1
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Bussandri S, Shimon D, Equbal A, Ren Y, Takahashi S, Ramanathan C, Han S. P1 Center Electron Spin Clusters Are Prevalent in Type Ib Diamonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5088-5099. [PMID: 38112330 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial distribution of the P1 centers is crucial for diamond-based sensors and quantum devices. P1 centers serve as polarization sources for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) quantum sensing and play a significant role in the relaxation of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. Additionally, the distribution of NV centers correlates with the distribution of P1 centers, as NV centers are formed through the conversion of P1 centers. We utilized DNP and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques that revealed strong clustering of a significant population of P1 centers that exhibit exchange coupling and produce asymmetric line shapes. The 13C DNP frequency profile at a high magnetic field revealed a pattern that requires an asymmetric EPR line shape of the P1 clusters with electron-electron (e-e) coupling strengths exceeding the 13C nuclear Larmor frequency. EPR and DNP characterization at high magnetic fields was necessary to resolve energy contributions from different e-e couplings. We employed a two-frequency pump-probe pulsed electron double resonance technique to show cross-talk between the isolated and clustered P1 centers. This finding implies that the clustered P1 centers affect all of the P1 populations. Direct observation of clustered P1 centers and their asymmetric line shape offers a novel and crucial insight into understanding magnetic noise sources for quantum information applications of diamonds and for designing diamond-based polarizing agents with optimized DNP efficiency for 13C and other nuclear spins of analytes. We propose that room temperature 13C DNP at a high field, achievable through straightforward modifications to existing solution-state NMR systems, is a potent tool for evaluating and controlling diamond defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Bussandri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Daphna Shimon
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Asif Equbal
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Quantum and Topological Systems, New York University, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yuhang Ren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Chandrasekhar Ramanathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 600208, United States
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2
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Pillai A, Elanchezhian M, Virtanen T, Conti S, Ajoy A. Electron-to-nuclear spectral mapping via dynamic nuclear polarization. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:154201. [PMID: 37843056 DOI: 10.1063/5.0157954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on a strategy to indirectly read out the spectrum of an electronic spin via polarization transfer to nuclear spins in its local environment. The nuclear spins are far more abundant and have longer lifetimes, allowing for repeated polarization accumulation in them. Subsequent nuclear interrogation can reveal information about the electronic spectral density of states. We experimentally demonstrate the method by reading out the ESR spectrum of nitrogen vacancy center electrons in diamond via readout of lattice 13C nuclei. Spin-lock control on the 13C nuclei yields a significantly enhanced signal-to-noise ratio for the nuclear readout. Spectrally mapped readout presents operational advantages in being background-free and immune to crystal orientation and optical scattering. We harness these advantages to demonstrate applications in underwater magnetometry. The physical basis for the "one-to-many" spectral map is itself intriguing. To uncover its origin, we develop a theoretical model that maps the system dynamics, involving traversal of a cascaded structure of Landau-Zener anti-crossings, to the operation of a tilted "Galton board." This work points to new opportunities for "ESR-via-NMR" in dilute electronic systems and in hybrid electron-nuclear quantum memories and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Moniish Elanchezhian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Teemu Virtanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sophie Conti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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3
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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4
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Lin MC, Lo PY, Nori F, Chen HB. Precession-induced nonclassicality of the free induction decay of NV centers by a dynamical polarized nuclear spin bath. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:505701. [PMID: 36261040 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac9bbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing exploration of the ambiguous boundary between the quantum and the classical worlds has spurred substantial developments in quantum science and technology. Recently, the nonclassicality of dynamical processes has been proposed from a quantum-information-theoretic perspective, in terms of witnessing nonclassical correlations with Hamiltonian ensemble simulations. To acquire insights into the quantum-dynamical mechanism of the process nonclassicality, here we propose to investigate the nonclassicality of the electron spin free-induction-decay process associated with an NV-center. By controlling the nuclear spin precession dynamics via an external magnetic field and nuclear spin polarization, it is possible to manipulate the dynamical behavior of the electron spin, showing a transition between classicality and nonclassicality. We propose an explanation of the classicality-nonclassicality transition in terms of the nuclear spin precession axis orientation and dynamics. We have also performed a series of numerical simulations supporting our findings. Consequently, we can attribute the nonclassical trait of the electron spin dynamics to the behavior of nuclear spin precession dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Che Lin
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yuan Lo
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Franco Nori
- Quantum Computing Center, and Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, United States of America
| | - Hong-Bin Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology, NCKU, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
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5
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Meriles CA, Zangara PR. Microwave-Free Dynamic Nuclear Polarization via Sudden Thermal Jumps. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:037401. [PMID: 35119891 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.037401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) presently stands as the preferred strategy to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, but its application relies on the use of high-frequency microwave to manipulate electron spins, an increasingly demanding task as the applied magnetic field grows. Here we investigate the dynamics of a system hosting a polarizing agent formed by two distinct paramagnetic centers near a level anticrossing. We theoretically show that nuclear spins polarize efficiently under a cyclic protocol that combines alternating thermal jumps and radio-frequency pulses connecting hybrid states with opposite nuclear and electronic spin alignment. Central to this process is the difference between the spin-lattice relaxation times of either electron spin species, transiently driving the electronic spin bath out of equilibrium after each thermal jump. Without the need for microwave excitation, this route to enhanced nuclear polarization may prove convenient, particularly if the polarizing agent is designed to feature electronic level anticrossings at high magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Meriles
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Pablo R Zangara
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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6
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Ajoy A, Sarkar A, Druga E, Zangara P, Pagliero D, Meriles CA, Reimer JA. Low-field microwave-mediated optical hyperpolarization in optically pumped diamond. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 331:107021. [PMID: 34563333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a new class of optically polarizable electronic spins in diamond, nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect centers, has opened interesting new avenues for dynamic nuclear polarization. Here we review methods for the room-temperature hyperpolarization of lattice 13C nuclei using optically pumped NV centers, focusing particular attention to a polarization transfer via rotating-frame level anti-crossings. We describe special features of this optical DNP mechanism at low-field, in particular, its deployability to randomly oriented diamond nanoparticles. In addition, we detail methods for indirectly obtaining high-resolution NV ESR spectra via hyperpolarization readout. These mechanistic features provide perspectives for interesting new applications exploiting the optically generated 13C hyperpolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - E Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - P Zangara
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, and CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D Pagliero
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - C A Meriles
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - J A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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7
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Pagliero D, Zangara PR, Henshaw J, Ajoy A, Acosta RH, Reimer JA, Pines A, Meriles CA. Optically pumped spin polarization as a probe of many-body thermalization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/18/eaaz6986. [PMID: 32917632 PMCID: PMC7195179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Disorder and many body interactions are known to impact transport and thermalization in competing ways, with the dominance of one or the other giving rise to fundamentally different dynamical phases. Here we investigate the spin diffusion dynamics of 13C in diamond, which we dynamically polarize at room temperature via optical spin pumping of engineered color centers. We focus on low-abundance, strongly hyperfine-coupled nuclei, whose role in the polarization transport we expose through the integrated impact of variable radio-frequency excitation on the observable bulk 13C magnetic resonance signal. Unexpectedly, we find good thermal contact throughout the nuclear spin bath, virtually independent of the hyperfine coupling strength, which we attribute to effective carbon-carbon interactions mediated by the electronic spin ensemble. In particular, observations across the full range of hyperfine couplings indicate the nuclear spin diffusion constant takes values up to two orders of magnitude greater than that expected from homo-nuclear spin couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pagliero
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Pablo R Zangara
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, CP X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rodolfo H Acosta
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, CP X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
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