1
|
Sojecka AA, Drozd-Rzoska A. Global population: from Super-Malthus behavior to Doomsday criticality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9853. [PMID: 38684786 PMCID: PMC11058850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The report discusses global population changes from the Holocene beginning to 2023, via two Super Malthus (SM) scaling equations. SM-1 is the empowered exponential dependence: P t = P 0 e x p ± t / τ β , and SM-2 is the Malthus-type relation with the time-dependent growth rate r ( t ) or relaxation time τ ( t ) = 1 / r ( t ) : P t = P 0 e x p r t × t = P 0 e x p τ t / t . Population data from a few sources were numerically filtered to obtain a 'smooth' dataset, allowing the distortions-sensitive and derivative-based analysis. The test recalling SM-1 equation revealed the essential transition near the year 1970 (population: ~ 3 billion): from the compressed exponential behavior ( β > 1 ) to the stretched exponential one ( β < 1 ). For SM-2 dependence, linear changes of τ T during the Industrial Revolutions period, since ~ 1700, led to the constrained critical behavior P t = P 0 e x p b ' t / T C - t , whereT C ≈ 2216 is the extrapolated year of the infinite population. The link to the 'hyperbolic' von Foerster Doomsday equation is shown. Results are discussed in the context of complex systems physics, the Weibull distribution in extreme value theory, and significant historic and prehistoric issues revealed by the distortions-sensitive analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Angelika Sojecka
- Department of Marketing, University of Economics in Katowice, ul. 1 Maja 50, 40-257, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bombieri G, Penteriani V, Almasieh K, Ambarlı H, Ashrafzadeh MR, Das CS, Dharaiya N, Hoogesteijn R, Hoogesteijn A, Ikanda D, Jędrzejewski W, Kaboli M, Kirilyuk A, Jangid AK, Sharma RK, Kushnir H, Lamichhane BR, Mohammadi A, Monroy-Vilchis O, Mukeka JM, Nikolaev I, Ohrens O, Packer C, Pedrini P, Ratnayeke S, Seryodkin I, Sharp T, Palei HS, Smith T, Subedi A, Tortato F, Yamazaki K, Delgado MDM. A worldwide perspective on large carnivore attacks on humans. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001946. [PMID: 36719873 PMCID: PMC9888692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores have long fascinated human societies and have profound influences on ecosystems. However, their conservation represents one of the greatest challenges of our time, particularly where attacks on humans occur. Where human recreational and/or livelihood activities overlap with large carnivore ranges, conflicts can become particularly serious. Two different scenarios are responsible for such overlap: In some regions of the world, increasing human populations lead to extended encroachment into large carnivore ranges, which are subject to increasing contraction, fragmentation, and degradation. In other regions, human and large carnivore populations are expanding, thus exacerbating conflicts, especially in those areas where these species were extirpated and are now returning. We thus face the problem of learning how to live with species that can pose serious threats to humans. We collected a total of 5,440 large carnivore (Felidae, Canidae, and Ursidae; 12 species) attacks worldwide between 1950 and 2019. The number of reported attacks increased over time, especially in lower-income countries. Most attacks (68%) resulted in human injuries, whereas 32% were fatal. Although attack scenarios varied greatly within and among species, as well as in different areas of the world, factors triggering large carnivore attacks on humans largely depend on the socioeconomic context, with people being at risk mainly during recreational activities in high-income countries and during livelihood activities in low-income countries. The specific combination of local socioeconomic and ecological factors is thus a risky mix triggering large carnivore attacks on humans, whose circumstances and frequencies cannot only be ascribed to the animal species. This also implies that effective measures to reduce large carnivore attacks must also consider the diverse local ecological and social contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bombieri
- MUSE – Science Museum, Research & Collections Department, Conservation Biology Unit, Trento, Italy
- * E-mail: (GB); (VP)
| | - Vincenzo Penteriani
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (GB); (VP)
| | - Kamran Almasieh
- Dept. of Nature Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
| | - Hüseyin Ambarlı
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Forestry, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Dept. for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Ashrafzadeh
- Dept. of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Chandan Surabhi Das
- Dept. of Geography, Barasat Government College, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nishith Dharaiya
- Wildlife and Conservation Biology Research Lab, Dept. of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | - Dennis Ikanda
- Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Mohammad Kaboli
- Dept. of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Anastasia Kirilyuk
- Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Zabaikalsky Krai, Onosky District, Nizhniy Tsasuchey, Russia
| | | | - Ravi Kumar Sharma
- Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India
- HCL Foundation, HCL Technologies Hub, Noida, India
| | - Hadas Kushnir
- United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Octavio Monroy-Vilchis
- Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México Toluca, México y Universidad Autónoma Metropólitana-Lerma, Lerma de Villada, México
| | | | - Igor Nikolaev
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS, Vladivostoka, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Omar Ohrens
- Panthera, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig Packer
- Dept. of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Aga Khan University, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Paolo Pedrini
- MUSE – Science Museum, Research & Collections Department, Conservation Biology Unit, Trento, Italy
| | - Shyamala Ratnayeke
- Dept. Of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, n.5 Jalan University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ivan Seryodkin
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Thomas Sharp
- Wildlife SOS – USA/India, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | | | - Tom Smith
- Dept. of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ashok Subedi
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Pokhara, Nepal
| | | | - Koji Yamazaki
- Forest Ecology Laboratory, Dept. of Forest Science, Faculty of Regional Environmental Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria del Mar Delgado
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB; CSIC-Oviedo University, Principality of Asturias), Campus Mieres, Mieres (Asturias), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crabtree SA, Dunne JA. Towards a science of archaeoecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:976-984. [PMID: 36055892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose defining a field of research called 'archaeoecology' that examines the past ~60 000 years of interactions between humans and ecosystems to better understand the human place within them. Archaeoecology explicitly integrates questions, data, and approaches from archaeology and ecology, and coalesces recent and future studies that demonstrate the usefulness of integrating archaeological, environmental, and ecological data for understanding the past. Defining a subfield of archaeoecology, much as the related fields of environmental archaeology and palaeoecology have emerged as distinct areas of research, provides a clear intellectual context for helping us to understand the trajectory of human-ecosystem interactions in the past, during the present, and into the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefani A Crabtree
- Department of Environment and Society, College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, 5200 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5200, USA; The Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5200, USA; Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia; Crow Canyon Research Institute, 23390 County Road K, Cortez, CO 81321, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Dunne
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Dreu CKW, Triki Z. Intergroup conflict: origins, dynamics and consequences across taxa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210134. [PMID: 35369751 PMCID: PMC8977662 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although uniquely destructive and wasteful, intergroup conflict and warfare are not confined to humans. They are seen across a range of group-living species, from social insects, fishes and birds to mammals, including nonhuman primates. With its unique collection of theory, research and review contributions from biology, anthropology and economics, this theme issue provides novel insights into intergroup conflict across taxa. Here, we introduce and organize this theme issue on the origins and consequences of intergroup conflict. We provide a coherent framework by modelling intergroup conflicts as multi-level games of strategy in which individuals within groups cooperate to compete with (individuals in) other groups for scarce resources, such as territory, food, mating opportunities, power and influence. Within this framework, we identify cross-species mechanisms and consequences of (participating in) intergroup conflict. We conclude by highlighting crosscutting innovations in the study of intergroup conflict set forth by individual contributions. These include, among others, insights on how within-group heterogeneities and leadership relate to group conflict, how intergroup conflict shapes social organization and how climate change and environmental degradation transition intergroup relations from peaceful coexistence to violent conflict. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Intergroup conflict across taxa’.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten K W De Dreu
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zegni Triki
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|