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La S, Li J, Ma S, Liu X, Gao L, Tian Y. Protective role of native root-associated bacterial consortium against root-knot nematode infection in susceptible plants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6723. [PMID: 39112511 PMCID: PMC11306399 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are a global menace to agricultural crop production. The role of root-associated microbes (RAMs) in plant protection against RKN infection remains unclear. Here we observe that cucumber (highly susceptible to Meloidogyne incognita) exhibits a consistently lower susceptibility to M. incognita in the presence of native RAMs in three distinct soils. Nematode infection alters the assembly of bacterial RAMs along the life cycle of M. incognita. Particularly, the loss of bacterial diversity of RAMs exacerbates plant susceptibility to M. incognita. A diverse range of native bacterial strains isolated from M. incognita-infected roots has nematode-antagonistic activity. Increasing the number of native bacterial strains causes decreasing nematode infection, which is lowest when six or more bacterial strains are present. Multiple simplified synthetic communities consisting of six bacterial strains show pronounced inhibitory effects on M. incognita infection in plants. These inhibitory effects are underpinned via multiple mechanisms including direct inhibition of infection, secretion of anti-nematode substances, and regulation of plant defense responses. This study highlights the role of native bacterial RAMs in plant resistance against RKNs and provides a useful insight into the development of a sustainable way to protect susceptible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai La
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Heping West Road No. 598, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Jiafan Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingqun Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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2
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Fallon AM. Wolbachia: Advancing into a Second Century. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2739:1-13. [PMID: 38006542 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3553-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia pipientis had its scientific debut nearly a century ago and has recently emerged as a target for therapeutic treatment of filarial infections and an attractive tool for control of arthropod pests. Wolbachia was known as a biological entity before DNA was recognized as the molecule that carries the genetic information on which life depends, and before arthropods and nematodes were grouped in the Ecdysozoa. Today, some investigators consider Wolbachia the most abundant endosymbiont on earth, given the numbers of its hosts and its diverse mutualistic, commensal, and parasitic roles in their life histories. Recent advances in molecular technologies have revolutionized our understanding of Wolbachia and its associated reproductive phenotypes. New models have emerged for its investigation, and substantial progress has been made towards Wolbachia-based interventions in medicine and agriculture. Here I introduce Wolbachia, with a focus on aspects of its biology that are covered in greater detail in subsequent chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Fallon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
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3
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Ben Moussa H, Pédron J, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Barny MA. Two species with a peculiar evolution within the genus Pectobacterium suggest adaptation to a new environmental niche. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2465-2480. [PMID: 37550252 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Historically, research on Soft Rot Pectobacteriacea (SRP) has focused on economically important crops and ornamentals and knowledge of these bacteria outside the plant context remains poorly investigated. Recently, two closely related species Pectobacterium aquaticum and Pectobacterium quasiaquaticum were isolated from water and have not been isolated from any plant yet. To identify the distinctive characteristics of these two species, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of 80 genomes representing 19 Pectobacterium species and performed an evolutionary reconstruction. Both water species underwent a reduction in genome size associated with a high pseudogene content. A high gene loss was predicted at the emergence of both species. Among the 199 gene families missing from both P. aquaticum and P. quasiaquaticum genomes but present in at least 80% of other Pectobacterium genomes, COG analysis identified many genes involved in nutrient transport systems. In addition, many type II secreted proteins were also missing in both species. Phenotypic analysis revealed that both species had reduced pectinolytic activity, a biofilm formation defect, were highly motile and had reduced virulence on several plants. These genomic and phenotypic data suggest that the ecological niche of P. aquaticum and P. quasiaquaticum may differ from that of other Pectobacterium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Ben Moussa
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, IRD, CNRS, UPEC, UMR 7618 Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Pédron
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, IRD, CNRS, UPEC, UMR 7618 Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Anne Barny
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, IRD, CNRS, UPEC, UMR 7618 Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Paris, France
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4
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Kolasa M, Kajtoch Ł, Michalik A, Maryańska-Nadachowska A, Łukasik P. Till evolution do us part: The diversity of symbiotic associations across populations of Philaenus spittlebugs. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2431-2446. [PMID: 37525959 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria have played crucial roles in the evolution of sap-feeding insects and can strongly affect host function. However, their diversity and distribution within species are not well understood; we do not know to what extent environmental factors or associations with other species may affect microbial community profiles. We addressed this question in Philaenus spittlebugs by surveying both insect and bacterial marker gene amplicons across multiple host populations. Host mitochondrial sequence data confirmed morphology-based identification of six species and revealed two divergent clades of Philaenus spumarius. All of them hosted the primary symbiont Sulcia that was almost always accompanied by Sodalis. Interestingly, populations and individuals often differed in the presence of Sodalis sequence variants, suggestive of intra-genome 16S rRNA variant polymorphism combined with rapid genome evolution and/or recent additional infections or replacements of the co-primary symbiont. The prevalence of facultative endosymbionts, including Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Spiroplasma, varied among populations. Notably, cytochrome I oxidase (COI) amplicon data also showed that nearly a quarter of P. spumarius were infected by parasitoid flies (Verralia aucta). One of the Wolbachia operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was exclusively present in Verralia-parasitized specimens, suggestive of parasitoids as their source and highlighting the utility of host gene amplicon sequencing in microbiome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kolasa
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kajtoch
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Łukasik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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5
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Gawryluk RMR. Symbiosis: A duplicated host protein controlling a nascent mutualism. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R712-R715. [PMID: 37433270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies on how eukaryotes ensure vertical inheritance of beneficial intracellular prokaryotes have focused mostly on highly integrated relationships. A new study by Zakharova, Tashyreva et al. reveals how a duplicated host gene impacts symbiont inheritance in a young mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M R Gawryluk
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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6
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Salloum PM, Jorge F, Dheilly NM, Poulin R. Adoption of alternative life cycles in a parasitic trematode is linked to microbiome differences. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230091. [PMID: 37282491 PMCID: PMC10244958 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For parasites with complex multi-host life cycles, the facultative truncation of the cycle represents an adaptation to challenging conditions for transmission. However, why certain individuals are capable of abbreviating their life cycle while other conspecifics are not remains poorly understood. Here, we test whether conspecific trematodes that either follow the normal three-host life cycle or skip their final host by reproducing precociously (via progenesis) in an intermediate host differ in the composition of their microbiomes. Characterization of bacterial communities based on sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S SSU rRNA gene revealed that the same bacterial taxa occur in both normal and progenetic individuals, independent of host identity and temporal variation. However, all bacterial phyla recorded in our study, and two-thirds of bacterial families, differed in abundance between the two morphs, with some achieving higher abundance in the normal morph and others in the progenetic morph. Although the evidence is purely correlative, our results reveal a weak association between microbiome differences and intraspecific plasticity in life cycle pathways. Advances in functional genomics and experimental microbiome manipulation will allow future tests of the significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Nolwenn M. Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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7
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Cooper WR, Walker WB, Angelella GM, Swisher Grimm KD, Foutz JJ, Harper SJ, Nottingham LB, Northfield TD, Wohleb CH, Strausbaugh CA. Bacterial Endosymbionts Identified From Leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Vectors of Phytoplasmas. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:243-253. [PMID: 36869841 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Insects often harbor bacterial endosymbionts that provide them with nutritional benefit or with protection against natural enemies, plant defenses, insecticides, and abiotic stresses. Certain endosymbionts may also alter acquisition and transmission of plant pathogens by insect vectors. We identified bacterial endosymbionts from four leafhopper vectors (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species by direct sequencing 16S rDNA and confirmed endosymbiont presence and identity by species-specific conventional PCR. We examined three vectors of Ca. Phytoplasma pruni, causal agent of cherry X-disease [Colladonus geminatus (Van Duzee), Colladonus montanus reductus (Van Duzee), Euscelidius variegatus (Kirschbaum)] - and a vector of Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii, the causal agent of potato purple top disease [Circulifer tenellus (Baker)]. Direct sequencing of 16S identified the two obligate endosymbionts of leafhoppers, 'Ca. Sulcia' and 'Ca. Nasuia', which are known to produce essential amino acids lacking in the leafhoppers' phloem sap diet. About 57% of C. geminatus also harbored endosymbiotic Rickettsia. We identified 'Ca. Yamatotoia cicadellidicola' in Euscelidius variegatus, providing just the second host record for this endosymbiont. Circulifer tenellus harbored the facultative endosymbiont Wolbachia, although the average infection rate was only 13% and all males were Wolbachia-uninfected. A significantly greater percentage of Wolbachia-infected Ci. tenellus adults than uninfected adults carried Ca. P. trifolii, suggesting that Wolbachia may increase this insect's ability to tolerate or acquire this pathogen. Results of our study provide a foundation for continued work on interactions between leafhoppers, bacterial endosymbionts, and phytoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rodney Cooper
- USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - William B Walker
- USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Gina M Angelella
- USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Kylie D Swisher Grimm
- USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Jillian J Foutz
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN Building, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Scott J Harper
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Education Center, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Louis B Nottingham
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, 1100 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Tobin D Northfield
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, 1100 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Carrie H Wohleb
- Washington State University Extension, 1525 E. Wheeler Road, Moses Lake, WA 98837, USA
| | - Carl A Strausbaugh
- USDA-ARS Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA
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8
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Nadler LE, Adamo SA, Hawley DM, Binning SA. Mechanisms and consequences of infection‐induced phenotypes. Funct Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Nadler
- School of Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton UK
| | - Shelley A. Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Dana M. Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Sandra A. Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques Université de Montréal Québec Montréal Canada
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9
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Draft Genome Sequences of Three " Candidatus Symbiopectobacterium" Isolates Collected from Potato Tubers Grown in New Zealand. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0114822. [PMID: 36853066 PMCID: PMC10019282 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The draft genome sequences of three "Candidatus Symbiopectobacterium" isolates that were collected from New Zealand-grown potato tubers represent the first report of this proposed taxon in the Southern Hemisphere. Their symbiosis with insects and nematodes and their presence on plants may lead to new strategies for pest control and crop management.
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10
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Eco-evolutionary implications of helminth microbiomes. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e22. [PMID: 36790127 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of helminth parasites has long been seen as an interplay between host resistance to infection and the parasite's capacity to bypass such resistance. However, there has recently been an increasing appreciation of the role of symbiotic microbes in the interaction of helminth parasites and their hosts. It is now clear that helminths have a different microbiome from the organisms they parasitize, and sometimes amid large variability, components of the microbiome are shared among different life stages or among populations of the parasite. Helminths have been shown to acquire microbes from their parent generations (vertical transmission) and from their surroundings (horizontal transmission). In this latter case, natural selection has been strongly linked to the fact that helminth-associated microbiota is not simply a random assemblage of the pool of microbes available from their organismal hosts or environments. Indeed, some helminth parasites and specific microbial taxa have evolved complex ecological relationships, ranging from obligate mutualism to reproductive manipulation of the helminth by associated microbes. However, our understanding is still very elementary regarding the net effect of all microbiome components in the eco-evolution of helminths and their interaction with hosts. In this non-exhaustible review, we focus on the bacterial microbiome associated with helminths (as opposed to the microbiome of their hosts) and highlight relevant concepts and key findings in bacterial transmission, ecological associations, and taxonomic and functional diversity of the bacteriome. We integrate the microbiome dimension in a discussion of the evolution of helminth parasites and identify fundamental knowledge gaps, finally suggesting research avenues for understanding the eco-evolutionary impacts of the microbiome in host-parasite interactions in light of new technological developments.
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11
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Maruyama J, Inoue H, Hirose Y, Nakabachi A. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing of Six Psyllid Species of the Family Carsidaridae Identified Various Bacteria Including Symbiopectobacterium. Microbes Environ 2023; 38:ME23045. [PMID: 37612118 PMCID: PMC10522848 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Psyllids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea) are plant sap-sucking insects that are closely associated with various microbes. To obtain a more detailed understanding of the ecological and evolutionary behaviors of microbes in Psylloidea, the bacterial populations of six psyllid species, belonging to the family Carsidaridae, were analyzed using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The majority of the secondary symbionts identified in the present study were gammaproteobacteria, particularly those of the order Enterobacterales, including Arsenophonus and Sodalis, which are lineages found in a wide variety of insect hosts. Additionally, Symbiopectobacterium, another Enterobacterales lineage, which has recently been recognized and increasingly shown to be vertically transmitted and mutualistic in various invertebrates, was identified for the first time in Psylloidea. This lineage is closely related to Pectobacterium spp., which are plant pathogens, but forms a distinct clade exhibiting no pathogenicity to plants. Non-Enterobacterales gammaproteobacteria found in the present study were Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas (both Pseudomonadales), Delftia, Comamonas (both Burkholderiales), and Xanthomonas (Xanthomonadales), a putative plant pathogen. Regarding alphaproteobacteria, three Wolbachia (Rickettsiales) lineages belonging to supergroup B, the major group in insect lineages, were detected in four psyllid species. In addition, a Wolbachia lineage of supergroup O, a minor group recently found for the first time in Psylloidea, was detected in one psyllid species. These results suggest the pervasive transfer of bacterial symbionts among animals and plants, providing deeper insights into the evolution of the interactions among these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnosuke Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1–1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441–8580, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Inoue
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739–2494, Japan
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1–1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441–8580, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakabachi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1–1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441–8580, Japan
- Research Institute for Technological Science and Innovation, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1–1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441–8580, Japan
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12
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Jorge F, Dheilly NM, Froissard C, Poulin R. Association between parasite microbiomes and caste development and colony structure in a social trematode. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5608-5617. [PMID: 36004565 PMCID: PMC9826137 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Division of labour through the formation of morphologically and functionally distinct castes is a recurring theme in the evolution of animal sociality. The mechanisms driving the differentiation of individuals into distinct castes remain poorly understood, especially for animals forming clonal colonies. We test the association between microbiomes and caste formation within the social trematode Philophthalmus attenuatus, using a metabarcoding approach targeting the bacterial 16S SSU rRNA gene. Clonal colonies of this trematode within snail hosts comprise large reproductive individuals which produce dispersal stages, and small, non-reproducing soldiers which defend the colony against invaders. In colonies extracted directly from field-collected snails, reproductives harboured more diverse bacterial communities than soldiers, and reproductives and soldiers harboured distinct bacterial communities, at all taxonomic levels considered. No single bacterial taxon showed high enough prevalence in either soldiers or reproductives to be singled out as a key driver, indicating that the whole microbial community contributes to these differences. Other colonies were experimentally exposed to antibiotics to alter their bacterial communities, and sampled shortly after treatment and weeks later after allowing for turnover of colony members. At those time points, bacterial communities of the two castes still differed across all antibiotic treatments; however, the caste ratio within colonies changed: after antibiotic disruption and turnover of individuals, new individuals were more likely to become reproductives than in undisturbed control colonies. Our results reveal that each caste has a distinct microbiome; whether the social context affects the microbiota, or whether microbes contribute to modulating the phenotype of individuals, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, Electron Microscopy UnitUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Nolwenn M. Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA,Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail ‐ Laboratoire de Ploufragan‐PlouzanéANSESPloufraganFrance
| | | | - Robert Poulin
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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Ishigami K, Jang S, Itoh H, Kikuchi Y. Obligate Gut Symbiotic Association with Caballeronia in the Mulberry Seed Bug Paradieuches dissimilis (Lygaeoidea: Rhyparochromidae). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02117-2. [PMID: 36178538 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Many insects possess symbiotic bacteria in their bodies, and microbial symbionts play pivotal metabolic roles for their hosts. Members of the heteropteran superfamilies Coreoidea and Lygaeoidea stinkbugs harbor symbionts of the genus Caballeronia in their intestinal tracts. Compared with symbiotic associations in Coreoidea, those in Lygaeoidea insects are still less understood. Here, we investigated a symbiotic relationship involving the mulberry seed bug Paradieuches dissimilis (Lygaeoidea: Rhyparochromidae) using histological observations, cultivation of the symbiont, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and infection testing of cultured symbionts. Histological observations and cultivation revealed that P. dissimilis harbors Caballeronia symbionts in the crypts of its posterior midgut. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of field-collected P. dissimilis confirmed that the genus Caballeronia is dominant in the midgut of natural populations of P. dissimilis. In addition, PCR diagnostics showed that the eggs were free of symbiotic bacteria, and hatchlings horizontally acquired the symbionts from ambient soil. Infection and rearing experiments revealed that symbiont-free aposymbiotic individuals had abnormal body color, small body size, and, strikingly, a low survival rate, wherein no individuals reached adulthood, indicating an obligate cooperative mutualism between the mulberry seed bug and Caballeronia symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Ishigami
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Seonghan Jang
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan.
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hideomi Itoh
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, 062-8517, Japan
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14
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Dudzic JP, Curtis CI, Gowen BE, Perlman SJ. A highly divergent Wolbachia with a tiny genome in an insect-parasitic tylenchid nematode. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221518. [PMID: 36168763 PMCID: PMC9515626 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia symbionts are the most successful host-associated microbes on the planet, infecting arthropods and nematodes. Their role in nematodes is particularly enigmatic, with filarial nematode species either 100% infected and dependent on symbionts for reproduction and development, or not at all infected. We have discovered a highly divergent strain of Wolbachia in an insect-parasitic tylenchid nematode, Howardula sp., in a nematode clade that has not previously been known to harbour Wolbachia. While this nematode is 100% infected with Wolbachia, we did not detect it in related species. We sequenced the Howardula symbiont (wHow) genome and found that it is highly reduced, comprising only 550 kilobase pairs of DNA, approximately 35% smaller than the smallest Wolbachia nematode symbiont genomes. The wHow genome is a subset of all other Wolbachia genomes and has not acquired any new genetic information. While it has lost many genes, including genes involved in cell wall synthesis and cell division, it has retained the entire haem biosynthesis pathway, suggesting that haem supplementation is critical. wHow provides key insights into our understanding of what are the lower limits of Wolbachia cells, as well as the role of Wolbachia symbionts in the biology and convergent evolution of diverse parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Dudzic
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caitlin I Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brent E Gowen
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve J Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Poulin R, Jorge F, Salloum PM. Inter-individual variation in parasite manipulation of host phenotype: A role for parasite microbiomes? J Anim Ecol 2022; 92:807-812. [PMID: 35748637 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in host phenotype induced by metazoan parasites are widespread in nature, yet the underlying mechanisms and the sources of intraspecific variation in the extent of those alterations remain poorly understood. In light of the microbiome revolution sweeping through ecology and evolutionary biology, we hypothesise that the composition of symbiotic microbial communities living within individual parasites influences the nature and extent of their effect on host phenotype. The interests of both the parasite and its symbionts are aligned through the latter's vertical transmission, favouring joint contributions to the manipulation of host phenotype. Our hypothesis can explain the variation in the extent to which parasites alter host phenotype, as microbiome composition varies among individual parasites. We propose two non-exclusive approaches to test the hypothesis, furthering the integration of microbiomes into studies of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Nadal-Jimenez P, Siozios S, Halliday N, Cámara M, Hurst GDD. Symbiopectobacterium purcellii, gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the leafhopper Empoasca decipiens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts are found in multiple arthropod species, where they play crucial roles as nutritional symbionts, defensive symbionts or reproductive parasites. Recent work has highlighted a new clade of heritable microbes within the gammaproteobacteria that enter into both obligate and facultative symbioses, with an obligately required unculturable symbiont recently given the name Candidatus Symbiopectobacterium. In this study, we describe a culturable rod shaped non-flagellated bacterial symbiont from this clade isolated from the leafhopper Empoasca decipiens. The symbiont is related to the transovarially transmitted ‘BEV’ bacterium that was first isolated from the leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus by Alexander Purcell, and we therefore name the symbiont Symbiopectobacterium purcellii sp. nov., gen. nov. We further report the closed genome sequence for S. purcellii. The genome is atypical for a heritable microbe, being large in size, without profound AT bias and with little evidence of pseudogenization. The genome is predicted to encode Type II, III and VI secretion systems and associated effectors and a non-ribosomal peptide synthase array likely to produce bioactive small molecules. The predicted metabolism is more complete than for other symbionts in the
Symbiopectobacterium
clade, and the microbe is predicted to synthesize a range of B vitamins. However, Biolog plate results indicate that the metabolism is depauperate compared to the sister clade, represented by
Pectobacterium carotovorum
. A quorum-sensing pathway related to that of
Pectobacterium
species (containing an overlapping expI-expR1 pair in opposite directions and a “solo” expR2) is evidenced, and LC-MS/MS analysis reveals the presence of 3-hydroxy-C10-HSL as the sole N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) in our strain. This AHL profile is profoundly divergent from that of other
Erwinia
and
Pectobacterium
species which produce mostly 3-oxo-C6- and 3-oxo-C8-HSL and could aid group identification. Thus, this microbe denotes one that has lost certain pathways associated with a saprophytic lifestyle but represents an important baseline against which to compare other members of the genus
Symbiopectobacterium
that show more profound integration into host biology. The type strain of Symbiopectobacterium purcellii gen. nov., sp. nov. is SyEd1T (LMG 32449T=CECT 30436T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Nadal-Jimenez
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stefanos Siozios
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nigel Halliday
- The National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Miguel Cámara
- The National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gregory D. D. Hurst
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Eberhard FE, Klimpel S, Guarneri AA, Tobias NJ. Exposure to Trypanosoma parasites induces changes in the microbiome of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:45. [PMID: 35272716 PMCID: PMC8908696 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causative agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, and its nonpathogenic relative, Trypanosoma rangeli, are transmitted by haematophagous triatomines and undergo a crucial ontogenetic phase in the insect's intestine. In the process, the parasites interfere with the host immune system as well as the microbiome present in the digestive tract potentially establishing an environment advantageous for development. However, the coherent interactions between host, pathogen and microbiota have not yet been elucidated in detail. We applied a metagenome shotgun sequencing approach to study the alterations in the microbiota of Rhodnius prolixus, a major vector of Chagas disease, after exposure to T. cruzi and T. rangeli focusing also on the functional capacities present in the intestinal microbiome of the insect. RESULTS The intestinal microbiota of R. prolixus was dominated by the bacterial orders Enterobacterales, Corynebacteriales, Lactobacillales, Clostridiales and Chlamydiales, whereas the latter conceivably originated from the blood used for pathogen exposure. The anterior and posterior midgut samples of the exposed insects showed a reduced overall number of organisms compared to the control group. However, we also found enriched bacterial groups after exposure to T. cruzi as well as T rangeli. While the relative abundance of Enterobacterales and Corynebacteriales decreased considerably, the Lactobacillales, mainly composed of the genus Enterococcus, developed as the most abundant taxonomic group. This applies in particular to vectors challenged with T. rangeli and at early timepoints after exposure to vectors challenged with T. cruzi. Furthermore, we were able to reconstruct four metagenome-assembled genomes from the intestinal samples and elucidate their unique metabolic functionalities within the triatomine microbiome, including the genome of a recently described insect symbiont, Candidatus Symbiopectobacterium, and the secondary metabolites producing bacteria Kocuria spp. CONCLUSIONS Our results facilitate a deeper understanding of the processes that take place in the intestinal tract of triatomine vectors during colonisation by trypanosomal parasites and highlight the influential aspects of pathogen-microbiota interactions. In particular, the mostly unexplored metabolic capacities of the insect vector's microbiome are clearer, underlining its role in the transmission of Chagas disease. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny E. Eberhard
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Biologicum Campus Riedberg, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Biologicum Campus Riedberg, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Alessandra A. Guarneri
- Vector Behaviour and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima,1715, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30190-009 Brazil
| | - Nicholas J. Tobias
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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18
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Oren A, Garrity GM. CANDIDATUS LIST No. 3. Lists of names of prokaryotic Candidatus taxa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [PMID: 35100104 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Oren
- The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - George M Garrity
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Biomedical Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-4320, USA
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19
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Jorge F, Froissard C, Dheilly NM, Poulin R. Bacterial community dynamics following antibiotic exposure in a trematode parasite. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:265-274. [PMID: 34863802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parasites harbour rich microbial communities that may play a role in host-parasite interactions, from influencing the parasite's infectivity to modulating its virulence. Experimental manipulation of a parasite's microbes would be essential, however, in order to establish their causal role. Here, we tested whether indirect exposure of a trematode parasite within its snail intermediate host to a variety of antibiotics could alter its bacterial community. Based on sequencing the prokaryotic 16S ssrRNA gene, we characterised and compared the bacterial community of the trematode Philophthalmus attenuatus before, shortly after, and weeks after exposure to different antibiotics (penicillin, colistin, gentamicin) with distinct activity spectra. Our findings revealed that indirectly treating the parasites by exposing their snail host to antibiotics resulted in changes to their bacterial communities, measured as their diversity, taxonomic composition, and/or the relative abundance of certain taxa. However, alterations to the parasite's bacterial community were not always as predicted from the activity spectrum of the antibiotic used. Furthermore, the bacterial communities of the parasites followed significantly divergent trajectories in the days post-exposure to antibiotics, but later converged toward a new state, i.e. a new bacterial community structure different from that pre-exposure. Our results confirm that a trematode's microbial community can be experimentally altered by antibiotic exposure while within its snail host, with the dynamic nature of the bacterial assemblage driving it to a new state over time after the perturbation. This research opens new possibilities for future experimental investigations of the functional roles of microbes in host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Céline Froissard
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France; UMR 1161 Virology ANSES/INRAE/ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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20
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Oren A. Nomenclature of prokaryotic ' Candidatus' taxa: establishing order in the current chaos. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 44:100932. [PMID: 34631108 PMCID: PMC8487987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1990s, the category 'Candidatus' was established for putative taxa of as yet uncultivated prokaryotes. The status of 'Candidatus' is not formally included in the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Thus, 'Candidatus' names do not have standing in the nomenclature. Curated annotated lists of 'Candidatus' names (not including phyla) have been published since 2020. By April 2021, about 2700 names of 'Candidatus' taxa had been published. The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes recently rejected proposals to allow gene sequence data as nomenclatural types. An alternative code for naming uncultivated microorganisms (the 'SeqCode') is now being developed for naming the majority of prokaryotes that are as yet uncultivated. In the opinion of the author, there is no need for such a code, as the existing system, with nomenclature quality control also for 'Candidatus' names, fulfills the needs. Computer programs such as GAN which generates large numbers of correctly formed names from the short lists of Latin and Greek word elements and Protologger that produce descriptions directly from genome sequences will become important in the future for automated naming and description of large numbers of 'Candidatus' taxa from metagenomic and single cell genome data. However, the formation of interesting and meaningful names is encouraged whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Oren
- The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
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21
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Abstract
The status Candidatus was introduced to bacterial taxonomy in the 1990s to accommodate uncultured taxa defined by analyses of DNA sequences. Here I review the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) associated with the status Candidatus in the light of a quarter century of use, twinned with recent developments in bacterial taxonomy and sequence-based taxonomic discovery. Despite ambiguities as to its scope, philosophical objections to its use and practical problems in implementation, the status Candidatus has now been applied to over 1000 taxa and has been widely adopted by journals and databases. Although lacking priority under the International Code for Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, many Candidatus names have already achieved de facto standing in the academic literature and in databases via description of a taxon in a peer-reviewed publication, alongside deposition of a genome sequence and there is a clear path to valid publication of such names on culture. Continued and increased use of Candidatus names provides an alternative to the potential upheaval that might accompany creation of a new additional code of nomenclature and provides a ready solution to the urgent challenge of naming many thousands of newly discovered but uncultured species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Pallen
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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22
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Salazar MM, Pupo MT, Brown AMV. Co-Occurrence of Viruses, Plant Pathogens, and Symbionts in an Underexplored Hemipteran Clade. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:715998. [PMID: 34513731 PMCID: PMC8426549 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.715998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between insect symbionts and plant pathogens are dynamic and complex, sometimes involving direct antagonism or synergy and sometimes involving ecological and evolutionary leaps, as insect symbionts transmit through plant tissues or plant pathogens transition to become insect symbionts. Hemipterans such as aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, leafhoppers, and planthoppers are well-studied plant pests that host diverse symbionts and vector plant pathogens. The related hemipteran treehoppers (family Membracidae) are less well-studied but offer a potentially new and diverse array of symbionts and plant pathogenic interactions through their distinct woody plant hosts and ecological interactions with diverse tending hymenopteran taxa. To explore membracid symbiont–pathogen diversity and co-occurrence, this study performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing on 20 samples (16 species) of treehopper, and characterized putative symbionts and pathogens using a combination of rapid blast database searches and phylogenetic analysis of assembled scaffolds and correlation analysis. Among the 8.7 billion base pairs of scaffolds assembled were matches to 9 potential plant pathogens, 12 potential primary and secondary insect endosymbionts, numerous bacteriophages, and other viruses, entomopathogens, and fungi. Notable discoveries include a divergent Brenneria plant pathogen-like organism, several bee-like Bombella and Asaia strains, novel strains of Arsenophonus-like and Sodalis-like symbionts, Ralstonia sp. and Ralstonia-type phages, Serratia sp., and APSE-type phages and bracoviruses. There were several short Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma matches, but there was no indication of plant viruses in these data. Clusters of positively correlated microbes such as yeast-like symbionts and Ralstonia, viruses and Serratia, and APSE phage with parasitoid-type bracoviruses suggest directions for future analyses. Together, results indicate membracids offer a rich palette for future study of symbiont–plant pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKinlee M Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Mônica T Pupo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Amanda M V Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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23
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Garber AI, Kupper M, Laetsch DR, Weldon SR, Ladinsky MS, Bjorkman PJ, McCutcheon JP. The Evolution of Interdependence in a Four-Way Mealybug Symbiosis. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab123. [PMID: 34061185 PMCID: PMC8331144 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mealybugs are insects that maintain intracellular bacterial symbionts to supplement their nutrient-poor plant sap diets. Some mealybugs have a single betaproteobacterial endosymbiont, a Candidatus Tremblaya species (hereafter Tremblaya) that alone provides the insect with its required nutrients. Other mealybugs have two nutritional endosymbionts that together provision these same nutrients, where Tremblaya has gained a gammaproteobacterial partner that resides in its cytoplasm. Previous work had established that Pseudococcus longispinus mealybugs maintain not one but two species of gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts along with Tremblaya. Preliminary genomic analyses suggested that these two gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts have large genomes with features consistent with a relatively recent origin as insect endosymbionts, but the patterns of genomic complementarity between members of the symbiosis and their relative cellular locations were unknown. Here, using long-read sequencing and various types of microscopy, we show that the two gammaproteobacterial symbionts of P. longispinus are mixed together within Tremblaya cells, and that their genomes are somewhat reduced in size compared with their closest nonendosymbiotic relatives. Both gammaproteobacterial genomes contain thousands of pseudogenes, consistent with a relatively recent shift from a free-living to an endosymbiotic lifestyle. Biosynthetic pathways of key metabolites are partitioned in complex interdependent patterns among the two gammaproteobacterial genomes, the Tremblaya genome, and horizontally acquired bacterial genes that are encoded on the mealybug nuclear genome. Although these two gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts have been acquired recently in evolutionary time, they have already evolved codependencies with each other, Tremblaya, and their insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiy I Garber
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Maria Kupper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Dominik R Laetsch
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie R Weldon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - John P McCutcheon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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24
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McCutcheon JP. The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:115-142. [PMID: 34242059 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbes gain access to eukaryotic cells as food for bacteria-grazing protists, for host protection by microbe-killing immune cells, or for microbial benefit when pathogens enter host cells to replicate. But microbes can also gain access to a host cell and become an important-often required-beneficial partner. The oldest beneficial microbial infections are the ancient eukaryotic organelles now called the mitochondrion and plastid. But numerous other host-beneficial intracellular infections occur throughout eukaryotes. Here I review the genomics and cell biology of these interactions with a focus on intracellular bacteria. The genomes of host-beneficial intracellular bacteria have features that span a previously unfilled gap between pathogens and organelles. Host cell adaptations to allow the intracellular persistence of beneficial bacteria are found along with evidence for the microbial manipulation of host cells, but the cellular mechanisms of beneficial bacterial infections are not well understood. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P McCutcheon
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA;
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25
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Vallino M, Rossi M, Ottati S, Martino G, Galetto L, Marzachì C, Abbà S. Bacteriophage-Host Association in the Phytoplasma Insect Vector Euscelidius variegatus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050612. [PMID: 34067814 PMCID: PMC8156552 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect vectors transmit viruses and bacteria that can cause severe diseases in plants and economic losses due to a decrease in crop production. Insect vectors, like all other organisms, are colonized by a community of various microorganisms, which can influence their physiology, ecology, evolution, and also their competence as vectors. The important ecological meaning of bacteriophages in various ecosystems and their role in microbial communities has emerged in the past decade. However, only a few phages have been described so far in insect microbiomes. The leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus is a laboratory vector of the phytoplasma causing Flavescence dorée, a severe grapevine disease that threatens viticulture in Europe. Here, the presence of a temperate bacteriophage in E. variegatus (named Euscelidius variegatus phage 1, EVP-1) was revealed through both insect transcriptome analyses and electron microscopic observations. The bacterial host was isolated in axenic culture and identified as the bacterial endosymbiont of E. variegatus (BEV), recently assigned to the genus Candidatus Symbiopectobacterium. BEV harbors multiple prophages that become active in culture, suggesting that different environments can trigger different mechanisms, finely regulating the interactions among phages. Understanding the complex relationships within insect vector microbiomes may help in revealing possible microbe influences on pathogen transmission, and it is a crucial step toward innovative sustainable strategies for disease management in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (C.M.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marika Rossi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Sara Ottati
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (C.M.); (S.A.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Gabriele Martino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (C.M.); (S.A.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Luciana Galetto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Simona Abbà
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.R.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (L.G.); (C.M.); (S.A.)
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