1
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Pan B, de Silva SL, Danišík M, Schmitt AK, Miggins DP. The Qixiangzhan eruption, Changbaishan-Tianchi volcano, China/DPRK: new age constraints and their implications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22485. [PMID: 36577789 PMCID: PMC9797483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zircon double dating (ZDD) of comendite lava reveals an eruption age of 7.0 ± 0.9 ka for the Qixiangzhan eruption (QXZ), Changbaishan-Tianchi volcano, China/DPRK. This age is supported by new 40Ar/39Ar sanidine experiments and a previous age control from charcoal at the base of the QXZ. The revised age supports correlations with distal ash in Eastern China and Central Japan and establishes a significant (estimated at Volcanic Explosivity Index 5+) eruption that may provide a useful Holocene stratigraphic marker in East Asia. The new age indicates that the QXZ lava does not record a ca. 17 ka Hilina Pali/Tianchi geomagnetic field excursion but rather a heretofore unrecognized younger Holocene excursion at ca. 7-8 ka. Comparison between U-Th zircon crystallization and ZDD as well as 40Ar/39Ar sanidine ages indicates a protracted period of accumulation of the QXZ magma that extends from ca. 18 ka to the eruption age. This connotes an eruption that mixed remobilized early formed crystals (antecrysts) from prior stages of magma accumulation with crystals formed near the time of eruption. Based on these results, a recurrence rate of ca. 7-8 ka for the Changbaishan-Tianchi magma system is found over the last two major eruption cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- grid.450296.c0000 0000 9558 2971Jilin Changbaishan Volcano National Observation and Research Station, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100029 China ,grid.4391.f0000 0001 2112 1969College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Shanaka L. de Silva
- grid.4391.f0000 0001 2112 1969College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Martin Danišík
- grid.1032.00000 0004 0375 4078John de Laeter Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - Axel K. Schmitt
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Daniel P. Miggins
- grid.4391.f0000 0001 2112 1969College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
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2
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van Zalinge ME, Mark DF, Sparks RSJ, Tremblay MM, Keller CB, Cooper FJ, Rust A. Timescales for pluton growth, magma-chamber formation and super-eruptions. Nature 2022; 608:87-92. [PMID: 35922502 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Generation of silicic magmas leads to emplacement of granite plutons, huge explosive volcanic eruptions and physical and chemical zoning of continental and arc crust1-7. Whereas timescales for silicic magma generation in the deep and middle crust are prolonged8, magma transfer into the upper crust followed by eruption is episodic and can be rapid9-12. Ages of inherited zircons and sanidines from four Miocene ignimbrites in the Central Andes indicate a gap of 4.6 Myr between initiation of pluton emplacement and onset of super-eruptions, with a 1-Myr cyclicity. We show that inherited zircons and sanidine crystals were stored at temperatures <470 °C in these plutons before incorporation in ignimbrite magmas. Our observations can be explained by silicic melt segregation in a middle-crustal hot zone with episodic melt ascent from an unstable layer at the top of the zone with a timescale governed by the rheology of the upper crust. After thermal incubation of growing plutons, large upper-crustal magma chambers can form in a few thousand years or less by dike transport from the hot-zone melt layer. Instability and disruption of earlier plutonic rock occurred in a few decades or less just before or during super-eruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E van Zalinge
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D F Mark
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, UK.,Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - R S J Sparks
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - M M Tremblay
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - C B Keller
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - F J Cooper
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Rust
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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3
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Wotzlaw JF, Bastian L, Guillong M, Forni F, Laurent O, Neukampf J, Sulpizio R, Chelle-Michou C, Bachmann O. Garnet petrochronology reveals the lifetime and dynamics of phonolitic magma chambers at Somma-Vesuvius. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2184. [PMID: 35020434 PMCID: PMC8754404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Somma-Vesuvius is one of the most iconic active volcanoes with historic and archeological records of numerous hazardous eruptions. Petrologic studies of eruptive products provide insights into the evolution of the magma reservoir before eruption. Here, we quantify the duration of shallow crustal storage and document the evolution of phonolitic magmas before major eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius. Garnet uranium-thorium petrochronology suggests progressively shorter pre-eruption residence times throughout the lifetime of the volcano. Residence times mirror the repose intervals between eruptions, implying that distinct phonolite magma batches were present throughout most of the volcano’s evolution, thereby controlling the eruption dynamics by preventing the ascent of mafic magmas from longer-lived and deeper reservoirs. Frequent lower-energy eruptions during the recent history sample this deeper reservoir and suggest that future Plinian eruptions are unlikely without centuries of volcanic quiescence. Crystal residence times from other volcanoes reveal that long-lived deep-seated reservoirs and transient upper crustal magma chambers are common features of subvolcanic plumbing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn-Frederik Wotzlaw
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Bastian
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Guillong
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Forni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Oscar Laurent
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CNRS, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Julia Neukampf
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CNRS, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Roberto Sulpizio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Bologna section, Bologna, Italy
- CNR, Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, Milan, Italy
| | - Cyril Chelle-Michou
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bachmann
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Schaen AJ, Schoene B, Dufek J, Singer BS, Eddy MP, Jicha BR, Cottle JM. Transient rhyolite melt extraction to produce a shallow granitic pluton. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/21/eabf0604. [PMID: 34138741 PMCID: PMC8133745 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhyolitic melt that fuels explosive eruptions often originates in the upper crust via extraction from crystal-rich sources, implying an evolutionary link between volcanism and residual plutonism. However, the time scales over which these systems evolve are mainly understood through erupted deposits, limiting confirmation of this connection. Exhumed plutons that preserve a record of high-silica melt segregation provide a critical subvolcanic perspective on rhyolite generation, permitting comparison between time scales of long-term assembly and transient melt extraction events. Here, U-Pb zircon petrochronology and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology constrain silicic melt segregation and residual cumulate formation in a ~7 to 6 Ma, shallow (3 to 7 km depth) Andean pluton. Thermo-petrological simulations linked to a zircon saturation model map spatiotemporal melt flux distributions. Our findings suggest that ~50 km3 of rhyolitic melt was extracted in ~130 ka, transient pluton assembly that indicates the thermal viability of advanced magma differentiation in the upper crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen J Schaen
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Blair Schoene
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Josef Dufek
- Earth Sciences Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Brad S Singer
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael P Eddy
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brian R Jicha
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John M Cottle
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Singer BS, Jicha BR, Mochizuki N, Coe RS. Synchronizing volcanic, sedimentary, and ice core records of Earth's last magnetic polarity reversal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw4621. [PMID: 31457087 PMCID: PMC6685714 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reversal of Earth's magnetic field polarity every 105 to 106 years is among the most far-reaching, yet enigmatic, geophysical phenomena. The short duration of reversals make precise temporal records of past magnetic field behavior paramount to understanding the processes that produce them. We correlate new 40Ar/39Ar dates from transitionally magnetized lava flows to astronomically dated sediment and ice records to map the evolution of Earth's last reversal. The final 180° polarity reversal at ~773 ka culminates a complex process beginning at ~795 ka with weakening of the field, succeeded by increased field intensity manifested in sediments and ice, and then by an excursion and weakening of intensity at ~784 ka that heralds a >10 ka period wherein sediments record highly variable directions. The 22 ka evolution of this reversal suggested by our findings is mirrored by a numerical geodynamo simulation that may capture much of the naturally observed reversal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S. Singer
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brian R. Jicha
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nobutatsu Mochizuki
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Robert S. Coe
- Earth Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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6
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Cooper KM. Time scales and temperatures of crystal storage in magma reservoirs: implications for magma reservoir dynamics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180009. [PMID: 30966941 PMCID: PMC6335477 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The thermal and therefore physical state of magma bodies within the crust controls the processes and time scales required to mobilize magmas before eruptions, which in turn are critical to hazard assessment. Crystal records can be used to reconstruct magma reservoir histories, and the resulting time and length scales are converging with those accessible through numerical modelling of magma system dynamics. The goal of this contribution is to summarize constraints derived from crystal chronometry (radiometric dating and modelling intracrystalline diffusion durations), in order to facilitate use of these data by researchers in other fields. Crystallization ages of volcanic minerals typically span a large range (104-105 years), recording protracted activity in a given magma reservoir. However, diffusion durations are orders of magnitude shorter, indicating that the final mixing and assembly of erupted magma bodies is rapid. Combining both types of data in the same samples indicates that crystals are dominantly stored at near- or sub-solidus conditions, and are remobilized rapidly prior to eruptions. These observations are difficult to reconcile with some older numerical models of magma reservoir dynamics. However, combining the crystal-scale observations with models which explicitly incorporate grain-scale physics holds great potential for understanding dynamics within crustal magma reservoirs. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics'.
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Sparks RSJ, Annen C, Blundy JD, Cashman KV, Rust AC, Jackson MD. Formation and dynamics of magma reservoirs. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180019. [PMID: 30966936 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The emerging concept of a magma reservoir is one in which regions containing melt extend from the source of magma generation to the surface. The reservoir may contain regions of very low fraction intergranular melt, partially molten rock (mush) and melt lenses (or magma chambers) containing high melt fraction eruptible magma, as well as pockets of exsolved magmatic fluids. The various parts of the system may be separated by a sub-solidus rock or be connected and continuous. Magma reservoirs and their wall rocks span a vast array of rheological properties, covering as much as 25 orders of magnitude from high viscosity, sub-solidus crustal rocks to magmatic fluids. Time scales of processes within magma reservoirs range from very slow melt and fluid segregation within mush and magma chambers and deformation of surrounding host rocks to very rapid development of magma and fluid instability, transport and eruption. Developing a comprehensive model of these systems is a grand challenge that will require close collaboration between modellers, geophysicists, geochemists, geologists, volcanologists and petrologists. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S J Sparks
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - C Annen
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
- 3 University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - J D Blundy
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - K V Cashman
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - A C Rust
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - M D Jackson
- 2 Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College , London SW7 2AZ , UK
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8
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Chemical differentiation, cold storage and remobilization of magma in the Earth's crust. Nature 2018; 564:405-409. [PMID: 30510161 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The formation, storage and chemical differentiation of magma in the Earth's crust is of fundamental importance in igneous geology and volcanology. Recent data are challenging the high-melt-fraction 'magma chamber' paradigm that has underpinned models of crustal magmatism for over a century, suggesting instead that magma is normally stored in low-melt-fraction 'mush reservoirs'1-9. A mush reservoir comprises a porous and permeable framework of closely packed crystals with melt present in the pore space1,10. However, many common features of crustal magmatism have not yet been explained by either the 'chamber' or 'mush reservoir' concepts1,11. Here we show that reactive melt flow is a critical, but hitherto neglected, process in crustal mush reservoirs, caused by buoyant melt percolating upwards through, and reacting with, the crystals10. Reactive melt flow in mush reservoirs produces the low-crystallinity, chemically differentiated (silicic) magmas that ascend to form shallower intrusions or erupt to the surface11-13. These magmas can host much older crystals, stored at low and even sub-solidus temperatures, consistent with crystal chemistry data6-9. Changes in local bulk composition caused by reactive melt flow, rather than large increases in temperature, produce the rapid increase in melt fraction that remobilizes these cool- or cold-stored crystals. Reactive flow can also produce bimodality in magma compositions sourced from mid- to lower-crustal reservoirs14,15. Trace-element profiles generated by reactive flow are similar to those observed in a well studied reservoir now exposed at the surface16. We propose that magma storage and differentiation primarily occurs by reactive melt flow in long-lived mush reservoirs, rather than by the commonly invoked process of fractional crystallization in magma chambers14.
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9
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Low-temperature crystallization of granites and the implications for crustal magmatism. Nature 2018; 559:94-97. [PMID: 29950721 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structure and composition of granites provide clues to the nature of silicic volcanism, the formation of continents, and the rheological and thermal properties of the Earth's upper crust as far back as the Hadean eon during the nascent stages of the planet's formation1-4. The temperature of granite crystallization underpins our thinking about many of these phenomena, but evidence is emerging that this temperature may not be well constrained. The prevailing paradigm holds that granitic mineral assemblages crystallize entirely at or above about 650-700 degrees Celsius5-7. The granitoids of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite in California tell a different story. Here we show that quartz crystals in Tuolumne samples record crystallization temperatures of 474-561 degrees Celsius. Titanium-in-quartz thermobarometry and diffusion modelling of titanium concentrations in quartz indicate that a sizeable proportion of the mineral assemblage of granitic rocks (for example, more than 80 per cent of the quartz) crystallizes about 100-200 degrees Celsius below the accepted solidus. This has widespread implications. Traditional models of magma formation require high-temperature magma bodies, but new data8,9 suggest that volcanic rocks spend most of their existence at low temperatures; because granites are the intrusive complements of volcanic rocks, our downward revision of granite crystallization temperatures supports the observations of cold magma storage. It also affects the link between volcanoes, ore deposits and granites: ore bodies are fed by the release of fluids from granites below them in the crustal column; thus, if granitic fluids are hundreds of degrees cooler than previously thought, this has implications for research on porphyry ore deposits. Geophysical interpretations of the thermal structure of the crust and the temperature of active magmatic systems will also be affected.
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Singer BS, Le Mével H, Licciardi JM, Córdova L, Tikoff B, Garibaldi N, Andersen NL, Diefenbach AK, Feigl KL. Geomorphic expression of rapid Holocene silicic magma reservoir growth beneath Laguna del Maule, Chile. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat1513. [PMID: 29963632 PMCID: PMC6021144 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Large rhyolitic volcanoes pose a hazard, yet the processes and signals foretelling an eruption are obscure. Satellite geodesy has revealed surface inflation signaling unrest within magma reservoirs underlying a few rhyolitic volcanoes. Although seismic, electrical, and potential field methods may illuminate the current configuration and state of these reservoirs, they cannot fully address the processes by which they grow and evolve on geologic time scales. We combine measurement of a deformed paleoshore surface, isotopic dating of volcanism and surface exposure, and modeling to determine the rate of growth of a rhyolite-producing magma reservoir. The numerical approach builds on a magma intrusion model developed to explain the current, decade-long, surface inflation at >20 cm/year. Assuming that the observed 62-m uplift reflects several non-eruptive intrusions of magma, each similar to the unrest over the past decade, we find that ~13 km3 of magma recharged the reservoir at a depth of ~7 km during the Holocene, accompanied by the eruption of ~9 km3 of rhyolite. The long-term rate of magma input is consistent with reservoir freezing and pluton formation. Yet, the unique set of observations considered here implies that large reservoirs can be incubated and grow at shallow depth via episodic high-flux magma injections. These replenishment episodes likely drive rapid inflation, destabilize cooling systems, propel rhyolitic eruptions, and thus should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S. Singer
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 57760, USA
| | - Hélène Le Mével
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Joseph M. Licciardi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Loreto Córdova
- Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur, Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Rudecindo Ortega 03850, Temuco, Chile
| | - Basil Tikoff
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 57760, USA
| | - Nicolas Garibaldi
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 57760, USA
| | - Nathan L. Andersen
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 57760, USA
| | - Angela K. Diefenbach
- Cascades Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, 1300 SE Cardinal Court Building 10, Vancouver, WA 98683, USA
| | - Kurt L. Feigl
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 57760, USA
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