1
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Pierson JA, Yang JE, Wright ER. Recent advances in correlative cryo-light and electron microscopy. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 89:102934. [PMID: 39366119 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2024.102934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) pipelines serve to integrate the imaging modalities of fluorescence light microscopy (FLM) and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to produce contextually relevant high-resolution structural snapshots of biological systems. Innovations in sample preparation, instrumentation, imaging, and data processing have advanced the field of cryo-EM. This review focuses on prior work and recent developments in the field of cryo- EM that support further integration of technologies for correlative microscopy workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Pierson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jie E Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
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2
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Zheng T, Cai S. Recent technical advances in cellular cryo-electron tomography. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 175:106648. [PMID: 39181502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the in situ structure, organization, and interactions of macromolecules is essential for elucidating their functions and mechanisms of action. Cellular cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is a cutting-edge technique that reveals in situ molecular-resolution architectures of macromolecules in their lifelike states. It also provides insights into the three-dimensional distribution of macromolecules and their spatial relationships with various subcellular structures. Thus, cellular cryo-ET bridges the gap between structural biology and cell biology. With rapid advancements, this technique achieved substantial improvements in throughput, automation, and resolution. This review presents the fundamental principles and methodologies of cellular cryo-ET, highlighting recent developments in sample preparation, data collection, and image processing. We also discuss emerging trends and potential future directions. As cellular cryo-ET continues to develop, it is set to play an increasingly vital role in structural cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zheng
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shujun Cai
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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3
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Antarasen J, Wellnitz B, Kramer SN, Chatterjee S, Kisley L. Cross-Correlation Increases Sampling in Diffusion-Based Super-Resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 2:640-650. [PMID: 39328426 PMCID: PMC11423407 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.4c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Correlation signal processing of optical three-dimensional (x, y, t) data can produce super-resolution images. The second-order cross-correlation function XC 2 has been documented to produce super-resolution imaging with static and blinking emitters but not for diffusing emitters. Here, we both analytically and numerically demonstrate cross-correlation analysis for diffusing particles. We then expand our fluorescence correlation spectroscopy super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (fcsSOFI) analysis to use cross-correlation as a postprocessing computational technique to extract both dynamic and structural information on particle diffusion in nanoscale structures simultaneously. Cross-correlation maintains the same super-resolution as auto-correlation while also increasing the sampling rates to reduce aliasing for spatial information in both simulated and experimental data. Our work demonstrates how fcsSOFI with cross-correlation can be a powerful signal-processing tool to resolve the nanoscale dynamics and structure in samples relevant to biological and soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanpun Antarasen
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Benjamin Wellnitz
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Stephanie N Kramer
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Surajit Chatterjee
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lydia Kisley
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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4
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Noble AJ, de Marco A. Cryo-focused ion beam for in situ structural biology: State of the art, challenges, and perspectives. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 87:102864. [PMID: 38901373 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2024.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Cryogenic-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) instruments became essential for high-resolution imaging in cryo-preserved cells and tissues. Cryo-FIBs use accelerated ions to thin samples that would otherwise be too thick for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). This allows visualizing cellular ultrastructures in near-native frozen hydrated states. This review describes the current state-of-the-art capabilities of cryo-FIB technology and its applications in structural cell and tissue biology. We discuss recent advances in instrumentation, imaging modalities, automation, sample preparation protocols, and targeting techniques. We outline remaining challenges and future directions to make cryo-FIB more precise, enable higher throughput, and be widely accessible. Further improvements in targeting, efficiency, robust sample preparation, emerging ion sources, automation, and downstream electron tomography have the potential to reveal intricate molecular architectures across length scales inside cells and tissues. Cryo-FIB is poised to become an indispensable tool for preparing native biological systems in situ for high-resolution 3D structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Noble
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue New York, NY, 10027, USA. https://twitter.com/alexjamesnoble
| | - Alex de Marco
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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5
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Hale VL, Hooker J, Russo CJ, Löwe J. Honeycomb gold specimen supports enabling orthogonal focussed ion beam-milling of elongated cells for cryo-ET. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108097. [PMID: 38772448 PMCID: PMC7616276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Cryo-focussed ion beam (FIB)-milling is a powerful technique that opens up thick, cellular specimens to high-resolution structural analysis by electron cryotomography (cryo-ET). FIB-milled lamellae can be produced from cells on grids, or cut from thicker, high-pressure frozen specimens. However, these approaches can put geometrical constraints on the specimen that may be unhelpful, particularly when imaging structures within the cell that have a very defined orientation. For example, plunge frozen rod-shaped bacteria orient parallel to the plane of the grid, yet the Z-ring, a filamentous structure of the tubulin-like protein FtsZ and the key organiser of bacterial division, runs around the circumference of the cell such that it is perpendicular to the imaging plane. It is therefore difficult or impractical to image many complete rings with current technologies. To circumvent this problem, we have fabricated monolithic gold specimen supports with a regular array of cylindrical wells in a honeycomb geometry, which trap bacteria in a vertical orientation. These supports, which we call "honeycomb gold discs", replace standard EM grids and when combined with FIB-milling enable the production of lamellae containing cross-sections through cells. The resulting lamellae are more stable and resistant to breakage and charging than conventional lamellae. The design of the honeycomb discs can be modified according to need and so will also enable cryo-ET and cryo-EM imaging of other specimens in otherwise difficult to obtain orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Hooker
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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6
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Antarasen J, Wellnitz B, Kramer SN, Chatterjee S, Kisley L. Cross-correlation increases sampling in diffusion-based super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.01.587586. [PMID: 38617244 PMCID: PMC11014504 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.01.587586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Correlation signal processing of optical three-dimensional (x, y, t) data can produce super-resolution images. The second order cross-correlation function XC 2 has been documented to produce super-resolution imaging with static and blinking emitters but not for diffusing emitters. Here, we both analytically and numerically demonstrate cross-correlation analysis for diffusing particles. We then expand our fluorescence correlation spectroscopy super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (fcsSOFI) analysis to use cross-correlation as a post-processing computational technique to extract both dynamic and structural information of particle diffusion in nanoscale structures simultaneously. We further show how this method increases sampling rates and reduces aliasing for spatial information in both simulated and experimental data. Our work demonstrates how fcsSOFI with cross-correlation can be a powerful signal-processing tool to resolve the nanoscale dynamics and structure in samples relevant to biological and soft materials. TOC Graphic
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7
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Last MGF, Voortman LM, Sharp TH. Building a super-resolution fluorescence cryomicroscope. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 187:205-222. [PMID: 38705625 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Correlated super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy enables imaging with both high labeling specificity and high resolution. Naturally, combining two sophisticated imaging techniques within one workflow also introduces new requirements on hardware, such as the need for a super-resolution fluorescence capable microscope that can be used to image cryogenic samples. In this chapter, we describe the design and use of the "cryoscope"; a microscope designed for single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) of cryoEM samples that fits right into established cryoEM workflows. We demonstrate the results that can be achieved with our microscope by imaging fluorescently labeled vimentin, an intermediate filament, within U2OS cells grown on EM grids, and we provide detailed 3d models that encompass the entire design of the microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart G F Last
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lenard M Voortman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Sharp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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8
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Zanetti-Domingues LC, Hirsch M, Wang L, Eastwood TA, Baker K, Mulvihill DP, Radford S, Horne J, White P, Bateman B. Toward quantitative super-resolution methods for cryo-CLEM. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 187:249-292. [PMID: 38705627 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cryogenic ultrastructural imaging techniques such as cryo-electron tomography have produced a revolution in how the structure of biological systems is investigated by enabling the determination of structures of protein complexes immersed in a complex biological matrix within vitrified cell and model organisms. However, so far, the portfolio of successes has been mostly limited to highly abundant complexes or to structures that are relatively unambiguous and easy to identify through electron microscopy. In order to realize the full potential of this revolution, researchers would have to be able to pinpoint lower abundance species and obtain functional annotations on the state of objects of interest which would then be correlated to ultrastructural information to build a complete picture of the structure-function relationships underpinning biological processes. Fluorescence imaging at cryogenic conditions has the potential to be able to meet these demands. However, wide-field images acquired at low numeric aperture (NA) using air immersion objective have a low resolving power and cannot provide accurate enough three-dimensional (3D) localization to enable the assignment of functional annotations to individual objects of interest or target sample debulking to ensure the preservation of the structures of interest. It is therefore necessary to develop super-resolved cryo-fluorescence workflows capable of fulfilling this role and enabling new biological discoveries. In this chapter, we present the current state of development of two super-resolution cryogenic fluorescence techniques, superSIL-STORM and astigmatism-based 3D STORM, show their application to a variety of biological systems and discuss their advantages and limitations. We further discuss the future applicability to cryo-CLEM workflows though examples of practical application to the study of membrane protein complexes both in mammalian cells and in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Zanetti-Domingues
- CLF Octopus Facility, UKRI-Science and Technology Facilities Council, R92, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Hirsch
- CLF Octopus Facility, UKRI-Science and Technology Facilities Council, R92, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Wang
- CLF Octopus Facility, UKRI-Science and Technology Facilities Council, R92, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Tara A Eastwood
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Baker
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sheena Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Horne
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul White
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Benji Bateman
- CLF Octopus Facility, UKRI-Science and Technology Facilities Council, R92, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
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9
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Palao L, Murakami K, Chang YW. Combining per-particle cryo-ET and cryo-EM single particle analysis to elucidate heterogeneous DNA-protein organization. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 84:102765. [PMID: 38181688 PMCID: PMC10922635 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy single particle analysis (cryo-EM SPA) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) have historically been employed as distinct approaches for investigating molecular structures of disparate sample types, focusing on highly purified biological macromolecules and in situ cellular contexts, respectively. However, these techniques offer inherently complementary structural insights that, when combined, provide a more comprehensive understanding of complex biological systems. For example, if both techniques are applied to the same purified biological macromolecules, cryo-ET has the ability to resolve highly flexible yet strong signal features on an individual target molecule which will not be preserved in the high-resolution cryo-EM SPA results. In this review, we highlight recent achievements utilizing such applications to unveil new insights into the chromatin assembly and activities of DNA-protein assemblies. This convergence of cryo-EM SPA and cryo-ET holds great promise for elucidating new structural aspects of these essential molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Palao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Kenji Murakami
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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Mazal H, Wieser FF, Sandoghdar V. Insights into protein structure using cryogenic light microscopy. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:2041-2059. [PMID: 38015555 PMCID: PMC10754291 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has witnessed many clever innovations in the last two decades, leading to new methods such as structured illumination and super-resolution microscopies. The attainable resolution in biological samples is, however, ultimately limited by residual motion within the sample or in the microscope setup. Thus, such experiments are typically performed on chemically fixed samples. Cryogenic light microscopy (Cryo-LM) has been investigated as an alternative, drawing on various preservation techniques developed for cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM). Moreover, this approach offers a powerful platform for correlative microscopy. Another key advantage of Cryo-LM is the strong reduction in photobleaching at low temperatures, facilitating the collection of orders of magnitude more photons from a single fluorophore. This results in much higher localization precision, leading to Angstrom resolution. In this review, we discuss the general development and progress of Cryo-LM with an emphasis on its application in harnessing structural information on proteins and protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mazal
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Wieser
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Last MGF, Noteborn WEM, Voortman LM, Sharp TH. Super-resolution fluorescence imaging of cryosamples does not limit achievable resolution in cryoEM. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:108040. [PMID: 37918761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Correlated super-resolution cryo-fluorescence and cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) has been gaining popularity as a method to investigate biological samples with high resolution and specificity. A concern in this combined method (called SR-cryoCLEM), however, is whether and how fluorescence imaging prior to cryoEM acquisition is detrimental to sample integrity. In this report, we investigated the effect of high-dose laser light (405, 488, and 561 nm) irradiation on apoferritin samples prepared for cryoEM with excitation wavelengths commonly used in fluorescence microscopy, and compared these samples to controls that were kept in the dark. We found that laser illumination, of equal duration and intensity as used in cryo-single molecule localization microscopy (cryoSMLM) and in the presence of high concentrations of fluorescent protein, did not affect the achievable resolution in cryoEM, with final reconstructions reaching resolutions of ∼ 1.8 Å regardless of the laser illumination. The finding that super-resolution fluorescence imaging of cryosamples prior to cryoEM data acquisition does not limit the achievable resolution suggests that super-resolution cryo-fluorescence microscopy and in situ structural biology using cryoEM are entirely compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart G F Last
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem E M Noteborn
- Netherlands Centre for Electron Nanoscopy, Leiden University, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lenard M Voortman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Sharp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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12
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Ochner H, Bharat TAM. Charting the molecular landscape of the cell. Structure 2023; 31:1297-1305. [PMID: 37699393 PMCID: PMC7615466 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological function of macromolecules is closely tied to their cellular location, as well as to interactions with other molecules within the native environment of the cell. Therefore, to obtain detailed mechanistic insights into macromolecular functionality, one of the outstanding targets for structural biology is to produce an atomic-level understanding of the cell. One structural biology technique that has already been used to directly derive atomic models of macromolecules from cells, without any additional external information, is electron cryotomography (cryoET). In this perspective article, we discuss possible routes to chart the molecular landscape of the cell by advancing cryoET imaging as well as by embedding cryoET into correlative imaging workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ochner
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
| | - Tanmay A M Bharat
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Kirchweger P, Mullick D, Swain PP, Wolf SG, Elbaum M. Correlating cryo-super resolution radial fluctuations and dual-axis cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography to bridge the light-electron resolution gap. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107982. [PMID: 37268154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of organelles and their interactions with other features in the native cell remains a challenge in modern biology. We have introduced cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography (CSTET), which can access 3D volumes on the scale of 1 micron with a resolution of nanometers, making it ideal for this task. Here we introduce two relevant advances: (a) we demonstrate the utility of multi-color super-resolution radial fluctuation light microscopy under cryogenic conditions (cryo-SRRF), and (b) we extend the use of deconvolution processing for dual-axis CSTET data. We show that cryo-SRRF nanoscopy is able to reach resolutions in the range of 100 nm, using commonly available fluorophores and a conventional widefield microscope for cryo-correlative light-electron microscopy. Such resolution aids in precisely identifying regions of interest before tomographic acquisition and enhances precision in localizing features of interest within the 3D reconstruction. Dual-axis CSTET tilt series data and application of entropy regularized deconvolution during post-processing results in close-to-isotropic resolution in the reconstruction without averaging. The integration of cryo-SRRF with deconvolved dual-axis CSTET provides a versatile workflow for studying unique objects in a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kirchweger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Debakshi Mullick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Prabhu Prasad Swain
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; School of Physical Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Sharon G Wolf
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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14
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Sanders S, Jensen Y, Reimer R, Bosse JB. From the beginnings to multidimensional light and electron microscopy of virus morphogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:45-88. [PMID: 37524482 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Individual functional viral morphogenesis events are often dynamic, short, and infrequent and might be obscured by other pathways and dead-end products. Volumetric live cell imaging has become an essential tool for studying viral morphogenesis events. It allows following entire dynamic processes while providing functional evidence that the imaged process is involved in viral production. Moreover, it allows to capture many individual events and allows quantitative analysis. Finally, the correlation of volumetric live-cell data with volumetric electron microscopy (EM) can provide crucial insights into the ultrastructure and mechanisms of viral morphogenesis events. Here, we provide an overview and discussion of suitable imaging methods for volumetric correlative imaging of viral morphogenesis and frame them in a historical summary of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Sanders
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yannick Jensen
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jens B Bosse
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Last MGF, Tuijtel MW, Voortman LM, Sharp TH. Selecting optimal support grids for super-resolution cryogenic correlated light and electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8270. [PMID: 37217690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy are two popular and ever improving methods for high-resolution imaging of biological samples. In recent years, the combination of these two techniques into one correlated workflow has gained attention as a promising route towards contextualizing and enriching cryo-TEM imagery. A problem that is often encountered in the combination of these methods is that of light-induced damage to the sample during fluorescence imaging that renders the sample structure unsuitable for TEM imaging. In this paper, we describe how absorption of light by TEM sample support grids leads to sample damage, and we systematically explore the importance of parameters of grid design. We explain how, by changing the grid geometry and materials, one can increase the maximum illumination power density in fluorescence microscopy by up to an order of magnitude. Finally, we demonstrate the significant improvements in super-resolution image quality that are enabled by the selection of support grids that are optimally suited for correlated cryo-microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart G F Last
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten W Tuijtel
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Lenard M Voortman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Sharp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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Berger C, Premaraj N, Ravelli RBG, Knoops K, López-Iglesias C, Peters PJ. Cryo-electron tomography on focused ion beam lamellae transforms structural cell biology. Nat Methods 2023; 20:499-511. [PMID: 36914814 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic electron microscopy and data processing enable the determination of structures of isolated macromolecules to near-atomic resolution. However, these data do not provide structural information in the cellular environment where macromolecules perform their native functions, and vital molecular interactions can be lost during the isolation process. Cryogenic focused ion beam (FIB) fabrication generates thin lamellae of cellular samples and tissues, enabling structural studies on the near-native cellular interior and its surroundings by cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET). Cellular cryo-ET benefits from the technological developments in electron microscopes, detectors and data processing, and more in situ structures are being obtained and at increasingly higher resolution. In this Review, we discuss recent studies employing cryo-ET on FIB-generated lamellae and the technological developments in ultrarapid sample freezing, FIB fabrication of lamellae, tomography, data processing and correlative light and electron microscopy that have enabled these studies. Finally, we explore the future of cryo-ET in terms of both methods development and biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Berger
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Navya Premaraj
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Raimond B G Ravelli
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Peters
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Digitalizing neuronal synapses with cryo-electron tomography and correlative microscopy. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Nienhaus K, Nienhaus GU. Genetically encodable fluorescent protein markers in advanced optical imaging. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35767981 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac7d3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Optical fluorescence microscopy plays a pivotal role in the exploration of biological structure and dynamics, especially on live specimens. Progress in the field relies, on the one hand, on technical advances in imaging and data processing and, on the other hand, on progress in fluorescent marker technologies. Among these, genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (FPs) are invaluable tools, as they allow facile labeling of live cells, tissues or organisms, as these produce the FP markers all by themselves after introduction of a suitable gene. Here we cover FP markers from the GFP family of proteins as well as tetrapyrrole-binding proteins, which further complement the FP toolbox in important ways. A broad range of FP variants have been endowed, by using protein engineering, with photophysical properties that are essential for specific fluorescence microscopy techniques, notably those offering nanoscale image resolution. We briefly introduce various advanced imaging methods and show how they utilize the distinct properties of the FP markers in exciting imaging applications, with the aim to guide researchers toward the design of powerful imaging experiments that are optimally suited to address their biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang Gaede Str. 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, GERMANY
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang Gaede Str. 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, GERMANY
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19
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Chua EYD, Mendez JH, Rapp M, Ilca SL, Tan YZ, Maruthi K, Kuang H, Zimanyi CM, Cheng A, Eng ET, Noble AJ, Potter CS, Carragher B. Better, Faster, Cheaper: Recent Advances in Cryo-Electron Microscopy. Annu Rev Biochem 2022; 91:1-32. [PMID: 35320683 PMCID: PMC10393189 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-032620-110705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) continues its remarkable growth as a method for visualizing biological objects, which has been driven by advances across the entire pipeline. Developments in both single-particle analysis and in situ tomography have enabled more structures to be imaged and determined to better resolutions, at faster speeds, and with more scientists having improved access. This review highlights recent advances at each stageof the cryo-EM pipeline and provides examples of how these techniques have been used to investigate real-world problems, including antibody development against the SARS-CoV-2 spike during the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y D Chua
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for CryoEM Access and Training, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua H Mendez
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for CryoEM Access and Training, New York, NY, USA
| | - Micah Rapp
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serban L Ilca
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yong Zi Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore;
- Disease Intervention Technology Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kashyap Maruthi
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huihui Kuang
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina M Zimanyi
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for CryoEM Access and Training, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anchi Cheng
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward T Eng
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for CryoEM Access and Training, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex J Noble
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for In-Situ Tomographic Ultramicroscopy, New York, NY, USA
- Simons Machine Learning Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clinton S Potter
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for CryoEM Access and Training, New York, NY, USA
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for In-Situ Tomographic Ultramicroscopy, New York, NY, USA
- Simons Machine Learning Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bridget Carragher
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA; , , , , , , , , , , ,
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for CryoEM Access and Training, New York, NY, USA
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, New York, NY, USA
- National Center for In-Situ Tomographic Ultramicroscopy, New York, NY, USA
- Simons Machine Learning Center, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Mazal H, Wieser FF, Sandoghdar V. Deciphering a hexameric protein complex with Angstrom optical resolution. eLife 2022; 11:76308. [PMID: 35616526 PMCID: PMC9142145 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryogenic optical localization in three dimensions (COLD) was recently shown to resolve up to four binding sites on a single protein. However, because COLD relies on intensity fluctuations that result from the blinking behavior of fluorophores, it is limited to cases where individual emitters show different brightness. This significantly lowers the measurement yield. To extend the number of resolved sites as well as the measurement yield, we employ partial labeling and combine it with polarization encoding in order to identify single fluorophores during their stochastic blinking. We then use a particle classification scheme to identify and resolve heterogenous subsets and combine them to reconstruct the three-dimensional arrangement of large molecular complexes. We showcase this method (polarCOLD) by resolving the trimer arrangement of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and six different sites of the hexamer protein Caseinolytic Peptidase B (ClpB) of Thermus thermophilus in its quaternary structure, both with Angstrom resolution. The combination of polarCOLD and single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) promises to provide crucial insight into intrinsic heterogeneities of biomolecular structures. Furthermore, our approach is fully compatible with fluorescent protein labeling and can, thus, be used in a wide range of studies in cell and membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mazal
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Wieser
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Kwon J, Elgawish MS, Shim S. Bleaching-Resistant Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2101817. [PMID: 35088584 PMCID: PMC8948665 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photobleaching is the permanent loss of fluorescence after extended exposure to light and is a major limiting factor in super-resolution microscopy (SRM) that restricts spatiotemporal resolution and observation time. Strategies for preventing or overcoming photobleaching in SRM are reviewed developing new probes and chemical environments. Photostabilization strategies are introduced first, which are borrowed from conventional fluorescence microscopy, that are employed in SRM. SRM-specific strategies are then highlighted that exploit the on-off transitions of fluorescence, which is the key mechanism for achieving super-resolution, which are becoming new routes to address photobleaching in SRM. Off states can serve as a shelter from excitation by light or an exit to release a damaged probe and replace it with a fresh one. Such efforts in overcoming the photobleaching limits are anticipated to enhance resolution to molecular scales and to extend the observation time to physiological lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Kwon
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical ChemistryJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Mohamed Saleh Elgawish
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of PharmacySuez Canal UniversityIsmailia41522Egypt
| | - Sang‐Hee Shim
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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22
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Parasitology meets cryo-electron tomography – exciting prospects await. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:365-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Laporte MH, Klena N, Hamel V, Guichard P. Visualizing the native cellular organization by coupling cryofixation with expansion microscopy (Cryo-ExM). Nat Methods 2022; 19:216-222. [PMID: 35027766 PMCID: PMC8828483 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cryofixation has proven to be the gold standard for efficient preservation of native cell ultrastructure compared to chemical fixation, but this approach is not widely used in fluorescence microscopy owing to implementation challenges. Here, we develop Cryo-ExM, a method that preserves native cellular organization by coupling cryofixation with expansion microscopy. This method bypasses artifacts associated with chemical fixation and its simplicity will contribute to its widespread use in super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine H Laporte
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Klena
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Hamel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Guichard
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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24
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Zuber B, Lučić V. Neurons as a model system for cryo-electron tomography. J Struct Biol X 2022; 6:100067. [PMID: 35310407 PMCID: PMC8924422 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2022.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryo-ET imaging of neurons is a versatile system for cell biology in situ. Structural and spatial localization analysis yields new insights into synaptic transmission. The synapse provides a rich environment for the development of image processing tools.
Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) provides unique opportunities to image cellular components at high resolution in their native state and environment. While many different cell types were investigated by cryo-ET, here we review application to neurons. We show that neurons are a versatile system that can be used to investigate general cellular components such as the cytoskeleton and membrane-bound organelles, in addition to neuron-specific processes such as synaptic transmission. Furthermore, the synapse provides a rich environment for the development of cryo-ET image processing tools suitable to elucidate the functional and spatial organization of compositionally and morphologically heterogeneous macromolecular complexes involved in biochemical signaling cascades, within their native, crowded cellular environments.
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25
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Saibil HR. Cryo-EM in molecular and cellular biology. Mol Cell 2022; 82:274-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Elbaum M, Seifer S, Houben L, Wolf SG, Rez P. Toward Compositional Contrast by Cryo-STEM. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3621-3631. [PMID: 34491730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) is the most versatile tool for the study of matter at scales ranging from subatomic to visible. The high vacuum environment and the charged irradiation require careful stabilization of many specimens of interest. Biological samples are particularly sensitive due to their composition of light elements suspended in an aqueous medium. Early investigators developed techniques of embedding and staining with heavy metal salts for contrast enhancement. Indeed, the Nobel Prize in 1974 recognized Claude, de Duve, and Palade for establishment of the field of cell biology, largely due to their developments in separation and preservation of cellular components for electron microscopy. A decade later, cryogenic fixation was introduced. Vitrification of the water avoids the need for dehydration and provides an ideal matrix in which the organic macromolecules are suspended; the specimen represents a native state, suddenly frozen in time at temperatures below -150 °C. The low temperature maintains a low vapor pressure for the electron microscope, and the amorphous nature of the medium avoids diffraction contrast from crystalline ice. Such samples are extremely delicate, however, and cryo-EM imaging is a race for information in the face of ongoing damage by electron irradiation. Through this journey, cryo-EM enhanced the resolution scale from membranes to molecules and most recently to atoms. Cryo-EM pioneers, Dubochet, Frank, and Henderson, were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2017 for high resolution structure determination of biological macromolecules.A relatively untapped feature of cryo-EM is its preservation of composition. Nothing is added and nothing removed. Analytical spectroscopies based on electron energy loss or X-ray emission can be applied, but the very small interaction cross sections conflict with the weak exposures required to preserve sample integrity. To what extent can we interpret quantitatively the pixel intensities in images themselves? Conventional cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is limited in this respect, due to the strong dependence of the contrast transfer on defocus and the absence of contrast at low spatial frequencies.Inspiration comes largely from a different modality for cryo-tomography, using soft X-rays. Contrast depends on the difference in atomic absorption between carbon and oxygen in a region of the spectrum between their core level ionization energies, the so-called water window. Three dimensional (3D) reconstruction provides a map of the local X-ray absorption coefficient. The quantitative contrast enables the visualization of organic materials without stain and measurement of their concentration quantitatively. We asked, what aspects of the quantitative contrast might be transferred to cryo-electron microscopy?Compositional contrast is accessible in scanning transmission EM (STEM) via incoherent elastic scattering, which is sensitive to the atomic number Z. STEM can be regarded as a high energy, low angle diffraction measurement performed pixel by pixel with a weakly convergent beam. When coherent diffraction effects are absent, that is, in amorphous materials, a dark field signal measures quantitatively the flux scattered from the specimen integrated over the detector area. Learning to interpret these signals will open a new dimension in cryo-EM. This Account describes our efforts so far to introduce STEM for cryo-EM and tomography of biological specimens. We conclude with some thoughts on further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Rez
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, 550 E Tyler Drive, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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27
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Li S. Cryo-electron tomography of enveloped viruses. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 47:173-186. [PMID: 34511334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are macromolecular machineries that hijack cellular metabolism for replication. Enveloped viruses comprise a large variety of RNA and DNA viruses, many of which are notorious human or animal pathogens. Despite their importance, the presence of lipid bilayers in their assembly has made most enveloped viruses too pleomorphic to be reconstructed as a whole by traditional structural biology methods. Furthermore, structural biology of the viral lifecycle was hindered by the sample thickness. Here, I review the recent advances in the applications of cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) on enveloped viral structures and intracellular viral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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28
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Bäuerlein FJB, Baumeister W. Towards Visual Proteomics at High Resolution. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167187. [PMID: 34384780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, structural biologists approach the complexity of cellular proteomes in a reductionist manner. Proteomes are fractionated, their molecular components purified and studied one-by-one using the experimental methods for structure determination at their disposal. Visual proteomics aims at obtaining a holistic picture of cellular proteomes by studying them in situ, ideally in unperturbed cellular environments. The method that enables doing this at highest resolution is cryo-electron tomography. It allows to visualize cellular landscapes with molecular resolution generating maps or atlases revealing the interaction networks which underlie cellular functions in health and in disease states. Current implementations of cryo ET do not yet realize the full potential of the method in terms of resolution and interpretability. To this end, further improvements in technology and methodology are needed. This review describes the state of the art as well as measures which we expect will help overcoming current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J B Bäuerlein
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department for Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Planegg, Germany; Georg-August-University, Institute for Neuropathology, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department for Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Planegg, Germany.
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29
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Wang Z, Zhang Q, Mim C. Coming of Age: Cryo-Electron Tomography as a Versatile Tool to Generate High-Resolution Structures at Cellular/Biological Interfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6177. [PMID: 34201105 PMCID: PMC8228724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, cryo electron microscopy has become the most important method in structural biology. While 80% of deposited maps are from single particle analysis, electron tomography has grown to become the second most important method. In particular sub-tomogram averaging has matured as a method, delivering structures between 2 and 5 Å from complexes in cells as well as in vitro complexes. While this resolution range is not standard, novel developments point toward a promising future. Here, we provide a guide for the workflow from sample to structure to gain insight into this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carsten Mim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Royal Technical Institute (KTH), Hälsovägen 11C, 141 27 Huddinge, Sweden; (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
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30
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An overview of the recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy for life sciences. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:151-168. [PMID: 33760078 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (CryoEM) has superseded X-ray crystallography and NMR to emerge as a popular and effective tool for structure determination in recent times. It has become indispensable for the characterization of large macromolecular assemblies, membrane proteins, or samples that are limited, conformationally heterogeneous, and recalcitrant to crystallization. Besides, it is the only tool capable of elucidating high-resolution structures of macromolecules and biological assemblies in situ. A state-of-the-art electron microscope operable at cryo-temperature helps preserve high-resolution details of the biological sample. The structures can be determined, either in isolation via single-particle analysis (SPA) or helical reconstruction, electron diffraction (ED) or within the cellular environment via cryo-electron tomography (cryoET). All the three streams of SPA, ED, and cryoET (along with subtomogram averaging) have undergone significant advancements in recent times. This has resulted in breaking the boundaries with respect to both the size of the macromolecules/assemblies whose structures could be determined along with the visualization of atomic details at resolutions unprecedented for cryoEM. In addition, the collection of larger datasets combined with the ability to sort and process multiple conformational states from the same sample are providing the much-needed link between the protein structures and their functions. In overview, these developments are helping scientists decipher the molecular mechanism of critical cellular processes, solve structures of macromolecules that were challenging targets for structure determination until now, propelling forward the fields of biology and biomedicine. Here, we summarize recent advances and key contributions of the three cryo-electron microscopy streams of SPA, ED, and cryoET.
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Lévy D, Di Cicco A, Bertin A, Dezi M. [Cryo-electron microcopy for a new vision of the cell and its components]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:379-385. [PMID: 33908856 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a technique for imaging biological samples that plays a central role in structural biology, with high impact on research fields such as cell and developmental biology, bioinformatics, cell physics and applied mathematics. It allows the determination of structures of purified proteins within cells. This review describes the main recent advances in cryo-EM, illustrated by examples of proteins of biomedical interest, and the avenues for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lévy
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico- Chimie Curie, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Di Cicco
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico- Chimie Curie, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Bertin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico- Chimie Curie, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Manuela Dezi
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico- Chimie Curie, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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32
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Wang Y, Friedrich H, Voets IK, Zijlstra P, Albertazzi L. Correlative imaging for polymer science. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics & Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE) Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE) Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry & Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE) Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Self‐Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry & Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE) Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Peter Zijlstra
- Department of Applied Physics & Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE) Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS) Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE) Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Barcelona Spain
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33
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Manger S, Ermel UH, Frangakis AS. Ex vivo visualization of RNA polymerase III-specific gene activity with electron microscopy. Commun Biol 2021; 4:234. [PMID: 33608618 PMCID: PMC7895982 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct study of transcription or DNA–protein-binding events, requires imaging of individual genes at molecular resolution. Electron microscopy (EM) can show local detail of the genome. However, direct visualization and analysis of specific individual genes is currently not feasible as they cannot be unambiguously localized in the crowded, landmark-free environment of the nucleus. Here, we present a method for the genomic insertion of gene clusters that can be localized and imaged together with their associated protein complexes in the EM. The method uses CRISPR/Cas9 technology to incorporate several genes of interest near the 35S rRNA gene, which is a frequently occurring, easy-to-identify genomic locus within the nucleolus that can be used as a landmark in micrographs. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate the incorporation of the locus-native gene RDN5 and the locus-foreign gene HSX1. This led to a greater than 7-fold enrichment of RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes associated with the genes within the field of view, allowing for a significant increase in the analysis yield. This method thereby allows for the insertion and direct visualization of gene clusters for a range of analyses, such as changes in gene activity upon alteration of cellular or external factors. Manger, Ermel, and Frangakis report the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to stably insert multiple copies of a particular gene-of-interest near the 35S rRNA gene, to allow direct visualization of gene clusters with electron microscopy. They achieve more than 7-fold enrichment of associated Pol III complexes within the field of view, demonstrating the utility of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Manger
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Utz H Ermel
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Yang JE, Larson MR, Sibert BS, Shrum S, Wright ER. CorRelator: Interactive software for real-time high precision cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107709. [PMID: 33610654 PMCID: PMC8601405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is a technique that uses the spatiotemporal cues from fluorescence light microscopy (FLM) to investigate the high-resolution ultrastructure of biological samples by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Cryo-CLEM provides advantages for identifying and distinguishing fluorescently labeled proteins, macromolecular complexes, and organelles from the cellular environment. Challenges remain on how correlation workflows and software tools are implemented on different microscope platforms to support automated cryo-EM data acquisition. Here, we present CorRelator: an open-source desktop application that bridges between cryo-FLM and real-time cryo-EM/ET automated data collection. CorRelator implements a pixel-coordinate-to-stage-position transformation for flexible, high accuracy on-the-fly and post-acquisition correlation. CorRelator can be integrated into cryo-CLEM workflows and easily adapted to standard fluorescence and transmission electron microscope (TEM) system configurations. CorRelator was benchmarked under live-cell and cryogenic conditions using several FLM and TEM instruments, demonstrating that CorRelator reliably supports real-time, automated correlative cryo-EM/ET acquisition, through a combination of software-aided and interactive alignment. CorRelator is a cross-platform software package featuring an intuitive Graphical User Interface (GUI) that guides the user through the correlation process. CorRelator source code is available at: https://github.com/wright-cemrc-projects/corr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie E Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Matthew R Larson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Bryan S Sibert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Samantha Shrum
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, 53715, United States; Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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35
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Correlative super-resolution fluorescence and electron cryo-microscopy based on cryo-SOFI. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 162:253-271. [PMID: 33707015 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combination of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy at ambient temperatures has become an established technique and a broad variety of modalities are now available to the cell biology community. In contrast, correlative cryogenic super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy (super-resolution cryo-CLEM) is just emerging. Aside from technical challenges, one of the major issues is the risk of devitrification of the specimen caused by the laser intensities required for super-resolution imaging. Cryo-SOFI (cryogenic super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging) allows the reconstruction of super-resolution images at particularly low laser intensities. It is fully compatible with the standard sample preparation for cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and fairly easy to implement in any standard cryogenic fluorescence microscope.
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36
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Umrekar TR, Cohen E, Drobnič T, Gonzalez-Rodriguez N, Beeby M. CryoEM of bacterial secretion systems: A primer for microbiologists. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:366-382. [PMID: 33140482 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
"CryoEM" has come of age, enabling considerable structural insights into many facets of molecular biology. Here, we present a primer for microbiologists to understand the capabilities and limitations of two complementary cryoEM techniques for studying bacterial secretion systems. The first, single particle analysis, determines the structures of purified protein complexes to resolutions sufficient for molecular modeling, while the second, electron cryotomography and subtomogram averaging, tends to determine more modest resolution structures of protein complexes in intact cells. We illustrate these abilities with examples of insights provided into how secretion systems work by cryoEM, with a focus on type III secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli Cohen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tina Drobnič
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Morgan Beeby
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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37
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Leung MR, Zeev-Ben-Mordehai T. Cryo-electron microscopy of cholinesterases, present and future. J Neurochem 2020; 158:1236-1243. [PMID: 33222205 PMCID: PMC8518539 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) exist in a variety of oligomeric forms, each with defined cellular and subcellular distributions. Although crystal structures of AChE and BChE have been available for many years, structures of the physiologically relevant ChE tetramer were only recently solved by cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) single‐particle analysis. Here, we briefly review how these structures contribute to our understanding of cholinesterase oligomerization, highlighting the advantages of using cryo‐EM to resolve structures of protein assemblies that cannot be expressed recombinantly. We argue that the next frontier in cholinesterase structural biology is to image membrane‐anchored ChE oligomers directly in their native environment—the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ricardo Leung
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,The Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tzviya Zeev-Ben-Mordehai
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,The Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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38
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Turk M, Baumeister W. The promise and the challenges of cryo-electron tomography. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3243-3261. [PMID: 33020915 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural biologists have traditionally approached cellular complexity in a reductionist manner in which the cellular molecular components are fractionated and purified before being studied individually. This 'divide and conquer' approach has been highly successful. However, awareness has grown in recent years that biological functions can rarely be attributed to individual macromolecules. Most cellular functions arise from their concerted action, and there is thus a need for methods enabling structural studies performed in situ, ideally in unperturbed cellular environments. Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) combines the power of 3D molecular-level imaging with the best structural preservation that is physically possible to achieve. Thus, it has a unique potential to reveal the supramolecular architecture or 'molecular sociology' of cells and to discover the unexpected. Here, we review state-of-the-art Cryo-ET workflows, provide examples of biological applications, and discuss what is needed to realize the full potential of Cryo-ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Turk
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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39
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Naya M, Sato C. Pyrene Excimer-Based Fluorescent Labeling of Cysteines Brought into Close Proximity by Protein Dynamics: ASEM-Induced Thiol-Ene Click Reaction for High Spatial Resolution CLEM. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7550. [PMID: 33066147 PMCID: PMC7589919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy (FM) has revealed vital molecular mechanisms of life. Mainly, molecules labeled by fluorescent probes are imaged. However, the diversity of labeling probes and their functions remain limited. We synthesized a pyrene-based fluorescent probe targeting SH groups, which are important for protein folding and oxidative stress sensing in cells. The labeling achieved employs thiol-ene click reactions between the probes and SH groups and is triggered by irradiation by UV light or an electron beam. When two tagged pyrene groups were close enough to be excited as a dimer (excimer), they showed red-shifted fluorescence; theoretically, the proximity of two SH residues within ~30 Å can thus be monitored. Moreover, correlative light/electron microscopy (CLEM) was achieved using our atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM); radicals formed in liquid by the electron beam caused the thiol-ene click reactions, and excimer fluorescence of the labeled proteins in cells and tissues was visualized by FM. Since the fluorescent labeling is induced by a narrow electron beam, high spatial resolution labeling is expected. The method can be widely applied to biological fields, for example, to study protein dynamics with or without cysteine mutagenesis, and to beam-induced micro-fabrication and the precise post-modification of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Naya
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan;
| | - Chikara Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan;
- Master’s and Doctoral Programs in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
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40
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Quemin ERJ, Machala EA, Vollmer B, Pražák V, Vasishtan D, Rosch R, Grange M, Franken LE, Baker LA, Grünewald K. Cellular Electron Cryo-Tomography to Study Virus-Host Interactions. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:239-262. [PMID: 32631159 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-021920-115935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that reprogram host cells upon infection to produce viral progeny. Here, we review recent structural insights into virus-host interactions in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes unveiled by cellular electron cryo-tomography (cryoET). This advanced three-dimensional imaging technique of vitreous samples in near-native state has matured over the past two decades and proven powerful in revealing molecular mechanisms underlying viral replication. Initial studies were restricted to cell peripheries and typically focused on early infection steps, analyzing surface proteins and viral entry. Recent developments including cryo-thinning techniques, phase-plate imaging, and correlative approaches have been instrumental in also targeting rare events inside infected cells. When combined with advances in dedicated image analyses and processing methods, details of virus assembly and egress at (sub)nanometer resolution were uncovered. Altogether, we provide a historical and technical perspective and discuss future directions and impacts of cryoET for integrative structural cell biology analyses of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle R J Quemin
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Emily A Machala
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Vollmer
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Vojtěch Pražák
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Daven Vasishtan
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Rene Rosch
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Michael Grange
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Linda E Franken
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Lindsay A Baker
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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41
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Investigating the Structure of Neurotoxic Protein Aggregates Inside Cells. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:951-966. [PMID: 32981805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect the lives of millions of people across the world, being particularly prevalent in the aging population. Despite huge research efforts, conclusive insights into the disease mechanisms are still lacking. Therefore, therapeutic strategies are limited to symptomatic treatments. A common histopathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases is the presence of large pathognomonic protein aggregates, but their role in the disease pathology is unclear and subject to controversy. Here, we discuss imaging methods allowing investigation of these structures within their cellular environment: conventional electron microscopy (EM), super-resolution light microscopy (SR-LM), and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Multidisciplinary approaches are key for understanding neurodegenerative diseases and may contribute to the development of effective treatments. For simplicity, we focus on huntingtin aggregates, characteristic of Huntington's disease.
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42
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Ravi RT, Leung MR, Zeev-Ben-Mordehai T. Looking back and looking forward: contributions of electron microscopy to the structural cell biology of gametes and fertilization. Open Biol 2020; 10:200186. [PMID: 32931719 PMCID: PMC7536082 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian gametes-the sperm and the egg-represent opposite extremes of cellular organization and scale. Studying the ultrastructure of gametes is crucial to understanding their interactions, and how to manipulate them in order to either encourage or prevent their union. Here, we survey the prominent electron microscopy (EM) techniques, with an emphasis on considerations for applying them to study mammalian gametes. We review how conventional EM has provided significant insight into gamete ultrastructure, but also how the harsh sample preparation methods required preclude understanding at a truly molecular level. We present recent advancements in cryo-electron tomography that provide an opportunity to image cells in a near-native state and at unprecedented levels of detail. New and emerging cellular EM techniques are poised to rekindle exploration of fundamental questions in mammalian reproduction, especially phenomena that involve complex membrane remodelling and protein reorganization. These methods will also allow novel lines of enquiry into problems of practical significance, such as investigating unexplained causes of human infertility and improving assisted reproductive technologies for biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Teja Ravi
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Ricardo Leung
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tzviya Zeev-Ben-Mordehai
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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43
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The In Situ Structure of Parkinson's Disease-Linked LRRK2. Cell 2020; 182:1508-1518.e16. [PMID: 32783917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most frequent cause of familial Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 is a multi-domain protein containing a kinase and GTPase. Using correlative light and electron microscopy, in situ cryo-electron tomography, and subtomogram analysis, we reveal a 14-Å structure of LRRK2 bearing a pathogenic mutation that oligomerizes as a right-handed double helix around microtubules, which are left-handed. Using integrative modeling, we determine the architecture of LRRK2, showing that the GTPase and kinase are in close proximity, with the GTPase closer to the microtubule surface, whereas the kinase is exposed to the cytoplasm. We identify two oligomerization interfaces mediated by non-catalytic domains. Mutation of one of these abolishes LRRK2 microtubule-association. Our work demonstrates the power of cryo-electron tomography to generate models of previously unsolved structures in their cellular environment.
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44
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Murin CD. Considerations of Antibody Geometric Constraints on NK Cell Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1635. [PMID: 32849559 PMCID: PMC7406664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-established that antibody isotype, glycosylation, and epitope all play roles in the process of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). For natural killer (NK) cells, these phenotypes are linked to cellular activation through interaction with the IgG receptor FcγRIIIa, a single pass transmembrane receptor that participates in cytoplasmic signaling complexes. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that there may be underlying spatial and geometric principles that guide proper assembly of an activation complex within the NK cell immune synapse. Further, synergy of antibody phenotypic properties as well as allosteric changes upon antigen binding may also play an as-of-yet unknown role in ADCC. Understanding these facets, however, remains hampered by difficulties associated with studying immune synapse dynamics using classical approaches. In this review, I will discuss relevant NK cell biology related to ADCC, including the structural biology of Fc gamma receptors, and how the dynamics of the NK cell immune synapse are being studied using innovative microscopy techniques. I will provide examples from the literature demonstrating the effects of spatial and geometric constraints on the T cell receptor complex and how this relates to intracellular signaling and the molecular nature of lymphocyte activation complexes, including those of NK cells. Finally, I will examine how the integration of high-throughput and "omics" technologies will influence basic NK cell biology research moving forward. Overall, the goal of this review is to lay a basis for understanding the development of drugs and therapeutic antibodies aimed at augmenting appropriate NK cell ADCC activity in patients being treated for a wide range of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
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45
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Phillips MA, Harkiolaki M, Susano Pinto DM, Parton RM, Palanca A, Garcia-Moreno M, Kounatidis I, Sedat JW, Stuart DI, Castello A, Booth MJ, Davis I, Dobbie IM. CryoSIM: super-resolution 3D structured illumination cryogenic fluorescence microscopy for correlated ultrastructural imaging. OPTICA 2020; 7:802-812. [PMID: 34277893 PMCID: PMC8262592 DOI: 10.1364/optica.393203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid cryopreservation of biological specimens is the gold standard for visualizing cellular structures in their true structural context. However, current commercial cryo-fluorescence microscopes are limited to low resolutions. To fill this gap, we have developed cryoSIM, a microscope for 3D super-resolution fluorescence cryo-imaging for correlation with cryo-electron microscopy or cryo-soft X-ray tomography. We provide the full instructions for replicating the instrument mostly from off-the-shelf components and accessible, user-friendly, open-source Python control software. Therefore, cryoSIM democratizes the ability to detect molecules using super-resolution fluorescence imaging of cryopreserved specimens for correlation with their cellular ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Phillips
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU,
UK
- STRUBI, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN,
UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE,
UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE,
UK
| | - David Miguel Susano Pinto
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU,
UK
| | - Richard M. Parton
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU,
UK
| | - Ana Palanca
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, CP39011 Santander,
Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU,
UK
| | - Manuel Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU,
UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE,
UK
| | - John W. Sedat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143,
USA
| | - David I. Stuart
- STRUBI, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN,
UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE,
UK
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU,
UK
| | - Martin J. Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ,
UK
| | - Ilan Davis
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU,
UK
- e-mail:
| | - Ian M. Dobbie
- Micron Advanced Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU,
UK
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46
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Liu Z, Liu J, Wang X, Mi F, Wang D, Wu C. Fluorescent Bioconjugates for Super-Resolution Optical Nanoscopy. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1857-1872. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
| | - Feixue Mi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
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47
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KUBA JAKUB, MITCHELS JOHN, HOVORKA MILOŠ, ERDMANN PHILIPP, BERKA LUKÁŠ, KIRMSE ROBERT, KÖNIG JULIA, DE BOCK JAN, GOETZE BERNHARD, RIGORT ALEXANDER. Advanced cryo‐tomography workflow developments – correlative microscopy, milling automation and cryo‐lift‐out. J Microsc 2020; 281:112-124. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- JAKUB KUBA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Brno s.r.o. Brno Czech Republic
| | - JOHN MITCHELS
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Brno s.r.o. Brno Czech Republic
| | - MILOŠ HOVORKA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Brno s.r.o. Brno Czech Republic
| | - PHILIPP ERDMANN
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
| | - LUKÁŠ BERKA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Brno s.r.o. Brno Czech Republic
| | | | | | - JAN DE BOCK
- Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH Mannheim Germany
| | - BERNHARD GOETZE
- Thermo Fisher Scientific FEI Deutschland GmbH Planegg Germany
| | - ALEXANDER RIGORT
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
- Thermo Fisher Scientific FEI Deutschland GmbH Planegg Germany
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48
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Ganeva I, Kukulski W. Membrane Architecture in the Spotlight of Correlative Microscopy. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:577-587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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Luque D, Castón JR. Cryo-electron microscopy for the study of virus assembly. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:231-239. [PMID: 32080621 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although viruses are extremely diverse in shape and size, evolution has led to a limited number of viral classes or lineages, which is probably linked to the assembly constraints of a viable capsid. Viral assembly mechanisms are restricted to two general pathways, (i) co-assembly of capsid proteins and single-stranded nucleic acids and (ii) a sequential mechanism in which scaffolding-mediated capsid precursor assembly is followed by genome packaging. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), which are revolutionizing structural biology, are central to determining the high-resolution structures of many viral assemblies as well as those of assembly intermediates. This wealth of cryo-EM data has also led to the development and redesign of virus-based platforms for biomedical and biotechnological applications. In this Review, we will discuss recent viral assembly analyses by cryo-EM and cryo-ET showing how natural assembly mechanisms are used to encapsulate heterologous cargos including chemicals, enzymes, and/or nucleic acids for a variety of nanotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Luque
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología/ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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50
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Hoffman DP, Shtengel G, Xu CS, Campbell KR, Freeman M, Wang L, Milkie DE, Pasolli HA, Iyer N, Bogovic JA, Stabley DR, Shirinifard A, Pang S, Peale D, Schaefer K, Pomp W, Chang CL, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Kirchhausen T, Solecki DJ, Betzig E, Hess HF. Correlative three-dimensional super-resolution and block-face electron microscopy of whole vitreously frozen cells. Science 2020; 367:eaaz5357. [PMID: 31949053 PMCID: PMC7339343 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Within cells, the spatial compartmentalization of thousands of distinct proteins serves a multitude of diverse biochemical needs. Correlative super-resolution (SR) fluorescence and electron microscopy (EM) can elucidate protein spatial relationships to global ultrastructure, but has suffered from tradeoffs of structure preservation, fluorescence retention, resolution, and field of view. We developed a platform for three-dimensional cryogenic SR and focused ion beam-milled block-face EM across entire vitreously frozen cells. The approach preserves ultrastructure while enabling independent SR and EM workflow optimization. We discovered unexpected protein-ultrastructure relationships in mammalian cells including intranuclear vesicles containing endoplasmic reticulum-associated proteins, web-like adhesions between cultured neurons, and chromatin domains subclassified on the basis of transcriptional activity. Our findings illustrate the value of a comprehensive multimodal view of ultrastructural variability across whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Hoffman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Gleb Shtengel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kirby R Campbell
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Melanie Freeman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel E Milkie
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Nirmala Iyer
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - John A Bogovic
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Daniel R Stabley
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Abbas Shirinifard
- Bioimage Analysis Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Song Pang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David Peale
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kathy Schaefer
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Wim Pomp
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chi-Lun Chang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Harald F Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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