1
|
Aitbekova A, Zhou C, Stone ML, Lezama-Pacheco JS, Yang AC, Hoffman AS, Goodman ED, Huber P, Stebbins JF, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Ciston J, Bare SR, Plessow PN, Cargnello M. Templated encapsulation of platinum-based catalysts promotes high-temperature stability to 1,100 °C. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1290-1297. [PMID: 36280703 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stable catalysts are essential to address energy and environmental challenges, especially for applications in harsh environments (for example, high temperature, oxidizing atmosphere and steam). In such conditions, supported metal catalysts deactivate due to sintering-a process where initially small nanoparticles grow into larger ones with reduced active surface area-but strategies to stabilize them can lead to decreased performance. Here we report stable catalysts prepared through the encapsulation of platinum nanoparticles inside an alumina framework, which was formed by depositing an alumina precursor within a separately prepared porous organic framework impregnated with platinum nanoparticles. These catalysts do not sinter at 800 °C in the presence of oxygen and steam, conditions in which conventional catalysts sinter to a large extent, while showing similar reaction rates. Extending this approach to Pd-Pt bimetallic catalysts led to the small particle size being maintained at temperatures as high as 1,100 °C in air and 10% steam. This strategy can be broadly applied to other metal and metal oxides for applications where sintering is a major cause of material deactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisulu Aitbekova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengshuang Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Stone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - An-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam S Hoffman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Emmett D Goodman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Huber
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Simon R Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philipp N Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Poths P, Alexandrova AN. Theoretical Perspective on Operando Spectroscopy of Fluxional Nanocatalysts. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4321-4334. [PMID: 35536346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in operando spectroscopy have enabled the catalysis community to investigate the dynamic nature of catalysts under operating conditions with increasing detail. Still, the highly dynamic nature of some catalysts, such as fluxional supported subnano clusters, presents a formidable challenge even for the most state-of-the-art techniques. The reason is that such fluxional catalytic interfaces contain a variety of thermally accessible states. Operando spectroscopies used in catalysis generally fall into two categories: ensemble-based techniques, which provide spectra containing the signals of the entire ensemble of states of the catalyst and are not necessarily dominated by the most active species, and localized techniques, which provide atomistic-level information about the dynamics of active sites in a very small area, which might not include the most active species. Combining many different kinds of techniques can provide detailed insight; however, we propose that effective utilization of specific computational techniques and approaches within the fluxionality paradigm can fill the gap and enable atomistic characterization of the most relevant catalytic sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Poths
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tahsini N, Yang AC, Streibel V, Werghi B, Goodman ED, Aitbekova A, Bare SR, Li Y, Abild-Pedersen F, Cargnello M. Colloidal Platinum–Copper Nanocrystal Alloy Catalysts Surpass Platinum in Low-Temperature Propene Combustion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1612-1621. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Tahsini
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - An-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Verena Streibel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Baraa Werghi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Emmett D. Goodman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Aisulu Aitbekova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Simon R. Bare
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yuejin Li
- BASF Corporation, Environmental Catalysis R&D and Application, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Streibel V, Aljama HA, Yang AC, Choksi TS, Sánchez-Carrera RS, Schäfer A, Li Y, Cargnello M, Abild-Pedersen F. Microkinetic Modeling of Propene Combustion on a Stepped, Metallic Palladium Surface and the Importance of Oxygen Coverage. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Streibel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hassan A. Aljama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - An-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tej S. Choksi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Ansgar Schäfer
- BASF SE, Quantum Chemistry, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Yuejin Li
- BASF Corporation, Environmental Catalysis R&D and Application, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Intra-crystalline mesoporous zeolite encapsulation-derived thermally robust metal nanocatalyst in deep oxidation of light alkanes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:295. [PMID: 35027532 PMCID: PMC8758710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolite-confined metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much attention owing to their superior sintering resistance and broad applications for thermal and environmental catalytic reactions. However, the pore size of the conventional zeolites is usually below 2 nm, and reactants are easily blocked to access the active sites. Herein, a facile in situ mesoporogen-free strategy is developed to design and synthesize palladium (Pd) NPs enveloped in a single-crystalline zeolite (silicalite-1, S-1) with intra-mesopores (termed Pd@IM-S-1). Pd@IM-S-1 exhibited remarkable light alkanes deep oxidation performances, and it should be attributed to the confinement and guarding effect of the zeolite shell and the improvement in mass-transfer efficiency and active metal sites accessibility. The Pd−PdO interfaces as a new active site can provide active oxygen species to the first C−H cleavage of light alkanes. This work exemplifies a promising strategy to design other high-performance intra-crystalline mesoporous zeolite-confined metal/metal oxide catalysts for high-temperature industrial thermal catalysis. Zeolite-confined metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much attention owing to their superior sintering resistance and broad applications. Here the authors develop a facile in situ mesoporogen-free strategy to design and synthesize palladium NPs enveloped within a single-crystalline zeolite with intra-mesopores.
Collapse
|
6
|
Goodman ED, Asundi AS, Hoffman AS, Bustillo KC, Stebbins JF, Bare SR, Bent SF, Cargnello M. Monolayer Support Control and Precise Colloidal Nanocrystals Demonstrate Metal-Support Interactions in Heterogeneous Catalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104533. [PMID: 34535919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electronic and geometric interactions between active and support phases are critical in determining the activity of heterogeneous catalysts, but metal-support interactions are challenging to study. Here, it is demonstrated how the combination of the monolayer-controlled formation using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and colloidal nanocrystal synthesis methods leads to catalysts with sub-nanometer precision of active and support phases, thus allowing for the study of the metal-support interactions in detail. The use of this approach in developing a fundamental understanding of support effects in Pd-catalyzed methane combustion is demonstrated. Uniform Pd nanocrystals are deposited onto Al2 O3 /SiO2 spherical supports prepared with control over morphology and Al2 O3 layer thicknesses ranging from sub-monolayer to a ≈4 nm thick uniform coating. Dramatic changes in catalytic activity depending on the coverage and structure of Al2 O3 situated at the Pd/Al2 O3 interface are observed, with even a single monolayer of alumina contributing an order of magnitude increase in reaction rate. By building the Pd/Al2 O3 interface up layer-by-layer and using uniform Pd nanocrystals, this work demonstrates the importance of controlled and tunable materials in determining metal-support interactions and catalyst activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmett D Goodman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Arun S Asundi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Adam S Hoffman
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan F Stebbins
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Simon R Bare
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Stacey F Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Insights and comparison of structure–property relationships in propane and propene catalytic combustion on Pd- and Pt-based catalysts. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Meng AC, Low KB, Foucher AC, Li Y, Petrovic I, Stach EA. Anomalous metal vaporization from Pt/Pd/Al 2O 3 under redox conditions. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11427-11438. [PMID: 34160525 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01733k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Al2O3-supported Pt/Pd bimetallic catalysts were studied using in situ atmospheric pressure and ex situ transmission electron microscopy. Real-time observation during separate oxidation and reduction processes provides nanometer-scale structural details - both morphology and chemistry - of supported Pt/Pd particles at intermediate states not observable through typical ex situ experiments. Significant metal vaporization was observed at temperatures above 600 °C, both in pure oxygen and in air. This behavior implies that material transport through the vapor during typical catalyst aging processes for oxidation can play a more significant role in catalyst structural evolution than previously thought. Concomitantly, Pd diffusion away from metallic nanoparticles on the surface of Al2O3 can also contribute to the disappearance of metal particles. Electron micrographs from in situ oxidation experiments were mined for data, including particle number, size, and aspect ratio using machine learning image segmentation. Under oxidizing conditions, we observe not only a decrease in the number of metal particles but also a decrease in the surface area to volume ratio. Some of the metal that diffuses away from particles on the oxide support can be regenerated and reappears back on the catalyst support surface under reducing conditions. These observations provide insight on how rapid cycling between oxidative and reductive catalytic operating conditions affects catalyst structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | - Alexandre C Foucher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Yuejin Li
- BASF Corporation, Iselin, NJ 08830, USA
| | | | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang AC, Zhu H, Li Y, Cargnello M. Support Acidity Improves Pt Activity in Propane Combustion in the Presence of Steam by Reducing Water Coverage on the Active Sites. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Haiyang Zhu
- BASF Corporation, Environmental Catalysis R&D and Application, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Yuejin Li
- BASF Corporation, Environmental Catalysis R&D and Application, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim S, Kwag J, Machello C, Kang S, Heo J, Reboul CF, Kang D, Kang S, Shim S, Park SJ, Kim BH, Hyeon T, Ercius P, Elmlund H, Park J. Correlating 3D Surface Atomic Structure and Catalytic Activities of Pt Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1175-1183. [PMID: 33416334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active sites and catalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysts is determined by their surface atomic structures. However, probing the surface structure at an atomic resolution is difficult, especially for solution ensembles of catalytic nanocrystals, which consist of heterogeneous particles with irregular shapes and surfaces. Here, we constructed 3D maps of the coordination number (CN) and generalized CN (CN_) for individual surface atoms of sub-3 nm Pt nanocrystals. Our results reveal that the synthesized Pt nanocrystals are enclosed by islands of atoms with nonuniform shapes that lead to complex surface structures, including a high ratio of low-coordination surface atoms, reduced domain size of low-index facets, and various types of exposed high-index facets. 3D maps of CN_ are directly correlated to catalytic activities assigned to individual surface atoms with distinct local coordination structures, which explains the origin of high catalytic performance of small Pt nanocrystals in important reactions such as oxygen reduction reactions and CO electro-oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kwag
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiara Machello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sungsu Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Heo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cyril F Reboul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dohun Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdeok Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hans Elmlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du J, Zhao D, Wang C, Zhao Y, Li H, Luo Y. Size effects of Pd nanoparticles supported over CeZrPAl for methane oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01714k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pd nanoparticles accompanied with distorted morphology result in considerable active sites and enhance the intrinsic activity for catalytic methane oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Du
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
| | - Depeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals
- Kunming 650106
- China
| | - Chengxiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals
- Kunming 650106
- China
| | - Yunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals
- Kunming 650106
- China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals
- Kunming 650106
- China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming 650500
- China
| |
Collapse
|