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Granato V, Congiu L, Jakovcevski I, Kleene R, Schwindenhammer B, Fernandes L, Freitag S, Schachner M, Loers G. Mice Mutated in the First Fibronectin Domain of Adhesion Molecule L1 Show Brain Malformations and Behavioral Abnormalities. Biomolecules 2024; 14:468. [PMID: 38672483 PMCID: PMC11048097 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The X-chromosome-linked cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM), a glycoprotein mainly expressed by neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, has been implicated in many neural processes, including neuronal migration and survival, neuritogenesis, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity and regeneration. L1 consists of extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Proteolytic cleavage of L1's extracellular and transmembrane domains by different proteases generates several L1 fragments with different functions. We found that myelin basic protein (MBP) cleaves L1's extracellular domain, leading to enhanced neuritogenesis and neuronal survival in vitro. To investigate in vivo the importance of the MBP-generated 70 kDa fragment (L1-70), we generated mice with an arginine to alanine substitution at position 687 (L1/687), thereby disrupting L1's MBP cleavage site and obliterating L1-70. Young adult L1/687 males showed normal anxiety and circadian rhythm activities but enhanced locomotion, while females showed altered social interactions. Older L1/687 males were impaired in motor coordination. Furthermore, L1/687 male and female mice had a larger hippocampus, with more neurons in the dentate gyrus and more proliferating cells in the subgranular layer, while the thickness of the corpus callosum and the size of lateral ventricles were normal. In summary, subtle mutant morphological changes result in subtle behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Granato
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Ludovica Congiu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany; (I.J.); (B.S.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Benjamin Schwindenhammer
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany; (I.J.); (B.S.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Luciana Fernandes
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Sandra Freitag
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
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Greenberg ABW, Mehta NH, Mekbib KY, Kiziltug E, Smith HR, Hyman BT, Chan D, Curry Jr. WT, Arnold SE, Frosch MP, Duy PQ, Kahle KT. Cases of familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus implicate genetic factors in disease pathogenesis. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11400-11407. [PMID: 37814356 PMCID: PMC10690850 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is a disorder of unknown pathophysiology whose diagnosis is paradoxically made by a positive response to its proposed treatment with cerebrospinal fluid diversion. There are currently no idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus disease genes or biomarkers. A systematic analysis of familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus could aid in clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment stratification, and elucidate disease patho-etiology. In this 2-part analysis, we review literature-based evidence for inheritance of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in 22 pedigrees, and then present a novel case series of 8 familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients. For the case series, demographics, familial history, pre- and post-operative symptoms, and cortical pathology were collected. All novel familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients exhibited improvement following shunt treatment and absence of neurodegenerative cortical pathology (amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau), in contrast to many sporadic cases of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus with variable clinical responses. Analysis of the 30 total familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus cases reported herein is highly suggestive of an autosomal dominant mechanism of inheritance. This largest-ever presentation of multiply affected idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus pedigrees provides strong evidence for Mendelian inheritance and autosomal dominant transmission of an idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus trait in a subset of patients that positively respond to shunting and lack neurodegenerative pathology. Genomic investigation of these families may identify the first bona fide idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus disease gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B W Greenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Neel H Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Kedous Y Mekbib
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Emre Kiziltug
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Hannah R Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Diane Chan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - William T Curry Jr.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Harvard Center for Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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Guédez G, Loers G, Jeffries CM, Kozak S, Meijers R, Svergun DI, Schachner M, Löw C. X-ray structure and function of fibronectin domains two and three of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22823. [PMID: 36809668 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201511r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM, L1 in short) plays crucial roles during neural development, regeneration after injury, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity and tumor cell migration. L1 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and comprises in its extracellular part six immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains and five fibronectin type III homologous repeats (FNs). The second Ig-like domain has been validated for self- (so-called homophilic) binding between cells. Antibodies against this domain inhibit neuronal migration in vitro and in vivo. The fibronectin type III homologous repeats FN2 and FN3 bind small molecule agonistic L1 mimetics and contribute to signal transduction. FN3 has a stretch of 25 amino acids that can be triggered with a monoclonal antibody, or the L1 mimetics, to enhance neurite outgrowth and neuronal cell migration in vitro and in vivo. To correlate the structural features of these FNs with function, we determined a high-resolution crystal structure of a FN2FN3 fragment, which is functionally active in cerebellar granule cells and binds several mimetics. The structure illustrates that both domains are connected by a short linker sequence allowing a flexible and largely independent organization of both domains. This becomes further evident by comparing the X-ray crystal structure with models derived from Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) data for FN2FN3 in solution. Based on the X-ray crystal structure, we identified five glycosylation sites which we believe are crucial for folding and stability of these domains. Our study signifies an advance in the understanding of structure-functional relationships of L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guédez
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Kozak
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
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Exploration of the Core Pathways and Potential Targets of Luteolin Treatment on Late-Onset Depression Based on Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043485. [PMID: 36834894 PMCID: PMC9958965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficiency is one of the fundamental characteristics of late-onset depression (LOD). Luteolin (LUT) possesses antidepressant, anti-aging, and neuroprotective properties, which can dramatically enhance cognition. The altered composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is involved in neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis, directly reflects the physio-pathological status of the central nervous system. It is not well known whether the effect of LUT on LOD is in association with a changed CSF composition. Therefore, this study first established a rat model of LOD and then tested the therapeutic effects of LUT using several behavioral approaches. A gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to evaluate the CSF proteomics data for KEGG pathway enrichment and Gene Ontology annotation. We combined network pharmacology and differentially expressed proteins to screen for key GSEA-KEGG pathways as well as potential targets for LUT therapy for LOD. Molecular docking was adopted to verify the affinity and binding activity of LUT to these potential targets. The outcomes demonstrated that LUT improved the cognitive and depression-like behaviors in LOD rats. LUT may exert therapeutic effects on LOD through the axon guidance pathway. Five axon guidance molecules-EFNA5, EPHB4, EPHA4, SEMA7A, and NTNG-as well as UNC5B, L1CAM, and DCC, may be candidates for the LUT treatment of LOD.
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The uPA/uPAR System Orchestrates the Inflammatory Response, Vascular Homeostasis, and Immune System in Fibrosis Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021796. [PMID: 36675310 PMCID: PMC9866279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis and liver cirrhosis are characterized by tissue overgrowth due to excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Fibrosis progression is caused by ECM overproduction and the inhibition of ECM degradation due to several events, including inflammation, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and immune abnormalities. Recently, it has been reported that urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), known to be fibrinolytic factors, orchestrate the inflammatory response, vascular homeostasis, and immune homeostasis system. The uPA/uPAR system may show promise as a potential therapeutic target for fibrotic diseases. This review considers the role of the uPA/uPAR system in the progression of fibrotic diseases.
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Keep RF, Jones HC, Drewes LR. Advances in brain barriers and brain fluids research in 2021: great progress in a time of adversity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:48. [PMID: 35681151 PMCID: PMC9178944 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial highlights advances in brain barrier and brain fluid research in 2021. It covers research on components of the blood–brain barrier, neurovascular unit and brain fluid systems; how brain barriers and brain fluid systems are impacted by neurological disorders and their role in disease progression; and advances in strategies for treating such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| | | | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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