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Gonzalez MM, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Erra-Balsells R, Gensch T, Cabrerizo FM. In Vitro Effect of 9,9'-Norharmane Dimer against Herpes Simplex Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4966. [PMID: 38732185 PMCID: PMC11084892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are highly widespread among humans, producing symptoms ranging from ulcerative lesions to severe diseases such as blindness and life-threatening encephalitis. At present, there are no vaccines available, and some existing antiviral treatments can be ineffective or lead to adverse effects. As a result, there is a need for new anti-HSV drugs. In this report, the in vitro anti-HSV effect of 9,9'-norharmane dimer (nHo-dimer), which belongs to the β-carboline (βC) alkaloid family, was evaluated. The dimer exhibited no virucidal properties and did not impede either the attachment or penetration steps of viral particles. The antiviral effect was only exerted under the constant presence of the dimer in the incubation media, and the mechanism of action was found to involve later events of virus infection. Analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging data showed that the nHo-dimer internalized well into the cells when present in the extracellular incubation medium, with a preferential accumulation into perinuclear organelles including mitochondria. After washing the host cells with fresh medium free of nHo-dimer, the signal decreased, suggesting the partial release of the compound from the cells. This agrees with the observation that the antiviral effect is solely manifested when the alkaloid is consistently present in the incubation media.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Micaela Gonzalez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164 (B7130IWA), Chascomús 7130, Argentina;
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), San Martín 1650, Argentina
| | - Maria Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU, D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Laboratorio Central de Cs. Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, 3er P., Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
- Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Naturales Pabellón II, 3er P. Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 1 (IBI-1; Molecular and Cellular Physiology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Jonen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Franco M. Cabrerizo
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164 (B7130IWA), Chascomús 7130, Argentina;
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), San Martín 1650, Argentina
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2
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Connolly KL, Bachmann L, Hiltke T, Kersh EN, Newman LM, Wilson L, Mena L, Deal C. Summary of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Joint Workshop on Genital Herpes: 3-4 November 2022. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae230. [PMID: 38784760 PMCID: PMC11112275 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is caused by infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and currently has no cure. The disease is the second-most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, with an estimated 18.6 million prevalent genital infections caused by HSV-2 alone. Genital herpes diagnostics and treatments are not optimal, and no vaccine is currently available. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop entitled "CDC/NIAID Joint Workshop on Genital Herpes." This report summarizes 8 sessions on the epidemiology of genital herpes, neonatal HSV, HSV diagnostics, vaccines, treatments, cures, prevention, and patient advocacy perspective intended to identify opportunities in herpes research and foster the development of strategies to diagnose, treat, cure, and prevent genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L Connolly
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Bachmann
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas Hiltke
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen N Kersh
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lori M Newman
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lydia Wilson
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Leandro Mena
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carolyn Deal
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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3
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Zhou N, Zheng D, You Q, Chen T, Jiang J, Shen W, Zhang D, Liu J, Chen D, Hu K. Therapeutic Potential of Biochanin A in Herpes Simplex Keratitis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1240. [PMID: 37765049 PMCID: PMC10536220 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is a blinding eye disease that is initiated by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Resistance to acyclovir (ACV) and the side effects of corticosteroid drugs have become concerning issues, so it is crucial to develop new antivirals for treating HSK. In this study, we report that biochanin A (BCA), a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, provides multifaceted protective effects with anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic activities to alleviate HSK. The results show that BCA significantly inhibited HSV-1 replication in vitro and further proved that BCA principally influenced the early stage of virus infection. We reveal that BCA downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors triggered by HSV-1, including TNF-α, RANTES, IL-1β and IL-6. Furthermore, BCA treatment alleviated oxidative stress and apoptotic arising from HSV-1 infection. Lastly, we induced HSK in male C57BL/6 mice and treated them with either BCA or phosphate buffer solution (PBS) eye drops. We observed the ocular surface lesions; determined the virus load in the tear fluid, corneas as well as trigeminal ganglions (TGs); and detected the levels of inflammation and apoptosis in the corneas simultaneously. These results show that BCA inhibits HSV-1 and alleviates the corneal lesion degree. Our study illustrates that BCA is a promising therapeutic approach for application in treating HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Deyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiao You
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Taige Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Jiaxuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Wenhao Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Junpeng Liu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
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4
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Choi EH, Suh S, Sears AE, Hołubowicz R, Kedhar SR, Browne AW, Palczewski K. Genome editing in the treatment of ocular diseases. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1678-1690. [PMID: 37524870 PMCID: PMC10474087 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-editing technologies have ushered in a new era in gene therapy, providing novel therapeutic strategies for a wide range of diseases, including both genetic and nongenetic ocular diseases. These technologies offer new hope for patients suffering from previously untreatable conditions. The unique anatomical and physiological features of the eye, including its immune-privileged status, size, and compartmentalized structure, provide an optimal environment for the application of these cutting-edge technologies. Moreover, the development of various delivery methods has facilitated the efficient and targeted administration of genome engineering tools designed to correct specific ocular tissues. Additionally, advancements in noninvasive ocular imaging techniques and electroretinography have enabled real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy and safety. Herein, we discuss the discovery and development of genome-editing technologies, their application to ocular diseases from the anterior segment to the posterior segment, current limitations encountered in translating these technologies into clinical practice, and ongoing research endeavors aimed at overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Choi
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Susie Suh
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Avery E Sears
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rafał Hołubowicz
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay R Kedhar
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrew W Browne
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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5
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Yin J, Fu Y, Rao G, Li Z, Tian K, Chong T, Kuang K, Wang M, Hu Z, Cao S. Structural transitions during the cooperative assembly of baculovirus single-stranded DNA-binding protein on ssDNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:13100-13113. [PMID: 36477586 PMCID: PMC9825184 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) interact with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to form filamentous structures with various degrees of cooperativity, as a result of intermolecular interactions between neighboring SSB subunits on ssDNA. However, it is still challenging to perform structural studies on SSB-ssDNA filaments at high resolution using the most studied SSB models, largely due to the intrinsic flexibility of these nucleoprotein complexes. In this study, HaLEF-3, an SSB protein from Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus, was used for in vitro assembly of SSB-ssDNA filaments, which were structurally studied at atomic resolution using cryo-electron microscopy. Combined with the crystal structure of ssDNA-free HaLEF-3 octamers, our results revealed that the three-dimensional rearrangement of HaLEF-3 induced by an internal hinge-bending movement is essential for the formation of helical SSB-ssDNA complexes, while the contacting interface between adjacent HaLEF-3 subunits remains basically intact. We proposed a local cooperative SSB-ssDNA binding model, in which, triggered by exposure to oligonucleotides, HaLEF-3 molecules undergo ring-to-helix transition to initiate continuous SSB-SSB interactions along ssDNA. Unique structural features revealed by the assembly of HaLEF-3 on ssDNA suggest that HaLEF-3 may represent a new class of SSB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhiqiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Kexing Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Tingting Chong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Kai Kuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety, Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety, Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Sheng Cao
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 27 87198286; Fax: +86 27 87198286;
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6
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Turner DL, Mathias RA. The human cytomegalovirus decathlon: Ten critical replication events provide opportunities for restriction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1053139. [PMID: 36506089 PMCID: PMC9732275 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1053139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals, transplant recipients, and to the developing foetus during pregnancy. There is no protective vaccine currently available, and with only a limited number of antiviral drug options, resistant strains are constantly emerging. Successful completion of HCMV replication is an elegant feat from a molecular perspective, with both host and viral processes required at various stages. Remarkably, HCMV and other herpesviruses have protracted replication cycles, large genomes, complex virion structure and complicated nuclear and cytoplasmic replication events. In this review, we outline the 10 essential stages the virus must navigate to successfully complete replication. As each individual event along the replication continuum poses as a potential barrier for restriction, these essential checkpoints represent potential targets for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L. Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Rommel A. Mathias,
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7
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Newing TP, Brewster JL, Fitschen LJ, Bouwer JC, Johnston NP, Yu H, Tolun G. Redβ 177 annealase structure reveals details of oligomerization and λ Red-mediated homologous DNA recombination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5649. [PMID: 36163171 PMCID: PMC9512822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Redβ protein of the bacteriophage λ red recombination system is a model annealase which catalyzes single-strand annealing homologous DNA recombination. Here we present the structure of a helical oligomeric annealing intermediate of Redβ, consisting of N-terminal residues 1-177 bound to two complementary 27mer oligonucleotides, determined via cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to a final resolution of 3.3 Å. The structure reveals a continuous binding groove which positions and stabilizes complementary DNA strands in a planar orientation to facilitate base pairing via a network of hydrogen bonding. Definition of the inter-subunit interface provides a structural basis for the propensity of Redβ to oligomerize into functionally significant long helical filaments, a trait shared by most annealases. Our cryo-EM structure and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that residues 133-138 form a flexible loop which modulates access to the binding groove. More than half a century after its discovery, this combination of structural and computational observations has allowed us to propose molecular mechanisms for the actions of the model annealase Redβ, a defining member of the Redβ/RecT protein family. Redβ annealase catalyses single-strand annealing homologous DNA recombination. Here, the authors present a cryo-EM structure of a Redβ annealing intermediate bound to two complementary 27mer oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Newing
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jodi L Brewster
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lucy J Fitschen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - James C Bouwer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Nikolas P Johnston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Gökhan Tolun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Abstract
Human cells encode up to 15 DNA polymerases with specialized functions in chromosomal DNA synthesis and damage repair. In contrast, complex DNA viruses, such as those of the herpesviridae family, encode a single B-family DNA polymerase. This disparity raises the possibility that DNA viruses may rely on host polymerases for synthesis through complex DNA geometries. We tested the importance of error-prone Y-family polymerases involved in translesion synthesis (TLS) to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. We find most Y-family polymerases involved in the nucleotide insertion and bypass of lesions restrict HCMV genome synthesis and replication. In contrast, other TLS polymerases, such as the polymerase ζ complex, which extends past lesions, was required for optimal genome synthesis and replication. Depletion of either the polζ complex or the suite of insertion polymerases demonstrate that TLS polymerases suppress the frequency of viral genome rearrangements, particularly at GC-rich sites and repeat sequences. Moreover, while distinct from HCMV, replication of the related herpes simplex virus type 1 is impacted by host TLS polymerases, suggesting a broader requirement for host polymerases for DNA virus replication. These findings reveal an unexpected role for host DNA polymerases in ensuring viral genome stability.
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9
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Wright LR, Wright DL, Weller SK. Viral Nucleases from Herpesviruses and Coronavirus in Recombination and Proofreading: Potential Targets for Antiviral Drug Discovery. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071557. [PMID: 35891537 PMCID: PMC9324378 DOI: 10.3390/v14071557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explore recombination in two very different virus families that have become major threats to human health. The Herpesviridae are a large family of pathogenic double-stranded DNA viruses involved in a range of diseases affecting both people and animals. Coronaviridae are positive-strand RNA viruses (CoVs) that have also become major threats to global health and economic stability, especially in the last two decades. Despite many differences, such as the make-up of their genetic material (DNA vs. RNA) and overall mechanisms of genome replication, both human herpes viruses (HHVs) and CoVs have evolved to rely heavily on recombination for viral genome replication, adaptation to new hosts and evasion of host immune regulation. In this review, we will focus on the roles of three viral exonucleases: two HHV exonucleases (alkaline nuclease and PolExo) and one CoV exonuclease (ExoN). We will review the roles of these three nucleases in their respective life cycles and discuss the state of drug discovery efforts against these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R. Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.R.W.); (D.L.W.)
| | - Dennis L. Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.R.W.); (D.L.W.)
| | - Sandra K. Weller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(860)-679-2310; Fax: +1-(860)-679-1239
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10
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Tang Q, Luan F, Yuan A, Sun J, Rao Z, Wang B, Liu Y, Zeng N. Sophoridine Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection by Blocking the Activation of Cellular PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK Pathways. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872505. [PMID: 35756044 PMCID: PMC9229184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous and important human pathogen capable of causing significant clinical diseases ranging from skin damage to encephalitis, particularly in immunocompromised and neonatal hosts. Currently, widely used nucleoside analogs, including acyclovir and penciclovir, have some limitations in their use due to side effects and drug resistance. Herein, we report sophoridine's (SRI) dramatic inhibition of HSV-1 replication in vitro. SRI exhibited a remarkable inhibitory influence on HSV-1 virus-induced cytopathic effect and plaque formation, as well as on progeny viruses in Vero and HeLa cells, with selection indexes (SI) of 38.96 and 22.62, respectively. Moreover, SRI also considerably suppressed HSV-1 replication by hindering the expression of viral immediate-early (ICP0 and ICP22), early (ICP8 and TK), and late (gB and gD) genes and the expression of viral proteins ICP0, gB, and gD. We suggest that SRI can directly inactivate viral particles and block some stages in the life cycle of HSV-1 after adsorption. Further experiments showed that SRI downregulated the cellular PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and obstructed HSV-1 replication even more. Most importantly, SRI markedly repressed HSV-1-induced p38 MAPK pathway activation. Collectively, this natural bioactive alkaloid could be a promising therapeutic candidate against HSV-1 via the modulation of cellular PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - An Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhili Rao
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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11
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Abstract
The majority of drug discovery efforts against herpesviruses have focused on nucleoside analogs that target viral DNA polymerases, agents that are associated with dose-limiting toxicity and/or a narrow spectrum of activity. We are pursuing a strategy based on targeting two-metal ion-dependent (TMID) viral enzymes. This family of enzymes consists of structurally related proteins that share common active sites containing conserved carboxylates predicted to coordinate divalent cations essential for catalysis. Compounds that target TMID enzymes, such as HIV integrase and influenza endoribonuclease, have been successfully developed for clinical use. HIV integrase inhibitors have been reported to inhibit replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and other herpesviruses; however, the molecular targets of their antiviral activities have not been identified. We employed a candidate-based approach utilizing several two-metal-directed chemotypes and the potential viral TMID enzymatic targets in an effort to correlate target-based activity with antiviral potency. The panel of compounds tested included integrase inhibitors, the anti-influenza agent baloxavir, three natural products previously shown to exhibit anti-HSV activity, and two 8-hydroxyquinolines (8-HQs), AK-157 and AK-166, from our in-house program. The integrase inhibitors exhibited weak overall anti-HSV-1 activity, while the 8-HQs were shown to inhibit both HSV-1 and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Target-based analysis demonstrated that none of the antiviral compounds acted by inhibiting ICP8, contradicting previous reports. On the other hand, baloxavir inhibited the proofreading exonuclease of HSV polymerase, while AK-157 and AK-166 inhibited the alkaline exonuclease UL12. In addition, AK-157 also inhibited the catalytic activity of the HSV polymerase, which provides an opportunity to potentially develop dual-targeting agents against herpesviruses. IMPORTANCE Human herpesviruses (HHVs) establish lifelong latent infections, which undergo periodic reactivation and remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Currently, HHV infections are treated primarily with agents that target viral DNA polymerase, including nucleoside analogs; however, long-term treatment can be complicated by the development of drug resistance. New therapies with novel modes of action would be important not only for the treatment of resistant viruses but also for use in combination therapy to reduce dose-limiting toxicities and potentially eliminate infection. Since many essential HHV proteins are well conserved, inhibitors of novel targets would ideally exhibit broad-spectrum activity against multiple HHVs.
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12
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Zhang F, Wu LB, Yu Q, Wang MJ, Zeng XL, Wei XT, Wu ZJ, Cai RL, Hu L. Neurotropic Viruses as a Tool for Neural Circuit-Tracing. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Packard JE, Dembowski JA. HSV-1 DNA Replication-Coordinated Regulation by Viral and Cellular Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102015. [PMID: 34696446 PMCID: PMC8539067 DOI: 10.3390/v13102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is an integral step in the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) life cycle that is coordinated with the cellular DNA damage response, repair and recombination of the viral genome, and viral gene transcription. HSV-1 encodes its own DNA replication machinery, including an origin binding protein (UL9), single-stranded DNA binding protein (ICP8), DNA polymerase (UL30), processivity factor (UL42), and a helicase/primase complex (UL5/UL8/UL52). In addition, HSV-1 utilizes a combination of accessory viral and cellular factors to coordinate viral DNA replication with other viral and cellular processes. The purpose of this review is to outline the roles of viral and cellular proteins in HSV-1 DNA replication and replication-coupled processes, and to highlight how HSV-1 may modify and adapt cellular proteins to facilitate productive infection.
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14
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Bermek O, Williams RS. The three-component helicase/primase complex of herpes simplex virus-1. Open Biol 2021; 11:210011. [PMID: 34102080 PMCID: PMC8187027 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the nine herpesviruses that infect humans. HSV-1 encodes seven proteins to replicate its genome in the hijacked human cell. Among these are the herpes virus DNA helicase and primase that are essential components of its replication machinery. In the HSV-1 replisome, the helicase-primase complex is composed of three components including UL5 (helicase), UL52 (primase) and UL8 (non-catalytic subunit). UL5 and UL52 subunits are functionally interdependent, and the UL8 component is required for the coordination of UL5 and UL52 activities proceeding in opposite directions with respect to the viral replication fork. Anti-viral compounds currently under development target the functions of UL5 and UL52. Here, we review the structural and functional properties of the UL5/UL8/UL52 complex and highlight the gaps in knowledge to be filled to facilitate molecular characterization of the structure and function of the helicase-primase complex for development of alternative anti-viral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Bermek
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - R Scott Williams
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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15
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Yin D, Ling S, Wang D, Dai Y, Jiang H, Zhou X, Paludan SR, Hong J, Cai Y. Targeting herpes simplex virus with CRISPR-Cas9 cures herpetic stromal keratitis in mice. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:567-577. [PMID: 33432198 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-00781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a leading cause of infectious blindness. Current treatments for HSV-1 do not eliminate the virus from the site of infection or latent reservoirs in the trigeminal ganglia. Here, we target HSV-1 genomes directly using mRNA-carrying lentiviral particles that simultaneously deliver SpCas9 mRNA and viral-gene-targeting guide RNAs (designated HSV-1-erasing lentiviral particles, termed HELP). We show that HELP efficiently blocks HSV-1 replication and the occurrence of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) in three different infection models. HELP was capable of eliminating the viral reservoir via retrograde transport from corneas to trigeminal ganglia. Additionally, HELP inhibited viral replication in human-derived corneas without causing off-target effects, as determined by whole-genome sequencing. These results support the potential clinical utility of HELP for treating refractory HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sikai Ling
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shanghai Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xujiao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shanghai Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Soren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jiaxu Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shanghai Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Yujia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Oliveira MT, Ciesielski GL. The Essential, Ubiquitous Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2281:1-21. [PMID: 33847949 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1290-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of genomes is fundamental for all living organisms. The diverse processes related to genome maintenance entail the management of various intermediate structures, which may be deleterious if unresolved. The most frequent intermediate structures that result from the melting of the DNA duplex are single-stranded (ss) DNA stretches. These are thermodynamically less stable and can spontaneously fold into secondary structures, which may obstruct a variety of genome processes. In addition, ssDNA is more prone to breaking, which may lead to the formation of deletions or DNA degradation. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) bind and stabilize ssDNA, preventing the abovementioned deleterious consequences and recruiting the appropriate machinery to resolve that intermediate molecule. They are present in all forms of life and are essential for their viability, with very few exceptions. Here we present an introductory chapter to a volume of the Methods in Molecular Biology dedicated to SSBs, in which we provide a general description of SSBs from various taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos T Oliveira
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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17
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Carr DJJ, Gmyrek GB, Filiberti A, Berube AN, Browne WP, Gudgel BM, Sjoelund VH. Distinguishing Features of High- and Low-Dose Vaccine against Ocular HSV-1 Infection Correlates with Recognition of Specific HSV-1-Encoded Proteins. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:608-626. [PMID: 33037098 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy of a live-attenuated HSV type 1 (HSV-1) vaccine, HSV-1 0∆ nuclear location signal (NLS), was evaluated in mice prophylactically in response to ocular HSV-1 challenge. Mice vaccinated with the HSV-1 0∆NLS were found to be more resistant to subsequent ocular virus challenge in terms of viral shedding, spread, the inflammatory response, and ocular pathology in a dose-dependent fashion. Specifically, a strong neutralizing Ab profile associated with low virus titers recovered from the cornea and trigeminal ganglia was observed in vaccinated mice in a dose-dependent fashion with doses ranging from 1 × 103 to 1 × 105 PFU HSV-1 0∆NLS. This correlation also existed in terms of viral latency in the trigeminal ganglia, corneal neovascularization, and leukocyte infiltration and expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in infected tissue with the higher doses (1 × 104-1 × 105 PFU) of the HSV-1 0∆NLS-vaccinated mice, displaying reduced viral latency, ocular pathology, or inflammation in comparison with the lowest dose (1 × 103 PFU) or vehicle vaccine employed. Fifteen HSV-1-encoded proteins were uniquely recognized by antisera from high-dose (1 × 105 PFU)-vaccinated mice in comparison with low-dose (1 × 103 PFU)- or vehicle-vaccinated animals. Passive immunization using high-dose-vaccinated, but not low-dose-vaccinated, mouse sera showed significant efficacy against ocular pathology in HSV-1-challenged animals. In summary, we have identified the minimal protective dose of HSV-1 0∆NLS vaccine in mice to prevent HSV-mediated disease and identified candidate proteins that may be useful in the development of a noninfectious prophylactic vaccine against the insidious HSV-1 pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Grzegorz B Gmyrek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Adrian Filiberti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Amanda N Berube
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - William P Browne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Brett M Gudgel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Virginie H Sjoelund
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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18
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Birzer A, Kraner ME, Heilingloh CS, Mühl-Zürbes P, Hofmann J, Steinkasserer A, Popella L. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of HSV-1 L-Particles From Human Dendritic Cells and BHK21 Cells and Analysis of Their Functional Role. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1997. [PMID: 33117298 PMCID: PMC7550753 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a very common human pathogenic virus among the world’s population. The lytic replication cycle of HSV-1 is, amongst others, characterized by a tripartite viral gene expression cascade, the assembly of nucleocapsids involving their subsequent nuclear egress, tegumentation, re-envelopment and the final release of progeny viral particles. During productive infection of a multitude of different cell types, HSV-1 generates not only infectious heavy (H-) particles, but also non-infectious light (L-) particles, lacking the capsid. In monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells (mDCs), HSV-1 causes a non-productive infection with the predominant release of L-particles. Until now, the generation and function of L-particles is not well understood, however, they are described as factors transferring viral components to the cellular microenvironment. To obtain deeper insights into the L-particle composition, we performed a mass-spectrometry-based analysis of L-particles derived from HSV-1-infected mDCs or BHK21 cells and H-particles from the latter one. In total, we detected 63 viral proteins in both H- and L-particle preparations derived from HSV-1-infected BHK21 cells. In L-particles from HSV-1-infected mDCs we identified 41 viral proteins which are differentially distributed compared to L-particles from BHK21 cells. In this study, we present data suggesting that L-particles modify mDCs and suppress their T cell stimulatory capacity. Due to the plethora of specific viral proteins incorporated into and transmitted by L-particles, it is tempting to speculate that L-particles manipulate non-infected bystander cells for the benefit of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Birzer
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Edmund Kraner
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Petra Mühl-Zürbes
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Linda Popella
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Meier AF, Fraefel C, Seyffert M. The Interplay between Adeno-Associated Virus and its Helper Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060662. [PMID: 32575422 PMCID: PMC7354565 DOI: 10.3390/v12060662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonpathogenic parvovirus, which depends on helper factors to replicate. Those helper factors can be provided by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenoviruses, herpesviruses, or papillomaviruses. We review the basic biology of AAV and its most-studied helper viruses, adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We further outline the direct and indirect interactions of AAV with those and additional helper viruses.
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20
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent and important human pathogen that has been studied in a wide variety of contexts. This book provides protocols currently in use in leading laboratories in many fields of HSV-1 research. This introductory chapter gives a brief overview of HSV-1 biology and life cycle, covering basic aspects of virus structure, the prevalence of and diseases caused by the virus, replication in cultured cells, viral latency, antiviral defenses, and the mechanisms that the virus uses to counteract these defenses.
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