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Yin Y, Park CG, Zhang F, G. Fedor J, Feng S, Suo Y, Im W, Lee SY. Mechanisms of sensory adaptation and inhibition of the cold and menthol receptor TRPM8. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp2211. [PMID: 39093967 PMCID: PMC11296349 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Our sensory adaptation to cold and chemically induced coolness is mediated by the intrinsic property of TRPM8 channels to desensitize. TRPM8 is also implicated in cold-evoked pain disorders and migraine, highlighting its inhibitors as an avenue for pain relief. Despite the importance, the mechanisms of TRPM8 desensitization and inhibition remained unclear. We found, using cryo-electron microscopy, electrophysiology, and molecular dynamics simulations, that TRPM8 inhibitors bind selectively to the desensitized state of the channel. These inhibitors were used to reveal the overlapping mechanisms of desensitization and inhibition and that cold and cooling agonists share a common desensitization pathway. Furthermore, we identified the structural determinants crucial for the conformational change in TRPM8 desensitization. Our study illustrates how receptor-level conformational changes alter cold sensation, providing insights into therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cheon-Gyu Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Justin G. Fedor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shasha Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Chen B, Hu Z, Chen X, Zeng X. Molecular mechanisms of two novel and selective TRPV1 channel activators. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133658. [PMID: 38969044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Venomous toxins hold immense value as tools in elucidating the intricate structure and underlying mechanisms of ion channels. In this article, we identified of two novel toxins, Hainantoxin-XXI (HNTX-XXI) and Hainantoxin-XXII (HNTX-XXII), derived from the venom of the Chinese spider Ornithoctonus hainana. HNTX-XXI, boasting a molecular weight of 6869.095 Da, comprises 64 amino acid residues and contains 8 cysteines. Meanwhile, HNTX-XXII, with a molecular weight of 8623.732 Da, comprises 77 amino acid residues and contains 12 cysteines. Remarkably, we discovered that both HNTX-XXI and HNTX-XXII possess the ability to activate TRPV1. They activated TRPV1 with EC50 values of 3.6 ± 0.19 μM and 862 ± 56 nM, respectively. Furthermore, the current generated by the activation of TRPV1 by these toxins can be rapidly blocked by ruthenium red. Intriguingly, our analysis revealed that the interaction between HNTX-XXI and TRPV1 is mediated by three key amino acid residues: L465, V469, and D471. Similarly, the interaction between HNTX-XXII and TRPV1 is facilitated by four key amino acid residues: A657, F659, E600, and R601. These findings provide profound insights into the molecular basis of toxin-TRPV1 interactions and pave the way for future research exploring the therapeutic potential of these toxic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Zhaotun Hu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Xinlong Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Xiongzhi Zeng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China.
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3
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Huffer K, Tan XF, Fernández-Mariño AI, Dhingra S, Swartz KJ. Dilation of ion selectivity filters in cation channels. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:417-430. [PMID: 38514273 PMCID: PMC11069442 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Ion channels establish the voltage gradient across cellular membranes by providing aqueous pathways for ions to selectively diffuse down their concentration gradients. The selectivity of any given channel for its favored ions has conventionally been viewed as a stable property, and in many cation channels, it is determined by an ion-selectivity filter within the external end of the ion-permeation pathway. In several instances, including voltage-activated K+ (Kv) channels, ATP-activated P2X receptor channels, and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, the ion-permeation pathways have been proposed to dilate in response to persistent activation, dynamically altering ion permeation. Here, we discuss evidence for dynamic ion selectivity, examples where ion selectivity filters exhibit structural plasticity, and opportunities to fill gaps in our current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Huffer
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Tan
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ana I Fernández-Mariño
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Surbhi Dhingra
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenton J Swartz
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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4
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Maximiano TKE, Carneiro JA, Fattori V, Verri WA. TRPV1: Receptor structure, activation, modulation and role in neuro-immune interactions and pain. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102870. [PMID: 38531262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In the 1990s, the identification of a non-selective ion channel, especially responsive to capsaicin, revolutionized the studies of somatosensation and pain that were to follow. The TRPV1 channel is expressed mainly in neuronal cells, more specifically, in sensory neurons responsible for the perception of noxious stimuli. However, its presence has also been detected in other non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, β- pancreatic cells, muscle cells and adipocytes. Activation of the channel occurs in response to a wide range of stimuli, such as noxious heat, low pH, gasses, toxins, endocannabinoids, lipid-derived endovanilloid, and chemical agents, such as capsaicin and resiniferatoxin. This activation results in an influx of cations through the channel pore, especially calcium. Intracellular calcium triggers different responses in sensory neurons. Dephosphorylation of the TRPV1 channel leads to its desensitization, which disrupts its function, while its phosphorylation increases the channel's sensitization and contributes to the channel's rehabilitation after desensitization. Kinases, phosphoinositides, and calmodulin are the main signaling pathways responsible for the channel's regulation. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of TRPV1 discovery, its tissue expression as well as on the mechanisms by which TRPV1 activation (directly or indirectly) induces pain in different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Kawane Euflazio Maximiano
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jessica Aparecida Carneiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, 300 Longwood Ave, 02115, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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5
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García-Morales A, Pulido NO, Balleza D. Relation between flexibility and intrinsically disorder regions in thermosensitive TRP channels reveal allosteric effects. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2024; 53:77-90. [PMID: 37777680 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-023-01682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
How a protein propagates the conformational changes throughout its structure remains largely unknown. In thermosensitive TRP channels, this allosteric communication is triggered by ligand interaction or in response to temperature changes. Because dynamic allostery suggests a dynamic role of disordered regions, in this work we set out to thoroughly evaluate these regions in six thermosensitive TRP channels. Thus, by contrasting the intrinsic flexibility of the transmembrane region as a function of the degree of disorder in those proteins, we discovered several residues that do not show a direct correlation in both parameters. This kind of structural discrepancy revealed residues that are either reported to be dynamic, functionally relevant or are involved in signal propagation and probably part of allosteric networks. These discrepant, potentially dynamic regions are not exclusive of TRP channels, as this same correlation was found in the Kv Shaker channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail García-Morales
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Calz. Miguel Angel de Quevedo 2779 Col Formando Hogar, 91897, Veracruz, Ver, Mexico
| | - Nancy O Pulido
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Daniel Balleza
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Calz. Miguel Angel de Quevedo 2779 Col Formando Hogar, 91897, Veracruz, Ver, Mexico.
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6
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Ramanujam V, Crawford T, Cristofori‐Armstrong B, Deuis JR, Jia X, Maxwell MJ, Jami S, Ma L, Vetter I, Mobli M. Structural Basis of the Bivalency of the TRPV1 Agonist DkTx. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314621. [PMID: 37953402 PMCID: PMC10952689 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Bivalency is a prevalent natural mechanism to enhance receptor avidity. Various two-domain disulfide-rich peptides exhibiting bivalent action have been identified from animal venoms. A unique characteristic of these peptides is that they induce a pharmacological response different from that provoked by any of the constituent domains. The enhanced potency and avidity of such peptides is therefore a consequence of their domain fusion by a peptide linker. The role of the linker itself, beyond conjugation, remains unclear. Here, we investigate how the linker affects the bivalency of the capsaicin receptor (TRPV1) agonist DkTx. We recombinantly produced isotope labelled DkTx using a protein splicing approach, to solve the high-resolution solution structure of DkTx, revealing residual linker order stabilised by linker-domain interactions leading to biased domain orientations. The significance of this was studied using a combination of mutagenesis, spin relaxation studies and electrophysiology measurements. Our results reveal that disrupting the pre-organisation of the domains of DkTx is accompanied by reductions in potency and onset of avidity. Our findings support a model of pre-configured two-domain binding, in favour of the previously suggested sequential binding model. This highlights the significance of ordered elements in linker design and the natural evolution of these in bivalent toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Ramanujam
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Theo Crawford
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Ben Cristofori‐Armstrong
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Jennifer R. Deuis
- Institute for Molecular BiosciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Xinying Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Michael J. Maxwell
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Sina Jami
- Institute for Molecular BiosciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Linlin Ma
- Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoverySchool of Environment and ScienceGriffith UniversityNathan4111QueenslandAustralia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular BiosciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
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7
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García-Ávila M, Tello-Marmolejo J, Rosenbaum T, Islas LD. Permeant cations modulate pore dynamics and gating of TRPV1 ion channels. J Gen Physiol 2024; 156:e202313422. [PMID: 38055192 PMCID: PMC10760480 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective ion channel, which is activated by several chemical ligands and heat. We have previously shown that activation of TRPV1 by different ligands results in single-channel openings with different conductance, suggesting that the selectivity filter is highly dynamic. TRPV1 is weakly voltage dependent; here, we sought to explore whether the permeation of different monovalent ions could influence the voltage dependence of this ion channel. By using single-channel recordings, we show that TRPV1 channels undergo rapid transitions to closed states that are directly connected to the open state, which may result from structural fluctuations of their selectivity filter. Moreover, we demonstrate that the rates of these transitions are influenced by the permeant ion, suggesting that ion permeation regulates the voltage dependence of these channels. Our data could be the basis for more detailed MD simulations exploring the permeation mechanism and how the occupancy of different ions alters the three-dimensional structure of the pore of TRPV1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam García-Ávila
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Tello-Marmolejo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tamara Rosenbaum
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - León D. Islas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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8
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García-Morales A, Balleza D. Non-canonical helical transitions and conformational switching are associated with characteristic flexibility and disorder indices in TRP and Kv channels. Channels (Austin) 2023; 17:2212349. [PMID: 37196183 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2023.2212349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural evidence and much experimental data have demonstrated the presence of non-canonical helical substructures (π and 310) in regions of great functional relevance both in TRP as in Kv channels. Through an exhaustive compositional analysis of the sequences underlying these substructures, we find that each of them is associated with characteristic local flexibility profiles, which in turn are implicated in significant conformational rearrangements and interactions with specific ligands. We found that α-to-π helical transitions are associated with patterns of local rigidity whereas α-to-310 transitions are mainly leagued with high local flexibility profiles. We also study the relationship between flexibility and protein disorder in the transmembrane domain of these proteins. By contrasting these two parameters, we located regions showing a sort of structural discrepancy between these similar but not identical protein attributes. Notably, these regions are presumably implicated in important conformational rearrangements during the gating in those channels. In that sense, finding these regions where flexibility and disorder are not proportional allows us to detect regions with potential functional dynamism. From this point of view, we highlighted some conformational rearrangements that occur during ligand binding events, the compaction, and refolding of the outer pore loops in several TRP channels, as well as the well-known S4 motion in Kv channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Balleza
- Unidad de Investigación y desarrollo en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz. Tecnológico Nacional de México, Veracruz, MEXICO
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9
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Singh Y, Sarkar D, Duari S, G S, Indra Guru PK, M V H, Singh D, Bhardwaj S, Kalia J. Dissecting the contributions of membrane affinity and bivalency of the spider venom protein DkTx to its sustained mode of TRPV1 activation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104903. [PMID: 37302551 PMCID: PMC10404664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The spider venom protein, double-knot toxin (DkTx), partitions into the cellular membrane and binds bivalently to the pain-sensing ion channel, TRPV1, triggering long-lasting channel activation. In contrast, its monovalent single knots membrane partition poorly and invoke rapidly reversible TRPV1 activation. To discern the contributions of the bivalency and membrane affinity of DkTx to its sustained mode of action, here, we developed diverse toxin variants including those containing truncated linkers between individual knots, precluding bivalent binding. Additionally, by appending the single-knot domains to the Kv2.1 channel-targeting toxin, SGTx, we created monovalent double-knot proteins that demonstrated higher membrane affinity and more sustained TRPV1 activation than the single-knots. We also produced hyper-membrane affinity-possessing tetra-knot proteins, (DkTx)2 and DkTx-(SGTx)2, that demonstrated longer-lasting TRPV1 activation than DkTx, establishing the central role of the membrane affinity of DkTx in endowing it with its sustained TRPV1 activation properties. These results suggest that high membrane affinity-possessing TRPV1 agonists can potentially serve as long-acting analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswi Singh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Debayan Sarkar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Subhadeep Duari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shashaank G
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pawas Kumar Indra Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hrishikesh M V
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dheerendra Singh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sahil Bhardwaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jeet Kalia
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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10
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Neuberger A, Oda M, Nikolaev YA, Nadezhdin KD, Gracheva EO, Bagriantsev SN, Sobolevsky AI. Human TRPV1 structure and inhibition by the analgesic SB-366791. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2451. [PMID: 37117175 PMCID: PMC10147690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain therapy has remained conceptually stagnant since the opioid crisis, which highlighted the dangers of treating pain with opioids. An alternative addiction-free strategy to conventional painkiller-based treatment is targeting receptors at the origin of the pain pathway, such as transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. Thus, a founding member of the vanilloid subfamily of TRP channels, TRPV1, represents one of the most sought-after pain therapy targets. The need for selective TRPV1 inhibitors extends beyond pain treatment, to other diseases associated with this channel, including psychiatric disorders. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of human TRPV1 in the apo state and in complex with the TRPV1-specific nanomolar-affinity analgesic antagonist SB-366791. SB-366791 binds to the vanilloid site and acts as an allosteric hTRPV1 inhibitor. SB-366791 binding site is supported by mutagenesis combined with electrophysiological recordings and can be further explored to design new drugs targeting TRPV1 in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Neuberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mai Oda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yury A Nikolaev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kirill D Nadezhdin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena O Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sviatoslav N Bagriantsev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Gochman A, Tan X, Bae C, Chen H, Swartz KJ, Jara-Oseguera A. Cannabidiol sensitizes TRPV2 channels to activation by 2-APB. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.27.525817. [PMID: 36747846 PMCID: PMC9900902 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cation-permeable TRPV2 channel is essential for cardiac and immune cells. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid of clinical relevance, is one of the few molecules known to activate TRPV2. Using the patch-clamp technique we discover that CBD can sensitize current responses of the rat TRPV2 channel to the synthetic agonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2- APB) by over two orders of magnitude, without sensitizing channels to activation by moderate (40 ⁰C) heat. Using cryo-EM we uncover a new small-molecule binding site in the pore domain of rTRPV2 that can be occupied by CBD in addition to a nearby CBD site that had already been reported. The TRPV1 and TRPV3 channels share >40% sequence identity with TRPV2 are also activated by 2-APB and CBD, but we only find a strong sensitizing effect of CBD on the response of mouse TRPV3 to 2-APB. Mutations at non-conserved positions between rTRPV2 and rTRPV1 in either the pore domain or the CBD sites failed to confer strong sensitization by CBD in mutant rTRPV1 channels. Together, our results indicate that CBD-dependent sensitization of TRPV2 channels engages multiple channel regions and possibly involves more than one CBD and 2-APB sites. The remarkably robust effect of CBD on TRPV2 and TRPV3 channels offers a promising new tool to both understand and overcome one of the major roadblocks in the study of these channels - their resilience to activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gochman
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA,Current affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Chanhyung Bae
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA,Current affiliation: Janssen R&D, Biologics Discovery, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Helen Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712 USA
| | - Kenton J. Swartz
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Andrés Jara-Oseguera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712 USA.,Corresponding author: Andrés Jara-Oseguera ()
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12
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Rosenbaum T, Morales-Lázaro SL, Islas LD. TRP channels: a journey towards a molecular understanding of pain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:596-610. [PMID: 35831443 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The perception of nociceptive signals, which are translated into pain, plays a fundamental role in the survival of organisms. Because pain is linked to a negative sensation, animals learn to avoid noxious signals. These signals are detected by receptors, which include some members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels that act as transducers of exogenous and endogenous noxious cues. These proteins have been in the focus of the field of physiology for several years, and much knowledge of how they regulate the function of the cell types and organs where they are expressed has been acquired. The last decade has been especially exciting because the 'resolution revolution' has allowed us to learn the molecular intimacies of TRP channels using cryogenic electron microscopy. These findings, in combination with functional studies, have provided insights into the role played by these channels in the generation and maintenance of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rosenbaum
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sara L Morales-Lázaro
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - León D Islas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Kwon DH, Zhang F, Fedor JG, Suo Y, Lee SY. Vanilloid-dependent TRPV1 opening trajectory from cryoEM ensemble analysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2874. [PMID: 35610228 PMCID: PMC9130279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Single particle cryo-EM often yields multiple protein conformations within a single dataset, but experimentally deducing the temporal relationship of these conformers within a conformational trajectory is not trivial. Here, we use thermal titration methods and cryo-EM in an attempt to obtain temporal resolution of the conformational trajectory of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 with resiniferatoxin (RTx) bound. Based on our cryo-EM ensemble analysis, RTx binding to TRPV1 appears to induce intracellular gate opening first, followed by selectivity filter dilation, then pore loop rearrangement to reach the final open state. This apparent conformational wave likely arises from the concerted, stepwise, additive structural changes of TRPV1 over many subdomains. Greater understanding of the RTx-mediated long-range allostery of TRPV1 could help further the therapeutic potential of RTx, which is a promising drug candidate for pain relief associated with advanced cancer or knee arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hoon Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Justin G Fedor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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14
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Hwang SM, Jo YY, Cohen CF, Kim YH, Berta T, Park CK. Venom Peptide Toxins Targeting the Outer Pore Region of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 in Pain: Implications for Analgesic Drug Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105772. [PMID: 35628583 PMCID: PMC9147560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel plays an important role in the peripheral nociceptive pathway. TRPV1 is a polymodal receptor that can be activated by multiple types of ligands and painful stimuli, such as noxious heat and protons, and contributes to various acute and chronic pain conditions. Therefore, TRPV1 is emerging as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of various pain conditions. Notably, various peptides isolated from venomous animals potently and selectively control the activation and inhibition of TRPV1 by binding to its outer pore region. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which venom-derived peptides interact with this portion of TRPV1 to control receptor functions and how these mechanisms can drive the development of new types of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hwang
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Youn-Yi Jo
- Gil Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Cinder Faith Cohen
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA;
| | - Yong-Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Temugin Berta
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-H.K.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (C.-K.P.)
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15
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Millet JRM, Romero LO, Lee J, Bell B, Vásquez V. C. elegans PEZO-1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel involved in food sensation. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:212890. [PMID: 34854875 PMCID: PMC8647359 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202112960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PIEZO channels are force sensors essential for physiological processes, including baroreception and proprioception. The Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes an orthologue gene of the Piezo family, pezo-1, which is expressed in several tissues, including the pharynx. This myogenic pump is an essential component of the C. elegans alimentary canal, whose contraction and relaxation are modulated by mechanical stimulation elicited by food content. Whether pezo-1 encodes a mechanosensitive ion channel and contributes to pharyngeal function remains unknown. Here, we leverage genome editing, genetics, microfluidics, and electropharyngeogram recording to establish that pezo-1 is expressed in the pharynx, including in a proprioceptive-like neuron, and regulates pharyngeal function. Knockout (KO) and gain-of-function (GOF) mutants reveal that pezo-1 is involved in fine-tuning pharyngeal pumping frequency, as well as sensing osmolarity and food mechanical properties. Using pressure-clamp experiments in primary C. elegans embryo cultures, we determine that pezo-1 KO cells do not display mechanosensitive currents, whereas cells expressing wild-type or GOF PEZO-1 exhibit mechanosensitivity. Moreover, infecting the Spodoptera frugiperda cell line with a baculovirus containing the G-isoform of pezo-1 (among the longest isoforms) demonstrates that pezo-1 encodes a mechanosensitive channel. Our findings reveal that pezo-1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel that regulates food sensation in worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R M Millet
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Luis O Romero
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Jungsoo Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Briar Bell
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Valeria Vásquez
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
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16
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Akhilesh, Uniyal A, Gadepalli A, Tiwari V, Allani M, Chouhan D, Ummadisetty O, Verma N, Tiwari V. Unlocking the potential of TRPV1 based siRNA therapeutics for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Life Sci 2022; 288:120187. [PMID: 34856209 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) is among the most common clinical complications associated with the use of anti-cancer drugs. CINP occurs in nearly 68.1% of the cancer patients receiving chemotherapeutic drugs. Most of the clinically available analgesics are ineffective in the case of CINP patients as the pathological mechanisms involved with different chemotherapeutic drugs are distinct from each other. CINP triggers the somatosensory nervous system, increases the neuronal firing and activation of nociceptive mediators including transient receptor protein vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). TRPV1 is widely present in the peripheral nociceptive nerve cells and it has been reported that the higher expression of TRPV1 in DRGs serves a critical role in the potentiation of CINP. The therapeutic glory of TRPV1 is well recognized in clinics which gives a promising insight into the treatment of pain. But the adverse effects associated with some of the antagonists directed the scientists towards RNA interference (RNAi), a tool to silence gene expression. Thus, ongoing research is focused on developing small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics targeting TRPV1. In this review, we have discussed the involvement of TRPV1 in the nociceptive signaling associated with CINP and targeting this nociceptor, using siRNA will potentially arm us with effective therapeutic interventions for the clinical management of CINP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Uniyal
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anagha Gadepalli
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Meghana Allani
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Chouhan
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Obulapathi Ummadisetty
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nimisha Verma
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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17
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Diochot S. Pain-related toxins in scorpion and spider venoms: a face to face with ion channels. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20210026. [PMID: 34925480 PMCID: PMC8667759 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions.
Toxins isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the
functioning and physiopathological role of ion channels, as they modulate their
activity. In particular, toxins that induce pain relief effects can serve as a
molecular basis for the development of future analgesics in humans. This review
provides a summary of the different scorpion and spider toxins that directly
interact with pain-related ion channels, with inhibitory or stimulatory effects.
Some of these toxins were shown to affect pain modalities in different animal
models providing information on the role played by these channels in the pain
process. The close interaction of certain gating-modifier toxins with membrane
phospholipids close to ion channels is examined along with molecular approaches
to improve selectivity, affinity or bioavailability in vivo for
therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Diochot
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7275 et Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), 06560 Valbonne, France. Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université Côte d'Azur Valbonne France
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18
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Luu DD, Owens AM, Mebrat MD, Van Horn WD. A molecular perspective on identifying TRPV1 thermosensitive regions and disentangling polymodal activation. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 10:67-101. [PMID: 37187836 PMCID: PMC10177694 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1983354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPV1 is a polymodal receptor ion channel that is best known to function as a molecular thermometer. It is activated in diverse ways, including by heat, protons (low pH), and vanilloid compounds, such as capsaicin. In this review, we summarize molecular studies of TRPV1 thermosensing, focusing on the cross-talk between heat and other activation modes. Additional insights from TRPV1 isoforms and non-rodent/non-human TRPV1 ortholog studies are also discussed in this context. While the molecular mechanism of heat activation is still emerging, it is clear that TRPV1 thermosensing is modulated allosterically, i.e., at a distance, with contributions from many distinct regions of the channel. Similarly, current studies identify cross-talk between heat and other TRPV1 activation modes, such as protons and capsaicin, and that these modes can generally be selectively disentangled. In aggregate, this suggests that future TRPV1 molecular studies should define allosteric pathways and provide mechanistic insight, thereby enabling mode-selective manipulation of the polymodal receptor. These advances are anticipated to have significant implications in both basic and applied biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin D. Luu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- The Biodesign Institute Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,USA
| | - Aerial M. Owens
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- The Biodesign Institute Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,USA
| | - Mubark D. Mebrat
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- The Biodesign Institute Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,USA
| | - Wade D. Van Horn
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- The Biodesign Institute Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,USA
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19
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Zhang K, Julius D, Cheng Y. Structural snapshots of TRPV1 reveal mechanism of polymodal functionality. Cell 2021; 184:5138-5150.e12. [PMID: 34496225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many transient receptor potential (TRP) channels respond to diverse stimuli and conditionally conduct small and large cations. Such functional plasticity is presumably enabled by a uniquely dynamic ion selectivity filter that is regulated by physiological agents. What is currently missing is a "photo series" of intermediate structural states that directly address this hypothesis and reveal specific mechanisms behind such dynamic channel regulation. Here, we exploit cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) to visualize conformational transitions of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, as a model to understand how dynamic transitions of the selectivity filter in response to algogenic agents, including protons, vanilloid agonists, and peptide toxins, permit permeation by small and large organic cations. These structures also reveal mechanisms governing ligand binding substates, as well as allosteric coupling between key sites that are proximal to the selectivity filter and cytoplasmic gate. These insights suggest a general framework for understanding how TRP channels function as polymodal signal integrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Julius
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Singh R, Adhya P, Sharma SS. Redox-sensitive TRP channels: a promising pharmacological target in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:529-545. [PMID: 34289785 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1956464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and its related pain is a major side effect of certain chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer treatment. Available analgesics are mostly symptomatic, and on prolonged treatment, patients become refractive to them. Hence, the development of improved therapeutics that act on novel therapeutic targets is necessary. Potential targets include the redox-sensitive TRP channels [e.g. TRPA1, TRPC5, TRPC6, TRPM2, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV2, and TRPV4] which are activated under oxidative stress associated with CIPN. AREAS COVERED We have examined numerous neuropathy-inducing cancer chemotherapeutics and their pathophysiological mechanisms. Oxidative stress and its downstream targets, the redox-sensitive TRP channels, together with their potential pharmacological modulators, are discussed. Finally, we reflect upon the barriers to getting new therapeutic approaches into the clinic. The literature search was conducted in PubMed upto and including April 2021. EXPERT OPINION Redox-sensitive TRP channels are a promising target in CIPN. Pharmacological modulators of these channels have reduced pain in preclinical models and in clinical studies. Clinical scrutiny suggests that TRPA1, TRPM8, and TRPV1 are the most promising targets because of their pain-relieving potential. In addition to the analgesic effect, TRPV1 agonist-Capsaicin possesses a disease-modifying effect in CIPN through its restorative property in damaged sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Pratik Adhya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
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21
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Cao E. Structural mechanisms of transient receptor potential ion channels. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:133640. [PMID: 31972006 PMCID: PMC7054860 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201811998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are evolutionarily ancient sensory proteins that detect and integrate a wide range of physical and chemical stimuli. TRP channels are fundamental for numerous biological processes and are therefore associated with a multitude of inherited and acquired human disorders. In contrast to many other major ion channel families, high-resolution structures of TRP channels were not available before 2013. Remarkably, however, the subsequent “resolution revolution” in cryo-EM has led to an explosion of TRP structures in the last few years. These structures have confirmed that TRP channels assemble as tetramers and resemble voltage-gated ion channels in their overall architecture. But beyond the relatively conserved transmembrane core embedded within the lipid bilayer, each TRP subtype appears to be endowed with a unique set of soluble domains that may confer diverse regulatory mechanisms. Importantly, TRP channel structures have revealed sites and mechanisms of action of numerous synthetic and natural compounds, as well as those for endogenous ligands such as lipids, Ca2+, and calmodulin. Here, I discuss these recent findings with a particular focus on the conserved transmembrane region and how these structures may help to rationally target this important class of ion channels for the treatment of numerous human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhu Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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22
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Takahashi K, Yoshida T, Wakamori M. Mode-selective inhibitory effects of eugenol on the mouse TRPV1 channel. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 556:156-162. [PMID: 33839411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is a polymodal receptor in sensory nerves and involved in pain sensation. TRPV1 has at least three distinct activation modes that are selectively induced by different stimuli capsaicin, noxious heat, and protons. Although many mode-selective TRPV1 antagonists have been developed for their anticipated analgesic effects, there have been few successful reports because of adverse effects due to burn injuries and hyperthermia. Eugenol is a vanilloid that has been used as an analgesic in the dental treatment, and its TRPV1 activation ability has been reported. However, our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of the antagonistic effects of eugenol on TRPV1 activation induced by three different modes is limited. Here, we show that eugenol dose-dependently inhibited the capsaicin-activated inward currents of mouse TRPV1 expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Under low pH conditions, low concentrations of eugenol only enhanced the proton-induced TRPV1 currents, whereas high eugenol concentrations initially potentiated but then immediately abrogated TRPV1 currents. Finally, eugenol had no modulatory effects on heat-activated TRPV1 in electrophysiological and Fura-2-based Ca2+ imaging experiments. Our results demonstrate that eugenol is a mode-selective antagonist of TRPV1 and can be evaluated as a lead compound of analgesics targeting TRPV1 without serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Department of Disease Management Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Department of Disease Management Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan; Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan.
| | - Minoru Wakamori
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Department of Disease Management Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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23
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Functional Expression of TRPV1 Ion Channel in the Canine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063177. [PMID: 33804707 PMCID: PMC8003907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPV1, known as a capsaicin receptor, is the best-described transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel. Recently, it was shown to be expressed by non-excitable cells such as lymphocytes. However, the data regarding the functional expression of the TRPV1 channel in the immune cells are often contradictory. In the present study, we performed a phylogenetical analysis of the canine TRP ion channels, we assessed the expression of TRPV1 in the canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by qPCR and Western blot, and we determined the functionality of TRPV1 by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium assay. We found high expression of TRPV2, -M2, and -M7 in the canine PBMCs, while expression of TRPV1, -V4 and, -M5 was relatively low. We confirmed that TRPV1 is expressed on the protein level in the PBMC and it localizes in the plasma membrane. The whole-cell patch-clamp recording revealed that capsaicin application caused a significant increase in the current density. Similarly, the results from the calcium assay show a dose-dependent increase in intracellular calcium level in the presence of capsaicin that was partially abolished by capsazepine. Our study confirms the expression of TRPV1 ion channel on both mRNA and protein levels in the canine PBMC and indicates that the ion channel is functional.
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24
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Zubcevic L. Temperature‐sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid channels: structural insights into ligand‐dependent activation. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:3542-3559. [DOI: 10.1111/bph.15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lejla Zubcevic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Kansas School of Medicine Kansas City KS USA
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25
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Deficiency of Inositol Monophosphatase Activity Decreases Phosphoinositide Lipids and Enhances TRPV1 Function In Vivo. J Neurosci 2020; 41:408-423. [PMID: 33239401 PMCID: PMC7821860 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0803-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane remodeling by inflammatory mediators influences the function of sensory ion channels. The capsaicin- and heat-activated transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel contributes to neurogenic inflammation and pain hypersensitivity, in part because of its potentiation downstream of phospholipase C-coupled receptors that regulate phosphoinositide lipid content. Here, we determined the effect of phosphoinositide lipids on TRPV1 function by combining genetic dissection, diet supplementation, and behavioral, biochemical, and functional analyses in Caenorhabditis elegans As capsaicin elicits heat and pain sensations in mammals, transgenic TRPV1 worms exhibit an aversive response to capsaicin. TRPV1 worms with low levels of phosphoinositide lipids display an enhanced response to capsaicin, whereas phosphoinositide lipid supplementation reduces TRPV1-mediated responses. A worm carrying a TRPV1 construct lacking the distal C-terminal domain features an enhanced response to capsaicin, independent of the phosphoinositide lipid content. Our results demonstrate that TRPV1 activity is enhanced when the phosphoinositide lipid content is reduced, and the C-terminal domain is key to determining agonist response in vivo.
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26
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Essential role of Ca v3.2 T-type calcium channels in butyrate-induced colonic pain and nociceptor hypersensitivity in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173576. [PMID: 32949597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Given the role of Cav3.2 isoform among T-type Ca2+ channels (T-channels) in somatic and visceral nociceptive processing, we analyzed the contribution of Cav3.2 to butyrate-induced colonic pain and nociceptor hypersensitivity in mice, to evaluate whether Cav3.2 could serve as a target for treatment of visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Mice of ddY strain, and wild-type and Cav3.2-knockout mice of a C57BL/6J background received intracolonic administration of butyrate twice a day for 3 days. Referred hyperalgesia in the lower abdomen was assessed by von Frey test, and colonic hypersensitivity to distension by a volume load or chemicals was evaluated by counting nociceptive behaviors. Spinal phosphorylated ERK was detected by immunohistochemistry. Cav3.2 knockdown was accomplished by intrathecal injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Butyrate treatment caused referred hyperalgesia and colonic hypersensitivity to distension in ddY mice, which was abolished by T-channel blockers and/or Cav3.2 knockdown. Butyrate also increased the number of spinal phosphorylated ERK-positive neurons following colonic distension in the anesthetized ddY mice. The butyrate-treated ddY mice also exhibited T-channel-dependent colonic hypersensitivity to intracolonic Na2S, known to enhance Cav3.2 activity, and TRPV1, TRPA1 or proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonists. Wild-type, but not Cav3.2-knockout, mice of a C57BL/6J background, after treated with butyrate, mimicked the T-channel-dependent referred hyperalgesia and colonic hypersensitivity in butyrate-treated ddY mice. Our study provides definitive evidence for an essential role of Cav3.2 in the butyrate-induced colonic pain and nociceptor hypersensitivity, which might serve as a target for treatment of visceral pain in IBS patients.
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Vu S, Singh V, Wulff H, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Zheng J. New capsaicin analogs as molecular rulers to define the permissive conformation of the mouse TRPV1 ligand-binding pocket. eLife 2020; 9:62039. [PMID: 33164749 PMCID: PMC7671684 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsaicin receptor TRPV1 is an outstanding representative of ligand-gated ion channels in ligand selectivity and sensitivity. However, molecular interactions that stabilize the ligand-binding pocket in its permissive conformation, and how many permissive conformations the ligand-binding pocket may adopt, remain unclear. To answer these questions, we designed a pair of novel capsaicin analogs to increase or decrease the ligand size by about 1.5 Å without altering ligand chemistry. Together with capsaicin, these ligands form a set of molecular rulers for investigating ligand-induced conformational changes. Computational modeling and functional tests revealed that structurally these ligands alternate between drastically different binding poses but stabilize the ligand-binding pocket in nearly identical permissive conformations; functionally, they all yielded a stable open state despite varying potencies. Our study suggests the existence of an optimal ligand-binding pocket conformation for capsaicin-mediated TRPV1 activation gating, and reveals multiple ligand-channel interactions that stabilize this permissive conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vu
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, United States
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28
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Yang F, Xu L, Lee BH, Xiao X, Yarov‐Yarovoy V, Zheng J. An Unorthodox Mechanism Underlying Voltage Sensitivity of TRPV1 Ion Channel. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000575. [PMID: 33101845 PMCID: PMC7578911 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
While the capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is a polymodal nociceptor for heat, capsaicin, and protons, the channel's responses to each of these stimuli are profoundly regulated by membrane potential, damping or even prohibiting its response at negative voltages and amplifying its response at positive voltages. Therefore, voltage sensitivity of TRPV1 is anticipated to play an important role in shaping pain responses. How voltage regulates TRPV1 activation remains unknown. Here, it is shown that voltage sensitivity does not originate from the S4 segment like classic voltage-gated ion channels; instead, outer pore acidic residues directly partake in voltage-sensitive activation, with their negative charges collectively constituting the observed gating charges. Outer pore gating-charge movement is titratable by extracellular pH and is allosterically coupled to channel activation, likely by influencing the upper gate in the ion selectivity filter. Elucidating this unorthodox voltage-gating process provides a mechanistic foundation for understanding TRPV1 polymodal gating and opens the door to novel approaches regulating channel activity for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Biophysics, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- Department of Physiology and Membrane BiologyUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Lizhen Xu
- Department of Biophysics, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Bo Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Membrane BiologyUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Xian Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Membrane BiologyUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced StudyWestlake UniversityShilongshan Road No. 18, Xihu DistrictHangzhouZhejiang310064China
| | - Vladimir Yarov‐Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane BiologyUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Membrane BiologyUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
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29
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Huffer KE, Aleksandrova AA, Jara-Oseguera A, Forrest LR, Swartz KJ. Global alignment and assessment of TRP channel transmembrane domain structures to explore functional mechanisms. eLife 2020; 9:e58660. [PMID: 32804077 PMCID: PMC7431192 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent proliferation of published TRP channel structures provides a foundation for understanding the diverse functional properties of this important family of ion channel proteins. To facilitate mechanistic investigations, we constructed a structure-based alignment of the transmembrane domains of 120 TRP channel structures. Comparison of structures determined in the absence or presence of activating stimuli reveals similar constrictions in the central ion permeation pathway near the intracellular end of the S6 helices, pointing to a conserved cytoplasmic gate and suggesting that most available structures represent non-conducting states. Comparison of the ion selectivity filters toward the extracellular end of the pore supports existing hypotheses for mechanisms of ion selectivity. Also conserved to varying extents are hot spots for interactions with hydrophobic ligands, lipids and ions, as well as discrete alterations in helix conformations. This analysis therefore provides a framework for investigating the structural basis of TRP channel gating mechanisms and pharmacology, and, despite the large number of structures included, reveals the need for additional structural data and for more functional studies to establish the mechanistic basis of TRP channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Huffer
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Antoniya A Aleksandrova
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Andrés Jara-Oseguera
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Lucy R Forrest
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kenton J Swartz
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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30
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Kumar R, Geron M, Hazan A, Priel A. Endogenous and Exogenous Vanilloids Evoke Disparate TRPV1 Activation to Produce Distinct Neuronal Responses. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:903. [PMID: 32595512 PMCID: PMC7303340 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal signals are processed along the nociceptive pathway to convey discriminative information, which would manifest in the produced pain sensation. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), an important signaling complex in nociceptors termini, is activated by different noxious stimuli that underlie distinct pain sensations. For example, while endovanilloids are associated with inflammatory pain and hypersensitivity through TRPV1 activation, the exovanilloid toxin, capsaicin, evokes an acute pain by activating this channel. Differences in the TRPV1 activation profile evoked by exogenous and endogenous vanilloids were suggested to underlie this disparity in pain sensations. However, the cellular processes that lead to these differences in pain sensation mediated by the same channel are not fully understood. Here, we sought to describe the neuronal response of TRPV1-expressing nociceptors to exo-and endovanilloids. To this end, we performed current-clamp recordings in rat trigeminal neurons exposed to either capsaicin or intracellular endovanilloids produced downstream of the bradykinin receptor BK2. Our results show that lipoxygenase metabolites generate persistent TRPV1-dependent action potential firing while capsaicin evokes robust depolarization and high-frequency firing that is quickly terminated by depolarization block. Additionally, we found that a weak TRPV1 activation prolongs action potential firing. Overall, our results indicate different firing patterns evoked by inflammatory mediators and capsaicin via TRPV1 that correlate with the respective subsequent pain sensation. These findings also suggest that differences in neuronal activation stem from the variable degree of TRPV1 activation they produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matan Geron
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adina Hazan
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Priel
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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31
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Benítez-Angeles M, Morales-Lázaro SL, Juárez-González E, Rosenbaum T. TRPV1: Structure, Endogenous Agonists, and Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103421. [PMID: 32408609 PMCID: PMC7279265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is a polymodal protein with functions widely linked to the generation of pain. Several agonists of exogenous and endogenous nature have been described for this ion channel. Nonetheless, detailed mechanisms and description of binding sites have been resolved only for a few endogenous agonists. This review focuses on summarizing discoveries made in this particular field of study and highlighting the fact that studying the molecular details of activation of the channel by different agonists can shed light on biophysical traits that had not been previously demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tamara Rosenbaum
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-555-622-56-24; Fax: +52-555-622-56-07
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32
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Shah S, Carver CM, Mullen P, Milne S, Lukacs V, Shapiro MS, Gamper N. Local Ca 2+ signals couple activation of TRPV1 and ANO1 sensory ion channels. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/629/eaaw7963. [PMID: 32345727 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ANO1 (TMEM16A) is a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC) expressed in peripheral somatosensory neurons that are activated by painful (noxious) stimuli. These neurons also express the Ca2+-permeable channel and noxious heat sensor TRPV1, which can activate ANO1. Here, we revealed an intricate mechanism of TRPV1-ANO1 channel coupling in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Simultaneous optical monitoring of CaCC activity and Ca2+ dynamics revealed that the TRPV1 ligand capsaicin activated CaCCs. However, depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores reduced capsaicin-induced Ca2+ increases and CaCC activation, suggesting that ER Ca2+ release contributed to TRPV1-induced CaCC activation. ER store depletion by plasma membrane-localized TRPV1 channels was demonstrated with an ER-localized Ca2+ sensor in neurons exposed to a cell-impermeable TRPV1 ligand. Proximity ligation assays established that ANO1, TRPV1, and the IP3 receptor IP3R1 were often found in close proximity to each other. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) confirmed the close association between all three channels in DRG neurons. Together, our data reveal the existence of ANO1-containing multichannel nanodomains in DRG neurons and suggest that coupling between TRPV1 and ANO1 requires ER Ca2+ release, which may be necessary to enhance ANO1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihab Shah
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Chase M Carver
- Department of Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Pierce Mullen
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen Milne
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Viktor Lukacs
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark S Shapiro
- Department of Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Nikita Gamper
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
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33
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López-Romero AE, Hernández-Araiza I, Torres-Quiroz F, Tovar-Y-Romo LB, Islas LD, Rosenbaum T. TRP ion channels: Proteins with conformational flexibility. Channels (Austin) 2020; 13:207-226. [PMID: 31184289 PMCID: PMC6602575 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2019.1626793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels display conformational changes in response to binding of their agonists and antagonists. The study of the relationships between the structure and the function of these proteins has witnessed considerable advances in the last two decades using a combination of techniques, which include electrophysiology, optical approaches (i.e. patch clamp fluorometry, incorporation of non-canonic amino acids, etc.), molecular biology (mutations in different regions of ion channels to determine their role in function) and those that have permitted the resolution of their structures in detail (X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy). The possibility of making correlations among structural components and functional traits in ion channels has allowed for more refined conclusions on how these proteins work at the molecular level. With the cloning and description of the family of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, our understanding of several sensory-related processes has also greatly moved forward. The response of these proteins to several agonists, their regulation by signaling pathways as well as by protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions and, in some cases, their biophysical characteristics have been studied thoroughly and, recently, with the resolution of their structures, the field has experienced a new boom. This review article focuses on the conformational changes in the pores, concentrating on some members of the TRP family of ion channels (TRPV and TRPA subfamilies) that result in changes in their single-channel conductances, a phenomenon that may lead to fine-tuning the electrical response to a given agonist in a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elena López-Romero
- a Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, División Neurociencias , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico , Mexico
| | - Ileana Hernández-Araiza
- a Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, División Neurociencias , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico , Mexico
| | - Francisco Torres-Quiroz
- b Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, División Investigación Básica , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Luis B Tovar-Y-Romo
- c Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División Neurociencias , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - León D Islas
- d Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Tamara Rosenbaum
- a Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, División Neurociencias , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico , Mexico
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Cohen E, Kumar R, Zinger T, Priel A, Treinin M. GTL-1, a Calcium Activated TRPM Channel, Enhances Nociception. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1567. [PMID: 32009965 PMCID: PMC6978279 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
C. elegans PVD neurons are conserved for morphology, function and molecular determinants with mammalian polymodal nociceptors. Functions of polymodal nociceptors require activities of multiple ion channels and receptors including members of the TRP family. GTL-1, a member of the TRPM subclass of TRP channels, was previously shown to amplify PVD-mediated responses to optogenetic stimuli. Here we characterize effects of GTL-1 on PVD-mediated behavioral responses to noxious stimuli. We show that GTL-1 is required within PVD for the immediate and enduring response to thermal (cold) stimuli. But, find no significant reduction in percent animals responding to single or to repeated noxious mechanical stimuli. Nevertheless, PVD specific knockdown of gtl-1expression reduces the magnitude of responses to noxious mechanical stimuli. To understand GTL-1's mechanism of action we expressed it in HEK293 cells. Our results show GTL-1-dependent currents induced by activation of a Gαq-coupled Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD). In addition, using excised patches we show that GTL-1 can be activated by internal calcium. Our results are consistent with indirect, calcium dependent, activation of GTL-1 by noxious stimuli. This mechanism explains the GTL-1-dependent amplification of responses to multiple stimuli optogenetic and sensory in PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cohen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hadassah-Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Zinger
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hadassah-Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Priel
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Millet Treinin
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hadassah-Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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35
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Yu R, Liu H, Wang B, Harvey PJ, Wei N, Chu Y. Synthesis and biological activity study of the retro-isomer of RhTx against TRPV1. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2141-2145. [PMID: 35494567 PMCID: PMC9048425 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08829f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPV1 is a ligand-gated ion channel and plays an important role in detecting noxious heat and pain with an unknown mechanism. RhTx from Chinese red-headed centipede activates the TRPV1 channel through the heat activation pathway by binding to the outer pore region, and causes extreme pain. Here, we synthesized RhTx and its retro-isomer RL-RhTx. Their structures were investigated by their circular dichroic spectra and NMR spectra. The effect of RhTx and RL-RhTx on the currents of wild-type and mutants of TRPV1 indicated that RL-RhTx have comparable TRPV1 activation responses to RhTx. A mutagenesis study showed that four TRPV1 residues, including Leu461, Asp602, Tyr632 and Thr634, significantly contributed to the activation effects of RL-RhTx and RhTx, and both peptides probably bind with TRPV1 in similar binding modes. As a novel TRPV1 activator, RL-RhTx provides an essential powerful tool for the investigation of activation mechanisms of TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Huijie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Baishi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Peta J Harvey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ningning Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Yanyan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266003 China
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36
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Vásquez V. Using C. elegans to Study the Effects of Toxins in Sensory Ion Channels In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2068:225-238. [PMID: 31576531 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9845-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful animal model in which transgenesis, behavior, and physiology can be merged to study in vivo the effect of natural and synthetic agonists in sensory ion channels. Worms have polymodal sensory neurons (like the ASH pair) that couple ion channel activation with a robust and easily scorable aversive-like behavior. We expressed the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel from rat (r) in worms' ASH neurons and determined its sensitivity to the tarantula double-knot toxin (DkTx) and the active component of chili peppers (capsaicin). This chapter describes protocols for generating and maintaining transgenic rTRPV1 worms to determine dose-dependent behavior. The goal is to provide an efficient tool to characterize the function of sensory channels (wild type and mutants) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Vásquez
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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37
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Jara-Oseguera A, Huffer KE, Swartz KJ. The ion selectivity filter is not an activation gate in TRPV1-3 channels. eLife 2019; 8:51212. [PMID: 31724952 PMCID: PMC6887487 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of TRPV1 channels in sensory neurons results in opening of a cation permeation pathway that triggers the sensation of pain. Opening of TRPV1 has been proposed to involve two gates that appear to prevent ion permeation in the absence of activators: the ion selectivity filter on the external side of the pore and the S6 helices that line the cytosolic half of the pore. Here we measured the access of thiol-reactive ions across the selectivity filters in rodent TRPV1-3 channels. Although our results are consistent with structural evidence that the selectivity filters in these channels are dynamic, they demonstrate that cations can permeate the ion selectivity filters even when channels are closed. Our results suggest that the selectivity filters in TRPV1-3 channels do not function as activation gates but might contribute to coupling structural rearrangements in the external pore to those in the cytosolic S6 gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Jara-Oseguera
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Katherine E Huffer
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Kenton J Swartz
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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38
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Yin Y, Dong Y, Vu S, Yang F, Yarov‐Yarovoy V, Tian Y, Zheng J. Structural mechanisms underlying activation of TRPV1 channels by pungent compounds in gingers. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3364-3377. [PMID: 31207668 PMCID: PMC6692589 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Like chili peppers, gingers produce pungent stimuli by a group of vanilloid compounds that activate the nociceptive transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel. How these compounds interact with TRPV1 remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used computational structural modelling, functional tests (electrophysiology and calcium imaging), and mutagenesis to investigate the structural mechanisms underlying ligand-channel interactions. KEY RESULTS The potency of three principal pungent compounds from ginger -shogaol, gingerol, and zingerone-depends on the same two residues in the TRPV1 channel that form a hydrogen bond with the chili pepper pungent compound, capsaicin. Computational modelling revealed binding poses of these ginger compounds similar to those of capsaicin, including a "head-down tail-up" orientation, two specific hydrogen bonds, and important contributions of van der Waals interactions by the aliphatic tail. Our study also identified a novel horizontal binding pose of zingerone that allows it to directly interact with the channel pore when bound inside the ligand-binding pocket. These observations offer a molecular level explanation for how unique structures in the ginger compounds affect their channel activation potency. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Mechanistic insights into the interactions of ginger compounds and the TRPV1 cation channel should help guide drug discovery efforts to modulate nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of PharmacologyQingdao University School of PharmacyQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Yawen Dong
- Department of PharmacologyQingdao University School of PharmacyQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Simon Vu
- Department of Physiology and Membrane BiologyUC Davis School of MedicineDavisCAUSA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | | | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of PharmacologyQingdao University School of PharmacyQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Membrane BiologyUC Davis School of MedicineDavisCAUSA
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Dong Y, Yin Y, Vu S, Yang F, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Tian Y, Zheng J. A distinct structural mechanism underlies TRPV1 activation by piperine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:365-372. [PMID: 31213294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Piperine, the principle pungent compound in black peppers, is known to activate the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 ion channel. How piperine interacts with the channel protein, however, remains unclear. Here we show that piperine binds to the same ligand-binding pocket as capsaicin but in different poses. There was no detectable detrimental effect when T551 and E571, two major sites known to form hydrogen bond with capsaicin, were mutated to a hydrophobic amino acid. Computational structural modeling suggested that piperine makes interactions with multiple amino acids within the ligand binding pocket, including T671 on the pore-forming S6 segment. Mutations of this residue could substantially reduce or even eliminate piperine-induced activation, confirming that T671 is an important site. Our results suggest that the bound piperine may directly interact with the pore-forming S6 segment to induce channel opening. These findings help to explain why piperine is a weak agonist, and may guide future efforts to develop novel pharmaceutical reagents targeting TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Simon Vu
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Maatuf Y, Geron M, Priel A. The Role of Toxins in the Pursuit for Novel Analgesics. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020131. [PMID: 30813430 PMCID: PMC6409898 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major medical issue which reduces the quality of life of millions and inflicts a significant burden on health authorities worldwide. Currently, management of chronic pain includes first-line pharmacological therapies that are inadequately effective, as in just a portion of patients pain relief is obtained. Furthermore, most analgesics in use produce severe or intolerable adverse effects that impose dose restrictions and reduce compliance. As the majority of analgesic agents act on the central nervous system (CNS), it is possible that blocking pain at its source by targeting nociceptors would prove more efficient with minimal CNS-related side effects. The development of such analgesics requires the identification of appropriate molecular targets and thorough understanding of their structural and functional features. To this end, plant and animal toxins can be employed as they affect ion channels with high potency and selectivity. Moreover, elucidation of the toxin-bound ion channel structure could generate pharmacophores for rational drug design while favorable safety and analgesic profiles could highlight toxins as leads or even as valuable therapeutic compounds themselves. Here, we discuss the use of plant and animal toxins in the characterization of peripherally expressed ion channels which are implicated in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Maatuf
- The Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Matan Geron
- The Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Avi Priel
- The Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
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