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Gong J, Li Q, Zeng S, Wang J. Non-Gaussian anomalous diffusion of optical vortices. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:024111. [PMID: 38491579 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.024111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Anomalous diffusion of different particlelike entities, the deviation from typical Brownian motion, is ubiquitous in complex physical and biological systems. While optical vortices move randomly in evolving speckle fields, optical vortices have only been observed to exhibit pure Brownian motion in random speckle fields. Here we present direct experimental evidence of the anomalous diffusion of optical vortices in temporally varying speckle patterns from multiple-scattering viscoelastic media. Moreover, we observe two characteristic features, i.e., the self-similarity and the antipersistent correlation of the optical vortex motion, indicating that the mechanism of the observed subdiffusion of optical vortices can only be attributed to fractional Brownian motion (FBM). We further demonstrate that the vortex displacements exhibit a non-Gaussian heavy-tailed distribution. Additionally, we modulate the extent of subdiffusion, such as diffusive scaling exponents, and the non-Gaussianity of optical vortices by altering the viscoelasticity of samples. The discovery of the complex FBM but non-Gaussian subdiffusion of optical vortices may not only offer insight into certain fundamental physics, including the anomalous diffusion of vortices in fluids and the decoupling between Brownianity and Gaussianity, but also suggest a strong potential for utilizing optical vortices as tracers in microrheology instead of the introduced exogenous probe particles in particle tracking microrheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaoqun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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2
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Tang Y, Guo W, Kobayashi H, Yui S, Tsubota M, Kanai T. Imaging quantized vortex rings in superfluid helium to evaluate quantum dissipation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2941. [PMID: 37221190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The motion of quantized vortices is responsible for many intriguing phenomena in diverse quantum-fluid systems. Having a theoretical model to reliably predict the vortex motion therefore promises a broad significance. But a grand challenge in developing such a model is to evaluate the dissipative force caused by thermal quasiparticles in the quantum fluids scattering off the vortex cores. Various models have been proposed, but it remains unclear which model describes reality due to the lack of comparative experimental data. Here we report a visualization study of quantized vortex rings propagating in superfluid helium. By examining how the vortex rings spontaneously decay, we provide decisive data to identify the model that best reproduces observations. This study helps to eliminate ambiguities about the dissipative force acting on vortices, which could have implications for research in various quantum-fluid systems that also involve similar forces, such as superfluid neutron stars and gravity-mapped holographic superfluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Mechanical Engineering Department, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
- Mechanical Engineering Department, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
| | - Hiromichi Kobayashi
- Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8521, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hiyoshi Campus, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yui
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsubota
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kanai
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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3
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Minowa Y, Aoyagi S, Inui S, Nakagawa T, Asaka G, Tsubota M, Ashida M. Visualization of quantized vortex reconnection enabled by laser ablation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1143. [PMID: 35507658 PMCID: PMC9067918 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Impurity injection into superfluid helium is a simple and appealing method with diverse applications, including high-precision spectroscopy, quantum computing with surface electrons, nano/micromaterial synthesis, and flow visualization. Quantized vortices play a major role in the interaction between superfluid helium and light impurities. However, the basic principle governing this interaction is still unclear for dense (high mass density and refractive index) materials, such as semiconductor and metal impurities. Here, we provide experimental evidence of the dense silicon nanoparticle attraction to the quantized vortex cores. We prepared the silicon nanoparticles via in situ laser ablation. Following laser ablation, we observed that the silicon nanoparticles formed curved filament-like structures, indicative of quantized vortex cores. We also observed that two accidentally intersecting quantized vortices exchanged their parts, a phenomenon called quantized vortex reconnection. This behavior closely matches the dynamical scaling of reconnections. Our results provide a previously unexplored method for visualizing and studying impurity-quantized vortex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Minowa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikane-yama, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shota Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikane-yama, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sosuke Inui
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomo Nakagawa
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gamu Asaka
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsubota
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
- The Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ashida
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikane-yama, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Zhang X, Duzgun A, Lao Y, Subzwari S, Bingham NS, Sklenar J, Saglam H, Ramberger J, Batley JT, Watts JD, Bromley D, Chopdekar RV, O'Brien L, Leighton C, Nisoli C, Schiffer P. String Phase in an Artificial Spin Ice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6514. [PMID: 34764259 PMCID: PMC8585881 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One-dimensional strings of local excitations are a fascinating feature of the physical behavior of strongly correlated topological quantum matter. Here we study strings of local excitations in a classical system of interacting nanomagnets, the Santa Fe Ice geometry of artificial spin ice. We measured the moment configuration of the nanomagnets, both after annealing near the ferromagnetic Curie point and in a thermally dynamic state. While the Santa Fe Ice lattice structure is complex, we demonstrate that its disordered magnetic state is naturally described within a framework of emergent strings. We show experimentally that the string length follows a simple Boltzmann distribution with an energy scale that is associated with the system’s magnetic interactions and is consistent with theoretical predictions. The results demonstrate that string descriptions and associated topological characteristics are not unique to quantum models but can also provide a simplifying description of complex classical systems with non-trivial frustration. Strings of local excitations are interesting features of a strongly correlated topological quantum matter. Here, the authors show that Boltzmann-distributed strings of local excitations also describe the topological physics of the Santa Fe geometry of artificial spin ice, which is a classical thermal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ayhan Duzgun
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, MS B258, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Yuyang Lao
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shayaan Subzwari
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nicholas S Bingham
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Joseph Sklenar
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Hilal Saglam
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Justin Ramberger
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joseph T Batley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Justin D Watts
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Bromley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh V Chopdekar
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Liam O'Brien
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Leighton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Cristiano Nisoli
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, MS B258, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Peter Schiffer
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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5
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Nanoscale real-time detection of quantum vortices at millikelvin temperatures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2645. [PMID: 33976214 PMCID: PMC8113507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since we still lack a theory of classical turbulence, attention has focused on the conceptually simpler turbulence in quantum fluids. Reaching a better understanding of the quantum case may provide additional insight into the classical counterpart. That said, we have hitherto lacked detectors capable of the real-time, non-invasive probing of the wide range of length scales involved in quantum turbulence. Here we demonstrate the real-time detection of quantum vortices by a nanoscale resonant beam in superfluid 4He at 10 mK. Essentially, we trap a single vortex along the length of a nanobeam and observe the transitions as a vortex is either trapped or released, detected through the shift in the beam resonant frequency. By exciting a tuning fork, we control the ambient vortex density and follow its influence on the vortex capture and release rates demonstrating that these devices are capable of probing turbulence on the micron scale. Previous work has shown the detection of quantum turbulence with mechanical resonators but with limited spatial and temporal resolution. Here, the authors demonstrate real-time detection of single quantum vortices in superfluid 4He with millisecond and micron resolution at temperatures of 10 millikelvin.
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6
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Tang Y, Bao S, Guo W. Superdiffusion of quantized vortices uncovering scaling laws in quantum turbulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021957118. [PMID: 33526696 PMCID: PMC8017924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021957118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Generic scaling laws, such as Kolmogorov's 5/3 law, are milestone achievements of turbulence research in classical fluids. For quantum fluids such as atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, superfluid helium, and superfluid neutron stars, turbulence can also exist in the presence of a chaotic tangle of evolving quantized vortex lines. However, due to the lack of suitable experimental tools to directly probe the vortex-tangle motion, so far little is known about possible scaling laws that characterize the velocity correlations and trajectory statistics of the vortices in quantum-fluid turbulence, i.e., quantum turbulence (QT). Acquiring such knowledge could greatly benefit the development of advanced statistical models of QT. Here we report an experiment where a tangle of vortices in superfluid 4He are decorated with solidified deuterium tracer particles. Under experimental conditions where these tracers follow the motion of the vortices, we observed an apparent superdiffusion of the vortices. Our analysis shows that this superdiffusion is not due to Lévy flights, i.e., long-distance hops that are known to be responsible for superdiffusion of random walkers. Instead, a previously unknown power-law scaling of the vortex-velocity temporal correlation is uncovered as the cause. This finding may motivate future research on hidden scaling laws in QT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- The Cryogenics Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Shiran Bao
- The Cryogenics Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Wei Guo
- The Cryogenics Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310;
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310
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7
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Varga E, Vadakkumbatt V, Shook AJ, Kim PH, Davis JP. Observation of Bistable Turbulence in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Superflow. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:025301. [PMID: 32701340 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.025301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Turbulent flow restricted to two dimensions can spontaneously develop order on large scales, defying entropy expectations and in sharp contrast with turbulence in three dimensions where nonlinear turbulent processes act to destroy large-scale order. In this work we report the observation of unusual turbulent behavior in steady-state flow of superfluid ^{4}He-a liquid with vanishing viscosity and discrete vorticity-in a nearly two-dimensional channel. Surprisingly, for a range of experimental parameters, turbulence is observed to exist in two bistable states. This bistability can be well explained by the appearance of large-scale regions of flow of opposite vorticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Varga
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - V Vadakkumbatt
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - A J Shook
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - P H Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - J P Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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8
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Crossover from interaction to driven regimes in quantum vortex reconnections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12204-12211. [PMID: 31171660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818668116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconnections of coherent filamentary structures play a key role in the dynamics of fluids, redistributing energy and helicity among the length scales, triggering dissipative effects, and inducing fine-scale mixing. Unlike ordinary (classical) fluids where vorticity is a continuous field, in superfluid helium and in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) vorticity takes the form of isolated quantized vortex lines, which are conceptually easier to study. New experimental techniques now allow visualization of individual vortex reconnections in helium and condensates. It has long being suspected that reconnections obey universal laws, particularly a universal scaling with time of the minimum distance between vortices δ. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of this scaling across a range of scenarios relevant to superfluid helium and trapped condensates, combining our own numerical simulations with the previous results in the literature. We reveal that the scaling exhibits two distinct fundamental regimes: a [Formula: see text] scaling arising from the mutual interaction of the reconnecting strands and a [Formula: see text] scaling when extrinsic factors drive the individual vortices.
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