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Koros C, Simitsi AM, Bougea A, Papagiannakis N, Antonelou R, Pachi I, Angelopoulou E, Prentakis A, Zachou A, Chrysovitsanou C, Beratis I, Fragkiadaki S, Kontaxopoulou D, Eftymiopoulou E, Stanitsa E, Potagas C, Papageorgiou SG, Karavasilis E, Velonakis G, Prassopoulos V, Geronicola-Trapali X, Stefanis L. Double Trouble: Association of Malignant Melanoma with Sporadic and Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease and Asymptomatic Carriers of Related Genes: A Brief Report. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1360. [PMID: 37629650 PMCID: PMC10456316 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Previous epidemiological evidence has established the co-occurrence of malignant melanoma (MM) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Shared molecular mechanisms have been proposed to be implicated in this relationship. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of MM in patients with sporadic and genetic types of PD, as well as in asymptomatic carriers of PD-related genes. Methods: Data regarding past medical history and concomitant disease of 1416 patients with PD (including 20 participants with prodromal disease who phenoconverted to PD), 275 healthy controls (HCs) and 670 asymptomatic carriers of PD-related genes were obtained from the database of the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). Focus was placed on information about a medical record of MM. We also retrieved data regarding the genetic status of selected PPMI participants with a positive MM history. Results: In total, 46 patients with PD reported a positive MM history. Concerning the genetic forms of PD, nine of these PD patients (2.47%) carried a Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene mutation (mainly the G2019S), while eight (4.49%) harbored a Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene mutation (mainly the N370S). No alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene mutation was identified in patients with an MM history. The remaining 29 PD patients (3.5%) were genetically undetermined. In total, 18 asymptomatic carriers of PD-related genes had a positive medical history for MM: among them, 10 carried an LRRK2 gene mutation (2.69%) and 10 a GBA gene mutation (3.51%) (2 were dual carriers). MM history was identified for seven HCs (2.5%). Conclusions: We replicated the previously reported association between genetically undetermined PD (GU-PD) and MM. A correlation of LRRK2 mutations with the development of MM could not be verified in either symptomatic PD patients or asymptomatic carriers, implicating distinct pathogenetic mechanisms as compared to GU-PD. Importantly, despite the limited literature evidence on Gaucher disease, this study highlights for the first time the relatively high prevalence of MM among asymptomatic and symptomatic PD GBA mutation carriers, with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Athina-Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Roubina Antonelou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Ioanna Pachi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Andreas Prentakis
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Attikon Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (X.G.-T.)
| | - Athena Zachou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Chrysa Chrysovitsanou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Ion Beratis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Stella Fragkiadaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Dionysia Kontaxopoulou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Efthymia Eftymiopoulou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Evangelia Stanitsa
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Constantin Potagas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Sokratis G. Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Efstratios Karavasilis
- Research Unit of Radiology, 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (G.V.)
| | - Georgios Velonakis
- Research Unit of Radiology, 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (G.V.)
| | | | | | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.S.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (I.P.); (E.A.); (A.Z.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (S.F.); (D.K.); (E.E.); (E.S.); (C.P.); (S.G.P.); (L.S.)
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Krainc T, Monje MHG, Kinsinger M, Bustos BI, Lubbe SJ. Melanin and Neuromelanin: Linking Skin Pigmentation and Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:185-195. [PMID: 36350228 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are the most vulnerable neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent work suggests that the accumulation of oxidized dopamine and neuromelanin mediate the convergence of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in patient-derived neurons. In addition, the expression of human tyrosinase in mouse SNpc led to the formation of neuromelanin resulting in the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, further highlighting the importance of neuromelanin in PD. The potential role of neuromelanin in PD pathogenesis has been supported by epidemiological observations, whereby individuals with lighter pigmentation or cutaneous malignant melanoma exhibit higher incidence of PD. Because neuromelanin and melanin share many functional characteristics and overlapping biosynthetic pathways, it has been postulated that genes involved in skin pigmentation and melanin formation may play a role in the susceptibility of vulnerable midbrain dopaminergic neurons to neurodegeneration. Here, we highlight potential mechanisms that may explain the link between skin pigmentation and PD, focusing on the role of skin pigmentation genes in the pathogenesis of PD. We also discuss the importance of genetic ancestry in assessing the contribution of pigmentation-related genes to risk of PD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Krainc
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mariana H G Monje
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Morgan Kinsinger
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bernabe I Bustos
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven J Lubbe
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zhou Z, Maxeiner K, Moscariello P, Xiang S, Wu Y, Ren Y, Whitfield CJ, Xu L, Kaltbeitzel A, Han S, Mücke D, Qi H, Wagner M, Kaiser U, Landfester K, Lieberwirth I, Ng DYW, Weil T. In Situ Assembly of Platinum(II)-Metallopeptide Nanostructures Disrupts Energy Homeostasis and Cellular Metabolism. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12219-12228. [PMID: 35729777 PMCID: PMC9284552 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructure-based functions are omnipresent in nature and essential for the diversity of life. Unlike small molecules, which are often inhibitors of enzymes or biomimetics with established methods of elucidation, we show that functions of nanoscale structures in cells are complex and can implicate system-level effects such as the regulation of energy and redox homeostasis. Herein, we design a platinum(II)-containing tripeptide that assembles into intracellular fibrillar nanostructures upon molecular rearrangement in the presence of endogenous H2O2. The formed nanostructures blocked metabolic functions, including aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby shutting down ATP production. As a consequence, ATP-dependent actin formation and glucose metabolite-dependent histone deacetylase activity are downregulated. We demonstrate that assembly-driven nanomaterials offer a rich avenue to achieve broad-spectrum bioactivities that could provide new opportunities in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Zhou
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Konrad Maxeiner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Siyuan Xiang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yingke Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Ren
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Shen Han
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Mücke
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - David Y W Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Xu QQ, Li QJ, Huang CL, Cai MY, Zhang MF, Yin SH, Lu LX, Chen L. Prognostic Value of an Immunohistochemical Signature in Patients With Head and Neck Mucosal Melanoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708293. [PMID: 34394109 PMCID: PMC8358394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to develop a prognostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) signature for patients with head and neck mucosal melanoma (MMHN). Methods In total, 190 patients with nonmetastatic MMHN with complete clinical and pathological data before treatment were included in our retrospective study. Results We extracted five IHC markers associated with overall survival (OS) and then constructed a signature in the training set (n=116) with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model. The validation set (n=74) was further built to confirm the prognostic significance of this classifier. We then divided patients into high- and low-risk groups according to the IHC score. In the training set, the 5-year OS rate was 22.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.2%- 43.2%) for the high-risk group and 54.1% (95% CI: 41.8%-69.9%) for the low-risk group (P<0.001), and in the validation set, the 5-year OS rate was 38.1% (95% CI: 17.9%-81.1%) for the high-risk group and 43.1% (95% CI: 30.0%-61.9%) for the low-risk group (P=0.26). Multivariable analysis revealed that IHC score, T stage, and primary tumor site were independent variables for predicting OS (all P<0.05). We developed a nomogram incorporating clinicopathological risk factors (primary site and T stage) and the IHC score to predict 3-, 5-, and 10-year OS. Conclusions A nomogram was generated and confirmed to be of clinical value. Our IHC classifier integrating five IHC markers could help clinicians make decisions and determine optimal treatments for patients with MMHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Jie Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Long Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Han Yin
- Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xia Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
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Dean DN, Lee JC. Purification and characterization of an amyloidogenic repeat domain from the functional amyloid Pmel17. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 187:105944. [PMID: 34293440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pre-melanosomal protein (Pmel17) is a human functional amyloid that supports melanin biosynthesis within melanocytes. This occurs in the melanosome, a membrane-bound organelle with an acidic intraluminal pH. The repeat region of Pmel17 (RPT, residues 315-444) has been previously shown to form amyloid aggregates under acidic melanosomal conditions, but not under neutral cytosolic conditions, when expressed and purified using a C-terminal hexa-histidine tag (RPT-His). Given the importance of protonation states in RPT-His aggregation, we questioned whether the histidine tag influenced the pH-dependent behavior. In this report, we generated a tagless RPT by inserting a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease recognition sequence (ENLYGQ(G/S)) immediately upstream of a native glycine residue at position 312 in Pmel17. After purification of the fusion construct using a histidine tag, cleavage with TEV protease generated a fully native RPT (nRPT) spanning resides 312-444. We characterized the aggregation of nRPT, which formed amyloid fibrils under acidic conditions (pH ≤ 6) but not at neutral pH. Characterizing the morphologies of nRPT aggregates using transmission electron microscopy revealed a pH-dependent maturation from short, curved structures at pH 4 to paired, rod-like fibrils at pH 6. This was accompanied by a secondary structural transition from mixed random coil/β-sheet at pH 4 to canonical β-sheet at pH 6. We also show that pre-formed nRPT fibrils undergo disaggregation upon dilution into pH 7 buffer. More broadly, this strategy can be utilized to generate native amyloidogenic domains from larger proteins by utilizing intrinsic N-terminal glycine or serine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter N Dean
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States.
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Functional Domains and Evolutionary History of the PMEL and GPNMB Family Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123529. [PMID: 34207849 PMCID: PMC8273697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancient paralogs premelanosome protein (PMEL) and glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) have independently emerged as intriguing disease loci in recent years. Both proteins possess common functional domains and variants that cause a shared spectrum of overlapping phenotypes and disease associations: melanin-based pigmentation, cancer, neurodegenerative disease and glaucoma. Surprisingly, these proteins have yet to be shown to physically or genetically interact within the same cellular pathway. This juxtaposition inspired us to compare and contrast this family across a breadth of species to better understand the divergent evolutionary trajectories of two related, but distinct, genes. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary history of PMEL and GPNMB in clade-representative species and identified TMEM130 as the most ancient paralog of the family. By curating the functional domains in each paralog, we identified many commonalities dating back to the emergence of the gene family in basal metazoans. PMEL and GPNMB have gained functional domains since their divergence from TMEM130, including the core amyloid fragment (CAF) that is critical for the amyloid potential of PMEL. Additionally, the PMEL gene has acquired the enigmatic repeat domain (RPT), composed of a variable number of imperfect tandem repeats; this domain acts in an accessory role to control amyloid formation. Our analyses revealed the vast variability in sequence, length and repeat number in homologous RPT domains between craniates, even within the same taxonomic class. We hope that these analyses inspire further investigation into a gene family that is remarkable from the evolutionary, pathological and cell biology perspectives.
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Dean DN, Lee JC. Linking Parkinson's Disease and Melanoma: Interplay Between α-Synuclein and Pmel17 Amyloid Formation. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1489-1498. [PMID: 34021920 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the death of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the brain. Melanoma is a cancer of melanocytes, pigmented cells that give rise to skin tone, hair, and eye color. Although these two diseases fundamentally differ, with PD leading to cell degeneration and melanoma leading to cell proliferation, epidemiological evidence has revealed a reciprocal relationship where patients with PD are more susceptible to melanoma and patients with melanoma are more susceptible to PD. The hallmark pathology observed in PD brains is intracellular inclusions, of which the primary component is proteinaceous α-synuclein (α-syn) amyloid fibrils. α-Syn also has been detected in cultured melanoma cells and tissues derived from patients with melanoma, where an inverse correlation exists between α-syn expression and pigmentation. Although this has led to the prevailing hypothesis that α-syn inhibits enzymes involved in melanin biosynthesis, we recently reported an alternative hypothesis in which α-syn interacts with and modulates the aggregation of Pmel17, a functional amyloid that serves as a scaffold for melanin biosynthesis. In this perspective, we review the literature describing the epidemiological and molecular connections between PD and melanoma, presenting both the prevailing hypothesis and our amyloid-centric hypothesis. We offer our views of the essential questions that remain unanswered to motivate future investigations. Understanding the behavior of α-syn in melanoma could not only provide novel approaches for treating melanoma but also could reveal insights into the role of α-syn in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter N Dean
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Bastian P, Dulski J, Roszmann A, Jacewicz D, Kuban-Jankowska A, Slawek J, Wozniak M, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Parkinson's Disease-Is 2-Methoxyestradiol a Missing Piece? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:248. [PMID: 33562035 PMCID: PMC7915370 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, as "power house of the cell", are crucial players in cell pathophysiology. Beyond adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, they take part in a generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulation of cell signaling and cell death. Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics may lead to cancers and neurodegeneration; however, the fusion/fission cycle allows mitochondria to adapt to metabolic needs of the cell. There are multiple data suggesting that disturbed mitochondrial homeostasis can lead to Parkinson's disease (PD) development. 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2) and potential anticancer agent, was demonstrated to inhibit cell growth of hippocampal HT22 cells by means of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) production and oxidative stress at both pharmacologically and also physiologically relevant concentrations. Moreover, 2-ME was suggested to inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and to be a dynamic regulator. This review is a comprehensive discussion, from both scientific and clinical point of view, about the influence of 2-ME on mitochondria and its plausible role as a modulator of neuron survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bastian
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.-J.); (M.W.)
| | - Jaroslaw Dulski
- Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (J.D.); (A.R.); (J.S.)
- Neurology & Stroke Dpt. St. Adalbert Hospital, “Copernicus” Ltd., 80-462 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Roszmann
- Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (J.D.); (A.R.); (J.S.)
- Neurology & Stroke Dpt. St. Adalbert Hospital, “Copernicus” Ltd., 80-462 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Alicja Kuban-Jankowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.-J.); (M.W.)
| | - Jaroslaw Slawek
- Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (J.D.); (A.R.); (J.S.)
- Neurology & Stroke Dpt. St. Adalbert Hospital, “Copernicus” Ltd., 80-462 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Wozniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.-J.); (M.W.)
| | - Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (A.K.-J.); (M.W.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
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Watson MD, Flynn JD, Lee JC. Raman spectral imaging of 13C 2H 15N-labeled α-synuclein amyloid fibrils in cells. Biophys Chem 2021; 269:106528. [PMID: 33418468 PMCID: PMC7856057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the intracellular accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) amyloid fibrils, which are insoluble, β-sheet-rich protein aggregates. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique that reports on intrinsic molecular vibrations such as the coupled vibrational modes of the polypeptide backbone, yielding secondary structural information. However, in order to apply this method in cells, spectroscopically unique frequencies are necessary to resolve proteins of interest from the cellular proteome. Here, we report the use of 13C2H15N-labeled α-syn to study the localization of preformed fibrils fed to cells. Isotopic labeling shifts the amide-I (13CO) band away from endogenous 12CO vibrations, permitting secondary structural analysis of internalized α-syn fibrils. Similarly, 13C2H stretches move to lower energies in the "cellular quiet" region, where there is negligible biological spectral interference. This combination of well-resolved, distinct vibrations allows Raman spectral imaging of α-syn fibrils across a cell, which provides conformational information with spatial context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Watson
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Jessica D Flynn
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America.
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