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Kao MR, Ma TH, Chou HY, Chang SC, Cheng LC, Liao KS, Shie JJ, Harris PJ, Wong CH, Hsieh YSY. A Robust α-l-Fucosidase from Prevotella nigrescens for Glycoengineering Therapeutic Antibodies. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1515-1524. [PMID: 38912881 PMCID: PMC11267573 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Eliminating the core fucose from the N-glycans of the Fc antibody segment by pathway engineering or enzymatic methods has been shown to enhance the potency of therapeutic antibodies, especially in the context of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, there is a significant challenge due to the limited defucosylation efficiency of commercially available α-l-fucosidases. In this study, we report a unique α-l-fucosidase (PnfucA) from the bacterium Prevotella nigrescens that has a low sequence identity compared with all other known α-l-fucosidases and is highly reactive toward a core disaccharide substrate with fucose α(1,3)-, α (1,4)-and α(1,6)-linked to GlcNAc, and is less reactive toward the Fuc-α(1,2)-Gal on the terminal trisaccharide of the oligosaccharide Globo H (Bb3). The kinetic properties of the enzyme, such as its Km and kcat, were determined and the optimized expression of PnfucA gave a yield exceeding 30 mg/L. The recombinant enzyme retained its full activity even after being incubated for 6 h at 37 °C. Moreover, it retained 92 and 87% of its activity after freezing and freeze-drying treatments, respectively, for over 28 days. In a representative glycoengineering of adalimumab (Humira), PnfucA showed remarkable hydrolytic efficiency in cleaving the α(1,6)-linked core fucose from FucGlcNAc on the antibody with a quantitative yield. This enabled the seamless incorporation of biantennary sialylglycans by Endo-S2 D184 M in a one-pot fashion to yield adalimumab in a homogeneous afucosylated glycoform with an improved binding affinity toward Fcγ receptor IIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Rong Kao
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei
Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Ma
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei
Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Hsiang-Yu Chou
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei
Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chieh Chang
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Lin-Chen Cheng
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei
Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Shiang Liao
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Philip J. Harris
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yves S. Y. Hsieh
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei
Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
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2
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Sun Y, Xu X, Wu T, Fukuda T, Isaji T, Morii S, Nakano M, Gu J. Core fucosylation within the Fc-FcγR degradation pathway promotes enhanced IgG levels via exogenous L-fucose. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107558. [PMID: 39002669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
α1,6-Fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing core fucosylation. Exogenous L-fucose upregulates fucosylation levels through the GDP-fucose salvage pathway. This study investigated the relationship between core fucosylation and immunoglobulin G (IgG) amounts in serum utilizing WT (Fut8+/+), Fut8 heterozygous knockout (Fut8+/-), and Fut8 knockout (Fut8-/-) mice. The IgG levels in serum were lower in Fut8+/- and Fut8-/- mice compared with Fut8+/+ mice. Exogenous L-fucose increased IgG levels in Fut8+/- mice, while the ratios of core fucosylated IgG versus total IgG showed no significant difference among Fut8+/+, Fut8+/-, and Fut8+/- mice treated with L-fucose. These ratios were determined by Western blot, lectin blot, and mass spectrometry analysis. Real-time PCR results demonstrated that mRNA levels of IgG Fc and neonatal Fc receptor, responsible for protecting IgG turnover, were similar among Fut8+/+, Fut8+/-, and Fut8+/- mice treated with L-fucose. In contrast, the expression levels of Fc-gamma receptor Ⅳ (FcγRⅣ), mainly expressed on macrophages and neutrophils, were increased in Fut8+/- mice compared to Fut8+/+ mice. The effect was reversed by administrating L-fucose, suggesting that core fucosylation primarily regulates the IgG levels through the Fc-FcγRⅣ degradation pathway. Consistently, IgG internalization and transcytosis were suppressed in FcγRⅣ-knockout cells while enhanced in Fut8-knockout cells. Furthermore, we assessed the expression levels of specific antibodies against ovalbumin and found they were downregulated in Fut8+/- mice, with potential recovery observed with L-fucose administration. These findings confirm that core fucosylation plays a vital role in regulating IgG levels in serum, which may provide insights into a novel mechanism in adaptive immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Sun
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Xing Xu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tiangui Wu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Fukuda
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Isaji
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Morii
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyako Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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3
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Palma JA, Bunyatov MI, Hulbert SW, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP. Bacterial glycoengineering: Cell-based and cell-free routes for producing biopharmaceuticals with customized glycosylation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 81:102500. [PMID: 38991462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a pivotal role in tuning the folding and function of proteins. Because most human therapeutic proteins are glycosylated, understanding and controlling glycosylation is important for the design, optimization, and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals. Unfortunately, natural eukaryotic glycosylation pathways are complex and often produce heterogeneous glycan patterns, making the production of glycoproteins with chemically precise and homogeneous glycan structures difficult. To overcome these limitations, bacterial glycoengineering has emerged as a simple, cost-effective, and scalable approach to produce designer glycoprotein therapeutics and vaccines in which the glycan structures are engineered to reduce heterogeneity and improve biological and biophysical attributes of the protein. Here, we discuss recent advances in bacterial cell-based and cell-free glycoengineering that have enabled the production of biopharmaceutical glycoproteins with customized glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymee A Palma
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mehman I Bunyatov
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sophia W Hulbert
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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4
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Gilormini PA, Thota VN, Fers-Lidou A, Ashmus RA, Nodwell M, Brockerman J, Kuo CW, Wang Y, Gray TE, Nitin, McDonagh AW, Guu SY, Ertunc N, Yeo D, Zandberg WF, Khoo KH, Britton R, Vocadlo DJ. A metabolic inhibitor blocks cellular fucosylation and enables production of afucosylated antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314026121. [PMID: 38917011 PMCID: PMC11228515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314026121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The fucosylation of glycoproteins regulates diverse physiological processes. Inhibitors that can control cellular levels of protein fucosylation have consequently emerged as being of high interest. One area where inhibitors of fucosylation have gained significant attention is in the production of afucosylated antibodies, which exhibit superior antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity as compared to their fucosylated counterparts. Here, we describe β-carbafucose, a fucose derivative in which the endocyclic ring oxygen is replaced by a methylene group, and show that it acts as a potent metabolic inhibitor within cells to antagonize protein fucosylation. β-carbafucose is assimilated by the fucose salvage pathway to form GDP-carbafucose which, due to its being unable to form the oxocarbenium ion-like transition states used by fucosyltransferases, is an incompetent substrate for these enzymes. β-carbafucose treatment of a CHO cell line used for high-level production of the therapeutic antibody Herceptin leads to dose-dependent reductions in core fucosylation without affecting cell growth or antibody production. Mass spectrometry analyses of the intact antibody and N-glycans show that β-carbafucose is not incorporated into the antibody N-glycans at detectable levels. We expect that β-carbafucose will serve as a useful research tool for the community and may find immediate application for the rapid production of afucosylated antibodies for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony Fers-Lidou
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Roger A Ashmus
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Matthew Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jacob Brockerman
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chu-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Taylor E Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Nitin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Anthony W McDonagh
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Shih-Yun Guu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Nursah Ertunc
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Wesley F Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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5
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Chen NY, Lin CW, Lai TY, Wu CY, Liao PC, Hsu TL, Wong CH. Increased expression of SSEA-4 on TKI-resistant non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR-T790M mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313397121. [PMID: 38252815 PMCID: PMC10835044 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313397121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a major life-threatening disease accounting for 85% of all lung cancer cases, has been treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), but often resulted in drug resistance, and approximately 60% of TKI-resistant cases are due to acquired secondary (epithelial growth factor receptor) EGFR-T790M mutation. To identify alternative targets for TKI-resistant NSCLC with EGFR-T790M mutation, we found that the three globo-series glycosphingolipids are increasingly expressed on this type of NSCLC cell lines, and among them, the increase of stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) expression is the most significant. Compared to TKI-sensitive cell lines, SSEA-4 and the key enzyme β3GalT5 responsible for the synthesis of SSEA3 are more expressed in TKI-resistant NSCLC cell lines with EGFR-T790M mutation, and the expression levels strongly correlate with poor survival in patients with EGFR mutation. In addition, we demonstrated that a SSEA-4 targeted monoclonal antibody, especially the homogeneous glycoform with well-defined Fc glycan designed to improve effective functions, is highly effective against this subpopulation of NSCLC in cell-based and animal studies. These findings provide a direction for the prediction of tumor recurrence and treatment of TKI-resistant NSCLC with EGFR-T790M mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yu Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei11221, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Taichung406040, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung406040, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yen Lai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Liao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Taichung406040, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ling Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
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6
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Gulyak EL, Alferova VA, Korshun VA, Sapozhnikova KA. Introduction of Carbonyl Groups into Antibodies. Molecules 2023; 28:7890. [PMID: 38067618 PMCID: PMC10707781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and their derivatives (scFv, Fabs, etc.) represent a unique class of biomolecules that combine selectivity with the ability to target drug delivery. Currently, one of the most promising endeavors in this field is the development of molecular diagnostic tools and antibody-based therapeutic agents, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). To meet this challenge, it is imperative to advance methods for modifying antibodies. A particularly promising strategy involves the introduction of carbonyl groups into the antibody that are amenable to further modification by biorthogonal reactions, namely aliphatic, aromatic, and α-oxo aldehydes, as well as aliphatic and aryl-alkyl ketones. In this review, we summarize the preparation methods and applications of site-specific antibody conjugates that are synthesized using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ksenia A. Sapozhnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.L.G.); (V.A.A.); (V.A.K.)
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7
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Yang Q, Chen H, Ou C, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zong G, Wang LX. Evaluation of Two Chemoenzymatic Glycan Remodeling Approaches to Generate Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:71. [PMID: 37987249 PMCID: PMC10660516 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc-glycosite-specific antibody-drug conjugation represents a promising direction for the preparation of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). In the present research, we conducted a systemic evaluation of two endoglycosidase-catalyzed chemoenzymatic glycoengineering technologies to prepare glycosite-specific ADCs. In the first two-step approach, the antibody was deglycosylated and then reglycosylated with a modified intact N-glycan oxazoline. In the second one-pot approach, antibodies were deglycosylated and simultaneously glycosylated with a functionalized disaccharide oxazoline. For the comprehensive evaluation, we first optimized and scaled-up the preparation of azido glycan oxazolines. Afterwards, we proved that the one-pot glycan-remodeling approach was efficient for all IgG subclasses. Subsequently, we assembled respective ADCS using two technology routes, with two different linker-payloads combinations, and performed systemic in vitro and in vivo evaluations. All the prepared ADCs achieved high homogeneity and illustrated excellent stability in buffers with minimum aggregates, and exceptional stability in rat serum. All ADCs displayed a potent killing of BT-474 breast cancer cells. Moving to the mouse study, the ADCs prepared from two technology routes displayed potent and similar efficacy in a BT-474 xenograft model, which was comparable to an FDA-approved ADC generated from random conjugation. These ADCs also demonstrated excellent safety and did not cause body weight loss at the tested dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- GlycoT Therapeutics, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - He Chen
- GlycoT Therapeutics, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zhihao Zheng
- GlycoT Therapeutics, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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8
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García-Alija M, van Moer B, Sastre DE, Azzam T, Du JJ, Trastoy B, Callewaert N, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. Modulating antibody effector functions by Fc glycoengineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108201. [PMID: 37336296 PMCID: PMC11027751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody based drugs, including IgG monoclonal antibodies, are an expanding class of therapeutics widely employed to treat cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. IgG antibodies have a conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297 that bears complex type N-glycans which, along with other less conserved N- and O-glycosylation sites, fine-tune effector functions, complement activation, and half-life of antibodies. Fucosylation, galactosylation, sialylation, bisection and mannosylation all generate glycoforms that interact in a specific manner with different cellular antibody receptors and are linked to a distinct functional profile. Antibodies, including those employed in clinical settings, are generated with a mixture of glycoforms attached to them, which has an impact on their efficacy, stability and effector functions. It is therefore of great interest to produce antibodies containing only tailored glycoforms with specific effects associated with them. To this end, several antibody engineering strategies have been developed, including the usage of engineered mammalian cell lines, in vitro and in vivo glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain
| | - Berre van Moer
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tala Azzam
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycoimmunology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium.
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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9
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Donahue TC, Ou C, Yang Q, Flinko R, Zhang X, Zong G, Lewis GK, Wang LX. Synthetic Site-Specific Antibody-Ligand Conjugates Promote Asialoglycoprotein Receptor-Mediated Degradation of Extracellular Human PCSK9. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1611-1623. [PMID: 37368876 PMCID: PMC10530246 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Targeted degradation using cell-specific lysosome targeting receptors is emerging as a new therapeutic strategy for the elimination of disease-associated proteins. The liver-specific human asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is a particularly attractive lysosome targeting receptor leveraged for targeted protein degradation (TPD). However, the efficiency of different glycan ligands for ASGPR-mediated lysosomal delivery remains to be further characterized. In this study, we applied a chemoenzymatic Fc glycan remodeling method to construct an array of site-specific antibody-ligand conjugates carrying natural bi- and tri-antennary N-glycans as well as synthetic tri-GalNAc ligands. Alirocumab, an anti-PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) antibody, and cetuximab (an anti-EGFR antibody) were chosen to demonstrate the ASGPR-mediated degradation of extracellular and membrane-associated proteins, respectively. It was found that the nature of the glycan ligands and the length of the spacer in the conjugates are critical for the receptor binding and the receptor-mediated degradation of PCSK9, which blocks low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) function and adversely affects clearance of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Interestingly, the antibody-tri-GalNAc conjugates showed a clear hook effect for its binding to ASGPR, while antibody conjugates carrying the natural N-glycans did not. Both the antibody-tri-antennary N-glycan conjugate and the antibody-tri-GalNAc conjugate could significantly decrease extracellular PCSK9, as shown in the cell-based assays. However, the tri-GalNAc conjugate showed a clear hook effect in the receptor-mediated degradation of PCSK9, while the antibody conjugate carrying the natural N-glycans did not. The cetuximab-tri-GalNAc conjugates also showed a similar hook effect on degradation of the membrane-associated protein, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). These results suggest that the two types of ligands may involve a distinct mode of interactions in the receptor binding and target-degradation processes. Interestingly, the alirocumab-tri-GalNAc conjugate was also found to upregulate LDLR levels in comparison with the antibody alone. This study showcases the potential of the targeted degradation strategy against PCSK9 for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Donahue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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10
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Toul M, Slonkova V, Mican J, Urminsky A, Tomkova M, Sedlak E, Bednar D, Damborsky J, Hernychova L, Prokop Z. Identification, characterization, and engineering of glycosylation in thrombolyticsa. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108174. [PMID: 37182613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism, are the most common causes of disability and death worldwide. Blood clot hydrolysis by thrombolytic enzymes and thrombectomy are key clinical interventions. The most widely used thrombolytic enzyme is alteplase, which has been used in clinical practice since 1986. Another clinically used thrombolytic protein is tenecteplase, which has modified epitopes and engineered glycosylation sites, suggesting that carbohydrate modification in thrombolytic enzymes is a viable strategy for their improvement. This comprehensive review summarizes current knowledge on computational and experimental identification of glycosylation sites and glycan identity, together with methods used for their reengineering. Practical examples from previous studies focus on modification of glycosylations in thrombolytics, e.g., alteplase, tenecteplase, reteplase, urokinase, saruplase, and desmoteplase. Collected clinical data on these glycoproteins demonstrate the great potential of this engineering strategy. Outstanding combinatorics originating from multiple glycosylation sites and the vast variety of covalently attached glycan species can be addressed by directed evolution or rational design. Directed evolution pipelines would benefit from more efficient cell-free expression and high-throughput screening assays, while rational design must employ structure prediction by machine learning and in silico characterization by supercomputing. Perspectives on challenges and opportunities for improvement of thrombolytic enzymes by engineering and evolution of protein glycosylation are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Slonkova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Urminsky
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Tomkova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Erik Sedlak
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
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11
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Zhang Y, Fu H, Chen J, Xu L, An Y, Ma R, Zhu C, Liu Y, Ma F, Shi L. Holdase/Foldase Mimetic Nanochaperone Improves Antibody-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201051. [PMID: 36228110 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite unprecedented successes of antibody-based cancer immunotherapy, the serious side effects and rapid clearance following systemic administration remain big challenges to realize its full potential. At the same time, combination immunotherapy using multiple antibodies has shown particularly promising in cancer treatment. It is noticed that the working mechanisms of natural holdase and foldase chaperone are desirable to overcome the limitations of therapeutic antibodies. Holdase chaperone stabilizes unfolded client and prevents it from activation and degradation, while foldase chaperone assists unfolded client to its native state to function. Here a holdase/foldase mimetic nanochaperone (H/F-nChap) to co-delivery two types of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), αCD16 and αPDL1, and resiquimod (R848) is developed, which significantly improves cancer immunotherapy. The H/F-nChap presents holdase activity in blood and normal tissues that hides and protects mAbs from unnecessary targeted activation and degradation, thereby prolonging blood circulation and reducing immunotoxicity in vivo. Furthermore, H/F-nChap switches to foldase activity in the tumor microenvironment that exposes mAbs and releases R848 to enhance the engagement between NK cells and tumor cells and promote immune activation, respectively. The H/F-nChap represents a strategy for safe and spatiotemporal delivery of multiple mAbs, providing a promising platform for improved cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yingli An
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Rujiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
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12
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Structure and function of microbial α-l-fucosidases: a mini review. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:399-414. [PMID: 36805644 PMCID: PMC10154630 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Fucose is a monosaccharide commonly found in mammalian, insect, microbial and plant glycans. The removal of terminal α-l-fucosyl residues from oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates is catalysed by α-l-fucosidases. To date, glycoside hydrolases (GHs) with exo-fucosidase activity on α-l-fucosylated substrates (EC 3.2.1.51, EC 3.2.1.-) have been reported in the GH29, GH95, GH139, GH141 and GH151 families of the Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZy) database. Microbes generally encode several fucosidases in their genomes, often from more than one GH family, reflecting the high diversity of naturally occuring fucosylated structures they encounter. Functionally characterised microbial α-l-fucosidases have been shown to act on a range of substrates with α-1,2, α-1,3, α-1,4 or α-1,6 fucosylated linkages depending on the GH family and microorganism. Fucosidases show a modular organisation with catalytic domains of GH29 and GH151 displaying a (β/α)8-barrel fold while GH95 and GH141 show a (α/α)6 barrel and parallel β-helix fold, respectively. A number of crystal structures have been solved in complex with ligands, providing structural basis for their substrate specificity. Fucosidases can also be used in transglycosylation reactions to synthesise oligosaccharides. This mini review provides an overview of the enzymatic and structural properties of microbial α-l-fucosidases and some insights into their biological function and biotechnological applications.
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13
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Chon H, Kanamori S, Hibino K, Nagahara T, Suzuki T, Ohara K, Narumi H. ez-ADiCon: A novel glyco-remodeling based strategy that enables preparation of homogenous antibody-drug conjugates via one-step enzymatic transglycosylation with payload-preloaded bi-antennary glycan complexes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 80:129117. [PMID: 36584791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The conserved N-linked glycan at the Fc domain of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is an attractive target for site-specific payload conjugation for preparation of homogenous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Here, we report a novel ADC constructing strategy, named "ez-ADiCon", that is achieved by one-step enzymatic transglycosylation of a payload-preloaded bi-antennary glycan oxazoline onto a deglycosylated antibody. In this method, a mixture of different glycoforms of the Fc-glycan is replaced with a pre-defined payload-linked glycan. Since two payloads are linked on each donor glycan substrate, efficient conjugation results in a highly homogenous ADC with mostly-four drug molecules per antibody, facilitating hydrophobic interaction chromatography analysis and purification. We validated this conjugation strategy using Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and an anti-Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (anti-Her2) antibody as the model ADC components and demonstrated its target-specific in vitro cytotoxicity. Our novel conjugation strategy, ez-ADiCon, provides a new approach for the preparation of next generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyongi Chon
- MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd, 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanamori
- MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd, 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hibino
- MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd, 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagahara
- MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd, 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Suzuki
- MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd, 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Ohara
- MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd, 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Hideki Narumi
- MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd, 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan.
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14
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Wu Q, Dong S, Xuan W. N-Glycan Engineering: Constructing the N-GlcNAc Stump. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200388. [PMID: 35977913 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is often essential for the structure and function of proteins. However, N-glycosylated proteins from natural sources exhibit considerable heterogeneity in the appended oligosaccharides, bringing daunting challenges to corresponding basic research and therapeutic applications. To address this issue, various synthetic, enzymatic, and chemoenzymatic approaches have been elegantly designed. Utilizing the endoglycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation method, a single N-acetylglucosamine (N-GlcNAc, analogous to a tree stump) on proteins can be converted to various homogeneous N-glycosylated forms, thereby becoming the focus of research efforts. In this concept article, we briefly introduce the methods that allow the generation of N-GlcNAc and its close analogues on proteins and peptides and highlight the current challenges and opportunities the scientific community is facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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15
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Jaramillo ML, Sulea T, Durocher Y, Acchione M, Schur MJ, Robotham A, Kelly JF, Goneau MF, Robert A, Cepero-Donates Y, Gilbert M. A glyco-engineering approach for site-specific conjugation to Fab glycans. MAbs 2023; 15:2149057. [PMID: 36447399 PMCID: PMC9715014 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2149057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective processes for synthesizing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) require: 1) site-specific incorporation of the payload to avoid interference with binding to the target epitope, 2) optimal drug/antibody ratio to achieve sufficient potency while avoiding aggregation or solubility problems, and 3) a homogeneous product to facilitate approval by regulatory agencies. In conventional ADCs, the drug molecules are chemically attached randomly to antibody surface residues (typically Lys or Cys), which can interfere with epitope binding and targeting, and lead to overall product heterogeneity, long-term colloidal instability and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Here, we present a more controlled process for generating ADCs where drug is specifically conjugated to only Fab N-linked glycans in a narrow ratio range through functionalized sialic acids. Using a bacterial sialytransferase, we incorporated N-azidoacetylneuraminic acid (Neu5NAz) into the Fab glycan of cetuximab. Since only about 20% of human IgG1 have a Fab glycan, we extended the application of this approach by using molecular modeling to introduce N-glycosylation sites in the Fab constant region of other therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We used trastuzumab as a model for the incorporation of Neu5NAz in the novel Fab glycans that we designed. ADCs were generated by clicking the incorporated Neu5NAz with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) attached to a self-immolative linker terminated with dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO). Through this process, we obtained cetuximab-MMAE and trastuzumab-MMAE with drug/antibody ratios in the range of 1.3 to 2.5. We confirmed that these ADCs still bind their targets efficiently and are as potent in cytotoxicity assays as control ADCs obtained by standard conjugation protocols. The site-directed conjugation to Fab glycans has the additional benefit of avoiding potential interference with effector functions that depend on Fc glycan structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Jaramillo
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Traian Sulea
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Mauro Acchione
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Melissa J. Schur
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John F. Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie-France Goneau
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alma Robert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Michel Gilbert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada,CONTACT Michel Gilbert Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6Ottawa, ON, Canada
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17
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Zhang X, Liu H, He J, Ou C, Donahue TC, Muthana MM, Su L, Wang LX. Site-Specific Chemoenzymatic Conjugation of High-Affinity M6P Glycan Ligands to Antibodies for Targeted Protein Degradation. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3013-3023. [PMID: 35316032 PMCID: PMC9492806 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs) offer an opportunity for the degradation of extracellular and membrane-associated proteins of interest. Here, we report an efficient chemoenzymatic method that enables a single-step and site-specific conjugation of high-affinity mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) glycan ligands to antibodies without the need of protein engineering and conventional click reactions that would introduce "unnatural" moieties, yielding homogeneous antibody-M6P glycan conjugates for targeted degradation of membrane-associated proteins. Using trastuzumab and cetuximab as model antibodies, we showed that the wild-type endoglycosidase S (Endo-S) could efficiently perform the antibody deglycosylation and simultaneous transfer of an M6P-glycan from a synthetic M6P-glycan oxazoline to the deglycosylated antibody in a one-pot manner, giving structurally well-defined antibody-M6P glycan conjugates. A two-step procedure, using wild-type Endo-S2 for deglycosylation followed by transglycosylation with an Endo-S2 mutant (D184M), was also efficient to provide M6P glycan-antibody conjugates. The chemoenzymatic approach was highly specific for Fc glycan remodeling when both Fc and Fab domains were glycosylated, as exemplified by the selective Fc-glycan remodeling of cetuximab. SPR binding analysis indicated that the M6P conjugates possessed a nanomolar range of binding affinities for the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). Preliminary cell-based assays showed that the M6P-trastuzumab and M6P-cetuximab conjugates were able to selectively degrade the membrane-associated HER2 and EGFR, respectively. This modular glycan-remodeling strategy is expected to find wide applications for antibody-based lysosome-targeted degradation of extracellular and membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jia He
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Thomas C Donahue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Musleh M Muthana
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lishan Su
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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18
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Chong G, MacKerell AD. Spatial requirements for ITAM signaling in an intracellular natural killer cell model membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130221. [PMID: 35933027 PMCID: PMC9420803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes, upon stimulation by antibodies, cluster to initiate intracellular signaling and activate natural killer (NK) cells. Intracellular signaling involves Lck phosphorylation of ITAMs of each monomer of a FcεRIγ homodimer in a FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complex and subsequent binding of two phosphotyrosines (pY) in tandem by a Syk family kinase. However, how FcR clustering triggers ITAM signaling is not resolved. Molecular modeling and dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to generate ensembles of structures of the FcγRIIIa and FcεRIγ homodimeric cytoplasmic tails of FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes based on the transmembrane helices and cytoplasmic tails spaced 120, 80, and 50 Å apart to model different extents of clustering. Site-identification by ligand competitive saturation method with Monte Carlo sampling (SILCS-MC) is used to model how Lck could phosphorylate a diversity of ITAM conformations. At 80 Å separation between FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes, Lck can perform multiple phosphorylations on individual and multiple ITAMs across complexes, including potential sequential phosphorylation events. Syk may then potentially bind the two pYs within a single ITAM in tandem in isolated FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes, as observed in CD3ε and ζ chains of T cell receptors by the Syk family kinase ZAP-70. In addition, at 50 Å separation between complexes, unique to natural killer cells over T cells, Syk could potentially bind in tandem to pYs in different ITAMs across FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes. Thus, we predict that an ensemble of spatial orientations of the ITAMS of FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes that occur upon clustering lead to ITAM phosphorylation by Lck and subsequent Syk activity thereby facilitating downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Chong
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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19
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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20
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Hatfield G, Tepliakova L, Gingras G, Stalker A, Li X, Aubin Y, Tam RY. Specific location of galactosylation in an afucosylated antiviral monoclonal antibody affects its FcγRIIIA binding affinity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972168. [PMID: 36304448 PMCID: PMC9596277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprise an essential type of biologic therapeutics and are used to treat diseases because of their anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, and their ability to protect against respiratory infections. Its production involves post-translational glycosylation, a biosynthetic process that conjugates glycans to proteins, which plays crucial roles in mAb bioactivities including effector functions and pharmacokinetics. These glycans are heterogeneous and have diverse chemical structures whose composition is sensitive to manufacturing conditions, rendering the understanding of how specific glycan structures affect mAb bioactivity challenging. There is a need to delineate the effects of specific glycans on mAb bioactivity to determine whether changes in certain glycosylation profiles (that can occur during manufacturing) will significantly affect product quality. Using enzymatic transglycosylation with chemically-defined N-glycans, we show that galactosylation at a specific location of N-glycans in an afucosylated anti-viral mAb is responsible for FcγRIIIA binding and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. We report a facile method to obtain purified asymmetric mono-galactosylated biantennary complex N-glycans, and their influence on bioactivity upon incorporation into an afucosylated mAb. Using ELISA, surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry, we show that galactosylation of the α6 antenna, but not the α3 antenna, consistently increases FcγRIIIA binding affinity. We confirm its relevance in an anti-viral model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) using an adapted ADCC reporter assay. We further correlate this structure-function relationship to the interaction of the galactose residue of the α6 antenna with the protein backbone using 2D-1H-15N-NMR, which showed that galactosylation of at this location exhibited chemical shift perturbations compared to glycoforms lacking this galactose residue. Our results highlight the importance of identifying and quantifying specific glycan isomers to ensure adequate quality control in batch-to-batch and biosimilar comparisons.
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21
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Griffin ME, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Tools for mammalian glycoscience research. Cell 2022; 185:2657-2677. [PMID: 35809571 PMCID: PMC9339253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular carbohydrates or glycans are critical mediators of biological function. Their remarkably diverse structures and varied activities present exciting opportunities for understanding many areas of biology. In this primer, we discuss key methods and recent breakthrough technologies for identifying, monitoring, and manipulating glycans in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Linda C. Hsieh-Wilson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 92115, USA,Correspondence: (L.C.H.W.)
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22
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Golay J, Andrea AE, Cattaneo I. Role of Fc Core Fucosylation in the Effector Function of IgG1 Antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929895. [PMID: 35844552 PMCID: PMC9279668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of fucose on IgG1 Asn-297 N-linked glycan is the modification of the human IgG1 Fc structure with the most significant impact on FcɣRIII affinity. It also significantly enhances the efficacy of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by natural killer (NK) cells in vitro, induced by IgG1 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The effect of afucosylation on ADCC or antibody dependent phagocytosis (ADCP) mediated by macrophages or polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) is less clear. Evidence for enhanced efficacy of afucosylated therapeutic mAbs in vivo has also been reported. This has led to the development of several therapeutic antibodies with low Fc core fucose to treat cancer and inflammatory diseases, seven of which have already been approved for clinical use. More recently, the regulation of IgG Fc core fucosylation has been shown to take place naturally during the B-cell immune response: A decrease in α-1,6 fucose has been observed in polyclonal, antigen-specific IgG1 antibodies which are generated during alloimmunization of pregnant women by fetal erythrocyte or platelet antigens and following infection by some enveloped viruses and parasites. Low IgG1 Fc core fucose on antigen-specific polyclonal IgG1 has been linked to disease severity in several cases, such as SARS-CoV 2 and Dengue virus infection and during alloimmunization, highlighting the in vivo significance of this phenomenon. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about human IgG1 Fc core fucosylation and its regulation and function in vivo, in the context of both therapeutic antibodies and the natural immune response. The parallels in these two areas are informative about the mechanisms and in vivo effects of Fc core fucosylation, and may allow to further exploit the desired properties of this modification in different clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", Division of Hematology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Josée Golay,
| | - Alain E. Andrea
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Thérapies Moléculaires, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Irene Cattaneo
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", Division of Hematology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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23
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Anami Y, Otani Y, Xiong W, Ha SYY, Yamaguchi A, Rivera-Caraballo KA, Zhang N, An Z, Kaur B, Tsuchikama K. Homogeneity of antibody-drug conjugates critically impacts the therapeutic efficacy in brain tumors. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110839. [PMID: 35613589 PMCID: PMC9195180 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and fatal disease of all brain tumor types. Most therapies rarely provide clinically meaningful outcomes in the treatment of GBM. Although antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising anticancer drugs, no ADCs have been clinically successful for GBM, primarily because of poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Here, we report that ADC homogeneity and payload loading rate are critical parameters contributing to this discrepancy. Although both homogeneous and heterogeneous conjugates exhibit comparable in vitro potency and pharmacokinetic profiles, the former shows enhanced payload delivery to brain tumors. Our homogeneous ADCs provide improved antitumor effects and survival benefits in orthotopic brain tumor models. We also demonstrate that overly drug-loaded species in heterogeneous conjugates are particularly poor at crossing the BBB, leading to deteriorated overall brain tumor targeting. Our findings indicate the importance of homogeneous conjugation with optimal payload loading in generating effective ADCs for intractable brain tumors. Most therapies rarely provide clinically meaningful improvements in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. Anami et al. report that intravenous administration of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) efficiently delivers payloads to brain tumors, leading to substantially improved tumor growth suppression. Their findings provide rational ADC design for effectively treating intractable brain tumors, including GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Summer Y Y Ha
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kimberly A Rivera-Caraballo
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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24
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Wu Q, Dong W, Miao H, Wang Q, Dong S, Xuan W. Site‐Specific Protein Modification with Reducing Carbohydrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116545. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Weidong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hui Miao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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25
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Vattepu R, Sneed SL, Anthony RM. Sialylation as an Important Regulator of Antibody Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818736. [PMID: 35464485 PMCID: PMC9021442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a critical role in linking the adaptive immune response to the innate immune system. In humans, antibodies are categorized into five classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD, based on constant region sequence, structure, and tropism. In serum, IgG is the most abundant antibody, comprising 75% of antibodies in circulation, followed by IgA at 15%, IgM at 10%, and IgD and IgE are the least abundant. All human antibody classes are post-translationally modified by sugars. The resulting glycans take on many divergent structures and can be attached in an N-linked or O-linked manner, and are distinct by antibody class, and by position on each antibody. Many of these glycan structures on antibodies are capped by sialic acid. It is well established that the composition of the N-linked glycans on IgG exert a profound influence on its effector functions. However, recent studies have described the influence of glycans, particularly sialic acid for other antibody classes. Here, we discuss the role of glycosylation, with a focus on terminal sialylation, in the biology and function across all antibody classes. Sialylation has been shown to influence not only IgG, but IgE, IgM, and IgA biology, making it an important and unappreciated regulator of antibody function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Vattepu
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sunny Lyn Sneed
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert M Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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26
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Dammen-Brower K, Epler P, Zhu S, Bernstein ZJ, Stabach PR, Braddock DT, Spangler JB, Yarema KJ. Strategies for Glycoengineering Therapeutic Proteins. Front Chem 2022; 10:863118. [PMID: 35494652 PMCID: PMC9043614 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.863118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all therapeutic proteins are glycosylated, with the carbohydrate component playing a long-established, substantial role in the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of this dominant category of drugs. In the past few years and moving forward, glycosylation is increasingly being implicated in the pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic proteins. This article provides illustrative examples of drugs that have already been improved through glycoengineering including cytokines exemplified by erythropoietin (EPO), enzymes (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1, ENPP1), and IgG antibodies (e.g., afucosylated Gazyva®, Poteligeo®, Fasenra™, and Uplizna®). In the future, the deliberate modification of therapeutic protein glycosylation will become more prevalent as glycoengineering strategies, including sophisticated computer-aided tools for “building in” glycans sites, acceptance of a broad range of production systems with various glycosylation capabilities, and supplementation methods for introducing non-natural metabolites into glycosylation pathways further develop and become more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Dammen-Brower
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paige Epler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stanley Zhu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zachary J. Bernstein
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul R. Stabach
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Demetrios T. Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jamie B. Spangler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Kevin J. Yarema,
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27
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Zou X, Liu Z, Liu L, Shi W, Li W, Guo Z, Tang F, Huang W. Enhanced transglycosylation activity of an Endo-F3 mutant by ligand-directed localization. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3086-3095. [PMID: 35166761 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
At present, numerous studies have been reported to remodel the N-glycans of therapeutic antibodies for the gain of functions. Among the ways of remodeling antibody N-glycans, the chemoenzymatic glycoengineering approach by endoglycosidase (ENGase) has been deeply investigated and provided a significant tool for IgG glycoengineering. Among these cases, the transglycosylation activity of Endo-F3, compared to Endo-S and S2, is insufficient and limits its power in remodeling IgG glycosylation. Herein, we chemically conjugated the Endo-F3 mutant D165A with an Fc binding peptide (FcBP), aiming to improve the affinity of Endo-F3 D165A to IgGs, and therefore enhance the transglycosylation activity of D165A. In this report, we investigated the conjugation site of FcBP to D165A and the linkers between them and found that the conjugation indeed significantly increases the transglycosylation activity of D165A. Meanwhile, we optimized the FcBP-D165A catalyzed transglycosylation process, including the enzyme quantity, oxazoline concentration, and so on. Finally, by this method, we remodeled the N-glycans of rituximab and trastuzumab into homogeneous S2G2F, G2F, GN2M3, and M3 types with decreased enzyme quantity, oxazoline ratio, and catalyzing time. This method not only provides an enhanced ENGase for IgG glycoengineering but also suggests that ligand-directed localization of enzymes is a potential strategy to enhance the activity of enzymes towards the targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangman Zou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China. .,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Liya Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Wanzhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China. .,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Zifen Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China.
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28
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Hsu YP, Verma D, Sun S, McGregor C, Mangion I, Mann BF. Successive remodeling of IgG glycans using a solid-phase enzymatic platform. Commun Biol 2022; 5:328. [PMID: 35393560 PMCID: PMC8990068 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of glycoprotein-based drugs in various disease treatments has become widespread. Frequently, therapeutic glycoproteins exhibit a heterogeneous array of glycans that are intended to mimic human glycopatterns. While immunogenic responses to biologic drugs are uncommon, enabling exquisite control of glycosylation with minimized microheterogeneity would improve their safety, efficacy and bioavailability. Therefore, close attention has been drawn to the development of glycoengineering strategies to control the glycan structures. With the accumulation of knowledge about the glycan biosynthesis enzymes, enzymatic glycan remodeling provides a potential strategy to construct highly ordered glycans with improved efficiency and biocompatibility. In this study, we quantitatively evaluate more than 30 enzymes for glycoengineering immobilized immunoglobulin G, an impactful glycoprotein class in the pharmaceutical field. We demonstrate successive glycan remodeling in a solid-phase platform, which enabled IgG glycan harmonization into a series of complex-type N-glycoforms with high yield and efficiency while retaining native IgG binding affinity. A solid-phase glycan remodeling (SPGR) platform is presented. Over thirty enzymes were evaluated for successive glycoengineering of immobilized antibodies with outstanding performance in several SPGR reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Pang Hsu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.,Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Deeptak Verma
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Shuwen Sun
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Caroline McGregor
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Benjamin F Mann
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
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29
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Pandey VK, Sharma R, Prajapati GK, Mohanta TK, Mishra AK. N-glycosylation, a leading role in viral infection and immunity development. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8109-8120. [PMID: 35364718 PMCID: PMC8974804 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N-linked protein glycosylation is an essential co-and posttranslational protein modification that occurs in all three domains of life; the assembly of N-glycans follows a complex sequence of events spanning the (Endoplasmic Reticulum) ER and the Golgi apparatus. It has a significant impact on both physicochemical properties and biological functions. It plays a significant role in protein folding and quality control, glycoprotein interaction, signal transduction, viral attachment, and immune response to infection. Glycoengineering of protein employed for improving protein properties and plays a vital role in the production of recombinant glycoproteins and struggles to humanize recombinant therapeutic proteins. It considers an alternative platform for biopharmaceuticals production. Many immune proteins and antibodies are glycosylated. Pathogen’s glycoproteins play vital roles during the infection cycle and their expression of specific oligosaccharides via the N-glycosylation pathway to evade detection by the host immune system. This review focuses on the aspects of N-glycosylation processing, glycoengineering approaches, their role in viral attachment, and immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kant Pandey
- Department of Agriculture, Netaji Subhas University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Rajani Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Niwaranpur, Ranchi, 834002, India.
| | | | | | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea.
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30
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Wardman JF, Bains RK, Rahfeld P, Withers SG. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the gut microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:542-556. [PMID: 35347288 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 1013-1014 microorganisms present in the human gut (collectively known as the human gut microbiota) dedicate substantial percentages of their genomes to the degradation and uptake of carbohydrates, indicating the importance of this class of molecules. Carbohydrates function not only as a carbon source for these bacteria but also as a means of attachment to the host, and a barrier to infection of the host. In this Review, we focus on the diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), how gut microorganisms use them for carbohydrate degradation, the different chemical mechanisms of these CAZymes and the roles that these microorganisms and their CAZymes have in human health and disease. We also highlight examples of how enzymes from this treasure trove have been used in manipulation of the microbiota for improved health and treatment of disease, in remodelling the glycans on biopharmaceuticals and in the potential production of universal O-type donor blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Wardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rajneesh K Bains
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Rahfeld
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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31
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Wu Q, Dong W, Miao H, Wang Q, Dong S, Xuan W. Site‐Specific Protein Modification with Reducing Carbohydrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Weidong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hui Miao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Chemical Biology Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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32
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Wang T, Liu L, Voglmeir J. mAbs N-glycosylation: Implications for biotechnology and analytics. Carbohydr Res 2022; 514:108541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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33
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Hirano K, Furukawa K. Biosynthesis and Biological Significances of LacdiNAc Group on N- and O-Glycans in Human Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020195. [PMID: 35204696 PMCID: PMC8961560 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have shown that the disaccharide GalNAcβ1→4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc) group bound to N- and O-glycans in glycoproteins is expressed in a variety of mammalian cells. Biosynthesis of the LacdiNAc group was well studied, and two β4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, β4GalNAcT3 and β4GalNAcT4, have been shown to transfer N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of N- and O-glycans in a β-1,4-linkage. The LacdiNAc group is often sialylated, sulfated, and/or fucosylated, and the LacdiNAc group, with or without these modifications, is recognized by receptors and lectins and is thus involved in the regulation of several biological phenomena, such as cell differentiation. The occurrences of the LacdiNAc group and the β4GalNAcTs appear to be tissue specific and are closely associated with the tumor progression or regression, indicating that they will be potent diagnostic markers of particular cancers, such as prostate cancer. It has been demonstrated that the expression of the LacdiNAc group on N-glycans of cell surface glycoproteins including β1-integrin is involved in the modulation of their protein functions, thus affecting cellular invasion and other malignant properties of cancer cells. The biological roles of the LacdiNAc group in cancer cells have not been fully understood. However, the re-expression of the LacdiNAc group on N-glycans, which is lost in breast cancer cells by transfection of the β4GalNAcT4 gene, brings about the partial restoration of normal properties and subsequent suppression of malignant phenotypes of the cells. Therefore, elucidation of the biological roles of the LacdiNAc group in glycoproteins will lead to the suppression of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Hirano
- Glycoinformatics Project, The Noguchi Institute, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3961-3255
| | - Kiyoshi Furukawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe 350-8550, Japan;
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Engineering an Enhanced EGFR Engager: Humanization of Cetuximab for Improved Developability. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11010006. [PMID: 35076451 PMCID: PMC8788544 DOI: 10.3390/antib11010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase whose proliferative effects can contribute to the development of many types of solid tumors when overexpressed. For this reason, EGFR inhibitors such as cetuximab can play an important role in treating cancers such as colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. Cetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody containing mouse variable regions that bind to EGFR and prevent it from signaling. Although cetuximab has been used clinically since 2004 to successfully control solid tumors, advances in protein engineering have created the opportunity to address some of its shortcomings. In particular, the presence of mouse sequences could contribute to immunogenicity in the form of anti-cetuximab antibodies, and an occupied glycosylation site in FR3 can contribute to hypersensitivity reactions and product heterogeneity. Using simple framework graft or sequence-/structure-guided approaches, cetuximab was humanized onto 11 new frameworks. In addition to increasing humanness and removing the VH glycosylation site, dynamic light scattering revealed increases in stability, and bio-layer interferometry confirmed minimal changes in binding affinity, with patterns emerging across the humanization method. This work demonstrates the potential to improve the biophysical and clinical properties of first-generation protein therapeutics and highlights the advantages of computationally guided engineering.
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Zeng Y, Tang F, Shi W, Dong Q, Huang W. Recent advances in synthetic glycoengineering for biological applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 74:247-255. [PMID: 34998108 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are involved in many important biological events such as protein maturation and trafficking, pathogen invasion, immune response, cell-cell communications, and so on. Synthetic and chemoenzymatic approaches for glycoengineering have emerged and been applied in perturbing and modulating the biological processes at the protein or cellular level. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in glycoengineering, including new strategies in chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycans, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, and other glycoconjugates. And, the progresses of cell surface glyco-editing methods for gain of functions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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36
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Shenoy A, Barb AW. Recent Advances Toward Engineering Glycoproteins Using Modified Yeast Display Platforms. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2370:185-205. [PMID: 34611870 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1685-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Yeast are capable recombinant protein expression hosts that provide eukaryotic posttranslational modifications such as disulfide bond formation and N-glycosylation. This property has been used to create surface display libraries for protein engineering; however, yeast surface display (YSD) with common laboratory strains has limitations in terms of diversifying glycoproteins due to the incorporation of high levels of mannose residues which often obscure important epitopes and are immunogenic in humans. Developing new strains for efficient and appropriate display will require combining existing technologies to permit efficient glycoprotein engineering. Foundational efforts generating knockout strains lacking characteristic hypermannosylation reactions exhibited morphological defects and poor growth. Later strains with "humanized" N-glycosylation machinery surmounted these limitations by targeting a small suite of glycosylhydrolase and glycosyltransferase enzymes from other taxa to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Advanced yeast strains also provide key modifications at the glycan termini that are essential for the full function of many glycoproteins. Here we review progress toward glycoprotein engineering when glycosylation is required for full function using advanced yeast expression platforms and the suitability of each for YSD of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Shenoy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Adam W Barb
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Ludwig SD, Bernstein ZJ, Agatemor C, Dammen-Brower K, Ruffolo J, Rosas JM, Post JD, Cole RN, Yarema KJ, Spangler JB. A versatile design platform for glycoengineering therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2022; 14:2095704. [PMID: 35815437 PMCID: PMC9272841 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2095704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of glycosylation patterns, i.e., glycoengineering, is incorporated in the therapeutic antibody development workflow to ensure clinical safety, and this approach has also been used to modulate the biological activities, functions, or pharmacological properties of antibody drugs. Whereas most existing glycoengineering strategies focus on the canonical glycans found in the constant domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, we report a new strategy to leverage the untapped potential of atypical glycosylation patterns in the variable domains, which naturally occur in 15% to 25% of IgG antibodies. Glycosylation sites were added to the antigen-binding regions of two functionally divergent, interleukin-2-binding monoclonal antibodies. We used computational tools to rationally install various N-glycosylation consensus sequences into the antibody variable domains, creating "glycovariants" of these molecules. Strikingly, almost all the glycovariants were successfully glycosylated at their newly installed N-glycan sites, without reduction of the antibody's native function. Importantly, certain glycovariants exhibited modified activities compared to the parent antibody, showing the potential of our glycoengineering strategy to modulate biological function of antibodies involved in multi-component receptor systems. Finally, when coupled with a high-flux sialic acid precursor, a glycovariant with two installed glycosylation sites demonstrated superior in vivo half-life. Collectively, these findings validate a versatile glycoengineering strategy that introduces atypical glycosylation into therapeutic antibodies in order to improve their efficacy and, in certain instances, modulate their activity early in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D. Ludwig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary J. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian Agatemor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kris Dammen-Brower
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ruffolo
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonah M. Rosas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Post
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg–Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie B. Spangler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg–Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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38
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Abstract
Glycosylation, one of the most common post-translational modifications in mammalian cells, impacts many biological processes such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. As the most abundant glycoprotein in human serum, immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays a vital role in immune response and protection. There is a growing body of evidence suggests that IgG structure and function are modulated by attached glycans, especially N-glycans, and aberrant glycosylation is associated with disease states. In this chapter, we review IgG glycan repertoire and function, strategies for profiling IgG N-glycome and recent studies. Mass spectrometry (MS) based techniques are the most powerful tools for profiling IgG glycome. IgG glycans can be divided into high-mannose, biantennary complex and hybrid types, modified with mannosylation, core-fucosylation, galactosylation, bisecting GlcNAcylation, or sialylation. Glycosylation of IgG affects antibody half-life and their affinity and avidity for antigens, regulates crystallizable fragment (Fc) structure and Fcγ receptor signaling, as well as antibody effector function. Because of their critical roles, IgG N-glycans appear to be promising biomarkers for various disease states. Specific IgG glycosylation can convert a pro-inflammatory response to an anti-inflammatory activity. Accordingly, IgG glycoengineering provides a powerful approach to potentially develop effective drugs and treat disease. Based on the understanding of the functional role of IgG glycans, the development of vaccines with enhanced capacity and long-term protection are possible in the near future.
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Zhang X, Ou C, Liu H, Prabhu SK, Li C, Yang Q, Wang LX. General and Robust Chemoenzymatic Method for Glycan-Mediated Site-Specific Labeling and Conjugation of Antibodies: Facile Synthesis of Homogeneous Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2502-2514. [PMID: 34569782 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific labeling and conjugation of antibodies are highly desirable for fundamental research and for developing more efficient diagnostic and therapeutic methods. We report here a general and robust chemoenzymatic method that permits a one-pot site-specific functionalization of antibodies. A series of selectively modified disaccharide oxazoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as donor substrates of different endoglycosidases for antibody Fc glycan remodeling. We found that among several endoglycosidases tested, wild-type endoglycosidase from Streptococcus pyogenes of serotype M49 (Endo-S2) exhibited remarkable activity in transferring the functionalized disaccharides carrying site-selectively modified azide, biotin, or fluorescent tags to antibodies without hydrolyzing the resulting transglycosylation products. This discovery, together with the excellent Fc deglycosylation activity of Endo-S2 on recombinant antibodies, allowed direct labeling and functionalization of antibodies in a one-pot manner without the need of intermediate and enzyme separation. The site-specific introduction of varied numbers of azide groups enabled a highly efficient synthesis of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with a precise control of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) ranging from 2 to 12 via a copper-free strain-promoted click reaction. Cell viability assays showed that ADCs with higher DARs were more potent in killing antigen-overexpressed cells than the ADCs with lower DARs. This new method is expected to find applications not only for antibody-drug conjugation but also for cell labeling, imaging, and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sunaina Kiran Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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40
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Mészáros Z, Nekvasilová P, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Reprint of: Advanced glycosidases as ingenious biosynthetic instruments. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107820. [PMID: 34462167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycosidases, naturally hydrolyzing carbohydrate-active enzymes, have found few synthetic applications in industry, being primarily used for cleaving unwanted carbohydrates. With the establishment of glycosynthase and transglycosidase technology by genetic engineering, the view of glycosidases as industrial biotechnology tools has started to change. Their easy production, affordability, robustness, and substrate versatility, added to the possibility of controlling undesired side hydrolysis by enzyme engineering, have made glycosidases competitive synthetic tools. Current promising applications of engineered glycosidases include the production of well-defined chitooligomers, precious galactooligosaccharides or specialty chemicals such as glycosylated flavonoids. Other synthetic pathways leading to human milk oligosaccharides or remodeled antibodies are on the horizon. This work provides an overview of the synthetic achievements to date for glycosidases, emphasizing the latest trends and outlining possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 1903/3, CZ-16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Nekvasilová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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41
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymkatalysierte späte Modifizierungen: Besser spät als nie. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:16962-16993. [PMID: 38505660 PMCID: PMC10946893 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AbstractDie Enzymkatalyse gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung in der Synthesechemie. Die durch Bioinformatik und Enzym‐Engineering stetig wachsende Zahl von Biokatalysatoren eröffnet eine große Vielfalt selektiver Reaktionen. Insbesondere für späte Funktionalisierungsreaktionen ist die Biokatalyse ein geeignetes Werkzeug, das oftmals der konventionellen De‐novo‐Synthese überlegen ist. Enzyme haben sich als nützlich erwiesen, um funktionelle Gruppen direkt in komplexe Molekülgerüste einzuführen sowie für die rasche Diversifizierung von Substanzbibliotheken. Biokatalytische Oxyfunktionalisierungen, Halogenierungen, Methylierungen, Reduktionen und Amidierungen sind von besonderem Interesse, da diese Strukturmotive häufig in Pharmazeutika vertreten sind. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Stärken und Schwächen der enzymkatalysierten späten Modifizierungen durch native und optimierte Enzyme in der Synthesechemie. Ebenso werden wichtige Beispiele in der Wirkstoffentwicklung hervorgehoben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
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42
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymatic Late-Stage Modifications: Better Late Than Never. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16824-16855. [PMID: 33453143 PMCID: PMC8359417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis is gaining increasing importance in synthetic chemistry. Nowadays, the growing number of biocatalysts accessible by means of bioinformatics and enzyme engineering opens up an immense variety of selective reactions. Biocatalysis especially provides excellent opportunities for late-stage modification often superior to conventional de novo synthesis. Enzymes have proven to be useful for direct introduction of functional groups into complex scaffolds, as well as for rapid diversification of compound libraries. Particularly important and highly topical are enzyme-catalysed oxyfunctionalisations, halogenations, methylations, reductions, and amide bond formations due to the high prevalence of these motifs in pharmaceuticals. This Review gives an overview of the strengths and limitations of enzymatic late-stage modifications using native and engineered enzymes in synthesis while focusing on important examples in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
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43
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Li C, Chong G, Zong G, Knorr DA, Bournazos S, Aytenfisu AH, Henry GK, Ravetch JV, MacKerell AD, Wang LX. Site-Selective Chemoenzymatic Modification on the Core Fucose of an Antibody Enhances Its Fcγ Receptor Affinity and ADCC Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7828-7838. [PMID: 33977722 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fc glycosylation profoundly impacts the effector functions of antibodies and often dictates an antibody's pro- or anti-inflammatory activities. It is well established that core fucosylation of the Fc domain N-glycans of an antibody significantly reduces its affinity for FcγRIIIa receptors and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Previous structural studies have suggested that the presence of a core fucose remarkably decreases the unique and favorable carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions between the Fc and the receptor N-glycans, leading to reduced affinity. We report here that in contrast to natural core fucose, special site-specific modification on the core fucose could dramatically enhance the affinity of an antibody for FcγRIIIa. The site-selective modification was achieved through an enzymatic transfucosylation with a novel fucosidase mutant, which was shown to be able to use modified α-fucosyl fluoride as the donor substrate. We found that replacement of the core l-fucose with 6-azide- or 6-hydroxy-l-fucose (l-galactose) significantly enhanced the antibody's affinity for FcγRIIIa receptors and substantially increased the ADCC activity. To understand the mechanism of the modified fucose-mediated affinity enhancement, we performed molecular dynamics simulations. Our data revealed that the number of glycan contacts between the Fc and the Fc receptor was increased by the selective core-fucose modifications, showing the importance of unique carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in achieving high FcγRIIIa affinity and ADCC activity of antibodies. Thus, the direct site-selective modification turns the adverse effect of the core fucose into a favorable force to promote the carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gene Chong
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - David A Knorr
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Asaminew Haile Aytenfisu
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Grace K Henry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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44
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Motabar D, Li J, Wang S, Tsao CY, Tong X, Wang LX, Payne GF, Bentley WE. Simple, rapidly electroassembled thiolated PEG-based sensor interfaces enable rapid interrogation of antibody titer and glycosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2744-2758. [PMID: 33851726 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Process conditions established during the development and manufacture of recombinant protein therapeutics dramatically impacts their quality and clinical efficacy. Technologies that enable rapid assessment of product quality are critically important. Here, we describe the development of sensor interfaces that directly connect to electronics and enable near real-time assessment of antibody titer and N-linked galactosylation. We make use of a spatially resolved electroassembled thiolated polyethylene glycol hydrogel that enables electroactivated disulfide linkages. For titer assessment, we constructed a cysteinylated protein G that can be linked to the thiolated hydrogel allowing for robust capture and assessment of antibody concentration. For detecting galactosylation, the hydrogel is linked with thiolated sugars and their corresponding lectins, which enables antibody capture based on glycan pattern. Importantly, we demonstrate linear assessment of total antibody concentration over an industrially relevant range and the selective capture and quantification of antibodies with terminal β-galactose glycans. We also show that the interfaces can be reused after surface regeneration using a low pH buffer. Our functionalized interfaces offer advantages in their simplicity, rapid assembly, connectivity to electronics, and reusability. As they assemble directly onto electrodes that also serve as I/O registers, we envision incorporation into diagnostic platforms including those in manufacturing settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Motabar
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinyang Li
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Sally Wang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Chen-Yu Tsao
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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45
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Mészáros Z, Nekvasilová P, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Advanced glycosidases as ingenious biosynthetic instruments. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107733. [PMID: 33781890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycosidases, naturally hydrolyzing carbohydrate-active enzymes, have found few synthetic applications in industry, being primarily used for cleaving unwanted carbohydrates. With the establishment of glycosynthase and transglycosidase technology by genetic engineering, the view of glycosidases as industrial biotechnology tools has started to change. Their easy production, affordability, robustness, and substrate versatility, added to the possibility of controlling undesired side hydrolysis by enzyme engineering, have made glycosidases competitive synthetic tools. Current promising applications of engineered glycosidases include the production of well-defined chitooligomers, precious galactooligosaccharides or specialty chemicals such as glycosylated flavonoids. Other synthetic pathways leading to human milk oligosaccharides or remodeled antibodies are on the horizon. This work provides an overview of the synthetic achievements to date for glycosidases, emphasizing the latest trends and outlining possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 1903/3, CZ-16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Nekvasilová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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46
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Katoh T, Yamamoto K. Innovative Preparation of Biopharmaceuticals Using Transglycosylation Activity of Microbial Endoglycosidases. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 68:1-9. [PMID: 34354540 PMCID: PMC8113915 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2020_0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most functional biopharmaceuticals such as antibodies are glycoproteins carrying N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans). In animal cells, these glycans are generally expressed as heterogeneous glycoforms that are difficult to separate into a pure form. The structure of these glycans directly affects several biological aspects of the glycoproteins, especially binding affinity. Therefore, the preparation of glycoproteins with well-defined and homogeneous glycoforms is necessary for functional studies and improved efficacy, particularly for biopharmaceuticals. This review describes the recent remarkable progress in the development and production of biopharmaceutical glycan-modified antibodies, through the use of glycan remodeling using microbial endoglycosidases and sophisticated glycoengineering techniques utilizing microbial enzymatic reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- 2 Center for Innovative and Joint Research, Wakayama University
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47
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Abstract
The importance of post-translational glycosylation in protein structure and function has gained significant clinical relevance recently. The latest developments in glycobiology, glycochemistry, and glycoproteomics have made the field more manageable and relevant to disease progression and immune-response signaling. Here, we summarize the current progress in glycoscience, including the new methodologies that have led to the introduction of programmable and automatic as well as large-scale enzymatic synthesis, and the development of glycan array, glycosylation probes, and inhibitors of carbohydrate-associated enzymes or receptors. These novel methodologies and tools have facilitated our understanding of the significance of glycosylation and development of carbohydrate-derived medicines that bring the field to the next level of scientific and medical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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48
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Sjögren J, Lood R, Nägeli A. On enzymatic remodeling of IgG glycosylation; unique tools with broad applications. Glycobiology 2020; 30:254-267. [PMID: 31616919 PMCID: PMC7109354 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of IgG glycosylation has been known for many years not only by scientists in glycobiology but also by human pathogens that have evolved specific enzymes to modify these glycans with fundamental impact on IgG function. The rise of IgG as a major therapeutic scaffold for many cancer and immunological indications combined with the availability of unique enzymes acting specifically on IgG Fc-glycans have spurred a range of applications to study this important post-translational modification on IgG. This review article introduces why the IgG glycans are of distinguished interest, gives a background on the unique enzymatic tools available to study the IgG glycans and finally presents an overview of applications utilizing these enzymes for various modifications of the IgG glycans. The applications covered include site-specific glycan transglycosylation and conjugation, analytical workflows for monoclonal antibodies and serum diagnostics. Additionally, the review looks ahead and discusses the importance of O-glycosylation for IgG3, Fc-fusion proteins and other new formats of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Lood
- Genovis AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
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49
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de Haan N, Falck D, Wuhrer M. Monitoring of immunoglobulin N- and O-glycosylation in health and disease. Glycobiology 2020; 30:226-240. [PMID: 31281930 PMCID: PMC7225405 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N- and O-glycosylation are well known co- and post-translational modifications of immunoglobulins. Antibody glycosylation on the Fab and Fc portion is known to influence antigen binding and effector functions, respectively. To study associations between antibody glycosylation profiles and (patho) physiological states as well as antibody functionality, advanced technologies and methods are required. In-depth structural characterization of antibody glycosylation usually relies on the separation and tandem mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of released glycans. Protein- and site-specific information, on the other hand, may be obtained by the MS analysis of glycopeptides. With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometers, antibody glycosylation analysis at the intact or middle-up level has gained more interest, providing an integrated view of different post-translational modifications (including glycosylation). Alongside the in-depth methods, there is also great interest in robust, high-throughput techniques for routine glycosylation profiling in biopharma and clinical laboratories. With an emphasis on IgG Fc glycosylation, several highly robust separation-based techniques are employed for this purpose. In this review, we describe recent advances in MS methods, separation techniques and orthogonal approaches for the characterization of immunoglobulin glycosylation in different settings. We put emphasis on the current status and expected developments of antibody glycosylation analysis in biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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Wang M, Wang Y, Liu K, Dou X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Ye XS. Engineering a bacterial sialyltransferase for di-sialylation of a therapeutic antibody. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2886-2892. [PMID: 32236230 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terminal α-2,6-sialylation of N-glycans is a humanized glycosylation that affects the properties and efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. Fc di-sialylation (a biantennary N-glycan with two α-2,6-linked sialic acids) of IgG antibodies imparts them with enhanced anti-inflammatory activity and other roles. However, the microheterogeneity of N-glycoforms presents a challenge for therapeutic development. Therefore, controlled sialylation has drawn considerable attention, but direct access to well-defined di-sialylated antibodies remains limited. Herein, a one-pot three-enzyme protocol was developed by engineering a bacterial sialyltransferase to facilitate the modification of therapeutic antibodies with N-acetylneuraminic acid or its derivatives towards optimized glycosylation. To overcome the low proficiency of bacterial sialyltransferase in antibody remodeling, the Photobacterium sp. JT-ISH-224 α-2,6-sialyltransferase (Psp2,6ST) was genetically engineered by terminal truncation and site-directed mutagenesis based on its protein crystal structure. With the optimized reaction conditions and using activity-based screening of various Psp2,6ST variants, a truncated mutant Psp2,6ST (111-511)-His6 A235M/A366G was shown to effectively improve the catalytic efficiency of antibody di-sialylation. Herceptin and the donor substrate promiscuity allow the introduction of bioorthogonal modifications of N-acetylneuraminic acid into antibodies for site-specific conjugation. 2-AB hydrophilic interaction chromatography analysis of the released N-glycans and intact mass characterization confirmed the high di-sialylation of Herceptin via the optimized one-pot three-enzyme reaction. This study established a versatile enzymatic approach for producing highly di-sialylated IgG antibodies. It provides new insights into engineering bacterial sialyltransferase for adaptation to the enzymatic glycoengineering of therapeutic antibodies and the glycosite-specific conjugation of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Kaimeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
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