likely to survive future warming therefore remain largely unknown, particularly within the context of both ecological and evolutionary processes across complex seascapes that differ in temperature range, strength of connectivity, network size, and other characteristics. Here, we used eco-evolutionary simulations to examine coral adaptation to warming across reef networks in the Caribbean, the Southwest Pacific, and the Coral Triangle. We assessed the factors associated with coral persistence in multiple reef systems to understand which results are general and which are sensitive to particular geographic contexts. We found that evolution can be critical in preventing extinction and facilitating the long-term recovery of coral communities in all regions. Furthermore, the strength of immigration to a reef (destination strength) and current sea surface temperature robustly predicted reef persistence across all reef networks and across temperature projections. However, we found higher initial coral cover, slower recovery, and more evolutionary lag in the Coral Triangle, which has a greater number of reefs and more larval settlement than the other regions. We also found the lowest projected future coral cover in the Caribbean. These findings suggest that coral reef persistence depends on ecology, evolution, and habitat network characteristics, and that, under an emissions stabilization scenario (RCP 4.5), recovery may be possible over multiple centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. McManus
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural ResourcesRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA
- Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine BiologyUniversity of Hawaiʻi at ManoaKaneʻoheHIUSA
| | - Daniel L. Forrest
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural ResourcesRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | - Edward W. Tekwa
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural ResourcesRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen R. Palumbi
- Department of BiologyHopkins Marine StationStanford UniversityPacific GroveCAUSA
| | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology LaboratorySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Malin L. Pinsky
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural ResourcesRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA
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14
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Ishida K, Tachibana M, Hori M, Okuda T, Yamamoto T, Nakaoka M, Noda T. Quantifying the dynamics of rocky intertidal sessile communities along the Pacific coast of Japan: implications for ecological resilience. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16073. [PMID: 34373494 PMCID: PMC8352913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term patterns in trajectories of natural communities provide insights into ecological resilience, but their assessment requires long-term census data. We analyzed 16-year census data for intertidal communities from 30 rocky shores along Japan’s Pacific coast to assign community change to four possible trajectories (stable, reversible, abrupt, or linear) representing different aspects of ecological resilience, and to estimate multiple metrics of temporal invariability (species richness, species composition, and community abundance). We examined (1) how the prevalence of the four trajectories differs among regions, (2) how the features (model coefficients) of each trajectory vary among regions, and (3) how the temporal invariabilities differ among trajectories and regions. We found that the stable trajectory was the most common. Its features differed among regions, with a faster recovery to steady-state equilibrium in low-latitude regions. Furthermore, trajectories and temporal invariabilities both varied among regions, seemingly in association with the strength of ocean current fluctuations. Thus, the relationship between community temporal invariability and trajectory may be weak or absent, at least at the regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ishida
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Michikusa Tachibana
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hori
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4, Fukura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Takehiro Okuda
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4, Fukura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamamoto
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Simoarata, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakaoka
- Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Aikappu, Akkeshi, Hokkaido, 088-1113, Japan
| | - Takashi Noda
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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15
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Pardal A, Cordeiro CAMM, Ciotti ÁM, Jenkins SR, Giménez L, Burrows MT, Christofoletti RA. Influence of environmental variables over multiple spatial scales on the population structure of a key marine invertebrate. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 170:105410. [PMID: 34271484 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying scale-dependent patterns and linking ecological to environmental variation is required to understand mechanisms regulating biodiversity. We conducted a large-scale survey in rocky shores along the SE Brazilian coast to examine spatial variability in body size and density of an intertidal barnacle (Chthamalus bisinuatus) and its relationships with benthic and oceanographic predictors. Both the size and density of barnacles showed most variation at the smallest spatial scales. On average, barnacle body size was larger on shores located in areas characterised by higher chlorophyll levels, colder waters, low wave action and low influence of freshwater. Barnacles were more abundant at wave-exposed shores. We identified critical scales of spatial variation of an important species and linked population patterns to essential environmental predictors. Our results show that populations of this barnacle are coupled to scale-dependent oceanographic variation. This study offers insights into the mechanisms regulating coastal populations along a little studied coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Pardal
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (CCNH/UFABC), Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Santo André, SP, 09210-170, Brazil; Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo (IMar/UNIFESP), Rua Dr Carvalho de Mendonça 144, Santos, SP, 11070-100, Brazil.
| | - César A M M Cordeiro
- Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo (IMar/UNIFESP), Rua Dr Carvalho de Mendonça 144, Santos, SP, 11070-100, Brazil; Marine Biology Department, Federal Fluminense University (LECAR/UFF), Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Niterói, RJ, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Áurea M Ciotti
- Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo (CEBIMar/USP), Rod. Manoel Hipólito do Rego, km 131.5, São Sebastião, SP, 1160-000, Brazil
| | - Stuart R Jenkins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Luis Giménez
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Michael T Burrows
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Ronaldo A Christofoletti
- Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo (IMar/UNIFESP), Rua Dr Carvalho de Mendonça 144, Santos, SP, 11070-100, Brazil
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16
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Broitman BR, Lagos NA, Opitz T, Figueroa D, Maldonado K, Ricote N, Lardies MA. Phenotypic plasticity is not a cline: Thermal physiology of an intertidal barnacle over 20° of latitude. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1961-1972. [PMID: 33942301 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the plastic and evolutionary potential of ectothermic organisms and their populational impacts in the face of rapid global change remains limited. Studies attempting on the relationship between the magnitude of thermal variability across latitude and the degree of phenotypic plasticity exhibited by marine ectotherms are inconclusive. We state that the latter arises from the narrow range of thermal variability captured by the limited span of the latitudinal gradients studied to date. Using a mechanistic ecophysiological approach and a satellite-based assessment of the relevant environmental variables (i.e. temperature and food availability), we studied individuals of the intertidal barnacle Jehlius cirratus from seven local populations widely spread along the Humboldt current system that spanning two biogeographic regions. At the same time, we synthesized published information on the local abundance of our study species across a total of 76 sites representing 20° of latitude, and spanning from 18 to 42°S. We examined the effects of latitude and environmental variability on metabolic rate plasticity, thermal tolerance (thermal breadth and thermal safety margins) and their impacts on the abundance of this widespread marine invertebrate. We demonstrate that the phenotypic plasticity of metabolic rate in J. cirratus populations is not related to latitude. In turn, thermal breadth is explained by the temperature variability each population experiences. Furthermore, we found clinal variation with a poleward decrease of the critical thermal minimum, suggesting that episodic extreme low temperatures represent a ubiquitous selective force on the lower thermal limit for ectotherms. Across our study gradient, plasticity patterns indicate that populations at the equatorial extreme are more vulnerable to a warming climate, while populations located in the biogeographic transitional zone (i.e. high environmental heterogeneity), on the centre of the gradient, display higher levels of phenotypic plasticity and may represent a genetic buffer for the effects of ocean warming. Together, our results suggest the existence of a fitness trade-off involving the metabolic cost of plasticity and population density that is evident only across the vast latitudinal gradient examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo R Broitman
- Facultad de Artes Liberales, Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago & Viña del Mar, Chile.,Instituto Milenio de Socio-Ecología Costera 'SECOS', Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Instituto Milenio de Socio-Ecología Costera 'SECOS', Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tania Opitz
- Dirección de Investigación y Publicaciones, Providencia, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Figueroa
- Facultad de Artes Liberales, Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago & Viña del Mar, Chile.,Fundación Educación y Ciencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karin Maldonado
- Facultad de Artes Liberales, Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago & Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Natalia Ricote
- Facultad de Artes Liberales, Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago & Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Marco A Lardies
- Facultad de Artes Liberales, Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago & Viña del Mar, Chile.,Instituto Milenio de Socio-Ecología Costera 'SECOS', Santiago, Chile
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17
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Scrosati RA, Freeman MJ, Ellrich JA. The Subhabitat Dependence of Biogeographic Pattern. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.550612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce and test the subhabitat dependence hypothesis (SDH) in biogeography. This hypothesis posits that biogeographic pattern within a region differs when determined with species abundance data from different subhabitat types. It stems from the notion that the main abiotic factors that drive species distribution in different subhabitat types across a biogeographic region often vary differently across space. To test the SDH, we measured the abundance of algae and sessile invertebrates in two different subhabitats (high intertidal zone and mid-intertidal zone) at eight locations along the Atlantic Canadian coast. We conducted multivariate analyses of the species abundance data to compare alongshore biogeographic pattern between both zones. For both subhabitat types, location groupings based on community similarity not always responded to geographic proximity, leading to biogeographic patchiness to some extent. Nonetheless, both biogeographic patterns were statistically unrelated, thus supporting the SDH. This lack of concordance was most evident for southern locations, which clustered together based on high-intertidal data but showed considerable alongshore patchiness based on mid-intertidal data. We also found that the ordination pattern of these eight locations based on sea surface temperature data was significantly related to biogeographic pattern for the mid-intertidal zone but not for the high intertidal zone. This finding supports the rationale behind the SDH due to the longer periods of submergence experienced by the mid-intertidal zone. Overall, we conclude that biogeographic pattern within a region can depend on the surveyed subhabitat type. Thus, biological surveys restricted to specific subhabitats may not properly reveal biogeographic pattern for a biota as a whole or even just for other subhabitats. As many studies generate biogeographic information with data only for specific subhabitats, we recommend testing the SDH in other systems to determine its domain of application.
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18
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Menge BA, Foley MM, Robart MJ, Richmond E, Noble M, Chan F. Keystone predation: trait‐based or driven by extrinsic processes? Assessment using a comparative‐experimental approach. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331‐2914 USA
| | - Melissa M. Foley
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331‐2914 USA
- San Francisco Estuary Institute 4911 Central Avenue Richmond California 94804 USA
| | - Matthew J. Robart
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331‐2914 USA
- Vantuna Research Group Occidental College 1600 Campus Road Los Angeles California 90041 USA
| | - Erin Richmond
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331‐2914 USA
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and the Ocean University of Washington Seattle Washington 98115 USA
- Marine Mammal Laboratory Alaska Fisheries Science Center NOAA Seattle Washington 98105 USA
| | - Mae Noble
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331‐2914 USA
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University B48 Linnaeus Way Acton Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Francis Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331‐2914 USA
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19
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Whitney EJ, Bellmore JR, Benjamin JR, Jordan CE, Dunham JB, Newsom M, Nahorniak M. Beyond sticks and stones: Integrating physical and ecological conditions into watershed restoration assessments using a food web modeling approach. FOOD WEBS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2020.e00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Lurgi M, Galiana N, Broitman BR, Kéfi S, Wieters EA, Navarrete SA. Geographical variation of multiplex ecological networks in marine intertidal communities. Ecology 2020; 101:e03165. [PMID: 32798321 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of geographical variation in species distributions, and the resulting community structure, constitutes one of the grandest challenges in ecology. Geographical patterns of species richness and composition have been relatively well studied. Less is known about how the entire set of trophic and non-trophic ecological interactions, and the complex networks that they create by gluing species together in complex communities, change across geographical extents. Here, we compiled data of species composition and three types of ecological interactions occurring between species in rocky intertidal communities across a large spatial extent (~970 km of shoreline) of central Chile, and analyzed the geographical variability in these multiplex networks (i.e., comprising several interaction types) of ecological interactions. We calculated nine network summary statistics common across interaction types, and additional network attributes specific to each of the different types of interactions. We then investigated potential environmental drivers of this multivariate network organization. These included variation in sea surface temperature and coastal upwelling, the main drivers of productivity in nearshore waters. Our results suggest that structural properties of multiplex ecological networks are affected by local species richness and modulated by factors influencing productivity and environmental predictability. Our results show that non-trophic negative interactions are more sensitive to spatially structured temporal environmental variation than feeding relationships, with non-trophic positive interactions being the least labile to it. We also show that environmental effects are partly mediated through changes in species richness and partly through direct influences on species interactions, probably associated to changes in environmental predictability and to bottom-up nutrient availability. Our findings highlight the need for a comprehensive picture of ecological interactions and their geographical variability if we are to predict potential effects of environmental changes on ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lurgi
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS-Paul Sabatier University, Moulis, 09200, France.,Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Núria Galiana
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS-Paul Sabatier University, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Bernardo R Broitman
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales & Bioengineering Innovation Center, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Padre Hurtado 750, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Sonia Kéfi
- ISEM, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Univ. Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - Evie A Wieters
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, LINC Global, Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Osvaldo Marín 1672, Las Cruces, V Región, 2690000, Chile
| | - Sergio A Navarrete
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, LINC Global, Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Osvaldo Marín 1672, Las Cruces, V Región, 2690000, Chile
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21
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Rose JM, Blanchette CA, Chan F, Gouhier TC, Raimondi PT, Sanford E, Menge BA. Biogeography of ocean acidification: Differential field performance of transplanted mussels to upwelling-driven variation in carbonate chemistry. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234075. [PMID: 32678823 PMCID: PMC7367448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) represents a serious challenge to marine ecosystems. Laboratory studies addressing OA indicate broadly negative effects for marine organisms, particularly those relying on calcification processes. Growing evidence also suggests OA combined with other environmental stressors may be even more deleterious. Scaling these laboratory studies to ecological performance in the field, where environmental heterogeneity may mediate responses, is a critical next step toward understanding OA impacts on natural communities. We leveraged an upwelling-driven pH mosaic along the California Current System to deconstruct the relative influences of pH, ocean temperature, and food availability on seasonal growth, condition and shell thickness of the ecologically dominant intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus. In 2011 and 2012, ecological performance of adult mussels from local and commonly sourced populations was measured at 8 rocky intertidal sites between central Oregon and southern California. Sites coincided with a large-scale network of intertidal pH sensors, allowing comparisons among pH and other environmental stressors. Adult California mussel growth and size varied latitudinally among sites and inter-annually, and mean shell thickness index and shell weight growth were reduced with low pH. Surprisingly, shell length growth and the ratio of tissue to shell weight were enhanced, not diminished as expected, by low pH. In contrast, and as expected, shell weight growth and shell thickness were both diminished by low pH, consistent with the idea that OA exposure can compromise shell-dependent defenses against predators or wave forces. We also found that adult mussel shell weight growth and relative tissue mass were negatively associated with increased pH variability. Including local pH conditions with previously documented influences of ocean temperature, food availability, aerial exposure, and origin site enhanced the explanatory power of models describing observed performance differences. Responses of local mussel populations differed from those of a common source population suggesting mussel performance partially depended on genetic or persistent phenotypic differences. In light of prior research showing deleterious effects of low pH on larval mussels, our results suggest a life history transition leading to greater resilience in at least some performance metrics to ocean acidification by adult California mussels. Our data also demonstrate “hot” (more extreme) and “cold” (less extreme) spots in both mussel responses and environmental conditions, a pattern that may enable mitigation approaches in response to future changes in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Rose
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carol A. Blanchette
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Francis Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tarik C. Gouhier
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter T. Raimondi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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22
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Complementarity in spatial subsidies of carbon associated with resource partitioning along multiple niche axes. Oecologia 2020; 193:425-436. [PMID: 32556590 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of several species, all of which share similar resource requirements, remains a paradox in ecology. Here, I evaluated resource use along multiple environmental axes to understand the potential for niche partitioning and complementarity in a guild of suspension-feeding rocky shore invertebrates. I focused on the mussels Perna canaliculus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Aulacomya maoriana, and Xenostrobus pulex, all of which coexist along the coastline of the South Island of New Zealand. I quantified the mussels' distributions, both vertically on the shore and within the three-dimensional mussel bed matrix, and used carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope ratios to compare species' diets. Mussels exhibited niche partitioning along all resource axes. Given the mussels' use of different spatial and food resources, I evaluated the potential for complementarity with respect to mussels' roles as mediators of an important spatial subsidy, carbon inputs from the nearshore ocean into rocky-shore ecosystems. In these systems, mussels are basal species, capturing and consuming particulate organic matter in the ocean and making it available for local consumption within the benthic community. I found that mussel diversity matters; even the most productive species-Perna canaliculus-only contributed about half of the mussel-mediated carbon that accumulated over a year. Multiple co-occurring species are, therefore, likely to provide more carbon at the base of the intertidal food web than any one species living independently, and complementarity in resource use along multiple environmental axes is likely an important mechanism underlying this relationship.
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23
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Mazzuco ACDA, Stelzer PS, Bernardino AF. Substrate rugosity and temperature matters: patterns of benthic diversity at tropical intertidal reefs in the SW Atlantic. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8289. [PMID: 32219015 PMCID: PMC7087490 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling and forecasting ocean ecosystems in a changing world will require advances in observational efforts to monitor marine biodiversity. One of the observational challenges in coastal reef ecosystems is to quantify benthic and climate interactions which are key to community dynamics across habitats. Habitat complexity (i.e., substrate rugosity) on intertidal reefs can be an important variable explaining benthic diversity and taxa composition, but the association between substrate and seasonal variability is poorly understood on lateritic reefs in the South Atlantic. We asked if benthic assemblages on intertidal reefs with distinct substrate rugosity would follow similar seasonal patterns of succession following meteo-oceanographic variability in a tropical coastal area of Brazil. We combined an innovative 3D imaging for measuring substrate rugosity with satellite monitoring to monitor spatio-temporal patterns of benthic assemblages. The dataset included monthly in situ surveys of substrate cover and taxon diversity and richness, temporal variability in meteo-oceanographic conditions, and reef structural complexity from four sites on the Eastern Marine Ecoregion of Brazil. Additionally, correlation coefficients between temperature and both benthic diversity and community composition from one year of monitoring were used to project biodiversity trends under future warming scenarios. Our results revealed that benthic diversity and composition on intertidal reefs are strongly regulated by surface rugosity and sea surface temperatures, which control the dominance of macroalgae or corals. Intertidal reef biodiversity was positively correlated with reef rugosity which supports previous assertions of higher regional intertidal diversity on lateritic reefs that offer increased substrate complexity. Predicted warming temperatures in the Eastern Marine Ecoregion of Brazil will likely lead to a dominance of macroalgae taxa over the lateritic reefs and lower overall benthic diversity. Our findings indicate that rugosity is not only a useful tool for biodiversity mapping in reef intertidal ecosystems but also that spatial differences in rugosity would lead to very distinct biogeographic and temporal patterns. This study offers a unique baseline of benthic biodiversity on coastal marine habitats that is complementary to worldwide efforts to improve monitoring and management of coastal reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelo F Bernardino
- Department of Oceanography, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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24
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Biogeography of Macrophyte Elemental Composition: Spatiotemporal Modification of Species-Level Traits. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Camargo‐Cely A, Collin R. Combined effects of temperature, salinity, and diet simulating upwelling and nonupwelling seasons alter life-history characteristics of a tropical invertebrate. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14368-14378. [PMID: 31938525 PMCID: PMC6953657 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upwelling is known to affect the ecology and life history of temperate nearshore organisms, and these effects are thought to be mediated by changes in temperature and food supply. However, little information is available for tropical systems. To understand how changes in the intensity of upwelling might impact marine invertebrates, we tested how factorial combinations of temperature, salinity, and phytoplankton availability affected growth and reproduction of a common intertidal snail, Crepidula cf. marginalis. We used temperatures typical of nonupwelling (29°C), moderate (26°C) and severe (23°C) upwelling, salinities typical of nonupwelling (30 ppt) and upwelling (34 ppt) and a good diet (Isochrysis) and a better diet (Isochrysis and Tetraselmis) as a proxy for increased productivity during upwelling. Overall, temperature and diet had consistent effects on body size, with better food and lower temperatures promoting larger size, as well as promoting shorter time to first reproduction. Diet had the largest effects on clutch size, with clutch size increasing with better diet. Temperature had the largest effect on offspring size and the frequency of discarded broods; offspring size decreased with increasing temperature and the frequency of discarded broods also decreased with increasing temperatures. We found no significant 3rd order interactions and few significant strong 2nd order interactions, which have often been found in similar experimental studies using stressful treatments. For this tropical slipper limpet, the effect of higher food and cooler temperatures during upwelling appears to be positive, promoting higher growth rates, larger clutch sizes, and larger offspring size suggesting that both factors likely play an important role underlying reproductive responses to upwelling. Climatic changes, like El Niño, which suppress upwelling in the Bay of Panama, appear likely to negatively impact this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Camargo‐Cely
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa AnconPanama
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of Puerto RicoRío PiedrasPuerto Rico
| | - Rachel Collin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa AnconPanama
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26
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Scrosati RA, Ellrich JA. A 5-year study (2014-2018) of the relationship between coastal phytoplankton abundance and intertidal barnacle size along the Atlantic Canadian coast. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6892. [PMID: 31106077 PMCID: PMC6500718 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benthic-pelagic coupling refers to the ecological relationships between benthic and pelagic environments. Studying such links is particularly useful to understand biological variation in intertidal organisms along marine coasts. Filter-feeding invertebrates are ecologically important on marine rocky shores, so they have often been used to investigate benthic-pelagic coupling. Most studies, however, have been conducted on eastern ocean boundaries. To evaluate benthic-pelagic coupling on a western ocean boundary, we conducted a 5-year study spanning 415 km of the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia (Canada). We hypothesized that the summer size of intertidal barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides) recruited in the preceding spring would be positively related to the nearshore abundance (biomass) of phytoplankton, as phytoplankton constitutes food for the nauplius larvae and benthic stages of barnacles. Every year between 2014 and 2018, we measured summer barnacle size in clearings created before spring recruitment on the rocky substrate at eight wave-exposed locations along this coast. We then examined the annual relationships between barnacle size and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. For every year and location, we used satellite data to calculate Chl-a averages for a period ranging from the early spring (when most barnacle larvae were in the water) to the summer (when barnacle size was measured after weeks of growth following spring benthic recruitment). The relationships were always positive, Chl-a explaining nearly half, or more, of the variation in barnacle size in four of the five studied years. These are remarkable results because they were based on a relatively limited number of locations (which often curtails statistical power) and point to the relevance of pelagic food supply to explain variation in intertidal barnacle size along this western ocean boundary coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Scrosati
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julius A Ellrich
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
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27
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Zuercher R, Galloway AWE. Coastal marine ecosystem connectivity: pelagic ocean to kelp forest subsidies. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Zuercher
- University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California 95060 USA
| | - Aaron W. E. Galloway
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston Oregon 97420 USA
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28
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Kimbro DL, White JW, Grosholz ED. The dynamics of open populations: integration of top–down, bottom–up and supply–side influences on intertidal oysters. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Kimbro
- Dept of Marine and Environmental Science, Northeastern Univ Nahant MA 01908 USA
| | - J. Wilson White
- Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ Newport OR USA
| | - Edwin D. Grosholz
- Dept of Environmental Science and Policy, Univ. of California Davis Davis CA USA
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29
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Shanks AL, Morgan SG. Testing the intermittent upwelling hypothesis: reply. Ecology 2018; 100:e02516. [PMID: 30204932 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Shanks
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, P.O. Box 5389, Charleston, Oregon, 97420, USA
| | - Steven G Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, 2099 Westshore Drive, Bodega Bay, California, 94923-0247, USA
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30
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Salant CD, Shanks AL. Surf-zone hydrodynamics alter phytoplankton subsidies affecting reproductive output and growth of tidal filter feeders. Ecology 2018; 99:1878-1889. [PMID: 29888460 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Surf zones, classified from reflective to dissipative, separate the ocean from shore and subsidies from the coastal ocean must pass through surf zones to reach the shore. We have observed that variations in phytoplankton concentrations in the water over the intertidal zone varied with surf-zone hydrodynamics and we hypothesized that this variation would alter growth rates, population structure, and reproductive output of Mytilus californianus and Balanus glandula. From May 2016 to April 2017, along 7 km of Cape Arago, Oregon, USA surf-zone phytoplankton concentrations were determined weekly at nine sites with varying surf-zone hydrodynamics as indicated by surf-zone widths. Throughout the year, concentrations of phytoplankton in wider, more dissipative surf zones were, on average, 16× higher than in narrow, more reflective surf zones. Similar to previous observations, surf-zone width explained >90% of the variability in phytoplankton concentrations in the surf-zone. On average, ~83% of B. glandula had egg lamellae at more dissipative shores compared to only 8% at more reflective. An index of potential reproductive output by barnacle populations as measured by ash free dry mass (AFDM) of egg lamellae was ~243× larger at more dissipative than at reflective shores and surf-zone phytoplankton concentrations and surf-zone width explained ~96 and 92% of the variability in this index. On average, density of M. californianus was ~2× higher at more reflective shores, but 60% of these individuals were smaller and non-reproductive compared to only 24% at the more dissipative sites. The gonad tissue mass/m2 of medium sized mussels was ~5× greater at more dissipative than reflective shores. Surf-zone phytoplankton concentrations and surf-zone width explained ~80% and 65% of the variability in individual mussel gonad mass and ~69% and 56% of the variability in mussel population gonad mass, respectively. M. californianus were out-planted to assess growth rates and, after 5 months, average body mass was ~3× greater at more dissipative than reflective shores. Surf-zone phytoplankton concentrations and width explained ~85% and 92% of the mass increase, respectively. Phytoplankton subsidies varied with surf-zone hydrodynamics altering the growth and reproductive output of two ecologically important intertidal filter feeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlissa D Salant
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, P.O. Box 5389, Charleston, Oregon, 97420, USA
| | - Alan L Shanks
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, P.O. Box 5389, Charleston, Oregon, 97420, USA
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32
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Scrosati RA, Ellrich JA. Benthic–pelagic coupling and bottom‐up forcing in rocky intertidal communities along the Atlantic Canadian coast. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Scrosati
- Department of Biology St. Francis Xavier University Antigonish Nova Scotia B2G 2W5 Canada
| | - Julius A. Ellrich
- Department of Biology St. Francis Xavier University Antigonish Nova Scotia B2G 2W5 Canada
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33
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Piló D, Barbosa AB, Teodósio MA, Encarnação J, Leitão F, Range P, Krug LA, Cruz J, Chícharo L. Are submarine groundwater discharges affecting the structure and physiological status of rocky intertidal communities? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 136:158-173. [PMID: 29506823 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impacts of submarine groundwater discharges (SGD) on a rocky intertidal community of South Portugal, during April-November 2011. Chlorophyll-a concentration was higher at the SGD site in respect to the Reference site. Epibenthic community structure differed between sites, with an increase in Chthamalus spp. and a decrease in macroalgae coverage at the SGD site. The abundance and body size of Mytilus galloprovincialis were consistently higher at the SGD site. During mid-spring, under potentially higher SGD and less favorable conditions for coastal phytoplankton, the ecophysiological condition of M. galloprovincialis and G. umbilicalis was also higher at the SGD site. These beneficial effects on filter-feeders and herbivores probably resulted from local increases in prey availability, supported by SGD-driven nutrient inputs. Conversely, P. depressa was not favoured by SGD, probably due to a lower dependency on algae as food. The analysis of epibenthic community structure and ecophysiological condition represents a promising approach to disentangle the ecological impacts of SGD on intertidal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Piló
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Avenida 5 de Outubro, 8700-305, Olhão, Portugal; Centre of Marine Science (CCMAR), University of Algarve, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - A B Barbosa
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - M A Teodósio
- Centre of Marine Science (CCMAR), University of Algarve, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - J Encarnação
- Centre of Marine Science (CCMAR), University of Algarve, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - F Leitão
- Centre of Marine Science (CCMAR), University of Algarve, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - P Range
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - L A Krug
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - J Cruz
- Centre of Marine Science (CCMAR), University of Algarve, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - L Chícharo
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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34
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Morello SL, Etter RJ. Transition probabilities help identify putative drivers of community change in complex systems. Ecology 2018; 99:1357-1369. [PMID: 29604059 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role of larger-scale processes in modulating the assembly, structure, and dynamics of communities is critical for forecasting the effects of climate-change and managing ecosystems. Developing this comprehensive perspective is difficult though, because species interactions are complex, interdependent, and dynamic through space and time. Typically, experiments focus on tractable subsets of interactions that will be most critical to investigate and explain shifts in communities, but qualitatively base these choices on experience, natural history, and theory. One quantitative approach to identify the putative forces regulating communities, without reducing system complexity, is estimating transition probabilities among species occupying space (i.e., multispecies Markov chain models). Although not mechanistic, these models estimate the relative frequency and importance of ecological pathways in community assembly and dynamics, and can serve as a framework to identify how pathways change across large scales and which are most important to investigate further. Here, we demonstrate this method in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) intertidal zone, where research has largely focused on the local-scale processes that influence communities, while the mechanisms responsible for more regional shifts in communities are less clear. Transition probabilities of faunal elements were quantified bimonthly for ~2.5 yr in local intertidal communities at three replicate sites in the southern, mid-coast, and northern GOM. Transitions related to mortality, colonization, and replacement by mussels, barnacles, red algae, and encrusting corallines differed regionally, suggesting specific pathways related to consumer pressure and recruitment vary across the GOM with shifting intertidal community structure. Combined with species abundance data and insights from previous research, we develop and evaluate the pathways by which communities likely change in the GOM. Species interactions in local communities can be complex, and this complexity should be incorporated into hypothesis building, experiments, theory, interpretations, and forecasts in ecology. Such a comprehensive approach will be critical to understand how regional shifts in local interactions can drive large-scale community change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Morello
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, 02125, USA.,The Downeast Institute, P.O. Box 83, Bzeals, Maine, 04611, USA
| | - Ron J Etter
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, 02125, USA
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Zuloaga R, Almarza O, Valdés JA, Molina A, Pulgar J. Oceanographic upwelling conditions influence signaling pathways involved in muscle growth of intertidal fish. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 218:37-43. [PMID: 29448011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have addressed the impact of the upwelling oceanographical conditions on biological processes, such as growth, using a molecular and physiological approach. Upwelling conditions are characterized by low temperature seawater and high nutrient availability, which represents an ideal opportunity to understand how habitat modulates animal performance at different levels of biological complexity. We aimed to assess intraspecific variations in weight, oxygen consumption, protein content, and key signaling pathways involved in muscle-growth (protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) under experimental trials considering high/low seawater temperatures with full/restricted food rations. For this purpose, we studied Girella laevifrons, one of the most abundant fish species inhabiting rocky intertidal zones along the Eastern South Pacific coasts. Using fish obtained from upwelling (U) and non-upwelling (NU) zones, we reported that U animals displayed higher growth performance during both contrasting trials, with a weight gain (~3 g), lower oxygen consumption (~12%), and higher protein contents (~20%). Only ERK showed significant differences during the trials (~2-fold downregulation between NU and U fish). We also found that U fish increased protein ubiquitination in high water temperature and restricted food ration in contrast to NU fish. Our results help to elucidate how upwelling conditions may influence fish growth at physiological and molecular levels. Still, future analyses are necessary to improve the information regarding the impact of U and NU condition on animals, as well as the possible applications of this data in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Oscar Almarza
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - José Pulgar
- Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 8370371 Santiago, Chile.
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36
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Morgan SG, Shanks AL, MacMahan JH, Reniers AJHM, Feddersen F. Planktonic Subsidies to Surf-Zone and Intertidal Communities. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2018; 10:345-369. [PMID: 28846492 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plankton are transported onshore, providing subsidies of food and new recruits to surf-zone and intertidal communities. The transport of plankton to the surf zone is influenced by wind, wave, and tidal forcing, and whether they enter the surf zone depends on alongshore variation in surf-zone hydrodynamics caused by the interaction of breaking waves with coastal morphology. Areas with gently sloping shores and wide surf zones typically have orders-of-magnitude-higher concentrations of plankton in the surf zone and dense larval settlement in intertidal communities because of the presence of bathymetric rip currents, which are absent in areas with steep shores and narrow surf zones. These striking differences in subsidies have profound consequences; areas with greater subsidies support more productive surf-zone communities and possibly more productive rocky intertidal communities. Recognition of the importance of spatial subsidies for rocky community dynamics has recently advanced ecological theory, and incorporating surf-zone hydrodynamics would be an especially fruitful line of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923-0247;
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California 93510
| | - Alan L Shanks
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, Oregon 97420
| | - Jamie H MacMahan
- Department of Oceanography, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943
| | - Ad J H M Reniers
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Falk Feddersen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0209
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Shanks AL, Morgan SG. Testing the intermittent upwelling hypothesis: upwelling, downwelling, and subsidies to the intertidal zone. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan L. Shanks
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon P.O. Box 5389 Charleston Oregon 97420 USA
| | - Steven G. Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California Davis 2099 Westshore Drive Bodega Bay California 94923‐0247 USA
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38
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Local and regional stressors interact to drive a salinization-induced outbreak of predators on oyster reefs. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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39
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Bracken MES. Stoichiometric Mismatch between Consumers and Resources Mediates the Growth of Rocky Intertidal Suspension Feeders. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1297. [PMID: 28747903 PMCID: PMC5506223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of ecological stoichiometry-the balancing of elemental ratios in ecological interactions-has transformed our thinking about processes in natural systems. Here, this perspective is applied to rocky shore ecosystems to explore the consequences of variation in internal nutrient ratios across two trophic levels. Specifically, I measured the internal concentrations of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in mussels (Mytilus spp.) and particulate organic matter (POM) to evaluate the effects of stoichiometric mismatch-the difference in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) between a consumer and its resources-on mussel growth at sites on the coasts of Oregon, USA, and the South Island of New Zealand. As POM quality (i.e., Chl a, a proxy for phytoplankton availability in the POM) increased, C:N of the POM declined, but C:N of mussels increased. This resulted in a greater mismatch in C:N between mussels and their food source at low Chl a. Mussel growth across sites was positively associated with Chl a, particulate organic carbon (POC), and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) but negatively associated with stoichiometric mismatch. Overall, as the elemental ratios of consumers became more different from those of their resources, growth declined, likely due to the energetic cost associated with processing lower quality food. Furthermore, the effect of food quantity on growth depended on stoichiometric mismatch. In New Zealand, where mismatch was high-i.e., consumer C:N differed substantially from resource C:N-consumer growth was strongly affected by resource quantity (Chl a or POC). However, in Oregon, where mismatch was low, the relationship between resource quantity and growth was considerably weaker. This interaction between resource quantity and mismatch was not apparent for PON, which is consistent with variation in PON underlying variation in POM C:N and highlights the role of N in limiting growth. Previous research has neglected the importance of ecological stoichiometry as a mediator of consumer-resource interactions in rocky intertidal communities. I show that resource quality and quantity interact to determine consumer growth, highlighting the utility of ecological stoichiometry in understanding spatial subsidies in benthic marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. S. Bracken
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, IrvineIrvine, CA, United States
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40
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Shanks AL, Morgan SG, MacMahan J, Reniers AJHM. Alongshore variation in barnacle populations is determined by surf zone hydrodynamics. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan L. Shanks
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon P.O. Box 5389 Charleston Oregon 97420 USA
| | - Steven G. Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California Davis 2099 Westshore Drive Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
| | - Jamie MacMahan
- Department of Oceanography Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93943 USA
| | - Ad J. H. M. Reniers
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering Delft University of Technology Stevinweg 1 2628CN Delft The Netherlands
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41
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Allgeier JE, Burkepile DE, Layman CA. Animal pee in the sea: consumer-mediated nutrient dynamics in the world's changing oceans. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2166-2178. [PMID: 28217892 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans have drastically altered the abundance of animals in marine ecosystems via exploitation. Reduced abundance can destabilize food webs, leading to cascading indirect effects that dramatically reorganize community structure and shift ecosystem function. However, the additional implications of these top-down changes for biogeochemical cycles via consumer-mediated nutrient dynamics (CND) are often overlooked in marine systems, particularly in coastal areas. Here, we review research that underscores the importance of this bottom-up control at local, regional, and global scales in coastal marine ecosystems, and the potential implications of anthropogenic change to fundamentally alter these processes. We focus attention on the two primary ways consumers affect nutrient dynamics, with emphasis on implications for the nutrient capacity of ecosystems: (1) the storage and retention of nutrients in biomass, and (2) the supply of nutrients via excretion and egestion. Nutrient storage in consumer biomass may be especially important in many marine ecosystems because consumers, as opposed to producers, often dominate organismal biomass. As for nutrient supply, we emphasize how consumers enhance primary production through both press and pulse dynamics. Looking forward, we explore the importance of CDN for improving theory (e.g., ecological stoichiometry, metabolic theory, and biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships), all in the context of global environmental change. Increasing research focus on CND will likely transform our perspectives on how consumers affect the functioning of marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Allgeier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Deron E Burkepile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Craig A Layman
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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42
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Menge BA, Bracken MES, Lubchenco J, Leslie HM. Alternative state? Experimentally induced
F
ucus
canopy persists 38 yr in an
A
scophyllum‐
dominated community. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Cordley Hall 3029 Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Matthew E. S. Bracken
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Jane Lubchenco
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Cordley Hall 3029 Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Heather M. Leslie
- Darling Marine Center and School of Marine Sciences University of Maine 193 Clarks Cove Road Walpole Maine 04573 USA
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43
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Bertocci I, Arenas F, Cacabelos E, Martins GM, Seabra MI, Álvaro NV, Fernandes JN, Gaião R, Mamede N, Mulas M, Neto AI. Nowhere safe? Exploring the influence of urbanization across mainland and insular seashores in continental Portugal and the Azorean Archipelago. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:644-655. [PMID: 27769557 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the structure and functioning of intensively urbanized vs. less human-affected systems are reported, but such evidence is available for a much larger extent in terrestrial than in marine systems. We examined the hypotheses that (i) urbanization was associated to different patterns of variation of intertidal assemblages between urban and extra-urban environments; (ii) such patterns were consistent across mainland and insular systems, spatial scales from 10scm to 100skm, and a three months period. Several trends emerged: (i) a more homogeneous distribution of most algal groups in the urban compared to the extra-urban condition and the opposite pattern of most invertebrates; (ii) smaller/larger variances of most organisms where these were, respectively, less/more abundant; (iii) largest variability of most response variables at small scale; (iv) no facilitation of invasive species by urbanization and larger cover of canopy-forming algae in the insular extra-urban condition. Present findings confirm the acknowledged notion that future management strategies will require to include representative assemblages and their relevant scales of variation associated to urbanization gradients on both the mainland and the islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Bertocci
- CIIMAR/CIMAR,Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francisco Arenas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR,Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Eva Cacabelos
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group - Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus 13A, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
| | - Gustavo M Martins
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group - Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus 13A, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
| | - Maria I Seabra
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Science Centre, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Avenida Vasco da Gama, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal
| | - Nuno V Álvaro
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group - Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus 13A, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal; CMMG-Centro do Clima, Meteorologia e Mudanças Globais da Universidade dos Açores, Pólo Universitário de Angra do Heroísmo, 9701-851 Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Joana N Fernandes
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Science Centre, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Avenida Vasco da Gama, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal
| | - Raquel Gaião
- CIIMAR/CIMAR,Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mamede
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Science Centre, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Avenida Vasco da Gama, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal
| | - Martina Mulas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR,Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana I Neto
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group - Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus 13A, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
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44
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Oricchio FT, Pastro G, Vieira EA, Flores AAV, Gibran FZ, Dias GM. Distinct community dynamics at two artificial habitats in a recreational marina. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 122:85-92. [PMID: 27720528 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Man-made facilities along coastlines modify water circulation and sedimentation dynamics which can affect the structure of marine benthic and pelagic communities. To test how environmental heterogeneity associated with a recreational marina affects the structure of the fouling community and the benthic-pelagic link, we conducted an experiment in which predation effects on recruitment and community structure were assessed in two artificial habitats: inside the marina, an area of calm waters and often disturbed by boating activity, and the breakwater, a more hydrodynamic area. Using visual censuses and video footages we also described the predation pressure and the identity of predators on the two areas. Inside the marina, the recruitment of ascidians and serpulids, but not of bryozoans, was restricted in some occasions, possibly due to reduced water circulation. Predation, mainly by the silver porgy fish Diplodus argenteus, reduced the survivor of didemnid ascidians on both areas, but predation intensity was 40 times higher in the breakwater than inside the marina. While the two artificial habitats did not necessarily support distinct communities, low recruitment coupled to weak predation inside the marina, a less dynamic environment, likely imply lower resilience and more susceptibility to disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe T Oricchio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Rua Arcturus, 03 - Jardim Antares, CEP 09606-070, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pastro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Rua Arcturus, 03 - Jardim Antares, CEP 09606-070, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson A Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto A V Flores
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), CEP 11600-000, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Z Gibran
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Rua Arcturus, 03 - Jardim Antares, CEP 09606-070, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Dias
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Rua Arcturus, 03 - Jardim Antares, CEP 09606-070, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.
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45
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Morgan SG, Shanks AL, Fujimura AG, Reniers AJHM, MacMahan J, Griesemer CD, Jarvis M, Brown J. Surfzone hydrodynamics as a key determinant of spatial variation in rocky intertidal communities. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2016.1017. [PMID: 27733543 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of intertidal species develop at sea and must return to adult habitats to replenish populations. Similarly, nutrients, detritus and plankton provide important subsidies spurring growth and reproduction of macroalgae and filter-feeding invertebrates that form the foundation of intertidal communities. Together, these factors determine the density and intensity of interactions among community members. We hypothesized that spatial variation in surfzone hydrodynamics affects the delivery of plankton subsidies. We compared entire zooplankton communities inside and outside the surf zone daily while monitoring physical conditions for one month each at two shores with different surfzone characteristics. Opposite cross-shore distributions of larvae and other zooplankters occurred at the two sites: zooplankton was much more abundant inside the mildly sloping dissipative surf zone (DSZ) with rip currents and was more abundant outside the steep reflective surf zone (RSZ). Biophysical numerical simulations demonstrated that zooplankters were concentrated in rip channels of the DSZ and were mostly unable to enter the RSZ, indicating the hydrodynamic processes behind the observed spatial variation of zooplankters in the surf zone. Differences in the concentration of larvae and other zooplankters between the inner shelf and surf zone may be an underappreciated, key determinant of spatial variation in inshore communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, 2099 Westside Drive, Bodega Bay, CA 94923-0247, USA Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 93510, USA
| | - Alan L Shanks
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Atsushi G Fujimura
- Marine Biophysics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ad J H M Reniers
- Delft University of Technology, Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie MacMahan
- Department of Oceanography, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Monterey, CA 93943, USA
| | - Chris D Griesemer
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, 2099 Westside Drive, Bodega Bay, CA 94923-0247, USA
| | - Marley Jarvis
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Jenna Brown
- Department of Oceanography, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Monterey, CA 93943, USA
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46
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Kroeker KJ, Sanford E, Rose JM, Blanchette CA, Chan F, Chavez FP, Gaylord B, Helmuth B, Hill TM, Hofmann GE, McManus MA, Menge BA, Nielsen KJ, Raimondi PT, Russell AD, Washburn L. Interacting environmental mosaics drive geographic variation in mussel performance and predation vulnerability. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:771-9. [PMID: 27151381 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although theory suggests geographic variation in species' performance is determined by multiple niche parameters, little consideration has been given to the spatial structure of interacting stressors that may shape local and regional vulnerability to global change. Here, we use spatially explicit mosaics of carbonate chemistry, food availability and temperature spanning 1280 km of coastline to test whether persistent, overlapping environmental mosaics mediate the growth and predation vulnerability of a critical foundation species, the mussel Mytilus californianus. We find growth was highest and predation vulnerability was lowest in dynamic environments with frequent exposure to low pH seawater and consistent food. In contrast, growth was lowest and predation vulnerability highest when exposure to low pH seawater was decoupled from high food availability, or in exceptionally warm locations. These results illustrate how interactions among multiple drivers can cause unexpected, yet persistent geographic mosaics of species performance, interactions and vulnerability to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J Kroeker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Rose
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Carol A Blanchette
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Francis Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian Helmuth
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, USA
| | - Tessa M Hill
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA.,Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Margaret A McManus
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Bruce A Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Karina J Nielsen
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter T Raimondi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ann D Russell
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Libe Washburn
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.,Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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47
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Bermejo R, de la Fuente G, Ramírez-Romero E, Vergara JJ, Hernández I. Spatial variability and response to anthropogenic pressures of assemblages dominated by a habitat forming seaweed sensitive to pollution (northern coast of Alboran Sea). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 105:255-64. [PMID: 26892204 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Cystoseira ericaefolia group is conformed by three species: C. tamariscifolia, C. mediterranea and C. amentacea. These species are among the most important habitat forming species of the upper sublittoral rocky shores of the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent Atlantic coast. This species group is sensitive to human pressures and therefore is currently suffering important losses. This study aimed to assess the influence of anthropogenic pressures, oceanographic conditions and local spatial variability in assemblages dominated by C. ericaefolia in the Alboran Sea. The results showed the absence of significant effects of anthropogenic pressures or its interactions with environmental conditions in the Cystoseira assemblages. This fact was attributed to the high spatial variability, which is most probably masking the impact of anthropogenic pressures. The results also showed that most of the variability occurred on at local levels. A relevant spatial variability was observed at regional level, suggesting a key role of oceanographic features in these assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bermejo
- Departamento de Biología, Área de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Gina de la Fuente
- Dipartimento di Scienze della terra, dell'ambiente e della vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa, 26 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Eduardo Ramírez-Romero
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Experimental Ecology (Foodwebs), Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Juan J Vergara
- Departamento de Biología, Área de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, Área de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Duarte C, López J, Benítez S, Manríquez PH, Navarro JM, Bonta CC, Torres R, Quijón P. Ocean acidification induces changes in algal palatability and herbivore feeding behavior and performance. Oecologia 2016; 180:453-62. [PMID: 26453521 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of global stressors on a species may be mediated by the stressors' impact on coexisting taxa. For instance, herbivore-algae interactions may change due to alterations in algal nutritional quality resulting from high CO2 levels associated with ocean acidification (OA). We approached this issue by assessing the indirect effects of OA on the trophic interactions between the amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata and the brown alga Durvillaea antarctica, two prominent species of the South-east Pacific coast. We predicted that amphipod feeding behavior and performance (growth rate) will be affected by changes in the palatability of the algae exposed to high levels (1000 ppm) of CO2. We exposed algae to current and predicted (OA) atmospheric CO2 levels and then measured their nutritive quality and amphipod preference in choice trials. We also assessed consumption rates separately in no-choice trials, and measured amphipod absorption efficiency and growth rates. Protein and organic contents of the algae decreased in acidified conditions and amphipods showed low preference for these algae. However, in the no-choice trials we recorded higher grazing rates on algae exposed to OA. Although amphipod absorption efficiency was lower on these algae, growth rates did not differ between treatments, which suggests the occurrence of compensatory feeding. Our results suggest that changes in algal nutritional value in response to OA induce changes in algal palatability and these in turn affect consumers' food preference and performance. Indirect effects of global stressors like OA can be equally or more important than the direct effects predicted in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, República no. 440, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Jorge López
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Samanta Benítez
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, República no. 440, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CIICC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio H Manríquez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Avenida Ossandón 877, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Jorge M Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cesar C Bonta
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Pedro Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
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49
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Spiecker B, Gouhier TC, Guichard F. Reciprocal feedbacks between spatial subsidies and reserve networks in coral reef meta-ecosystems. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:264-278. [PMID: 27039524 DOI: 10.1890/15-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Top-down processes such as predation and herbivory have been shown to control the dynamics of communities across a range of ecosystems by generating trophic cascades. However, theory is only beginning to describe how these local trophic processes interact with spatial subsidies in the form of material (nutrient, detritus) transport and organismal dispersal to (1) shape the structure of interconnected (meta-) ecosystems and (2) determine their optimal management via reserve networks. Here, we develop a meta-ecosystem model to understand how the reciprocal feedbacks between spatial subsidies and reserve networks modulate the importance of top-down control in a simple herbivorous fish-macroalgae-coral system. We show that in large and isolated reserve networks where connectivity between protected and unprotected areas is limited, spatial subsidies remain largely confined to reserves. This retention of spatial subsidies promotes the top-down control of corals and macroalgae by herbivores inside reserves but reduces it outside reserves. Conversely, in small and aggregated reserves where connectivity between protected and unprotected areas is high, the spillover of spatial subsidies causes a reduction in top-down control of corals and macroalgae by herbivores inside reserves and an increase in the strength of top-down control outside reserves. In addition, we demonstrate that there is a trade-off between local and regional conservation objectives when designing reserve networks: small and aggregated reserves based on the extent of dispersal maximize the abundance of corals and herbivores regionally, whereas large and isolated reserves always maximize the abundance of corals within reserves, regardless of the extent of dispersal. The existence of such "conservation traps," which arise from the fulfillment of population-level objectives within local reserves at the cost of community-level objectives at regional scales, suggests the importance of adopting a more holistic strategy to manage complex and interconnected ecosystems.
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50
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Menge BA, Gouhier TC, Hacker SD, Chan F, Nielsen KJ. Are meta-ecosystems organized hierarchically? A model and test in rocky intertidal habitats. ECOL MONOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/14-0113.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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