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Minowa Y, Aoyagi S, Inui S, Nakagawa T, Asaka G, Tsubota M, Ashida M. Visualization of quantized vortex reconnection enabled by laser ablation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1143. [PMID: 35507658 PMCID: PMC9067918 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Impurity injection into superfluid helium is a simple and appealing method with diverse applications, including high-precision spectroscopy, quantum computing with surface electrons, nano/micromaterial synthesis, and flow visualization. Quantized vortices play a major role in the interaction between superfluid helium and light impurities. However, the basic principle governing this interaction is still unclear for dense (high mass density and refractive index) materials, such as semiconductor and metal impurities. Here, we provide experimental evidence of the dense silicon nanoparticle attraction to the quantized vortex cores. We prepared the silicon nanoparticles via in situ laser ablation. Following laser ablation, we observed that the silicon nanoparticles formed curved filament-like structures, indicative of quantized vortex cores. We also observed that two accidentally intersecting quantized vortices exchanged their parts, a phenomenon called quantized vortex reconnection. This behavior closely matches the dynamical scaling of reconnections. Our results provide a previously unexplored method for visualizing and studying impurity-quantized vortex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Minowa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikane-yama, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shota Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikane-yama, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sosuke Inui
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomo Nakagawa
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gamu Asaka
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsubota
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
- The Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ashida
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikane-yama, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Vortex clustering, polarisation and circulation intermittency in classical and quantum turbulence. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7090. [PMID: 34876584 PMCID: PMC8651722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of turbulent flows is one of the biggest current challenges in physics, as no first-principles theory exists to explain their observed spatio-temporal intermittency. Turbulent flows may be regarded as an intricate collection of mutually-interacting vortices. This picture becomes accurate in quantum turbulence, which is built on tangles of discrete vortex filaments. Here, we study the statistics of velocity circulation in quantum and classical turbulence. We show that, in quantum flows, Kolmogorov turbulence emerges from the correlation of vortex orientations, while deviations-associated with intermittency-originate from their non-trivial spatial arrangement. We then link the spatial distribution of vortices in quantum turbulence to the coarse-grained energy dissipation in classical turbulence, enabling the application of existent models of classical turbulence intermittency to the quantum case. Our results provide a connection between the intermittency of quantum and classical turbulence and initiate a promising path to a better understanding of the latter.
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Kwon WJ, Del Pace G, Xhani K, Galantucci L, Muzi Falconi A, Inguscio M, Scazza F, Roati G. Sound emission and annihilations in a programmable quantum vortex collider. Nature 2021; 600:64-69. [PMID: 34853459 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In quantum fluids, the quantization of circulation forbids the diffusion of a vortex swirling flow seen in classical viscous fluids. Yet, accelerating quantum vortices may lose their energy into acoustic radiations1,2, similar to the way electric charges decelerate on emitting photons. The dissipation of vortex energy underlies central problems in quantum hydrodynamics3, such as the decay of quantum turbulence, highly relevant to systems as varied as neutron stars, superfluid helium and atomic condensates4,5. A deep understanding of the elementary mechanisms behind irreversible vortex dynamics has been a goal for decades3,6, but it is complicated by the shortage of conclusive experimental signatures7. Here we address this challenge by realizing a programmable vortex collider in a planar, homogeneous atomic Fermi superfluid with tunable inter-particle interactions. We create on-demand vortex configurations and monitor their evolution, taking advantage of the accessible time and length scales of ultracold Fermi gases8,9. Engineering collisions within and between vortex-antivortex pairs allows us to decouple relaxation of the vortex energy due to sound emission and that due to interactions with normal fluid (that is, mutual friction). We directly visualize how the annihilation of vortex dipoles radiates a sound pulse. Further, our few-vortex experiments extending across different superfluid regimes reveal non-universal dissipative dynamics, suggesting that fermionic quasiparticles localized inside the vortex core contribute significantly to dissipation, thereby opening the route to exploring new pathways for quantum turbulence decay, vortex by vortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Kwon
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - G Del Pace
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - K Xhani
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - L Galantucci
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Muzi Falconi
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Inguscio
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Scazza
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Roati
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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4
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Nanoscale real-time detection of quantum vortices at millikelvin temperatures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2645. [PMID: 33976214 PMCID: PMC8113507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since we still lack a theory of classical turbulence, attention has focused on the conceptually simpler turbulence in quantum fluids. Reaching a better understanding of the quantum case may provide additional insight into the classical counterpart. That said, we have hitherto lacked detectors capable of the real-time, non-invasive probing of the wide range of length scales involved in quantum turbulence. Here we demonstrate the real-time detection of quantum vortices by a nanoscale resonant beam in superfluid 4He at 10 mK. Essentially, we trap a single vortex along the length of a nanobeam and observe the transitions as a vortex is either trapped or released, detected through the shift in the beam resonant frequency. By exciting a tuning fork, we control the ambient vortex density and follow its influence on the vortex capture and release rates demonstrating that these devices are capable of probing turbulence on the micron scale. Previous work has shown the detection of quantum turbulence with mechanical resonators but with limited spatial and temporal resolution. Here, the authors demonstrate real-time detection of single quantum vortices in superfluid 4He with millisecond and micron resolution at temperatures of 10 millikelvin.
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Villois A, Proment D, Krstulovic G. Irreversible Dynamics of Vortex Reconnections in Quantum Fluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:164501. [PMID: 33124852 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.164501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We statistically study vortex reconnections in quantum fluids by evolving different realizations of vortex Hopf links using the Gross-Pitaevskii model. Despite the time reversibility of the model, we report clear evidence that the dynamics of the reconnection process is time irreversible, as reconnecting vortices tend to separate faster than they approach. Thanks to a matching theory devised concurrently by Proment and Krstulovic [Phys. Rev. Fluids 5, 104701 (2020)PLFHBR2469-990X10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.104701], we quantitatively relate the origin of this asymmetry to the generation of a sound pulse after the reconnection event. Our results have the prospect of being tested in several quantum fluid experiments and, theoretically, may shed new light on the energy transfer mechanisms in both classical and quantum turbulent fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Villois
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom and School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Proment
- School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Krstulovic
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
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6
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Xhani K, Neri E, Galantucci L, Scazza F, Burchianti A, Lee KL, Barenghi CF, Trombettoni A, Inguscio M, Zaccanti M, Roati G, Proukakis NP. Critical Transport and Vortex Dynamics in a Thin Atomic Josephson Junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:045301. [PMID: 32058733 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.045301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study the onset of dissipation in an atomic Josephson junction between Fermi superfluids in the molecular Bose-Einstein condensation limit of strong attraction. Our simulations identify the critical population imbalance and the maximum Josephson current delimiting dissipationless and dissipative transport, in quantitative agreement with recent experiments. We unambiguously link dissipation to vortex ring nucleation and dynamics, demonstrating that quantum phase slips are responsible for the observed resistive current. Our work directly connects microscopic features with macroscopic dissipative transport, providing a comprehensive description of vortex ring dynamics in three-dimensional inhomogeneous constricted superfluids at zero and finite temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Xhani
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - E Neri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - L Galantucci
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - F Scazza
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Burchianti
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - K-L Lee
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - C F Barenghi
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - A Trombettoni
- CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS Simulation Center and SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Inguscio
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - M Zaccanti
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G Roati
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INO), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - N P Proukakis
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Moriconi L. Toy model for vortex-ring-assisted particle drag in superfluid counterflow. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:043102. [PMID: 31770985 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.043102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of data obtained from particle image and tracking velocimetry in the study of superfluid flows has been so far a challenging task. Tracking particles (as solid hydrogen or deuterium) are attracted to the cores of quantized vortices, so that their dynamics can be strongly affected by the surrounding vortex tangle. Previous phenomenological arguments indicate that tracking particles and microsized vortex rings could form bound states (denoted here as VRP states). While a comprehensive description of the vortex ring-particle bonding mechanism has to deal with somewhat involved flow configurations, we introduce a simplified two-dimensional model of VRP states, which captures essential qualitative features of their three-dimensional counterparts. Besides an account of known experimental and numerical observations, the model proves to be of great heuristic interest. In particular, it sheds light on the important role played by viscous dissipation (due to the normal component of the fluid), the Magnus force, and topologically excited vortex rings in the stability and dynamics of VRP states.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moriconi
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68528, CEP: 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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