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Marchesini M, Gherli A, Simoncini E, Tor LMD, Montanaro A, Thongon N, Vento F, Liverani C, Cerretani E, D'Antuono A, Pagliaro L, Zamponi R, Spadazzi C, Follini E, Cambò B, Giaimo M, Falco A, Sammarelli G, Todaro G, Bonomini S, Adami V, Piazza S, Corbo C, Lorusso B, Mezzasoma F, Lagrasta CAM, Martelli MP, La Starza R, Cuneo A, Aversa F, Mecucci C, Quaini F, Colla S, Roti G. Orthogonal proteogenomic analysis identifies the druggable PA2G4-MYC axis in 3q26 AML. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4739. [PMID: 38834613 PMCID: PMC11150407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of the ecotropic viral integration site-1 gene (EVI1/MECOM) marks the most lethal acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subgroup carrying chromosome 3q26 abnormalities. By taking advantage of the intersectionality of high-throughput cell-based and gene expression screens selective and pan-histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) emerge as potent repressors of EVI1. To understand the mechanism driving on-target anti-leukemia activity of this compound class, here we dissect the expression dynamics of the bone marrow leukemia cells of patients treated with HDACi and reconstitute the EVI1 chromatin-associated co-transcriptional complex merging on the role of proliferation-associated 2G4 (PA2G4) protein. PA2G4 overexpression rescues AML cells from the inhibitory effects of HDACis, while genetic and small molecule inhibition of PA2G4 abrogates EVI1 in 3q26 AML cells, including in patient-derived leukemia xenografts. This study positions PA2G4 at the crosstalk of the EVI1 leukemogenic signal for developing new therapeutics and urges the use of HDACis-based combination therapies in patients with 3q26 AML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus Protein/metabolism
- MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus Protein/genetics
- Proteogenomics/methods
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marchesini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Andrea Gherli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisa Simoncini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lucas Moron Dalla Tor
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Montanaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Natthakan Thongon
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federica Vento
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Liverani
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Elisa Cerretani
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna D'Antuono
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Pagliaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Zamponi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Spadazzi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Elena Follini
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda USL Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cambò
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giaimo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Angela Falco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sammarelli
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giannalisa Todaro
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bonomini
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Adami
- High-Throughput Screening Core Facility, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvano Piazza
- High-Throughput Screening Core Facility, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Computational Biology group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia Corbo
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Medicine and Surgery, NANOMIB Center, Monza, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Lorusso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Mezzasoma
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia and Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Maria Paola Martelli
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia and Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta La Starza
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia and Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria S.ANNA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Mecucci
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia and Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Colla
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giovanni Roti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics Laboratory, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Kim Y, Ko HR, Hwang I, Ahn JY. ErbB3 binding protein 1 contributes to adult hippocampal neurogenesis by modulating Bmp4 and Ascl1 signaling. BMB Rep 2024; 57:182-187. [PMID: 37817439 PMCID: PMC11058358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult hippocampus divide infrequently; the endogenous molecules modulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) remain largely unknown. Here, we show that ErbB3 binding protein 1 (Ebp1), which plays important roles in embryonic neurodevelopment, acts as an essential modulator of adult neurogenic factors. In vivo analysis of Ebp1 neuron depletion mice showed impaired AHN with a low number of hippocampal NSCs and neuroblasts. Ebp1 leads to transcriptional repression of Bmp4 and suppression of Ascl1 promoter methylation in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus reflecting an unusually high level of Bmp4 and low Ascl1 level in neurons of Ebp1-deficient mice. Therefore, our findings suggests that Ebp1 could act as an endogenous modulator of the interplay between Bmp4 and Ascl1/Notch signaling, contributing to AHN. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(4): 182-187].
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyo Rim Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Inwoo Hwang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jee-Yin Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
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Hwang I, Kim BS, Lee HY, Cho SW, Lee SE, Ahn JY. PA2G4/EBP1 ubiquitination by PRKN/PARKIN promotes mitophagy protecting neuron death in cerebral ischemia. Autophagy 2024; 20:365-379. [PMID: 37712850 PMCID: PMC10813645 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces massive mitochondrial damage, leading to neuronal death. The elimination of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy is critical for neuroprotection. Here we show that the level of PA2G4/EBP1 (proliferation-associated 2G4) was notably increased early during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and prevented neuronal death by eliciting cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced mitophagy. Neuron-specific knockout of Pa2g4 increased infarct volume and aggravated neuron loss with impaired mitophagy and was rescued by introduction of adeno-associated virus serotype 2 expressing PA2G4/EBP1. We determined that PA2G4/EBP1 is ubiquitinated on lysine 376 by PRKN/PARKIN on the damaged mitochondria and interacts with receptor protein SQSTM1/p62 for mitophagy induction. Thus, our study suggests that PA2G4/EBP1 ubiquitination following cerebral IR-injury promotes mitophagy induction, which may be implicated in neuroprotection.Abbreviations: AAV: adeno-associated virus; ACTB: actin beta; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CA1: Cornu Ammonis 1; CASP3: caspase 3; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; PA2G4/EBP1: proliferation-associated 2G4; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; IB: immunoblotting; ICC: immunocytochemistry; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IP: immunoprecipitation; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; OGD: oxygen-glucose deprivation; PRKN/PARKIN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; RBFOX3/NeuN: RNA binding fox-1 homolog 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUBB: tubulin beta class I; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inwoo Hwang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byeong-Seong Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ho Yun Lee
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Research Animal Resources Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yin Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Hwang I, Kim BS, Ko HR, Cho S, Lee HY, Cho SW, Ryu D, Shim S, Ahn JY. Cerebellar dysfunction and schizophrenia-like behavior in Ebp1-deficient mice. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2030-2041. [PMID: 35165395 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar deficits with Purkinje cell (PCs) loss are observed in several neurologic disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms as to how the cerebellum is affected during development remain unclear. Here we demonstrated that specific inactivation of murine Ebp1 in the central nervous system causes a profound neuropathology characterized by reduced cerebellar volume and PCs loss with abnormal dendritic development, leading to phenotypes including motor defects and schizophrenia (SZ)-like behaviors. Loss of Ebp1 leads to untimely gene expression of Fbxw7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, resulting in aberrant protein degradation of PTF1A, thereby eliciting cerebellar defects. Reinstatement of Ebp1, but not the Ebp1-E183Ter mutant found in SZ patients, reconstituted cerebellar architecture with increased PCs numbers and improved behavioral phenotypes. Thus, our findings indicate a crucial role for EBP1 in cerebellar development, and define a molecular basis for the cerebellar contribution to neurologic disorders such as SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inwoo Hwang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Seong Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyo Rim Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Seongbong Cho
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Ho Yun Lee
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Sungbo Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jee-Yin Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea. .,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea. .,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
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Kim BS, Ko HR, Hwang I, Cho SW, Ahn JY. EBP1 regulates Suv39H1 stability via the ubiquitin-proteasome system in neural development. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33691908 PMCID: PMC8411044 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.8.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) is a multifunctional protein associated with neural development. Loss of Ebp1 leads to upregulation of the gene silencing unit suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1 (Suv39H1)/DNA (cytosine 5)-methyltransferase (DNMT1). EBP1 directly binds to the promoter region of DNMT1, repressing DNA methylation, and hence, promoting neural development. In the current study, we showed that EBP1 suppresses histone methyltransferase activity of Suv39H1 by promoting ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-dependent degradation of Suv39H1. In addition, we showed that EBP1 directly interacts with Suv39H1, and this interaction is required for recruiting the E3 ligase MDM2 for Suv39H1 degradation. Thus, our findings suggest that EBP1 regulates UPS-dependent degradation of Suv39H1 to govern proper heterochromatin assembly during neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Seong Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyo Rim Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Inwoo Hwang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jee-Yin Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
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The roles of multifunctional protein ErbB3 binding protein 1 (EBP1) isoforms from development to disease. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1039-1047. [PMID: 32719408 PMCID: PMC8080562 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of the two isoforms of ErbB3-binding protein 1 (Ebp1) in cellular function and its regulation in disease and development is a stimulating area in current fields of biology, such as neuroscience, cancer biology, and structural biology. Over the last two decades, a growing body of studies suggests have suggested different functions for the EBP1 isoforms in various cancers, along with their specific binding partners in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Owing to the specific cellular context or spatial/temporal expression of the EBP1 isoforms, either transcriptional repression or the activation function of EBP1 has been proposed, and epigenetic regulation by p48 EBP1 has also been observed during in the embryo development, including in brain development and neurologic disorders, such as schizophrenia, in using an Ebp1 knockout mouse model. Here, we review recent findings that have shaped our current understanding of the emerging function of EBP1 isoforms in cellular events and gene expression, from development to disease. A pair of proteins that originate from a common gene exert strikingly different effects on embryonic development as well as tumor growth and progression. RNA transcripts generated from the PA2G4 gene can undergo enzymatic processing to yield two different protein products, p42 EB1 and p48 EB1. These proteins differ by the presence or absence of 54 amino acids at one end, and Jee-Yin Ahn at the Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea, and colleagues have reviewed current insights into the functional consequences of this difference. The two proteins bind to distinct sets of molecular partners. The p48 form appears to regulate a host of genes involved in brain development, but also appears to drive cancerous growth in various tumors. In contrast, p42 is scarcer during development, and appears to inhibit tumor formation.
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Dysregulation of Epigenetic Control Contributes to Schizophrenia-Like Behavior in Ebp1 +/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072609. [PMID: 32283721 PMCID: PMC7178112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of epigenetic machinery can cause a variety of neurological disorders associated with cognitive abnormalities. In the hippocampus of postmortem Schizophrenia (SZ) patients, the most notable finding is the deregulation of GAD67 along with differential regulation of epigenetic factors associated with glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression. As we previously reported, ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) is a potent epigenetic regulator. EBP1 can induce repression of Dnmt1, a well-studied transcriptional repressor of GAD67. In this study, we investigated whether EBP1 contributes to the regulation of GAD67 expression in the hippocampus, controlling epigenetic machinery. In accordance with SZ-like behaviors in Ebp1(+/−) mice, heterozygous deletion of EBP1 led to a dramatic reduction of GAD67 expression, reflecting an abnormally high level of Dnmt1. Moreover, we found that EBP1 binds to the promoter region of HDAC1, which leads to histone deacetylation of GAD67, and suppresses histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression, inversely mirroring an unusually high level of HDAC1 in Ebp1(+/−) mice. However, EBP1 mutant (p.Glu 183 Ter) found in SZ patients did not elevate the expression of GAD67, failing to suppress Dnmt1 and/or HDAC1 expression. Therefore, this data supports the hypothesis that a reduced amount of EBP1 may contribute to an etiology of SZ due to a loss of transcriptional inhibition of epigenetic repressors, leading to a decreased expression of GAD67.
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