1
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Weng Q, Wan L, Straker GC, Deegan TD, Duncker BP, Neiman AM, Luk E, Hollingsworth NM. An acidic loop in the FHA domain of the yeast meiosis-specific kinase Mek1 interacts with a specific motif in a subset of Mek1 substrates. Genetics 2024:iyae106. [PMID: 38979911 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The meiosis-specific kinase Mek1 regulates key steps in meiotic recombination in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MEK1 limits resection at double strand break (DSB) ends and is required for preferential strand invasion into homologs, a process known as interhomolog bias. After strand invasion, MEK1 promotes phosphorylation of the synaptonemal complex protein Zip1 that is necessary for DSB repair mediated by a crossover specific pathway that enables chromosome synapsis. In addition, Mek1 phosphorylation of the meiosis-specific transcription factor, Ndt80, regulates the meiotic recombination checkpoint that prevents exit from pachytene when DSBs are present. Mek1 interacts with Ndt80 through a five amino acid sequence, RPSKR, located between the DNA binding and activation domains of Ndt80. AlphaFold Multimer modeling of a fragment of Ndt80 containing the RPSKR motif and full length Mek1 indicated that RPSKR binds to an acidic loop located in the Mek1 FHA domain, a non-canonical interaction with this motif. A second protein, the 5'-3' helicase Rrm3, similarly interacts with Mek1 through an RPAKR motif and is an in vitro substrate of Mek1. Genetic analysis using various mutants in the MEK1 acidic loop validated the AlphaFold model, in that they specifically disrupt two-hybrid interactions with Ndt80 and Rrm3. Phenotypic analyses further showed that the acidic loop mutants are defective in the meiotic recombination checkpoint, and in certain circumstances exhibit more severe phenotypes compared to the NDT80 mutant with the RPSKR sequence deleted, suggesting that additional, as yet unknown, substrates of Mek1 also bind to Mek1 using an RPXKR motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Lihong Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Geburah C Straker
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tom D Deegan
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK DD1 5EH, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bernard P Duncker
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron M Neiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Ed Luk
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Nancy M Hollingsworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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2
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Pannafino G, Chen JJ, Mithani V, Payero L, Gioia M, Crickard JB, Alani E. The Dmc1 recombinase physically interacts with and promotes the meiotic crossover functions of the Mlh1-Mlh3 endonuclease. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae066. [PMID: 38657110 PMCID: PMC11228845 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during the Meiosis I reductional division in most sexually reproducing eukaryotes requires crossing over between homologs. In baker's yeast approximately 80% of meiotic crossovers result from Mlh1-Mlh3 and Exo1 acting to resolve double-Holliday junction intermediates in a biased manner. Little is known about how Mlh1-Mlh3 is recruited to recombination intermediates to perform its role in crossover resolution. We performed a gene dosage screen in baker's yeast to identify novel genetic interactors with Mlh1-Mlh3. Specifically, we looked for genes whose lowered dosage reduced meiotic crossing over using sensitized mlh3 alleles that disrupt the stability of the Mlh1-Mlh3 complex and confer defects in mismatch repair but do not disrupt meiotic crossing over. To our surprise we identified genetic interactions between MLH3 and DMC1, the recombinase responsible for recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. We then showed that Mlh3 physically interacts with Dmc1 in vitro and in vivo. Partial complementation of Mlh3 crossover functions was observed when MLH3 was expressed under the control of the CLB1 promoter (NDT80 regulon), suggesting that Mlh3 function can be provided late in meiotic prophase at some functional cost. A model for how Dmc1 could facilitate Mlh1-Mlh3's role in crossover resolution is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianno Pannafino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jun Jie Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Viraj Mithani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lisette Payero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael Gioia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J Brooks Crickard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Eric Alani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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3
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Weng Q, Wan L, Straker GC, Deegan TD, Duncker BP, Neiman AM, Luk E, Hollingsworth NM. An acidic loop in the FHA domain of the yeast meiosis-specific kinase Mek1 interacts with a specific motif in a subset of Mek1 substrates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595751. [PMID: 38826409 PMCID: PMC11142242 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The meiosis-specific kinase Mek1 regulates key steps in meiotic recombination in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MEK1 limits resection at the double strand break (DSB) ends and is required for preferential strand invasion into homologs, a process known as interhomolog bias. After strand invasion, MEK1 promotes phosphorylation of the synaptonemal complex protein Zip1 that is necessary for DSB repair mediated by a crossover specific pathway that enables chromosome synapsis. In addition, Mek1 phosphorylation of the meiosis-specific transcription factor, Ndt80, regulates the meiotic recombination checkpoint that prevents exit from pachytene when DSBs are present. Mek1 interacts with Ndt80 through a five amino acid sequence, RPSKR, located between the DNA binding and activation domains of Ndt80. AlphaFold Multimer modeling of a fragment of Ndt80 containing the RPSKR motif and full length Mek1 indicated that RPSKR binds to an acidic loop located in the Mek1 FHA domain, a non-canonical interaction with this motif. A second protein, the 5'-3' helicase Rrm3, similarly interacts with Mek1 through an RPAKR motif and is an in vitro substrate of Mek1. Genetic analysis using various mutants in the MEK1 acidic loop validated the AlphaFold model, in that they specifically disrupt two-hybrid interactions with Ndt80 and Rrm3. Phenotypic analyses further showed that the acidic loop mutants are defective in the meiotic recombination checkpoint, and in certain circumstances exhibit more severe phenotypes compared to the NDT80 mutant with the RPSKR sequence deleted, suggesting that additional, as yet unknown, substrates of Mek1 also bind to Mek1 using an RPXKR motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Lihong Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Geburah C. Straker
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tom. D. Deegan
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK DD1 5EH, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bernard P. Duncker
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron M. Neiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Ed Luk
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Nancy M. Hollingsworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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4
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Grubb J, Bishop DK. Chk2 homologue Mek1 limits Exo1-dependent DNA end resection during meiotic recombination in S. cerevisiae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.589255. [PMID: 38645032 PMCID: PMC11030327 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The conserved Rad2/XPG family 5'-3' exonuclease, Exonuclease 1 (Exo1), plays many roles in DNA metabolism including during resolution of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) via homologous recombination. Prior studies provided evidence that the end-resection activity of Exo1 is downregulated in yeast and mammals by Cdk1/2 family cyclin-dependent and checkpoint kinases, including budding yeast kinase Rad53 which functions in mitotic cells. Here we provide evidence that the master meiotic kinase Mek1, a paralogue of Rad53, limits 5'-3' single strand resection at the sites of programmed meiotic DNA breaks. Mutational analysis suggests that the mechanism of Exo1 suppression by Mek1 differs from that of Rad53. Article Summary Meiotic recombination involves formation of programmed DNA double strand breaks followed by 5' to 3' single strand specific resection by nucleases including Exo1. We find that the activity of budding yeast Exo1 is downregulated during meiotic recombination by the master meiotic kinase Mek1. The mechanism of downregulation of Exo1 by Mek1 in meiosis does not depend on the same phospho-sites as those used by the mitotic kinase Rad53, a relative of Mek1 that downregulates Exo1 in mitosis.
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Ito M, Fujita Y, Shinohara A. Positive and negative regulators of RAD51/DMC1 in homologous recombination and DNA replication. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 134:103613. [PMID: 38142595 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
RAD51 recombinase plays a central role in homologous recombination (HR) by forming a nucleoprotein filament on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to catalyze homology search and strand exchange between the ssDNA and a homologous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The catalytic activity of RAD51 assembled on ssDNA is critical for the DNA-homology-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks in somatic and meiotic cells and restarting stalled replication forks during DNA replication. The RAD51-ssDNA complex also plays a structural role in protecting the regressed/reversed replication fork. Two types of regulators control RAD51 filament formation, stability, and dynamics, namely positive regulators, including mediators, and negative regulators, so-called remodelers. The appropriate balance of action by the two regulators assures genome stability. This review describes the roles of positive and negative RAD51 regulators in HR and DNA replication and its meiosis-specific homolog DMC1 in meiotic recombination. We also provide future study directions for a comprehensive understanding of RAD51/DMC1-mediated regulation in maintaining and inheriting genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ito
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yurika Fujita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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6
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Pannafino G, Chen JJ, Mithani V, Payero L, Gioia M, Brooks Crickard J, Alani E. The Dmc1 recombinase physically interacts with and promotes the meiotic crossover functions of the Mlh1-Mlh3 endonuclease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.13.566911. [PMID: 38014100 PMCID: PMC10680668 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during the Meiosis I reductional division in most sexually reproducing eukaryotes requires crossing over between homologs. In baker's yeast approximately 80 percent of meiotic crossovers result from Mlh1-Mlh3 and Exo1 acting to resolve double-Holliday junction (dHJ) intermediates in a biased manner. Little is known about how Mlh1-Mlh3 is recruited to recombination intermediates and whether it interacts with other meiotic factors prior to its role in crossover resolution. We performed a haploinsufficiency screen in baker's yeast to identify novel genetic interactors with Mlh1-Mlh3 using sensitized mlh3 alleles that disrupt the stability of the Mlh1-Mlh3 complex and confer defects in mismatch repair but do not disrupt meiotic crossing over. We identified several genetic interactions between MLH3 and DMC1, the recombinase responsible for recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. We then showed that Mlh3 physically interacts with Dmc1 in vitro and at times in meiotic prophase when Dmc1 acts as a recombinase. Interestingly, restricting MLH3 expression to roughly the time of crossover resolution resulted in a mlh3 null-like phenotype for crossing over. Our data are consistent with a model in which Dmc1 nucleates a polymer of Mlh1-Mlh3 to promote crossing over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianno Pannafino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 14853
| | - Jun Jie Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 14853
| | - Viraj Mithani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 14853
| | - Lisette Payero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 14853
| | - Michael Gioia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 14853
| | - J Brooks Crickard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 14853
| | - Eric Alani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 14853
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7
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Börner GV, Hochwagen A, MacQueen AJ. Meiosis in budding yeast. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad125. [PMID: 37616582 PMCID: PMC10550323 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell division program that is essential for sexual reproduction. The two meiotic divisions reduce chromosome number by half, typically generating haploid genomes that are packaged into gametes. To achieve this ploidy reduction, meiosis relies on highly unusual chromosomal processes including the pairing of homologous chromosomes, assembly of the synaptonemal complex, programmed formation of DNA breaks followed by their processing into crossovers, and the segregation of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division. These processes are embedded in a carefully orchestrated cell differentiation program with multiple interdependencies between DNA metabolism, chromosome morphogenesis, and waves of gene expression that together ensure the correct number of chromosomes is delivered to the next generation. Studies in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have established essentially all fundamental paradigms of meiosis-specific chromosome metabolism and have uncovered components and molecular mechanisms that underlie these conserved processes. Here, we provide an overview of all stages of meiosis in this key model system and highlight how basic mechanisms of genome stability, chromosome architecture, and cell cycle control have been adapted to achieve the unique outcome of meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valentin Börner
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | | | - Amy J MacQueen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
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8
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Shinohara M, Shinohara A. The Msh5 complex shows homeostatic localization in response to DNA double-strand breaks in yeast meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1170689. [PMID: 37274743 PMCID: PMC10232913 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1170689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic crossing over is essential for the segregation of homologous chromosomes. The formation and distribution of meiotic crossovers (COs), which are initiated by the formation of double-strand break (DSB), are tightly regulated to ensure at least one CO per bivalent. One type of CO control, CO homeostasis, maintains a consistent level of COs despite fluctuations in DSB numbers. Here, we analyzed the localization of proteins involved in meiotic recombination in budding yeast xrs2 hypomorphic mutants which show different levels of DSBs. The number of cytological foci with recombinases, Rad51 and Dmc1, which mark single-stranded DNAs at DSB sites is proportional to the DSB numbers. Among the pro-CO factor, ZMM/SIC proteins, the focus number of Zip3, Mer3, or Spo22/Zip4, was linearly proportional to reduced DSBs in the xrs2 mutant. In contrast, foci of Msh5, a component of the MutSγ complex, showed a non-linear response to reduced DSBs. We also confirmed the homeostatic response of COs by genetic analysis of meiotic recombination in the xrs2 mutants and found a chromosome-specific homeostatic response of COs. Our study suggests that the homeostatic response of the Msh5 assembly to reduced DSBs was genetically distinct from that of the Zip3 assembly for CO control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Shinohara
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Gioia M, Payero L, Salim S, Fajish V. G, Farnaz AF, Pannafino G, Chen JJ, Ajith VP, Momoh S, Scotland M, Raghavan V, Manhart CM, Shinohara A, Nishant KT, Alani E. Exo1 protects DNA nicks from ligation to promote crossover formation during meiosis. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002085. [PMID: 37079643 PMCID: PMC10153752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In most sexually reproducing organisms crossing over between chromosome homologs during meiosis is essential to produce haploid gametes. Most crossovers that form in meiosis in budding yeast result from the biased resolution of double Holliday junction (dHJ) intermediates. This dHJ resolution step involves the actions of Rad2/XPG family nuclease Exo1 and the Mlh1-Mlh3 mismatch repair endonuclease. Here, we provide genetic evidence in baker's yeast that Exo1 promotes meiotic crossing over by protecting DNA nicks from ligation. We found that structural elements in Exo1 that interact with DNA, such as those required for the bending of DNA during nick/flap recognition, are critical for its role in crossing over. Consistent with these observations, meiotic expression of the Rad2/XPG family member Rad27 partially rescued the crossover defect in exo1 null mutants, and meiotic overexpression of Cdc9 ligase reduced the crossover levels of exo1 DNA-binding mutants to levels that approached the exo1 null. In addition, our work identified a role for Exo1 in crossover interference. Together, these studies provide experimental evidence for Exo1-protected nicks being critical for the formation of meiotic crossovers and their distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gioia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisette Payero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sagar Salim
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, India
| | - Ghanim Fajish V.
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Amamah F. Farnaz
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, India
| | - Gianno Pannafino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jun Jie Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - V. P. Ajith
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, India
| | - Sherikat Momoh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle Scotland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Vandana Raghavan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Carol M. Manhart
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K. T. Nishant
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, India
- Center for High-Performance Computing, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, India
| | - Eric Alani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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10
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Shodhan A, Xaver M, Wheeler D, Lichten M. Turning coldspots into hotspots: targeted recruitment of axis protein Hop1 stimulates meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2022; 222:6649696. [PMID: 35876814 PMCID: PMC9434160 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination are formed in the context of the meiotic chromosome axis, which in Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a meiosis-specific cohesin isoform and the meiosis-specific proteins Hop1 and Red1. Hop1 and Red1 are important for DSB formation; DSB levels are reduced in their absence and their levels, which vary along the lengths of chromosomes, are positively correlated with DSB levels. How axis protein levels influence DSB formation and recombination remains unclear. To address this question, we developed a novel approach that uses a bacterial ParB-parS partition system to recruit axis proteins at high levels to inserts at recombination coldspots where Hop1 and Red1 levels are normally low. Recruiting Hop1 markedly increased DSBs and homologous recombination at target loci, to levels equivalent to those observed at endogenous recombination hotspots. This local increase in DSBs did not require Red1 or the meiosis-specific cohesin component Rec8, indicating that, of the axis proteins, Hop1 is sufficient to promote DSB formation. However, while most crossovers at endogenous recombination hotspots are formed by the meiosis-specific MutLγ resolvase, crossovers that formed at an insert locus were only modestly reduced in the absence of MutLγ, regardless of whether or not Hop1 was recruited to that locus. Thus, while local Hop1 levels determine local DSB levels, the recombination pathways that repair these breaks can be determined by other factors, raising the intriguing possibility that different recombination pathways operate in different parts of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anura Shodhan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Martin Xaver
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Wheeler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Michael Lichten
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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11
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Wellard SR, Skinner MW, Zhao X, Shults C, Jordan PW. PLK1 depletion alters homologous recombination and synaptonemal complex disassembly events during mammalian spermatogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar37. [PMID: 35274968 PMCID: PMC9282006 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is an essential meiotic process that contributes to the genetic variation of offspring and ensures accurate chromosome segregation. Recombination is facilitated by the formation and repair of programmed DNA double-strand breaks. These DNA breaks are repaired via recombination between maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes and a subset result in the formation of crossovers. HR and crossover formation is facilitated by synapsis of homologous chromosomes by a proteinaceous scaffold structure known as the synaptonemal complex (SC). Recent studies in yeast and worms have indicated that polo-like kinases (PLKs) regulate several events during meiosis, including DNA recombination and SC dynamics. Mammals express four active PLKs (PLK1-4), and our previous work assessing localization and kinase function in mouse spermatocytes suggested that PLK1 coordinates nuclear events during meiotic prophase. Therefore, we conditionally mutated Plk1 in early prophase spermatocytes and assessed stages of HR, crossover formation, and SC processes. Plk1 mutation resulted in increased RPA foci and reduced RAD51/DMC1 foci during zygonema, and an increase of both class I and class II crossover events. Furthermore, the disassembly of SC lateral elements was aberrant. Our results highlight the importance of PLK1 in regulating HR and SC disassembly during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Wellard
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Marnie W. Skinner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xueqi Zhao
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Chris Shults
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Philip W. Jordan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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12
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Pyatnitskaya A, Andreani J, Guérois R, De Muyt A, Borde V. The Zip4 protein directly couples meiotic crossover formation to synaptonemal complex assembly. Genes Dev 2022; 36:53-69. [PMID: 34969823 PMCID: PMC8763056 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348973.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination is triggered by programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs), a subset of these being repaired as crossovers, promoted by eight evolutionarily conserved proteins, named ZMM. Crossover formation is functionally linked to synaptonemal complex (SC) assembly between homologous chromosomes, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here we show that Ecm11, a SC central element protein, localizes on both DSB sites and sites that attach chromatin loops to the chromosome axis, which are the starting points of SC formation, in a way that strictly requires the ZMM protein Zip4. Furthermore, Zip4 directly interacts with Ecm11, and point mutants that specifically abolish this interaction lose Ecm11 binding to chromosomes and exhibit defective SC assembly. This can be partially rescued by artificially tethering interaction-defective Ecm11 to Zip4. Mechanistically, this direct connection ensuring SC assembly from CO sites could be a way for the meiotic cell to shut down further DSB formation once enough recombination sites have been selected for crossovers, thereby preventing excess crossovers. Finally, the mammalian ortholog of Zip4, TEX11, also interacts with the SC central element TEX12, suggesting a general mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pyatnitskaya
- Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Dynamics of Genetic Information, UMR3244, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris 75248, France
| | - Jessica Andreani
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Raphaël Guérois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Arnaud De Muyt
- Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Dynamics of Genetic Information, UMR3244, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris 75248, France
| | - Valérie Borde
- Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Dynamics of Genetic Information, UMR3244, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris 75248, France
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13
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Ghieh F, Barbotin AL, Swierkowski-Blanchard N, Leroy C, Fortemps J, Gerault C, Hue C, Mambu Mambueni H, Jaillard S, Albert M, Bailly M, Izard V, Molina-Gomes D, Marcelli F, Prasivoravong J, Serazin V, Dieudonne MN, Delcroix M, Garchon HJ, Louboutin A, Mandon-Pepin B, Ferlicot S, Vialard F. OUP accepted manuscript. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:1334-1350. [PMID: 35413094 PMCID: PMC9156845 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Ghieh
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A L Barbotin
- Institut de Biologie de la Reproduction-Spermiologie-CECOS, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - N Swierkowski-Blanchard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - C Leroy
- Institut de Biologie de la Reproduction-Spermiologie-CECOS, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - J Fortemps
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - C Gerault
- Département de Génétique, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - C Hue
- Department of Biotechnology and Health, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMR 1173, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - H Mambu Mambueni
- Department of Biotechnology and Health, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMR 1173, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - S Jaillard
- Service de Cytogénétique, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET—UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - M Albert
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Bailly
- Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - V Izard
- Service d’Urologie, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - D Molina-Gomes
- Département de Génétique, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - F Marcelli
- Institut de Biologie de la Reproduction-Spermiologie-CECOS, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - J Prasivoravong
- Institut de Biologie de la Reproduction-Spermiologie-CECOS, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - V Serazin
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Département de Génétique, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - M N Dieudonne
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Delcroix
- Département de Génétique, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - H J Garchon
- Department of Biotechnology and Health, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMR 1173, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - A Louboutin
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - B Mandon-Pepin
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Ferlicot
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - F Vialard
- Correspondence address. Tel: +33-139-274-700; E-mail:
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Yan S, Gao S, Zhou P. Multi-functions of exonuclease 1 in DNA damage response and cancer susceptibility. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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15
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Wyrwoll MJ, van Walree ES, Hamer G, Rotte N, Motazacker MM, Meijers-Heijboer H, Alders M, Meißner A, Kaminsky E, Wöste M, Krallmann C, Kliesch S, Hunt TJ, Clark AT, Silber S, Stallmeyer B, Friedrich C, van Pelt AMM, Mathijssen IB, Tüttelmann F. Bi-allelic variants in DNA mismatch repair proteins MutS Homolog MSH4 and MSH5 cause infertility in both sexes. Hum Reprod 2021; 37:178-189. [PMID: 34755185 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do bi-allelic variants in the genes encoding the MSH4/MSH5 heterodimer cause male infertility? SUMMARY ANSWER We detected biallelic, (likely) pathogenic variants in MSH5 (4 men) and MSH4 (3 men) in six azoospermic men, demonstrating that genetic variants in these genes are a relevant cause of male infertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY MSH4 and MSH5 form a heterodimer, which is required for prophase of meiosis I. One variant in MSH5 and two variants in MSH4 have been described as causal for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in a total of five women, resulting in infertility. Recently, pathogenic variants in MSH4 have been reported in infertile men. So far, no pathogenic variants in MSH5 had been described in males. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We utilized exome data from 1305 men included in the Male Reproductive Genomics (MERGE) study, including 90 males with meiotic arrest (MeiA). Independently, exome sequencing was performed in a man with MeiA from a large consanguineous family. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Assuming an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance, we screened the exome data for rare, biallelic coding variants in MSH4 and MSH5. If possible, segregation analysis in the patients' families was performed. The functional consequences of identified loss-of-function (LoF) variants in MSH5 were studied using heterologous expression of the MSH5 protein in HEK293T cells. The point of arrest during meiosis was determined by γH2AX staining. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We report for the first time (likely) pathogenic, homozygous variants in MSH5 causing infertility in 2 out of 90 men with MeiA and overall in 4 out of 902 azoospermic men. Additionally, we detected biallelic variants in MSH4 in two men with MeiA and in the sister of one proband with POI. γH2AX staining revealed an arrest in early prophase of meiosis I in individuals with pathogenic MSH4 or MSH5 variants. Heterologous in vitro expression of the detected LoF variants in MSH5 showed that the variant p.(Ala620GlnTer9) resulted in MSH5 protein truncation and the variant p.(Ser26GlnfsTer42) resulted in a complete loss of MSH5. LARGE SCALE DATA All variants have been submitted to ClinVar (SCV001468891-SCV001468896 and SCV001591030) and can also be accessed in the Male Fertility Gene Atlas (MFGA). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION By selecting for variants in MSH4 and MSH5, we were able to determine the cause of infertility in six men and one woman, leaving most of the examined individuals without a causal diagnosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings have diagnostic value by increasing the number of genes associated with non-obstructive azoospermia with high clinical validity. The analysis of such genes has prognostic consequences for assessing whether men with azoospermia would benefit from a testicular biopsy. We also provide further evidence that MeiA in men and POI in women share the same genetic causes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was carried out within the frame of the German Research Foundation sponsored Clinical Research Unit 'Male Germ Cells: from Genes to Function' (DFG, CRU326), and supported by institutional funding of the Research Institute Amsterdam Reproduction and Development and funds from the LucaBella Foundation. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wyrwoll
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - E S van Walree
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Hamer
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Rotte
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - M M Motazacker
- Laboratory of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Alders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Meißner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Kaminsky
- Praxis für Humangenetik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Wöste
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - C Krallmann
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - S Kliesch
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - T J Hunt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Silber
- Infertility Center of St Louis, St Luke's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - B Stallmeyer
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - C Friedrich
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - A M M van Pelt
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I B Mathijssen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Tüttelmann
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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16
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Nandanan KG, Salim S, Pankajam AV, Shinohara M, Lin G, Chakraborty P, Farnaz A, Steinmetz LM, Shinohara A, Nishant KT. Regulation of Msh4-Msh5 association with meiotic chromosomes in budding yeast. Genetics 2021; 219:6317832. [PMID: 34849874 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most of the meiotic crossovers are generated through a pathway involving the highly conserved mismatch repair related Msh4-Msh5 complex. To understand the role of Msh4-Msh5 in meiotic crossing over, we determined its genome wide in vivo binding sites in meiotic cells. We show that Msh5 specifically associates with DSB hotspots, chromosome axes, and centromeres on chromosomes. A basal level of Msh5 association with these chromosomal features is observed even in the absence of DSB formation (spo11Δ mutant) at the early stages of meiosis. But efficient binding to DSB hotspots and chromosome axes requires DSB formation and resection and is enhanced by double Holliday junction structures. Msh5 binding is also correlated to DSB frequency and enhanced on small chromosomes with higher DSB and crossover density. The axis protein Red1 is required for Msh5 association with the chromosome axes and DSB hotspots but not centromeres. Although binding sites of Msh5 and other pro-crossover factors like Zip3 show extensive overlap, Msh5 associates with centromeres independent of Zip3. These results on Msh5 localization in wild type and meiotic mutants have implications for how Msh4-Msh5 works with other pro-crossover factors to ensure crossover formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaprasad G Nandanan
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum 695016, India
| | - Sagar Salim
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum 695016, India
| | - Ajith V Pankajam
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum 695016, India
| | - Miki Shinohara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Gen Lin
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Parijat Chakraborty
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum 695016, India
| | - Amamah Farnaz
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum 695016, India
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Genome Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koodali T Nishant
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum 695016, India.,Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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17
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González-Arranz S, Acosta I, Carballo JA, Santos B, San-Segundo PA. The N-Terminal Region of the Polo Kinase Cdc5 Is Required for Downregulation of the Meiotic Recombination Checkpoint. Cells 2021; 10:2561. [PMID: 34685541 PMCID: PMC8533733 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During meiosis, the budding yeast polo-like kinase Cdc5 is a crucial driver of the prophase I to meiosis I (G2/M) transition. The meiotic recombination checkpoint restrains cell cycle progression in response to defective recombination to ensure proper distribution of intact chromosomes to the gametes. This checkpoint detects unrepaired DSBs and initiates a signaling cascade that ultimately inhibits Ndt80, a transcription factor required for CDC5 gene expression. Previous work revealed that overexpression of CDC5 partially alleviates the checkpoint-imposed meiotic delay in the synaptonemal complex-defective zip1Δ mutant. Here, we show that overproduction of a Cdc5 version (Cdc5-ΔN70), lacking the N-terminal region required for targeted degradation of the protein by the APC/C complex, fails to relieve the zip1Δ-induced meiotic delay, despite being more stable and reaching increased protein levels. However, precise mutation of the consensus motifs for APC/C recognition (D-boxes and KEN) has no effect on Cdc5 stability or function during meiosis. Compared to the zip1Δ single mutant, the zip1Δ cdc5-ΔN70 double mutant exhibits an exacerbated meiotic block and reduced levels of Ndt80 consistent with persistent checkpoint activity. Finally, using a CDC5-inducible system, we demonstrate that the N-terminal region of Cdc5 is essential for its checkpoint erasing function. Thus, our results unveil an additional layer of regulation of polo-like kinase function in meiotic cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-Arranz
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.G.-A.); (I.A.); (B.S.)
| | - Isabel Acosta
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.G.-A.); (I.A.); (B.S.)
| | - Jesús A. Carballo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Santos
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.G.-A.); (I.A.); (B.S.)
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pedro A. San-Segundo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.G.-A.); (I.A.); (B.S.)
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18
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Alonso-Ramos P, Álvarez-Melo D, Strouhalova K, Pascual-Silva C, Garside GB, Arter M, Bermejo T, Grigaitis R, Wettstein R, Fernández-Díaz M, Matos J, Geymonat M, San-Segundo PA, Carballo JA. The Cdc14 Phosphatase Controls Resolution of Recombination Intermediates and Crossover Formation during Meiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189811. [PMID: 34575966 PMCID: PMC8470964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic defects derived from incorrect DNA repair during gametogenesis can lead to mutations, aneuploidies and infertility. The coordinated resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates is required for crossover formation, ultimately necessary for the accurate completion of both rounds of chromosome segregation. Numerous master kinases orchestrate the correct assembly and activity of the repair machinery. Although much less is known, the reversal of phosphorylation events in meiosis must also be key to coordinate the timing and functionality of repair enzymes. Cdc14 is a crucial phosphatase required for the dephosphorylation of multiple CDK1 targets in many eukaryotes. Mutations that inactivate this phosphatase lead to meiotic failure, but until now it was unknown if Cdc14 plays a direct role in meiotic recombination. Here, we show that the elimination of Cdc14 leads to severe defects in the processing and resolution of recombination intermediates, causing a drastic depletion in crossovers when other repair pathways are compromised. We also show that Cdc14 is required for the correct activity and localization of the Holliday Junction resolvase Yen1/GEN1. We reveal that Cdc14 regulates Yen1 activity from meiosis I onwards, and this function is essential for crossover resolution in the absence of other repair pathways. We also demonstrate that Cdc14 and Yen1 are required to safeguard sister chromatid segregation during the second meiotic division, a late action that is independent of the earlier role in crossover formation. Thus, this work uncovers previously undescribed functions of the evolutionary conserved Cdc14 phosphatase in the regulation of meiotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alonso-Ramos
- Center for Biological Research Margarita Salas, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-R.); (D.Á.-M.); (K.S.); (C.P.-S.); (T.B.); (M.F.-D.)
| | - David Álvarez-Melo
- Center for Biological Research Margarita Salas, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-R.); (D.Á.-M.); (K.S.); (C.P.-S.); (T.B.); (M.F.-D.)
| | - Katerina Strouhalova
- Center for Biological Research Margarita Salas, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-R.); (D.Á.-M.); (K.S.); (C.P.-S.); (T.B.); (M.F.-D.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carolina Pascual-Silva
- Center for Biological Research Margarita Salas, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-R.); (D.Á.-M.); (K.S.); (C.P.-S.); (T.B.); (M.F.-D.)
| | - George B. Garside
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 4DY, UK;
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research/Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meret Arter
- Institute of Biochemistry, HPM D6.5-ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.A.); (R.G.); (R.W.); (J.M.)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Teresa Bermejo
- Center for Biological Research Margarita Salas, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-R.); (D.Á.-M.); (K.S.); (C.P.-S.); (T.B.); (M.F.-D.)
| | - Rokas Grigaitis
- Institute of Biochemistry, HPM D6.5-ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.A.); (R.G.); (R.W.); (J.M.)
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rahel Wettstein
- Institute of Biochemistry, HPM D6.5-ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.A.); (R.G.); (R.W.); (J.M.)
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Fernández-Díaz
- Center for Biological Research Margarita Salas, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-R.); (D.Á.-M.); (K.S.); (C.P.-S.); (T.B.); (M.F.-D.)
| | - Joao Matos
- Institute of Biochemistry, HPM D6.5-ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.A.); (R.G.); (R.W.); (J.M.)
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Geymonat
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK;
| | - Pedro A. San-Segundo
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Jesús A. Carballo
- Center for Biological Research Margarita Salas, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.A.-R.); (D.Á.-M.); (K.S.); (C.P.-S.); (T.B.); (M.F.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Roux P, Salort D, Xu Z. Adaptation to DNA damage as a bet-hedging mechanism in a fluctuating environment. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210460. [PMID: 34457341 PMCID: PMC8385375 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, efficient repair is essential for cell survival and genome integrity. In eukaryotes, the DNA damage checkpoint is a signalling pathway that coordinates this response and arrests the cell cycle to provide time for repair. However, when repair fails or when the damage is not repairable, cells can eventually bypass the DNA damage checkpoint and undergo cell division despite persistent damage, a process called adaptation to DNA damage. Interestingly, adaptation occurs with a delayed timing compared with repair and shows a large variation in time, two properties that may provide a survival advantage at the population level without interfering with repair. Here, we explore this idea by mathematically modelling cell survival in response to DNA damage and focusing on adaptation parameters. We find that the delayed adaptation timing indeed maximizes survival, but its heterogeneity is beneficial only in a fluctuating damage-inducing environment. Finally, we show that adaptation does not only contribute to survival but also to genome instability and mutations, which might represent another criterion for its selection throughout evolution. Overall, we propose that adaptation can act as a bet-hedging mechanism for cell survival in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Roux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7238, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques d’Orsay (LMO), Université Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Delphine Salort
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7238, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zhou Xu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7238, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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20
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Sanchez A, Reginato G, Cejka P. Crossover or non-crossover outcomes: tailored processing of homologous recombination intermediates. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 71:39-47. [PMID: 34293660 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA breaks may arise accidentally in vegetative cells or in a programmed manner in meiosis. The usage of a DNA template makes homologous recombination potentially error-free, however, recombination is not always accurate. Cells possess a remarkable capacity to tailor processing of recombination intermediates to fulfill a particular need. Vegetatively growing cells aim to maintain genome stability and therefore repair accidental breaks largely accurately, using sister chromatids as templates, into mostly non-crossovers products. Recombination in meiotic cells is instead more likely to employ homologous chromosomes as templates and result in crossovers to allow proper chromosome segregation and promote genetic diversity. Here we review models explaining the processing of recombination intermediates in vegetative and meiotic cells and its regulation, with a focus on MLH1-MLH3-dependent crossing-over during meiotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Sanchez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giordano Reginato
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petr Cejka
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland.
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21
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Abstract
A central player in meiotic chromosome dynamics is the conserved Polo-like kinase (PLK) family. PLKs are dynamically localized to distinct structures during meiotic prophase and phosphorylate a diverse group of substrates to control homolog pairing, synapsis, and meiotic recombination. In a recent study, we uncovered the mechanisms that control the targeting of a meiosis-specific PLK-2 in C. elegans. In early meiotic prophase, PLK-2 localizes to special chromosome regions known as pairing centers and drives homolog pairing and synapsis. PLK-2 then relocates to the synaptonemal complex (SC) after crossover designation and mediates chromosome remodeling required for homolog separation. What controls this intricate targeting of PLK-2 in space and time? We discuss recent findings and remaining questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yumi Kim
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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22
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Furman CM, Elbashir R, Pannafino G, Clark NL, Alani E. Experimental exchange of paralogous domains in the MLH family provides evidence of sub-functionalization after gene duplication. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab111. [PMID: 33871573 PMCID: PMC8495741 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Baker's yeast contains a large number of duplicated genes; some function redundantly, whereas others have more specialized roles. We used the MLH family of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins as a model to better understand the steps that lead to gene specialization following a gene duplication event. We focused on two highly conserved yeast MLH proteins, Pms1 and Mlh3, with Pms1 having a major role in the repair of misincorporation events during DNA replication and Mlh3 acting to resolve recombination intermediates in meiosis to form crossovers. The baker's yeast Mlh3 and Pms1 proteins are significantly diverged (19% overall identity), suggesting that an extensive number of evolutionary steps, some major, others involving subtle refinements, took place to diversify the MLH proteins. Using phylogenetic and molecular approaches, we provide evidence that all three domains (N-terminal ATP binding, linker, C-terminal endonuclease/MLH interaction) in the MLH protein family are critical for conferring pathway specificity. Importantly, mlh3 alleles in the ATP binding and endonuclease domains improved MMR functions in strains lacking the Pms1 protein and did not disrupt Mlh3 meiotic functions. This ability for mlh3 alleles to complement the loss of Pms1 suggests that an ancestral Pms1/Mlh3 protein was capable of performing both MMR and crossover functions. Our strategy for analyzing MLH pathway specificity provides an approach to understand how paralogs have evolved to support distinct cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Furman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA
| | - Ryan Elbashir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA
| | - Gianno Pannafino
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Eric Alani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA
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23
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Vernekar DV, Reginato G, Adam C, Ranjha L, Dingli F, Marsolier MC, Loew D, Guérois R, Llorente B, Cejka P, Borde V. The Pif1 helicase is actively inhibited during meiotic recombination which restrains gene conversion tract length. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4522-4533. [PMID: 33823531 PMCID: PMC8096244 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination ensures proper chromosome segregation to form viable gametes and results in gene conversions events between homologs. Conversion tracts are shorter in meiosis than in mitotically dividing cells. This results at least in part from the binding of a complex, containing the Mer3 helicase and the MutLβ heterodimer, to meiotic recombination intermediates. The molecular actors inhibited by this complex are elusive. The Pif1 DNA helicase is known to stimulate DNA polymerase delta (Pol δ) -mediated DNA synthesis from D-loops, allowing long synthesis required for break-induced replication. We show that Pif1 is also recruited genome wide to meiotic DNA double-strand break (DSB) sites. We further show that Pif1, through its interaction with PCNA, is required for the long gene conversions observed in the absence of MutLβ recruitment to recombination sites. In vivo, Mer3 interacts with the PCNA clamp loader RFC, and in vitro, Mer3-MutLβ ensemble inhibits Pif1-stimulated D-loop extension by Pol δ and RFC-PCNA. Mechanistically, our results suggest that Mer3-MutLβ may compete with Pif1 for binding to RFC-PCNA. Taken together, our data show that Pif1's activity that promotes meiotic DNA repair synthesis is restrained by the Mer3-MutLβ ensemble which in turn prevents long gene conversion tracts and possibly associated mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Vinayak Vernekar
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3244, Dynamics of Genetic Information, Paris, France
| | - Giordano Reginato
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Adam
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3244, Dynamics of Genetic Information, Paris, France
| | - Lepakshi Ranjha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Marie-Claude Marsolier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Unité Eco-anthropologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS UMR7206, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, LSMP, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Guérois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bertrand Llorente
- CRCM, Inserm, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Petr Cejka
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Borde
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3244, Dynamics of Genetic Information, Paris, France
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Molecular basis of the dual role of the Mlh1-Mlh3 endonuclease in MMR and in meiotic crossover formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022704118. [PMID: 34088835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022704118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In budding yeast, the MutL homolog heterodimer Mlh1-Mlh3 (MutLγ) plays a central role in the formation of meiotic crossovers. It is also involved in the repair of a subset of mismatches besides the main mismatch repair (MMR) endonuclease Mlh1-Pms1 (MutLα). The heterodimer interface and endonuclease sites of MutLγ and MutLα are located in their C-terminal domain (CTD). The molecular basis of MutLγ's dual roles in MMR and meiosis is not known. To better understand the specificity of MutLγ, we characterized the crystal structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MutLγ(CTD). Although MutLγ(CTD) presents overall similarities with MutLα(CTD), it harbors some rearrangement of the surface surrounding the active site, which indicates altered substrate preference. The last amino acids of Mlh1 participate in the Mlh3 endonuclease site as previously reported for Pms1. We characterized mlh1 alleles and showed a critical role of this Mlh1 extreme C terminus both in MMR and in meiotic recombination. We showed that the MutLγ(CTD) preferentially binds Holliday junctions, contrary to MutLα(CTD). We characterized Mlh3 positions on the N-terminal domain (NTD) and CTD that could contribute to the positioning of the NTD close to the CTD in the context of the full-length MutLγ. Finally, crystal packing revealed an assembly of MutLγ(CTD) molecules in filament structures. Mutation at the corresponding interfaces reduced crossover formation, suggesting that these superstructures may contribute to the oligomer formation proposed for MutLγ. This study defines clear divergent features between the MutL homologs and identifies, at the molecular level, their specialization toward MMR or meiotic recombination functions.
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25
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Pannafino G, Alani E. Coordinated and Independent Roles for MLH Subunits in DNA Repair. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040948. [PMID: 33923939 PMCID: PMC8074049 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The MutL family of DNA mismatch repair proteins (MMR) acts to maintain genomic integrity in somatic and meiotic cells. In baker’s yeast, the MutL homolog (MLH) MMR proteins form three heterodimeric complexes, MLH1-PMS1, MLH1-MLH2, and MLH1-MLH3. The recent discovery of human PMS2 (homolog of baker’s yeast PMS1) and MLH3 acting independently of human MLH1 in the repair of somatic double-strand breaks questions the assumption that MLH1 is an obligate subunit for MLH function. Here we provide a summary of the canonical roles for MLH factors in DNA genomic maintenance and in meiotic crossover. We then present the phenotypes of cells lacking specific MLH subunits, particularly in meiotic recombination, and based on this analysis, propose a model for an independent early role for MLH3 in meiosis to promote the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes in the meiosis I division.
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26
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Kar FM, Hochwagen A. Phospho-Regulation of Meiotic Prophase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667073. [PMID: 33928091 PMCID: PMC8076904 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells undergoing meiosis rely on an intricate network of surveillance mechanisms that govern the production of euploid gametes for successful sexual reproduction. These surveillance mechanisms are particularly crucial during meiotic prophase, when cells execute a highly orchestrated program of chromosome morphogenesis and recombination, which must be integrated with the meiotic cell division machinery to ensure the safe execution of meiosis. Dynamic protein phosphorylation, controlled by kinases and phosphatases, has emerged as one of the main signaling routes for providing readout and regulation of chromosomal and cellular behavior throughout meiotic prophase. In this review, we discuss common principles and provide detailed examples of how these phosphorylation events are employed to ensure faithful passage of chromosomes from one generation to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda M Kar
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Hochwagen
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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