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Moulton M, Suanda SH, Garwood JC, Kumar N, Fewings MR, Pringle JM. Exchange of Plankton, Pollutants, and Particles Across the Nearshore Region. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2023; 15:167-202. [PMID: 35973720 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-115057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exchange of material across the nearshore region, extending from the shoreline to a few kilometers offshore, determines the concentrations of pathogens and nutrients near the coast and the transport of larvae, whose cross-shore positions influence dispersal and recruitment. Here, we describe a framework for estimating the relative importance of cross-shore exchange mechanisms, including winds, Stokes drift, rip currents, internal waves, and diurnal heating and cooling. For each mechanism, we define an exchange velocity as a function of environmental conditions. The exchange velocity applies for organisms that keep a particular depth due to swimming or buoyancy. A related exchange diffusivity quantifies horizontal spreading of particles without enough vertical swimming speed or buoyancy to counteract turbulent velocities. This framework provides a way to determinewhich processes are important for cross-shore exchange for a particular study site, time period, and particle behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Moulton
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA;
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sutara H Suanda
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Jessica C Garwood
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; ,
| | - Nirnimesh Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melanie R Fewings
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; ,
| | - James M Pringle
- Department of Earth Sciences and Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA;
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Monthiller R, Loisy A, Koehl MAR, Favier B, Eloy C. Surfing on Turbulence: A Strategy for Planktonic Navigation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:064502. [PMID: 36018657 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.064502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In marine plankton, many swimming species can perceive their environment with flow sensors. Can they use this flow information to travel faster in turbulence? To address this question, we consider plankters swimming at constant speed, whose goal is to move upward. We propose a robust analytical behavior that allows plankters to choose a swimming direction according to the local flow gradients. We show numerically that such plankters can "surf" on turbulence and reach net vertical speeds up to twice their swimming speed. This new physics-based model suggests that planktonic organisms can exploit turbulence features for navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Monthiller
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE, Marseille 13384, France
| | - Aurore Loisy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE, Marseille 13384, France
| | - Mimi A R Koehl
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA
| | - Benjamin Favier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE, Marseille 13384, France
| | - Christophe Eloy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE, Marseille 13384, France
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Michalec FG, Praud O, Cazin S, Climent E. Experimental investigation of preferential concentration in zooplankton swimming in turbulence. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:12. [PMID: 35129710 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Turbulence can cause particles to accumulate within specific regions of the flow. One mechanism responsible for this phenomenon, called preferential concentration, consists in particle-fluid interactions yielding inhomogeneous spatial distribution of particles into clusters or depleted regions due to density difference or finite-size effects. In the case of living particles such as plankton, clustering may also originate from their motility or from their behavioral response to turbulent forcing. Preferential concentration of plankton has attracted much attention, because it is a key determinant of encounter rates and therefore relevant for a wide range of ecological processes. However, most studies have focused on microscopic cells, and consequently the case of larger organisms remains poorly studied. Here, we use high-performance particle tracking and three-dimensional Voronoï analysis to test for the emergence of clustering in the spatial distribution of calanoid copepods, the most important metazoans in the oceans in terms of biomass. We found that neither inertia nor motility resulted in significant departure from a random Poisson process over a range of turbulence intensity from very strong to moderate. However, we observed weak clustering in calm water, which may originate from hydrodynamic and olfactory interactions between organisms. Our results improve our understanding of fluid-particle interactions in the zooplankton and have important implications for the modeling of their encounter rates in turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Gaël Michalec
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187 LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station marine de Wimereux, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Olivier Praud
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, UMR 5502, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Cazin
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, UMR 5502, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Climent
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, UMR 5502, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400, Toulouse, France
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DiBenedetto M, Helfrich KR, Pires A, Anderson EJ, Mullineaux LS. Responding to the signal and the noise: behavior of planktonic gastropod larvae in turbulence. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274062. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Swimming organisms may actively adjust their behavior in response to the flow around them. Ocean flows are typically turbulent, and characterized by chaotic velocity fluctuations. While some studies have observed planktonic larvae altering their behavior in response to turbulence, it is not always clear whether a plankter is responding to an individual turbulent fluctuation or to the time-averaged flow. To distinguish between these two paradigms, we conducted laboratory experiments with larvae in turbulence. We observed veliger larvae of the gastropod Crepidula fornicata in a jet-stirred turbulence tank while simultaneously measuring two-components of the fluid and larval velocity. Larvae were studied at two different stages of development, early-stage and late-stage, and their behavior was analyzed in response to different characteristics of turbulence: acceleration, dissipation, and vorticity. Our analysis considered both the effects of the time-averaged flow and the instantaneous flow around the larvae. Overall, we found that both stages of larvae increased their upward swimming speeds in response to increasing turbulence. However, we found that the early-stage larvae tended to respond to the time-averaged flow whereas the late-stage larvae tended to respond to the instantaneous flow around them. These observations indicate that larvae can integrate flow information over time and that their behavioral responses to turbulence can depend on both their present and past flow environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle DiBenedetto
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
| | - Karl R. Helfrich
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
| | - Anthony Pires
- Dickinson College, Department of Biology, Carlisle, 17013, USA
| | - Erik J. Anderson
- Grove City College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Grove City, 16127, USA
| | - Lauren S. Mullineaux
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
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DiBenedetto MH, Meyer-Kaiser KS, Torjman B, Wheeler JD, Mullineaux LS. Departures from isotropy: the kinematics of a larval snail in response to food. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb239178. [PMID: 33257438 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.239178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The swimming behavior of invertebrate larvae can affect their dispersal, survival and settlement in the ocean. Modeling this behavior accurately poses unique challenges as behavior is controlled by both physiology and environmental cues. Some larvae use cilia to both swim and create feeding currents, resulting in potential trade-offs between the two functions. Food availability is naturally patchy and often occurs in shallow horizontal layers in the ocean. Also, larval swimming motions generally differ in the horizontal and vertical directions. In order to investigate behavioral response to food by ciliated larvae, we measured their behavioral anisotropy by quantifying deviations from a model based on isotropic diffusion. We hypothesized that larvae would increase horizontal swimming and decrease vertical swimming after encountering food, which could lead to aggregation at food layers. We considered Crepidula fornicata larvae, which are specifically of interest as they exhibit unsteady and variable swimming behaviors that are difficult to categorize. We tracked the larvae in still water with and without food, with a portion of the larvae starved beforehand. On average, larvae in the presence of food were observed higher in the water column, with higher swimming speeds and higher horizontal swimming velocities when compared with larvae without food. Starved larvae also exhibited higher vertical velocities in food, suggesting no aggregation behavior. Although most treatments showed strong anisotropy in larval behavior, we found that starved larvae without food exhibited approximately isotropic kinematics, indicating that behavioral anisotropy can vary with environmental history and conditions to enhance foraging success or mitigate food-poor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H DiBenedetto
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Physical Oceanography Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | | | | | - Jeanette D Wheeler
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lauren S Mullineaux
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Michalec FG, Fouxon I, Souissi S, Holzner M. Efficient mate finding in planktonic copepods swimming in turbulence. eLife 2020; 9:e62014. [PMID: 33236986 PMCID: PMC7688315 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zooplankton live in dynamic environments where turbulence may challenge their limited swimming abilities. How this interferes with fundamental behavioral processes remains elusive. We reconstruct simultaneously the trajectories of flow tracers and calanoid copepods and we quantify their ability to find mates when ambient flow imposes physical constrains on their motion and impairs their olfactory orientation. We show that copepods achieve high encounter rates in turbulence due to the contribution of advection and vigorous swimming. Males further convert encounters within the perception radius to contacts and then to mating via directed motion toward nearby organisms within the short time frame of the encounter. Inertial effects do not result in preferential concentration, reducing the geometric collision kernel to the clearance rate, which we model accurately by superposing turbulent velocity and organism motion. This behavioral and physical coupling mechanism may account for the ability of copepods to reproduce in turbulent environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Itzhak Fouxon
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Sami Souissi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, Université de LilleWimereuxFrance
| | - Markus Holzner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
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Bezares-Calderón LA, Berger J, Jékely G. Diversity of cilia-based mechanosensory systems and their functions in marine animal behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190376. [PMID: 31884914 PMCID: PMC7017336 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory cells that detect mechanical forces usually have one or more specialized cilia. These mechanosensory cells underlie hearing, proprioception or gravity sensation. To date, it is unclear how cilia contribute to detecting mechanical forces and what is the relationship between mechanosensory ciliated cells in different animal groups and sensory systems. Here, we review examples of ciliated sensory cells with a focus on marine invertebrate animals. We discuss how various ciliated cells mediate mechanosensory responses during feeding, tactic responses or predator-prey interactions. We also highlight some of these systems as interesting and accessible models for future in-depth behavioural, functional and molecular studies. We envisage that embracing a broader diversity of organisms could lead to a more complete view of cilia-based mechanosensation. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Hodin J, Ferner MC, Gaylord B. Choosing the right home: settlement responses by larvae of six sea urchin species align with hydrodynamic traits of their contrasting adult habitats. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ocean organisms as diverse as seaweeds and sea cucumbers exhibit life cycles in which dispersal occurs primarily via microscopic larvae or spores, with adults exhibiting limited or even no dispersal. In benthic animals, the larval stage concludes with irreversible settlement into the benthos. The decision of where and when to settle is thus one of substantial import. Prior work has shown that settlement in two shoreline echinoids (a sea urchin and a sand dollar) is unexpectedly sensitive to an environmental feature (intense fluid turbulence) that can be considered as a signal to larvae of their arrival in the neighbourhood of the hydrodynamically energetic habitats in which these taxa live as adults. Here, we used a comparative approach to explore the evolution of turbulence responsiveness in late-stage echinoid larvae. We examined three pairs of closely related sea urchins that differ in the energetic exposure of their adult habitats and found that larval responsiveness to turbulence was more pronounced in urchins that settle in more hydrodynamically exposed locations. These results raise the possibility that evolutionary differences in larval responsiveness to environmental indicators of appropriate adult habitat might reinforce or even provide a mechanism for vicariance in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hodin
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - Matthew C Ferner
- Estuary & Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Ferner MC, Hodin J, Ng G, Gaylord B. Brief exposure to intense turbulence induces a sustained life-history shift in echinoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.187351. [PMID: 30573667 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.187351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In coastal ecosystems, attributes of fluid motion can prompt animal larvae to rise or sink in the water column and to select microhabitats within which they attach and commit to a benthic existence. In echinoid (sea urchin and sand dollar) larvae living along wave-exposed shorelines, intense turbulence characteristic of surf zones can cause individuals to undergo an abrupt life-history shift characterized by precocious entry into competence - the stage at which larvae will settle and complete metamorphosis in response to local cues. However, the mechanistic details of this turbulence-triggered onset of competence remain poorly defined. Here, we evaluate in a series of laboratory experiments the time course of this turbulence effect, both the rapidity with which it initiates and whether it perdures. We found that larvae become competent with turbulence exposures as brief as 30 s, with longer exposures inducing a greater proportion of larvae to become competent. Intriguingly, larvae can remember such exposures for a protracted period (at least 24 h), a pattern reminiscent of long-term potentiation. Turbulence also induces short-term behavioral responses that last less than 30 min, including cessation of swimming, that facilitate sinking and thus contact of echinoid larvae with the substratum. Together, these results yield a novel perspective on how larvae find their way to suitable adult habitat at the critical settlement transition, and also open new experimental opportunities to elucidate the mechanisms by which planktonic animals respond to fluid motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Ferner
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and Estuary & Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Jason Hodin
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Gabriel Ng
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
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