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Naderer C, Krobath H, Sivun D, Gvindzhiliia G, Klar TA, Jacak J. New buffer systems for photopainting of single biomolecules. RSC APPLIED INTERFACES 2024; 1:110-121. [PMID: 39166527 PMCID: PMC10805099 DOI: 10.1039/d3lf00125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
We present newly developed buffer systems that significantly improve the efficiency of a photochemically induced surface modification at the single molecule level. Buffers with paramagnetic cations and radical oxygen promoting species facilitate laser-assisted protein adsorption by photobleaching (LAPAP) of single fluorescently labelled oligonucleotides or biotin onto multi-photon-lithography-structured 2D and 3D acrylate scaffolds. Single molecule fluorescence microscopy has been used to quantify photopainting efficiency. We identify specific cation interaction sites for members of the cyanine, coumarin and rhodamine classes of fluorophores using quantum mechanical calculations. We show that our buffer systems provide an up to three-fold LAPAP-efficiency increase for the cyanine fluorophore, while keeping excitation parameters constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Naderer
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria Garnisonstraße 21 4020 Linz Austria
| | - Heinrich Krobath
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Dmitry Sivun
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria Garnisonstraße 21 4020 Linz Austria
| | - Georgii Gvindzhiliia
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Thomas A Klar
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria Garnisonstraße 21 4020 Linz Austria
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Zhang Z, Ying Y, Xu M, Zhang C, Rao Z, Ke S, Zhou Y, Huang H, Fei L. Atomic Steps Induce the Aligned Growth of Ice Crystals on Graphite Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8112-8119. [PMID: 33044079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols strongly affects the earth's climate, and at the microscopic level, surface-irregularity-induced ice crystallization behaviors are common but crucial. Because of the lack of visual evidence and effective experimental methods, the mechanism of atomic-structure-dependent ice formation on aerosol surfaces is poorly understood. Here we chose highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) to represent soot (a primary aerosol), and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was performed for in situ observations of ice formation. We found that hexagonal ice crystals show an aligned growth pattern via a two-stage pathway with one a axis coinciding with the direction of atomic step edges on the HOPG surface. Additionally, the ice crystals grow at a noticeably higher speed along this direction. This study reveals the role of atomic surface defects in heterogeneous ice nucleation and may pave the way to control icing-related processes in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Functional Thin Films, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials and Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Multiscale Interdisciplinary Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yiran Ying
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuanlin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Functional Thin Films, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials and Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Multiscale Interdisciplinary Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhenggang Rao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Functional Thin Films, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials and Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Multiscale Interdisciplinary Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shanming Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Functional Thin Films, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials and Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Multiscale Interdisciplinary Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yangbo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Functional Thin Films, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials and Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Multiscale Interdisciplinary Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linfeng Fei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Functional Thin Films, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials and Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Multiscale Interdisciplinary Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Thangswamy M, Maheshwari P, Dutta D, Bera AK, Singh MN, Sinha AK, Yusuf SM, Pujari PK. Evolution of confined ice nano structures at different levels of pore filling: a synchrotron based X-ray diffraction study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:14309-14317. [PMID: 32567617 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01988g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have thoroughly investigated the crystal structure of ice evolved from super cooled water confined in MCM-41 cylindrical nano pores through a synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique for two different levels of pore filling. A rigorous analysis of XRD data shows that the nucleation dynamics and the structure of nucleated ice highly depend on the level of pore filling. In the nearly fully hydrated pores, ice crystallites start nucleating inside the pores below 240 K and creep out of the pores to form bulk crystals having crystalline structure of a mixed phase of hexagonal and cubic forms. In the partially hydrated pores, on the other hand, ice crystals cannot creep out of the pore crossing the energy barrier. The crystalline ice particles remaining inside the cylindrical pore show a short range "cubic rich" structure. The "pure cubic" phase has not been identified at either of the pore fillings in these 2.5 nm average size pores. A large fraction of water inside the pores remains in the super cooled liquid phase even at 180 K. This observation is relevant for understanding the ice nucleation through the pore condensation and freezing mechanism, which is a major pathway for the formation of cirrus clouds in the upper atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Maheshwari
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India. and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Dhanadeep Dutta
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India. and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - A K Bera
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - M N Singh
- Synchrotron Utilization Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452013, India
| | - Anil K Sinha
- Synchrotron Utilization Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452013, India
| | - S M Yusuf
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India and Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Pradeep K Pujari
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India. and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
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Mahrt F, Alpert PA, Dou J, Grönquist P, Arroyo PC, Ammann M, Lohmann U, Kanji ZA. Aging induced changes in ice nucleation activity of combustion aerosol as determined by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:895-907. [PMID: 32188960 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fresh soot particles are generally hydrophobic, however, particle hydrophilicity can be increased through atmospheric aging processes. At present little is known on how particle chemical composition and hydrophilicity change upon atmospheric aging and associated uncertainties governing the ice cloud formation potential of soot. Here we sampled two propane flame soots referred to as brown and black soot, characterized as organic carbon rich and poor, respectively. We investigated how the ice nucleation activity of these particles changed through aging in water and aqueous acidic solutions, using a continuous flow diffusion chamber operated at cirrus cloud temperatures (T ≤ 233 K). Single aggregates of both unaged and aged soot were chemically characterized by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (STXM/NEXAFS) measurements. Particle wettability was determined through water sorption measurements. Unaged black and brown soot particles exhibited significantly different ice nucleation activities. Our experiments revealed significantly enhanced ice nucleation activity of the aged soot particles compared to the fresh samples, lowering the required relative humidities at which ice formation can take place at T = 218 K by up to 15% with respect to water (ΔRHi ≈ 25%). We observed an enhanced water uptake capacity for the aged compared to the unaged samples, which was more pronounced for the black soot. From these measurements we concluded that there is a change in ice nucleation mechanism when aging brown soot. Comparison of the NEXAFS spectra of unaged soot samples revealed a unique spectral feature around 287.5 eV in the case of black soot that was absent for the brown soot, indicative of carbon with hydroxyl functionalities. Comparison of the NEXAFS spectra of unaged and aged soot particles indicates changes in organic functional groups, and the aged spectra were found to be largely similar across soot types, with the exception of the water aged brown soot. Overall, we conclude that atmospheric aging is important to representatively assess the ice cloud formation activity of soot particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mahrt
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Pore condensation and freezing is responsible for ice formation below water saturation for porous particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8184-8189. [PMID: 30948638 PMCID: PMC6486705 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813647116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of ice at relative humidity below 100% is assumed to proceed without the presence of liquid water. However, it has been shown that liquid water can exist well below water saturation in narrow cracks and pores. Here we show that the barrier for deposition nucleation of ice directly from the vapor is insurmountable in experiments; liquid water is involved in ice formation on porous particles, regardless of the ambient humidity. Thus, our results render deposition nucleation unlikely for the formation of ice clouds in the atmosphere. Ice nucleation in the atmosphere influences cloud properties, altering precipitation and the radiative balance, ultimately regulating Earth’s climate. An accepted ice nucleation pathway, known as deposition nucleation, assumes a direct transition of water from the vapor to the ice phase, without an intermediate liquid phase. However, studies have shown that nucleation occurs through a liquid phase in porous particles with narrow cracks or surface imperfections where the condensation of liquid below water saturation can occur, questioning the validity of deposition nucleation. We show that deposition nucleation cannot explain the strongly enhanced ice nucleation efficiency of porous compared with nonporous particles at temperatures below −40 °C and the absence of ice nucleation below water saturation at −35 °C. Using classical nucleation theory (CNT) and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), we show that a network of closely spaced pores is necessary to overcome the barrier for macroscopic ice-crystal growth from narrow cylindrical pores. In the absence of pores, CNT predicts that the nucleation barrier is insurmountable, consistent with the absence of ice formation in MDS. Our results confirm that pore condensation and freezing (PCF), i.e., a mechanism of ice formation that proceeds via liquid water condensation in pores, is a dominant pathway for atmospheric ice nucleation below water saturation. We conclude that the ice nucleation activity of particles in the cirrus regime is determined by the porosity and wettability of pores. PCF represents a mechanism by which porous particles like dust could impact cloud radiative forcing and, thus, the climate via ice cloud formation.
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